Subrecipient or Contractor? Creating a Definitive, Defensible Checklist for Case-by-Case Determinations

Transcription

1 Subrecipient or Contractor? Creating a Definitive, Defensible Checklist for Case-by-Case Determinations Monday, December 8, :00 3:30 Eastern time 1:00 2:30 Central time 12:00 1:30 Mountain time 11:00 12:30 Pacific time Robert M. Lloyd Principal Federal Fund Management Advisor To register additional people for the webinar; to obtain the phone number, password/pin number or other logistics for the meeting; or to purchase a recording of the webinar, call AIS, Federal Fund Management Advisor s Customer Service Manager, at Federal Fund Management Advisor th Street, NW, Suite 300 Washington, DC WG433

2 About the Speaker BOB LLOYD is principal of Federal Fund Management Advisor and a recognized authority on policies and practices affecting the award, administration and oversight of federal grants and contracts. He has more than 40 years of experience in federal award implementation. Prior to starting his management consulting practice in Washington, D.C., in 1982, he served as the executive director of the Grants Management Advisory Service and held staff positions in two large federally funded organizations. Since then, he has been a consultant, trainer or advisor to award and audit units in sixteen federal award-making departments and agencies, and to recipient and subrecipient organizations and their professional advisors located in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, several U.S. territories and 18 foreign countries. He is the principal author of several reference works on federal grants management and audits. Moderator: Darla Fera, managing editor of Managing Federal Grants for Colleges and Universities, About AIS Atlantic Information Services, Inc. (AIS) is assisting Bob Lloyd in his presentation of federal funding webinars. AIS publishes the following grants management publications: Managing Federal Grants for Colleges and Universities ( includes campuswide access to a password-protected website, federal agency news posted daily and ed weekly, and an informative monthly newsletter, Federal Grants News. Report on Research Compliance ( includes a 12-page monthly print and electronic (PDF) newsletter, weekly newsletters, and access to a passwordprotected subscriber website. A Guide to OMB Grant Reform ( provides practical guidance on how to align your policies and procedures with the new requirements in OMB s uniform guidance. The book includes insightful commentary and suggestions for compliance best practices from Bob Lloyd, plus all the primary source documents. About the Sponsor Federal Fund Management Advisor Federal Fund Management Advisor was established to provide recipients and subrecipients of federal funds with accurate, responsible and practical advice concerning the acquisition, administration and oversight of federal grants, cooperative agreements and contracts. Go to FederalFundManagement.com to: Scan the calendar for future webinars and other training opportunities; and Review the full range of services available to your federal grants and contracts management team. This publication is designed to provide accurate, comprehensive and authoritative information on the subject matter covered. However, the opinions contained in this publication are those solely of the speakers and not the publisher. The publisher does not warrant that information contained herein is complete or accurate. The conference materials are published with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or other professional services. If legal advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. Copyright 2014 Robert M. Lloyd. All rights reserved. Organizations participating in the December 8, 2014, Webinar are hereby permitted to make one photocopy of these materials for each of their employees or contractors who listen to the live broadcast of the Webinar.

3 Webinar Program Introductions/Administrative Reminders Approximately 60 Minutes of Presentation Approximately 30-Minute Q&A Session Note: The question and answer session will normally last until half past the hour or until questions are exhausted, whichever comes first. If there are a considerable number of questions left in the queue at half past the hour, we ll try to make arrangements to accommodate more but may have to suggest that you contact Bob directly at consultlloyd@aol.com. Webinar Materials Subrecipient or Contractor? Creating a Definitive, Defensible Checklist for Case-by-Case Determinations Presentation by Robert Lloyd...pages 1-21 Excerpts from 2 CFR 200, Uniform Guidance: Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards...page 22 Note: Everyone wishing to receive CPE credit for today s program Federal Fund Management Advisor is a sponsor of continuing professional education certified by the National Association of State Boards of Accountancy. In order to receive CPE credit for today s program, every participant must complete a survey form and enter today s program code. This will be the name of a U.S. state and presented at the conclusion of today s presentation and Q&A session. Several times during today s program, CPE codes will appear in a box on your screen. As the CPE codes appear, please press submit to confirm your participation in today s program. Additionally, please jot down these codes in the order in which they appear on the screen, as you will need them later for the survey. The codes may repeat. Immediately after the conclusion of the webinar, a link to the survey form will appear on your screen. Please verify or fill in the information requested. It is important that you enter all information on the form exactly as instructed to do so. The survey link will also be ed to you. The should be forwarded to any colleague who attended this webinar, so they too can complete the CPE process. Only one person from your group can complete the process through the webinar platform. After you complete and submit the survey, you will be ed your certificate of completion.

4 When Do Funds Lose Federal Identity? Pre-Award Due Diligence Agreement Terms Administration and Oversight FFATA Reporting Monitoring Audit 2 12/8/14 Copyright 2014 by Robert M. Lloyd. All rights reserved.

