RISK MANAGEMENT AND INSURANCE PLANNING

Transcription

1 Published by: KEIR EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES 4785 Emerald Way Middletown, OH FAX RISK MANAGEMENT AND INSURANCE PLANNING

2 All efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the contents of this material. However, should any errors be detected, Keir Educational Resources would greatly appreciate being informed of them. We will post all corrections and clarifications on the updates page on our Web site at Information in this material is subject to change without notice. No part of this material may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means or for any purpose without the express written permission of Keir Educational Resources Principal Knowledge Topics for CFP Certification Examination, Copyright 2015, Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards, Inc. All rights reserved. Used with permission. Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards, Inc. owns the marks CFP, CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER, and CFP (with flame logo), which it awards to individuals who successfully complete initial and ongoing certification requirements. ISBN PRINT All rights reserved 2017 Jack C. Keir, Inc., DBA, Keir Educational Resources Revised and Reprinted February Keir Educational Resources ii

3 INTRODUCTION For over 40 years, Keir Educational Resources has helped hundreds of thousands of insurance and financial professionals to obtain their professional designations. Over the last 20 years, Keir has produced supplemental study materials to help students complete the required courses at local universities and colleges in order to qualify to sit for the CFP Certification Examination. Keir also has comprehensive review materials for the CFP Certification Examination that have helped thousands of students to pass the CFP Certification Examination. While working with numerous program directors and instructors from universities and colleges across the country, Keir Educational Resources often receives requests for a book that can serve as the primary textbook for each course that is required by CFP Board Registered Programs. Program directors and instructors involved with these programs are frequently looking for textbooks focused specifically on the topics and learning objectives outlined by CFP Board. Keir is pleased to offer textbooks designed specifically for each of the courses included in CFP Board Registered Programs. Keir s textbooks are designed using our well proven methodology of structuring each book to follow the Principle Knowledge Topic List provided by the CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER Board of Standards. The topic list is the current basis for the CFP Certification Examination, and, along with the Student-Centered Learning Objectives released by CFP Board in 2015, is the basis for student learning in Registered Programs. This textbook covers Risk Management and Insurance Planning (Topics 22 32). Since this textbook is designed to follow the CFP Board s topic list and Learning Objectives, we are confident that students and instructors will find this unique format to be the most effective way to learn the skills required of a successful financial planner. While written with CFP Board Registered Programs in mind, this Income Tax Planning textbook is comprehensive and flexible enough to be used in non-cfp Board programs as well. This textbook includes over 400 multiple choice questions and case questions to help reinforce each topic. The multiple choice questions included in this textbook cover the full range of cognitive levels of questions that students will experience on the CFP Certification Examination. These include: (1) Knowledge/Comprehension, (2) Application, (3) Analysis/Synthesis, and (4) Evaluation. Although the CFP Certification Examination emphasizes higher level cognitive questions, a student needs to master lower level knowledge and comprehension questions in order to become proficient at answering the application, analysis, and evaluation questions. To provide the experience of working on cases, as will be required of students when taking the CFP Certification Examination, we have included comprehensive cases with multiple choice questions in Appendix A at the end of this textbook. Each of the topics contains a table identifying cases and questions covering material in that particular topic. Students should read the case in the Appendix and attempt to answer the case questions identified for that topic. The cases range from a few paragraphs of facts to comprehensive cases with 5 to 10 pages of detailed client information. The short cases are similar to the mini-cases that appear on the CFP Certification Examination, and allow students to start to build their ability to answer case questions. The comprehensive cases provide the student with the same level of difficulty as the comprehensive cases on the CFP Certification Examination. Although most of the multiple choice questions in this textbook were written by Keir Educational Resources, some of the questions have appeared on past CFP Certification Examinations and are reprinted here with permission Keir Educational Resources iii

