Life in a Low-Return World: To Hedge or Not to Hedge?

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1 Life in a Low-Return World: To Hedge or Not to Hedge? October 19, 2017 by Van Luu of Russell Investments At Russell Investments, we believe we will see low returns over the next seven to ten years. Pension funds, endowments and individuals may have to adapt their behavior and strategies or else risk failing to reach their objectives. Currency risk is often viewed as a by-product of the broader investment strategies that an investor has employed, rather than an asset class in its own right. As such, it can be overlooked in multi-asset portfolios. In a low-return environment, there are four strategies that may be employed to manage currency risk and help to make the most of the return opportunities from currency: 1) Reduce unrewarded risk with static currency hedging 2) Manage currency risk smartly with dynamic currency hedging 3) Seek additional returns with currency factor strategies 4) Employ cost-efficient implementation In today s blog, we ll look at the first two strategies on the list: static currency hedging and dynamic currency hedging. 1) Potentially reducing unrewarded risk with static currency hedging Unrewarded risk If a portfolio contains unhedged international assets then an exchange risk is being automatically taken without being paid, i.e., unrewarded risk. This currency exposure is only a by-product of the asset exposures, not a clearly articulated currency investment strategy from which you expect to earn returns. For example, a typical global equity portfolio (from a U.S. investor perspective) 1 implicitly holds a long position in a basket of currencies consisting of roughly: 32% euro Page 1, 2018 Advisor Perspectives, Inc. All rights reserved.

2 23% Japanese yen 17% pound sterling 9% Canadian dollar 19% in other currencies We believe currency hedging using foreign exchange forward contracts is a useful way to reduce unrewarded risk. By selling an appropriate amount of foreign currencies forward, hedging creates positions that move in the opposite direction to the currency exposures in the underlying portfolio. Currency hedging can be performed in two different ways: statically or dynamically. Static currency hedging In a static currency hedging program, the currency hedge percentage remains constant (at 50%, for example). This percentage will not waver, even in the event of economic changes or shifts in market sentiment. When compared to an unhedged position, static hedging often reduces unrewarded risk without giving up expected return over the long term. In the chart below, we ve plotted the historical risk-return outcome of a standard global equity portfolio against the same portfolio, but statically hedged at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. The chart shows that, between December 1999-June 2017, increasing the currency hedge percentage would have reduced portfolio risk without impacting realized portfolio return. As we can see, the unhedged portfolio has a standard deviation of 17.1%, whereas the 100% statically hedged portfolio has 14.3%, a 17% reduction in risk. That s why some academics have called currency hedging a free lunch 2. Periods of market turbulence often see investors pile into so called safe-haven currencies (such as the U.S. dollar). Hedging back to the U.S. dollar can be very beneficial for portfolio diversification properties because safe-haven currencies typically appreciate when risky assets fall. Page 2, 2018 Advisor Perspectives, Inc. All rights reserved.

3 Source: Thomson Reuters Datastream, MSCI World Index, Russell Investments, as of June ) Manage currency risk smartly with dynamic currency hedging Dynamic currency hedging Under certain circumstances, the sensible decision to protect against unrewarded currency risk by static hedging (rather than having unhedged currency exposure) can prove counterproductive. We know that currencies often go through prolonged cycles of appreciation and depreciation. As we can see in the chart below, the euro experienced an extended period of strength against the US dollar between 2001 and 2008, appreciating from 0.85 to nearly In so doing, the euro went from 20% undervalued against the dollar to 20% overvalued compared to purchasing power parity, a common measure of fair value in currency markets. Hedging euro assets back to the U.S. dollar in periods of foreign currency strength can be detrimental to portfolio returns. EUR/USD Exchange Rate, Purchasing Power Levels, and Deviations Page 3, 2018 Advisor Perspectives, Inc. All rights reserved.