5 Misuse of Terminology Lack of Clarity in the Applicable Rules Abundance of Caution by Pass-Through Entities Years of Misapplication of Policies Federal Worries about Accountability 3 12/8/14 Copyright 2014 by Robert M. Lloyd. All rights reserved.

6 Advance Notice (Federal Register, 2/28/12) and Request for Comments NPRM (Federal Register, 2/1/13) Final Text (2 CFR 200) (Federal Register, 12/26/13) Federal Agency Submissions to OMB, 6/26/14 Uniform Federal Agency Implementation, 12/26/ /8/14 Copyright 2014 by Robert M. Lloyd. All rights reserved.

7 2 CFR Subrecipient and Contractor Determinations Derived from Section 210 of Circular A-133 with Adjustments Say Good-bye to the Term Vendor Pass-Through Entity must make case-by-case determinations whether each agreement it makes for the disbursement of Federal program funds casts the party receiving the funds in the role of a subrecipient or a contractor 5 12/8/14 Copyright 2014 by Robert M. Lloyd. All rights reserved.

8 Organizations can concurrently be recipients, subrecipients, and contractors under various awards Federal agencies may issue additional guidance but must be consistent with OMB policy in 2 CFR Federal agency approval to subgrant, contract out or otherwise transfer substantive activity (2 CFR ) Instruction to use of judgment in making determination substance of the relationship is more important than the form of the agreement Creation of a federal assistance relationship or a procurement relationship 6 12/8/14 Copyright 2014 by Robert M. Lloyd. All rights reserved.

9 Federal Grant and Cooperative Agreement Act (PL , codified at 31 USC ) Applicable to federal agencies but concepts are clearly relevant to lower-tier relationships A decision tree model that asks, What are you trying to do? Assist, stimulate or support? Buy, acquire, purchase or procure? 7 12/8/14 Copyright 2014 by Robert M. Lloyd. All rights reserved.

10 8 12/8/14 Copyright 2014 by Robert M. Lloyd. All rights reserved.

11 2 CFR (a) Characteristics that Support Classification: Determines eligibility [of beneficiaries] Performance measured against federal program objectives Responsible for program decisionmaking Responsible for adherence to applicable federal program compliance requirements [ flow-through ] Uses funds to carry out a program for a public purpose specified in authorizing statute 9 12/8/14 Copyright 2014 by Robert M. Lloyd. All rights reserved.

12 2 CFR (b) Characteristics Indicative : Provides goods and services within normal business operations Provides similar goods and services to many different purchasers Normally operates in a competitive environment Provides goods and services that are ancillary to federal program operations Not subject to compliance requirements of the federal program as a result of the agreement 10 12/8/14 Copyright 2014 by Robert M. Lloyd. All rights reserved.

13 Type of Pass-Through Entity Type of Lower-Tier Organization Costing of the Agreement No single factor or any special combination of factors is necessarily determinative no silver bullet 11 12/8/14 Copyright 2014 by Robert M. Lloyd. All rights reserved.

14 Lower-Tier Award Itself What is intended? How is it entered into? What do its terms and conditions say? Scales of Justice Model Note: OMB shows clear distinctions by its use of terminology and its organization of the policies /8/14 Copyright 2014 by Robert M. Lloyd. All rights reserved.

15 Subgrants to Subrecipients 2 CFR (a) Required data elements and flow-through requirements Supplemental requirements of the pass-through entity Indirect cost recognition Contracts to Contractors 2 CFR Sound and complete agreement Required clauses (2 CFR 200, Appendix II) 13 12/8/14 Copyright 2014 by Robert M. Lloyd. All rights reserved.

16 Stated Intent of the Pass-Through Entity 2 CFR (a) Identification of Federal Program Funding Source (CFDA Number) Inclusion of Lower-Tier Organization DUNS Number Method of Solicitation and Competition 2 CFR Number of Awards Made Criteria for Selection Factors of Need vs. Factors of Capacity 14 12/8/14 Copyright 2014 by Robert M. Lloyd. All rights reserved.

17 Statement of Work/Scope of Services Where Prepared Performance Criteria Best Efforts vs. Deliverables Timing of Payment Advance vs. After-the-Fact Awardee Risk Costing of the Agreement Cost-Based vs. Fixed Amount Employment of Specific ( High Risk ) Conditions Possible Use of 2 CFR for Subrecipients 15 12/8/14 Copyright 2014 by Robert M. Lloyd. All rights reserved.

18 Awardee Cost Participation Matching/Cost sharing Pass-through Entity Assessment of Management Systems Treatment of Property Purchased with Award Funds Awarding agency interest in use and disposition Applicable Federal Rules Flow-through of 2 CFR 200, Subparts D, E, and F Applicable Federal Public Policy Provisions SF 424, Statement of Assurances vs. 2 CFR 200, Appendix II Termination Policy Presence or absence of unilateral action 16 12/8/14 Copyright 2014 by Robert M. Lloyd. All rights reserved.