4 BIBLICAL APPLICATION We are honored that you have selected Keir Educational Resource s textbook with faith-based supplements from the Ron Blue Institute. We hope that you are equipped with a biblical overview and perspective as you study the competencies needed to sit for the national Certified Financial Planning Board of Standards, Inc. comprehensive exam. This set of materials includes sections that provide biblical principles and concepts within specific topics. These sections are noted by the following symbol: The biblical principles and concepts are short and practical for you as a Christian financial planner; however, they are not comprehensive in nature. We want to encourage you to seek more information about biblical integration into your financial planning practice by becoming aware of the work of the Ron Blue Institute and Kingdom Advisors. The Ron Blue Institute was founded in 2012 by Ron Blue in partnership with Indiana Wesleyan University. The Ron Blue Institute was created to build upon the writings and teachings of Ron Blue over the course of his 40 year career in financial services. Ron has written over 20 books and has been one of the most influential speakers on the topic of biblical wisdom and discernment in financial decision making. In addition to his writings, Ron has founded many organizations, including National Christian Foundation, Ronald Blue & Co., and Kingdom Advisors. The main focus of the Ron Blue Institute is to change the way Christians think, act, and communicate about money and money management. Kingdom Advisors, headquartered in Atlanta Georgia, is a professional organization that seeks to equip financial professionals with in-depth training within a tight-knit community of Christian financial professionals who integrate their faith with their practice. Just recently, Kingdom Advisors re-launched and re-branded their designation and training for their national Certified Kingdom Advisor, or CKA which can be obtained through Indiana Wesleyan University or Liberty University. More information can be found at This textbook offers you a one-year student membership in Kingdom Advisors, a community of financial professionals integrating faith and practice. See the insert for details on how to activate your free student membership, a $35 value. Again, we are honored that you decided to seek materials with faith-based supplements and hope that through these supplements you are able to draw a closer to God and make practical application of these biblical principles in your financial planning practice. Thank you and God Bless! 2017 Keir Educational Resources iv

5 Biblical Application pages are contributed by Dr. Justin M. Henegar. Dr. Justin M. Henegar, CFP, ChFC, CRPC, Executive Director of Research and Scholarship at the Ron Blue Institute for Financial Planning received his undergraduate degree from the University of Oklahoma, a Master of Business Administration degree from Oklahoma Christian University, and his doctorate degree from Kansas State University. Prior to his role with RBI, Dr. Henegar worked both as a financial advisor and Client Relationship Manager for multiple different Merrill Lynch offices in Oklahoma and Texas. Currently, Dr. Henegar s responsibilities include developing and cultivating the Institute s research agenda and curriculum development needs, focused mainly on those within academia. Dr. Henegar teaches both residential students and online classes in topics such as personal finance, financial planning, and corporate finance. Dr. Henegar and Ron Blue have recently published a college textbook titled, Biblical Financial Planning: A Biblical Worldview of Personal Finance Keir Educational Resources v

6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page Risk Management and Insurance Planning (Topics 22-32) Topic 22: Biblical Principles and Application 22-BPA.1 Topic 22: Principles of Risk and Insurance Topic 22: Biblical Principles Journal 22-BPA.2 Topic 23: Analysis and Evaluation of Risk Exposures Topic 24: Biblical Principles and Application 24-BPA.1 Topic 24: Health Insurance and Health Care Cost Management (Individual) Topic 24: Biblical Principles Journal 24-BPA.2 Topic 25: Disability Income Insurance (Individual) Topic 26: Long-Term Care Insurance (Individual) Topic 27: Annuities Topic 28: Life Insurance (Individual) Topic 28B: Life Insurance (Individual) (Part B) 28B.1 28B.20 Topic 29: Business Uses of Insurance Topic 30: Insurance Needs Analysis Topic 31: Insurance Policy and Company Selection Topic 32: Property and Casualty Insurance Appendix A Black Hills P&L Case Appendix A 1 Brodinski Case Appendix A 4 Haurilick Case Appendix A 10 Beals Case Appendix A 16 Mocsin Case Appendix A 28 Loudon Case Appendix A 36 Connor Case Appendix A 47 Seidelhofer Case Appendix A 68 Loomis Company Case Appendix A 87 Michael and Diana Eastman Case Appendix A 91 Gary and Judy Parker Case Appendix A Keir Educational Resources vi

7 TABLE OF CONTENTS, CONTINUED Title Page Appendix B Sample Life Insurance Declarations Page Appendix B 1 Appendix C Sample Summary of Benefits and Coverage Appendix C 1 Appendix D Sample Employee Notice and Consent Form Appendix D 1 Appendix E Sample Life Insurance Needs Analysis Form Appendix E 1 Appendix F Sample Statement of Policy Cost and Benefit Information Appendix F 1 Appendix G Selected Facts and Figures and 72 Topics List Appendix G 1 Glossary Glossary 1 Index Index Keir Educational Resources vii