4 This chart shows the EUR/USD exchange rate, Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) levels of the EUR/USD exchange rate and +/- 20% and +/30% deviations from PPP. The Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) exchange rate, as measured by the OECD and sourced from Thomson Reuters Datastream, is the rate that would equalize the purchasing power of two different currencies. It is sometimes used by economists to gauge the fair value of an exchange rate. Flexible navigation Unlike static currency hedging, dynamic currency hedging percentages can vary on a regular basis. This is because the hedging percentage is altered as market circumstances change. For example, Page 4, 2018 Advisor Perspectives, Inc. All rights reserved.

5 when the U.S. dollar is expensive against foreign currencies, one may want to hedge it less than average. This is actually the case at the moment, as we saw in the EUR/USD chart above, where the euro is around 10% undervalued relative to purchasing power parity. A dynamic hedging overlay would reduce the hedge ratio relative to a neutral reference point. We believe that dynamic hedging can preserve most of the risk reduction obtained from static hedging while adding significant returns over a full market cycle, as shown in the chart below. This is achieved by hedging less when the U.S. dollar is expensive and/or is in a downward trend against foreign currencies and more when the opposite is true. Successful dynamic hedging, therefore, may circumnavigate unexpected and large negative cash flows, reduce portfolio risk and raise the return from international equity investing, thereby enabling investors to capture the international equity premium more efficiently. Source: Thomson Reuters Datastream, Russell Investments, as of June Dynamic hedging is for illustrative purposes only. 1 We have defined a typical global equity portfolio as per the holdings within the MSCI World Index, as at 31 July Perold, A.F., Schulman, E.C., The Free Lunch in Currency Hedging: Implications for Page 5, 2018 Advisor Perspectives, Inc. All rights reserved.

6 Investment Policy and Performance Standards. Financial Analysts Journal 44, pp As measured by the annual standard deviation. Disclosures These views are subject to change at any time based upon market or other conditions and are current as of the date at the top of the page. The information, analysis, and opinions expressed herein are for general information only and are not intended to provide specific advice or recommendations for any individual or entity. This material is not an offer, solicitation or recommendation to purchase any security. Forecasting represents predictions of market prices and/or volume patterns utilizing varying analytical data. It is not representative of a projection of the stock market, or of any specific investment. Nothing contained in this material is intended to constitute legal, tax, securities or investment advice, nor an opinion regarding the appropriateness of any investment, nor a solicitation of any type. Please remember that all investments carry some level of risk, including the potential loss of principal invested. They do not typically grow at an even rate of return and may experience negative growth. As with any type of portfolio structuring, attempting to reduce risk and increase return could, at certain times, unintentionally reduce returns. The general information contained in this publication should not be acted upon without obtaining specific legal, tax and investment advice from a licensed professional. The information, analysis and opinions expressed herein are for general information only and are not intended to provide specific advice or recommendations for any individual entity. MSCI World Index: The MSCI World Index is a free float-adjusted market capitalization weighted index that is designed to measure the equity market performance of developed markets Russell Investments ownership is composed of a majority stake held by funds managed by TA Associates with minority stakes held by funds managed by Reverence Capital Partners and Russell Investments management. Frank Russell Company is the owner of the Russell trademarks contained in this material and all trademark rights related to the Russell trademarks, which the members of the Russell Investments group of companies are permitted to use under license from Frank Russell Company. The members of the Russell Investments group of companies are not affiliated in any manner with Frank Russell Company or any entity operating under the FTSE RUSSELL brand. The Russell logo is a trademark and service mark of Russell Investments. Page 6, 2018 Advisor Perspectives, Inc. All rights reserved.

7 Copyright Russell Investments Group, LLC All rights reserved. This material is proprietary and may not be reproduced, transferred, or distributed in any form without prior written permission from Russell Investments. It is delivered on an as is basis without warranty. UNI Russell Investments 2017 Page 7, 2018 Advisor Perspectives, Inc. All rights reserved.