19 Federal Awarding Agency Lower-Tier Organization Independent Auditor Beware of Experiential Bias Consider Again: When do the federal funds lose their identity? 17 12/8/14 Copyright 2014 by Robert M. Lloyd. All rights reserved.

20 Then What? Subrecipient Monitoring (2 CFR (d)) Mandatory steps Discretionary steps Contract Administration (2 CFR (b)) Pass-through entity has full discretion on degree and techniques 18 12/8/14 Copyright 2014 by Robert M. Lloyd. All rights reserved.

21 Expenditures from subgrants made by subrecipients must appear on their Schedule of Federal Awards (SEFA) and must be subject to audit coverage under the Single Audit Act. Expenditures from contracts under grants by contractors do not have to appear on the SEFA of that entity and do not have a specific federally directed audit requirement. However, they may be auditable /8/14 Copyright 2014 by Robert M. Lloyd. All rights reserved.

22 Robert M. Lloyd Consulting Services for Effective Grants Management On-site grants and subgrant management training Grants policy and procedure audits Audit findings resolution questioned costs and control deficiencies On-call compliance expertise Indirect cost rate development Grant and subgrant agreement review Compliance program development Program performance and results assessment and evaluation Application assistance Advocacy FederalFundManagement.com (DC) (FAX) 20 12/8/14

23 FFMA s Popular Webinars (Recordings Available) Purchasing With Your Federal Grant Funds OMB s Reform Blueprint OMB s New Rules on Disclosure Subrecipient or Contractor? Case-by-Case Decision Making Dealing With the Indirect Costs of Your Subrecipients Deep Dive Into the Administrative Requirements Cost Allowability 101: Revised Course for Governments, Universities and Nonprofits Single Audit Readiness and Survival Navigating the New Pre-Award Landscape How to Write Subaward Agreements Closing Out Your Federal Grant Meeting Federal Grant Reporting Challenges Creating Your Grants Reform Implementation To Do List Rethinking Your Federal Grant Internal Controls Managing Human Resources Under Federal Grant Reform Federal Agencies New Pre-Award Risk Reviews Indirect Cost Recovery for Nonprofits Subrecipient or Contractor? Creating a Checklist for Determinations Upcoming Unraveling OMB s New Time and Effort Reporting Requirement (Dec. 17) Visit federalfundmanagement.com or call AIS's Customer Service Department at /8/14

24 Excerpts from 2 CFR 200, Uniform Guidance: Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards Subaward. Subaward means an award provided by a passthrough entity to a subrecipient for the subrecipient to carry out part of a Federal award received by the pass-through entity. It does not include payments to a contractor or payments to an individual that is a beneficiary of a Federal program. A subaward may be provided through any form of legal agreement, including an agreement that the pass-through entity considers a contract Subrecipient. Subrecipient means a non-federal entity that receives a subaward from a pass-through entity to carry out part of a Federal program; but does not include an individual that is a beneficiary of such program. A subrecipient may also be a recipient of other Federal awards directly from a Federal awarding agency. SUBRECIPIENT MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT Subrecipient and contractor determinations. The non-federal entity may concurrently receive Federal awards as a recipient, a subrecipient, and a contractor, depending on the substance of its agreements with Federal awarding agencies and pass-through entities. Therefore, a pass-through entity must make case-by-case determinations whether each agreement it makes for the disbursement of Federal program funds casts the party receiving the funds in the role of a subrecipient or a contractor. The Federal awarding agency may supply and require recipients to comply with additional guidance to support these determinations provided such guidance does not conflict with this section. (a) Subrecipients. A subaward is for the purpose of carrying out a portion of a Federal award and creates a Federal assistance relationship with the subrecipient. See Subaward. Characteristics which support the classification of the non-federal entity as a subrecipient include when the non- Federal entity: (1) Determines who is eligible to receive what Federal assistance; (2) Has its performance measured in relation to whether objectives of a Federal program were met; (3) Has responsibility for programmatic decision making; (4) Is responsible for adherence to applicable Federal program requirements specified in the Federal award; and (5) In accordance with its agreement, uses the Federal funds to carry out a program for a public purpose specified in authorizing statute, as opposed to providing goods or services for the benefit of the pass-through entity. (b) Contractors. A contract is for the purpose of obtaining goods and services for the non-federal entity's own use and creates a procurement relationship with the contractor. See Contract. Characteristics indicative of a procurement relationship between the non-federal entity and a contractor are when the non-federal entity receiving the Federal funds: (1) Provides the goods and services within normal business operations; (2) Provides similar goods or services to many different purchasers; (3) Normally operates in a competitive environment; (4) Provides goods or services that are ancillary to the operation of the Federal program; and (5) Is not subject to compliance requirements of the Federal program as a result of the agreement, though similar requirements may apply for other reasons. (c) Use of judgment in making determination. In determining whether an agreement between a pass-through entity and another non-federal entity casts the latter as a subrecipient or a contractor, the substance of the relationship is more important than the form of the agreement. All of the characteristics listed above may not be present in 22