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9 RISK MANAGEMENT AND INSURANCE PLANNING Biblical Principles and Application Topic Title: Principles of Risk and Insurance Scripture Verse: If anyone does not provide for his relatives and especially his immediate family, he has denied the faith and is worse than an unbeliever. (I Timothy 5:8) Protection Versus Provision: Insurance is a transfer of risk to another party (typically an insurance company) willing to accept the risk in exchange for appropriate compensation. Insurance is also known as protection. In other words, you are protecting yourself from negative future events. This protection, however, may have unintended consequences such as potentially causing us to forget God s protection. If, as advisors, we consider insurance the opportunity to provide for others (I Timothy 5:8), our perspective may change from fear for ourselves to stewardship for others. We know that God provides for our needs and is the only one who can provide true protection. He gives us the ability to determine what provision and what insurance should be appropriate in the event we are unable to provide for those that rely on us. It is important to note that purchasing insurance is not a lack of trust in God, but a prudent biblical principle. Since God is the only one who knows the future, it is wise to help clients understand that insurance can give one s family the opportunity to continue to live in their accustomed environment and stewardship. Additionally, insurance demonstrates that unexpected events, specifically death, is a certainty. We must heed the words of James: Why, you do not even know what will happen tomorrow. What is your life? You are a mist that appears for a little while and then vanishes. (James 4:14) As you begin the topic content, seek the Holy Spirit and reflect on how you can articulate these biblical principles and your understanding of insurance in your client conversations. You will have the opportunity to reflect more on these principles at the end of this topic. Explore this topic further at Keir Educational Resources 22-BPA

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11 RISK MANAGEMENT AND INSURANCE PLANNING Principles of Risk and Insurance (Topic 22) CFP Board Student-Centered Learning Objectives (a) Explain the risk management process. (b) Provide examples of the four primary risk management techniques available to clients. (c) Describe how insurers use risk pooling to pay for losses incurred by policyholders. (d) Explain the factors that affect policyholder premiums and recommend appropriate methods for reducing household insurance costs. Principles of Risk and Insurance A. Purpose and benefits of risk management and insurance B. The Risk Management Process Step 1: Establish the risk management objectives Step 2: Gather information to identify the loss exposures Step 3: Analyze and evaluate the loss exposures and the risk management techniques available Step 4: Develop a plan, selecting the best risk management techniques to achieve the objectives Step 5: Implement the plan Step 6: Monitor the plan C. Risk management techniques (Responses to risk) Risk avoidance Risk reduction Non-insurance transfer Retention Insurance transfer Choosing risk management techniques based on loss severity and frequency Three basic rules of risk management D. Insurance Definitions and Concepts Definitions Law of large numbers Insurable risks: ideal risk characteristics Adverse selection a. Underwriting Self insurance Keir Educational Resources

12 Risk Management and Insurance Planning Topic 22 E. The Insurance Industry Types of producers in the marketing of insurance Functions of agents and brokers F. Legal aspects of insurance The principle of indemnity a. Subrogation b. Actual cash value c. Other insurance provision Settling disputes among the parties to an insurance contract a. Waiver b. Estoppel c. The parol evidence rule d. Nonwaiver provision e. Misrepresentation f. Reformation Insurable interest Contract requirements Void versus voidable contracts G. Insurance contracts Characteristics of insurance contracts a. Principles of utmost good faith Insurance policy components a. Declarations b. The insuring agreement c. Exclusions d. Conditions e. Riders and endorsements Policy ownership Beneficiary Designations H. Policyholder premiums and strategies to reduce household insurance costs PURPOSE AND BENEFITS OF RISK MANAGEMENT AND INSURANCE A significant element of the planning process involves identifying potential obstacles to goals and threats to accumulated wealth. As financial planning clients achieve more success in their lives and careers, there is often a tendency to forget the importance of protecting assets and of safeguarding income. Many individuals fail to realize the impact that the added cost of a long-term disability, 2017 Keir Educational Resources