25 all cases, and the pass-through entity must use judgment in classifying each agreement as a subaward or a procurement contract Requirements for pass-through entities. All pass-through entities must: (a) Ensure that every subaward is clearly identified to the subrecipient as a subaward and includes the following information at the time of the subaward and if any of these data elements change, include the changes in subsequent subaward modification. When some of this information is not available, the pass-through entity must provide the best information available to describe the Federal award and subaward. Required information includes: (1) Federal Award Identification. (i) Subrecipient name (which must match registered name in DUNS); (ii) Subrecipient's DUNS number (see Data Universal Numbering System (DUNS) number); (iii) Federal Award Identification Number (FAIN); (iv) Federal Award Date (see Federal award date); (v) Subaward Period of Performance Start and End Date; (vi) Amount of Federal Funds Obligated by this action; (vii) Total Amount of Federal Funds Obligated to the subrecipient; (viii) Total Amount of the Federal Award; (ix) Federal award project description, as required to be responsive to the Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act (FFATA); (x) Name of Federal awarding agency, pass-through entity, and contact information for awarding official, (xi) CFDA Number and Name; the pass-through entity must identify the dollar amount made available under each Federal award and the CFDA number at time of disbursement; (xii) Identification of whether the award is R&D; and (xiii) Indirect cost rate for the Federal award (including if the de minimis rate is charged per Indirect (F&A) costs). (2) All requirements imposed by the pass-through entity on the subrecipient so that the Federal award is used in accordance with Federal statutes, regulations and the terms and conditions of the Federal award. (3) Any additional requirements that the passthrough entity imposes on the subrecipient in order for the pass-through entity to meet its own responsibility to the Federal awarding agency including identification of any required financial and performance reports; (4) An approved federally recognized indirect cost rate negotiated between the subrecipient and the Federal government or, if no such rate exists, either a rate negotiated between the pass-through entity and the subrecipient (in compliance with this part), or a de minimis indirect cost rate as defined in Indirect (F&A) costs, paragraph (b) of this part. (5) A requirement that the subrecipient permit the pass-through entity and auditors to have access to the subrecipient's records and financial statements as necessary for the pass-through entity to meet the requirements of this section, Statutory and national policy requirements through Period of performance, and Subpart F Audit Requirements of this part; and (6) Appropriate terms and conditions concerning closeout of the subaward. (b) Evaluate each subrecipient's risk of noncompliance with Federal statutes, regulations, and the terms and conditions of the subaward for purposes of determining the appropriate subrecipient monitoring described in paragraph (e) of this section, which may include consideration of such factors as: (1) The subrecipient's prior experience with the same or similar subawards; (2) The results of previous audits including whether or not the subrecipient receives a Single Audit in accordance with Subpart F Audit Requirements of this part, and the extent to which the same or 23

26 similar subaward has been audited as a major program; (3) Whether the subrecipient has new personnel or new or substantially changed systems; and (4) The extent and results of Federal awarding agency monitoring (e.g., if the subrecipient also receives Federal awards directly from a Federal awarding agency). (c) Consider imposing specific subaward conditions upon a subrecipient if appropriate as described in Specific conditions. (d) Monitor the activities of the subrecipient as necessary to ensure that the subaward is used for authorized purposes, in compliance with Federal statutes, regulations, and the terms and conditions of the subaward; and that subaward performance goals are achieved. Pass-through entity monitoring of the subrecipient must include: (1) Reviewing financial and programmatic reports required by the pass-through entity. (2) Following-up and ensuring that the subrecipient takes timely and appropriate action on all deficiencies pertaining to the Federal award provided to the subrecipient from the pass-through entity detected through audits, on-site reviews, and other means. (3) Issuing a management decision for audit findings pertaining to the Federal award provided to the subrecipient from the pass-through entity as required by Management decision. (e) Depending upon the pass-through entity's assessment of risk posed by the subrecipient (as described in paragraph (b) of this section), the following monitoring tools may be useful for the pass-through entity to ensure proper accountability and compliance with program requirements and achievement of performance goals: (1) Providing subrecipients with training and technical assistance on program-related matters; and (2) Performing on-site reviews of the subrecipient's program operations; (3) Arranging for agreed-upon-procedures engagements as described in Audit services. (f) Verify that every subrecipient is audited as required by Subpart F Audit Requirements of this part when it is expected that the subrecipient's Federal awards expended during the respective fiscal year equaled or exceeded the threshold set forth in Audit requirements. (g) Consider whether the results of the subrecipient's audits, on-site reviews, or other monitoring indicate conditions that necessitate adjustments to the pass-through entity's own records. (h) Consider taking enforcement action against noncompliant subrecipients as described in Remedies for noncompliance of this part and in program regulations Fixed amount subawards. With prior written approval from the Federal awarding agency, a pass-through entity may provide subawards based on fixed amounts up to the Simplified Acquisition Threshold, provided that the subawards meet the requirements for fixed amount awards in Use of grant agreements (including fixed amount awards), cooperative agreements, and contracts. OTHER Specific conditions. (a) Based on the criteria set forth in Federal awarding agency review of risk posed by applicants or when an applicant or recipient has a history of failure to comply with the general or specific terms and conditions of a Federal award, or failure to meet expected performance goals as described in Information contained in a Federal award, or is not otherwise responsible, the Federal awarding agency or pass-through entity may impose additional specific award conditions as needed under the procedure specified in paragraph (b) of this section. These additional Federal award conditions may include items such as the following: 24