13 Risk Management and Insurance Planning Topic 22 major illnesses, long-term care, or property losses can have on their family relationships as well as financial resources. Risk management and insurance planning are part of a well-developed financial plan and when properly designed can lessen the impact of potentially catastrophic life events. By performing a thorough analysis of a client s loss exposures (losses that might occur), the planner and client are able to work together proactively to employ the best and most efficient methods for dealing with loss exposures. THE RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS The risk management process is a process for identifying and measuring risks (possibilities of loss) and for making decisions on how to deal with those risks. It involves a series of six steps an individual or business can follow to manage risk. The six steps are similar to the six steps in the financial planning process (see the definitions section at the end of this topic for more details on the financial planning process). The steps are adjusted to apply specifically to risk management. The risk management process requires the following steps: 1) Establish the risk management objectives 2) Gather information to identify the loss exposures 3) Analyze and evaluate the loss exposures and the risk management techniques available 4) Develop a plan, selecting appropriate risk management techniques to achieve the objectives 5) Implement the plan 6) Monitor the plan The acronym EGADIM can be used to help remember these six steps. Large businesses frequently hire full-time risk managers to manage business loss exposures on a regular and continuing basis. Individuals and small businesses, on the other hand, often rely on financial planners, insurance brokers, or consultants to assist periodically with the process. In this textbook, our focus will be primarily on risk management for individuals and families. Step 1: Establish the Risk Management Objectives In personal financial planning, the risk management objectives are typically to protect assets, earning capacity, human life value, and health of the client. Objectives may also include less tangible aspirations, such as providing peace of mind or protecting family relationships. For example, a parent who plans to leave a family business to the child who works in the business might choose to leave 2017 Keir Educational Resources

14 Risk Management and Insurance Planning Topic 22 life insurance death benefits of equal value to a child who is not working in the business in order to prevent animosity between siblings. Sometimes, the risk management objective may be simply to meet legal requirements, such as with the purchase of required auto liability insurance. Initially, an individual s risk management objectives will tend to be somewhat general, e.g., protect assets and income. Greater specificity is provided in the later steps of the risk management process. Specificity becomes possible for the client and financial planner as more information is gathered and as more analysis is provided concerning the client s situation. Step 2: Gather Information to Identify the Loss Exposures In the risk management process, the information gathering step requires a planner to make use of a broad net to catch as many of the potential loss exposures as reasonably possible. The financial planner cannot assist a client with loss exposures until they are identified, so it is important to uncover and identify exposures that can impact the client s risk management objectives. At this stage of the process, loss exposures are defined as potential reductions in value, without regard to probability. In other words, for now we are more concerned about what could happen than what is likely to happen. Perils are causes of loss, such as a fire that burns the house down. Losses may be direct or indirect results of the peril. For example, the cost to rebuild the house following a fire is a direct loss as a result of the peril of fire. An indirect loss from the same fire would be the cost incurred for temporary living arrangements while the house is being rebuilt. In some cases, indirect losses may occur without direct losses; for example, a family may incur expenses for temporary living arrangements when forced to evacuate due to the threat of wild fires in the area. The fires may not actually reach the home and destroy it, but the cost of temporary living arrangements is still incurred. Gathering information to identify exposures can be approached in a number of ways. Businesses may use checklists, questionnaires, operation flow charts, financial statements, and on-site inspections of the plant, its equipment, and general layout of operations to help in identifying the entity s various exposures to loss. Individuals and families may use checklists, survey forms, questionnaires, financial statement analysis, personal inspections, or contract analysis to assist with identifying loss exposures. Using one or more of these systematic approaches will help to avoid overlooking potential losses. Identifying loss exposures through financial statement analysis involves a review of the Statement of Financial Position to identify property loss exposures and a review of the Statement of Cash Flows to identify income loss exposures. Each item on the statement is examined to determine potential loss exposures for that item. As an example, a review of the simplified Statement of Financial Position for Jane Buck (below) might look as follows: 2017 Keir Educational Resources

15 Risk Management and Insurance Planning Topic 22 Exhibit 22 1 Analysis of Statement of Financial Position for Loss Exposures Account Perils Exposed To Consequences Cash (on hand) Fire Loss of cash Burglary Retirement Assets Superannuation (outliving assets in retirement) Diminishing health Insufficient income to support needs Need/cost of long-term care Primary Residence Boat SUV Jewelry Fire Vandalism Water damage Trees in close proximity Injury of others on premises Damage to boat Damage to property of others Injury of others or self Damage to vehicle Damage to property of others Injury of others or self Fire Burglary Misplacement Loss of use/cost of repair Reduction in value/cost of repair Cost to repair or replace Cost to repair dwelling due to damage from falling trees Medical costs to be paid Loss of use/cost of repair Cost to repair or replace Medical costs to be paid Loss of use/cost of repair Cost to repair or replace Medical costs to be paid Loss of value/cost to replace Loss of value/cost to replace Loss of value/cost to replace 2017 Keir Educational Resources