27 (1) Requiring payments as reimbursements rather than advance payments; (2) Withholding authority to proceed to the next phase until receipt of evidence of acceptable performance within a given period of performance; (3) Requiring additional, more detailed financial reports; (4) Requiring additional project monitoring; (5) Requiring the non-federal entity to obtain technical or management assistance; or (6) Establishing additional prior approvals. (b) The Federal awarding agency or pass-through entity must notify the applicant or non-federal entity as to: (1) The nature of the additional requirements; (2) The reason why the additional requirements are being imposed; (3) The nature of the action needed to remove the additional requirement, if applicable; (4) The time allowed for completing the actions if applicable, and (5) The method for requesting reconsideration of the additional requirements imposed. (c) Any special conditions must be promptly removed once the conditions that prompted them have been corrected Revision of budget and program plans. (a) The approved budget for the Federal award summarizes the financial aspects of the project or program as approved during the Federal award process. It may include either the Federal and non- Federal share (see Federal share) or only the Federal share, depending upon Federal awarding agency requirements. It must be related to performance for program evaluation purposes whenever appropriate. (b) Recipients are required to report deviations from budget or project scope or objective, and request prior approvals from Federal awarding agencies for budget and program plan revisions, in accordance with this section. (c) For non-construction Federal awards, recipients must request prior approvals from Federal awarding agencies for one or more of the following program or budget-related reasons: (1) Change in the scope or the objective of the project or program (even if there is no associated budget revision requiring prior written approval). (2) Change in a key person specified in the application or the Federal award. (3) The disengagement from the project for more than three months, or a 25 percent reduction in time devoted to the project, by the approved project director or principal investigator. (4) The inclusion, unless waived by the Federal awarding agency, of costs that require prior approval in accordance with Subpart E Cost Principles of this Part or 45 CFR Part 74 Appendix E, Principles for Determining Costs Applicable to Research and Development under Awards and Contracts with Hospitals, or 48 CFR Part 31, Contract Cost Principles and Procedures, as applicable. (5) The transfer of funds budgeted for participant support costs as defined in Participant support costs to other categories of expense. (6) Unless described in the application and funded in the approved Federal awards, the subawarding, transferring or contracting out of any work under a Federal award. This provision does not apply to the acquisition of supplies, material, equipment or general support services. (7) Changes in the amount of approved cost-sharing or matching provided by the non-federal entity. No other prior approval requirements for specific items may be imposed unless a deviation has been approved by OMB. See also Exceptions and Prior written approval (prior approval). (d) Except for requirements listed in paragraph (c)(1) of this section, the Federal awarding agency are authorized, at their option, to waive prior written approvals required by paragraph (c) this section. Such waivers may include authorizing recipients to do any one or more of the following: 25

28 (1) Incur project costs 90 calendar days before the Federal awarding agency makes the Federal award. Expenses more than 90 calendar days pre-award require prior approval of the Federal awarding agency. All costs incurred before the Federal awarding agency makes the Federal award are at the recipient s risk (i.e., the Federal awarding agency is under no obligation to reimburse such costs if for any reason the recipient does not receive a Federal award or if the Federal award is less than anticipated and inadequate to cover such costs). See also Pre-award costs. (2) Initiate a one-time extension of the period of performance by up to 12 months unless one or more of the conditions outlined in paragraphs (d)(2)(i) through (iii) of this section apply. For onetime extensions, the recipient must notify the Federal awarding agency in writing with the supporting reasons and revised period of performance at least 10 calendar days before the end of the period of performance specified in the Federal award. This one-time extension may not be exercised merely for the purpose of using unobligated balances. Extensions require explicit prior Federal awarding agency approval when: (i) The terms and conditions of the Federal award prohibit the extension. (ii) The extension requires additional Federal funds. (iii) The extension involves any change in the approved objectives or scope of the project. (3) Carry forward unobligated balances to subsequent periods of performance. (4) For Federal awards that support research, unless the Federal awarding agency provides otherwise in the Federal award or in the Federal awarding agency s regulations, the prior approval requirements described in paragraph (d) are automatically waived (i.e., recipients need not obtain such prior approvals) unless one of the conditions included in paragraph (d)(2) applies. (e) The Federal awarding agency may, at its option, restrict the transfer of funds among direct cost categories or programs, functions and activities for Federal awards in which the Federal share of the project exceeds the Simplified Acquisition Threshold and the cumulative amount of such transfers exceeds or is expected to exceed 10 percent of the total budget as last approved by the Federal awarding agency. The Federal awarding agency cannot permit a transfer that would cause any Federal appropriation to be used for purposes other than those consistent with the appropriation. (f) All other changes to nonconstruction budgets, except for the changes described in paragraph (c) of this section, do not require prior approval (see also Prior written approval (prior approval)). (g) For construction Federal awards, the recipient must request prior written approval promptly from the Federal awarding agency for budget revisions whenever paragraph (g)(1), (2), or (3) of this section applies. (1) The revision results from changes in the scope or the objective of the project or program. (2) The need arises for additional Federal funds to complete the project. (3) A revision is desired which involves specific costs for which prior written approval requirements may be imposed consistent with applicable OMB cost principles listed in Subpart E Cost Principles of this Part. (4) No other prior approval requirements for budget revisions may be imposed unless a deviation has been approved by OMB. (5) When a Federal awarding agency makes a Federal award that provides support for construction and nonconstruction work, the Federal awarding agency may require the recipient to obtain prior approval from the Federal awarding agency before making any fund or budget transfers between the two types of work supported. (h) When requesting approval for budget revisions, the recipient must use the same format for budget information that was used in the application, unless the Federal awarding agency indicates a letter of request suffices. (i) Within 30 calendar days from the date of receipt of the request for budget revisions, the Federal awarding agency must review the request and notify the recipient whether the budget revisions have been approved. If the revision is still under consideration at the end of 30 calendar days, the Federal awarding agency must 26

29 inform the recipient in writing of the date when the recipient may expect the decision General procurement standards. (a) The non-federal entity must use its own documented procurement procedures which reflect applicable State and local laws and regulations, provided that the procurements conform to applicable Federal law and the standards identified in this section. (b) Non-Federal entities must maintain oversight to ensure that contractors perform in accordance with the terms, conditions, and specifications of their contracts or purchase orders. (c)(1) The non-federal entity must maintain written standards of conduct covering conflicts of interest and governing the performance of its employees engaged in the selection, award and administration of contracts. No employee, officer, or agent must participate in the selection, award, or administration of a contract supported by a Federal award if he or she has a real or apparent conflict of interest. Such a conflict of interest would arise when the employee, officer, or agent, any member of his or her immediate family, his or her partner, or an organization which employs or is about to employ any of the parties indicated herein, has a financial or other interest in or a tangible personal benefit from a firm considered for a contract. The officers, employees, and agents of the non- Federal entity must neither solicit nor accept gratuities, favors, or anything of monetary value from contractors or parties to subcontracts. However, non- Federal entities may set standards for situations in which the financial interest is not substantial or the gift is an unsolicited item of nominal value. The standards of conduct must provide for disciplinary actions to be applied for violations of such standards by officers, employees, or agents of the non-federal entity. (2) If the non-federal entity has a parent, affiliate, or subsidiary organization that is not a state, local government, or Indian tribe, the non- Federal entity must also maintain written standards of conduct covering organizational conflicts of interest. Organizational conflicts of interest means that because of relationships with a parent company, affiliate, or subsidiary organization, the non-federal entity is unable or appears to be unable to be impartial in conducting a procurement action involving a related organization. (d) The non-federal entity s procedures must avoid acquisition of unnecessary or duplicative items. Consideration should be given to consolidating or breaking out procurements to obtain a more economical purchase. Where appropriate, an analysis will be made of lease versus purchase alternatives, and any other appropriate analysis to determine the most economical approach. (e) To foster greater economy and efficiency, and in accordance with efforts to promote cost-effective use of shared services across the Federal government, the non-federal entity is encouraged to enter into state and local intergovernmental agreements or inter-entity agreements where appropriate for procurement or use of common or shared goods and services. (f) The non-federal entity is encouraged to use Federal excess and surplus property in lieu of purchasing new equipment and property whenever such use is feasible and reduces project costs. (g) The non-federal entity is encouraged to use value engineering clauses in contracts for construction projects of sufficient size to offer reasonable opportunities for cost reductions. Value engineering is a systematic and creative analysis of each contract item or task to ensure that its essential function is provided at the overall lower cost. (h) The non-federal entity must award contracts only to responsible contractors possessing the ability to perform successfully under the terms and conditions of a proposed procurement. Consideration will be given to such matters as contractor integrity, compliance with public policy, record of past performance, and financial and technical resources. (i) The non-federal entity must maintain records sufficient to detail the history of procurement. These records will include, but are not necessarily limited to the following: rationale for the method of procurement, selection of contract type, contractor selection or rejection, and the basis for the contract price. 27

30 (j)(1) The non-federal entity may use time and material type contracts only after a determination that no other contract is suitable and if the contract includes a ceiling price that the contractor exceeds at its own risk. Time and material type contract means a contract whose cost to a non-federal entity is the sum of: (i) The actual cost of materials; and (ii) Direct labor hours charged at fixed hourly rates that reflect wages, general and administrative expenses, and profit. (2) Since this formula generates an open-ended contract price, a time-and materials contract provides no positive profit incentive to the contractor for cost control or labor efficiency. Therefore, each contract must set a ceiling price that the contractor exceeds at its own risk. Further, the non-federal entity awarding such a contract must assert a high degree of oversight in order to obtain reasonable assurance that the contractor is using efficient methods and effective cost controls. (k) The non-federal entity alone must be responsible, in accordance with good administrative practice and sound business judgment, for the settlement of all contractual and administrative issues arising out of procurements. These issues include, but are not limited to, source evaluation, protests, disputes, and claims. These standards do not relieve the non-federal entity of any contractual responsibilities under its contracts. The Federal awarding agency will not substitute its judgment for that of the non-federal entity unless the matter is primarily a Federal concern. Violations of law will be referred to the local, state, or Federal authority having proper jurisdiction Competition. (a) All procurement transactions must be conducted in a manner providing full and open competition consistent with the standards of this section. In order to ensure objective contractor performance and eliminate unfair competitive advantage, contractors that develop or draft specifications, requirements, statements of work, and invitations for bids or requests for proposals must be excluded from competing for such procurements. Some of the situations considered to be restrictive of competition include but are not limited to: (1) Placing unreasonable requirements on firms in order for them to qualify to do business; (2) Requiring unnecessary experience and excessive bonding; (3) Noncompetitive pricing practices between firms or between affiliated companies; (4) Noncompetitive contracts to consultants that are on retainer contracts; (5) Organizational conflicts of interest; (6) Specifying only a brand name product instead of allowing an equal product to be offered and describing the performance or other relevant requirements of the procurement; and (7) Any arbitrary action in the procurement process. (b) The non-federal entity must conduct procurements in a manner that prohibits the use of statutorily or administratively imposed state or local geographical preferences in the evaluation of bids or proposals, except in those cases where applicable Federal statutes expressly mandate or encourage geographic preference. Nothing in this section preempts state licensing laws. When contracting for architectural and engineering (A/E) services, geographic location may be a selection criterion provided its application leaves an appropriate number of qualified firms, given the nature and size of the project, to compete for the contract. (c) The non-federal entity must have written procedures for procurement transactions. These procedures must ensure that all solicitations: (1) Incorporate a clear and accurate description of the technical requirements for the material, product, or service to be procured. Such description must not, in competitive procurements, contain features which unduly restrict competition. The description may include a statement of the qualitative nature of the material, product or service to be procured and, when necessary, must set forth those minimum essential characteristics and standards to which it must conform if it is to satisfy its intended use. Detailed product specifications should be avoided if at all possible. When it is impractical or uneconomical to make a clear and accurate description of the technical 28

31 requirements, a brand name or equivalent description may be used as a means to define the performance or other salient requirements of procurement. The specific features of the named brand which must be met by offers must be clearly stated; and (2) Identify all requirements which the offerors must fulfill and all other factors to be used in evaluating bids or proposals. (d) The non-federal entity must ensure that all prequalified lists of persons, firms, or products which are used in acquiring goods and services are current and include enough qualified sources to ensure maximum open and free competition. Also, the non-federal entity must not preclude potential bidders from qualifying during the solicitation period Contract provisions. The non-federal entity s contracts must contain the applicable provisions described in Appendix II to Part 200 Contract Provisions for non-federal Entity Contracts Under Federal Awards. Appendix II to Part 200 Contract Provisions for Non-Federal Entity Contracts Under Federal Awards In addition to other provisions required by the Federal agency or non-federal entity, all contracts made by the non-federal entity under the Federal award must contain provisions covering the following, as applicable. (A) Contracts for more than the simplified acquisition threshold currently set at $150,000, which is the inflation adjusted amount determined by the Civilian Agency Acquisition Council and the Defense Acquisition Regulations Council (Councils) as authorized by 41 U.S.C. 1908, must address administrative, contractual, or legal remedies in instances where contractors violate or breach contract terms, and provide for such sanctions and penalties as appropriate. (B) All contracts in excess of $10,000 must address termination for cause and for convenience by the non-federal entity including the manner by which it will be effected and the basis for settlement. (C) Equal Employment Opportunity. Except as otherwise provided under 41 CFR Part 60, all contracts that meet the definition of federally assisted construction contract in 41 CFR Part must include the equal opportunity clause provided under 41 CFR (b), in accordance with Executive Order 11246, Equal Employment Opportunity (30 FR 12319, 12935, 3 CFR Part, Comp., p. 339), as amended by Executive Order 11375, Amending Executive Order Relating to Equal Employment Opportunity, and implementing regulations at 41 CFR part 60, Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs, Equal Employment Opportunity, Department of Labor. (D) Davis-Bacon Act, as amended (40 U.S.C ). When required by Federal program legislation, all prime construction contracts in excess of $2,000 awarded by non-federal entities must include a provision for compliance with the Davis-Bacon Act (40 U.S.C , and ) as supplemented by Department of Labor regulations (29 CFR Part 5, Labor Standards Provisions Applicable to Contracts Covering Federally Financed and Assisted Construction ). In accordance with the statute, contractors must be required to pay wages to laborers and mechanics at a rate not less than the prevailing wages specified in a wage determination made by the Secretary of Labor. In addition, contractors must be required to pay wages not less than once a week. The non- Federal entity must place a copy of the current prevailing wage determination issued by the Department of Labor in each solicitation. The decision to award a contract or subcontract must be conditioned upon the acceptance of the wage determination. The non-federal entity must report all suspected or reported violations to the Federal awarding agency. The contracts must also include a provision for compliance with the Copeland Anti- Kickback Act (40 U.S.C. 3145), as supplemented by Department of Labor regulations (29 CFR Part 3, Contractors and Subcontractors on Public Building or Public Work Financed in Whole or in Part by Loans or Grants from the United States ). The Act provides that each contractor or subrecipient must be prohibited from inducing, by any means, any 29

32 entitled. The non-federal entity must report all suspected or reported violations to the Federal awarding agency. (E) Contract Work Hours and Safety Standards Act (40 U.S.C ). Where applicable, all contracts awarded by the non- Federal entity in excess of $100,000 that involve the employment of mechanics or laborers must include a provision for compliance with 40 U.S.C and 3704, as supplemented by Department of Labor regulations (29 CFR Part 5). Under 40 U.S.C of the Act, each contractor must be required to compute the wages of every mechanic and laborer on the basis of a standard work week of 40 hours. Work in excess of the standard work week is permissible provided that the worker is compensated at a rate of not less than one and a half times the basic rate of pay for all hours worked in excess of 40 hours in the work week. The requirements of 40 U.S.C are applicable to construction work and provide that no laborer or mechanic must be required to work in surroundings or under working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous or dangerous. These requirements do not apply to the purchases of supplies or materials or articles ordinarily available on the open market, or contracts for transportation or transmission of intelligence. (F) Rights to Inventions Made Under a Contract or Agreement. If the Federal award meets the definition of funding agreement under 37 CFR (a) and the recipient or subrecipient wishes to enter into a contract with a small business firm or nonprofit organization regarding the substitution of parties, assignment or performance of experimental, developmental, or research work under that funding agreement, the recipient or subrecipient must comply with the requirements of 37 CFR Part 401, Rights to Inventions Made by Nonprofit Organizations and Small Business Firms Under Government Grants, Contracts and Cooperative Agreements, and any implementing regulations issued by the awarding agency. (G) Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C q.) and the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (33 U.S.C ), as amended Contracts and subgrants of amounts in excess of $150,000 must contain a provision that requires the non-federal award to agree to comply with all applicable standards, orders or regulations issued pursuant to the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C q) and the Federal Water Pollution Control Act as amended (33 U.S.C ). Violations must be reported to the Federal awarding agency and the Regional Office of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (H) Mandatory standards and policies relating to energy efficiency which are contained in the state energy conservation plan issued in compliance with the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (42 U.S.C. 6201). (I) Debarment and Suspension (Executive Orders and 12689) A contract award (see 2 CFR ) must not be made to parties listed on the governmentwide Excluded Parties List System in the System for Award Management (SAM), in accordance with the OMB guidelines at 2 CFR 180 that implement Executive Orders (3 CFR Part 1986 Comp., p. 189) and (3 CFR Part 1989 Comp., p. 235), Debarment and Suspension. The Excluded Parties List System in SAM contains the names of parties debarred, suspended, or otherwise excluded by agencies, as well as parties declared ineligible under statutory or regulatory authority other than Executive Order (J) Byrd Anti-Lobbying Amendment (31 U.S.C. 1352) Contractors that apply or bid for an award of $100,000 or more must file the required certification. Each tier certifies to the tier above that it will not and has not used Federal appropriated funds to pay any person or organization for influencing or attempting to influence an officer or employee of any agency, a member of Congress, officer or employee of Congress, or an employee of a member of Congress in connection with obtaining any Federal contract, grant or any other award covered by 31 U.S.C Each tier must also disclose any lobbying with non- Federal funds that takes place in connection with obtaining any Federal award. Such disclosures are forwarded from tier to tier up to the non- Federal award. (K) See Procurement of recovered materials. 30