16 Risk Management and Insurance Planning Topic 22 Jane Buck Statement of Financial Position As of December 31, 20XX Assets Cash & Cash Equivalents Cash on hand $ 15,000 Checking account 40,000 $ 55,000 Retirement Assets 401(k) $ 440,000 Roth IRA 210,000 $ 650,000 Use Assets Residence $ 350,000 Boat 47,000 SUV 28,000 Jewelry 25,000 Household items 175,000 $ 625,000 Total Assets $1,330,000 Liabilities Short-term Liabilities Chase credit card $ 3,000 HSBC credit card 5,300 $ 8,300 Long-term Liabilities Boat loan $ 18,000 SUV loan 20,000 Student loan 28,000 Mortgage on residence 198,000 $ 264,000 Total Liabilities $ 272,300 Net Worth $1,057,700 Total Liabilities and Net Worth $1,330, Keir Educational Resources

17 Risk Management and Insurance Planning Topic 22 The above analysis of the Statement of Financial Position may be combined with property inspections to obtain a more complete view. For example, an inspection of the primary residence may reveal old and decaying trees very near to the dwelling. These inspections are often performed by an insurance agent or consultant with specialized knowledge of perils involving those particular assets. The use of contract analysis to identify loss exposures might include analyzing contracts such as rental agreements. Another method of systematically identifying loss exposures is to break them down into personal loss exposures, property loss exposures, and liability loss exposures. For the category of Property Loss Exposures, for example, a survey form might ask the following questions: Do you own a home? When was the cost to rebuild or replace the home analyzed? Are there any collectibles or high value items within the home? Are there any collectibles or high value items located elsewhere? How is the home heated? Is the electrical wiring up to code? Do you own a secondary residence or property? This approach of reviewing each of the three broad categories of loss exposures (personal, property, and liability) is discussed in more detail in Topic 32 of this textbook. Class Exercise 22 1 Students should review the Personal Balance Sheet for the Loudon case in Appendix A of this textbook. Using this Balance Sheet, students should develop questions to ask the client and write up discussion points that may help to identify potential loss exposures. Step 3: Analyze and Evaluate the Loss Exposures and the Risk Management Techniques Available Each loss exposure must be measured in terms of frequency (how often is it likely to occur?) and severity (how much is it likely to cost?). This analysis will help to determine the best method for managing the risk. For example, a loss exposure that is low frequency and low severity will rarely occur, and when it does occur, it doesn t result in a significant amount of economic loss. These risks can be easily dealt with from emergency funds or regular income. More severe potential losses 2017 Keir Educational Resources

18 Risk Management and Insurance Planning Topic 22 may be dealt with through insurance or other methods to be discussed in the next section. Another method that can be used for analysis is to look at maximum possible loss versus maximum probable loss to project the size of the expected loss and to focus on techniques for dealing with the loss depending on severity (this method is discussed in more detail in Topic 32 of this textbook). Step 4: Develop a Plan, Selecting the Best Risk Management Techniques to Achieve the Objectives After analyzing the entity s exposures to loss, the planner should identify the alternatives available for handling the important or serious loss exposures, and then the planner should select the appropriate technique or techniques for handling these exposures. There are two broad categories of risk management techniques: risk control and risk financing. Risk control includes avoidance and reduction. Reduction of risk or reduction of possible losses may be achieved by loss prevention (iron bars for all windows prevent burglaries) and loss reduction (fire extinguishers and sprinkler systems don t prevent fires, but they minimize the severity of any fire that does occur). Risk financing includes transfer and retention. These risk management techniques are discussed in greater detail in the next section of this topic. An example of some of the recommendations for Jane Buck from the risk assessment in Exhibit 22-1 might appear as follows: 2017 Keir Educational Resources

19 Risk Management and Insurance Planning Topic 22 Risk Management Audit Recommendations For Jane Buck June 15, 20XX Risk Problem Area Recommendation Action Plan 1. Excess cash on hand (homeowner insurance limits coverage of cash to $200) Limit cash kept in home to $200 Jane will move all cash except $200 to checking account 2. Insufficient liquid assets to cover the cost of long-term care in retirement 3. Primary residence is underinsured for dwelling replacement 4. Inconsistent deductibles in home and auto coverage (homeowner policy with $250 deductible and auto policy with $1,000 deductible) Purchase long-term care insurance Increase coverage in homeowner policy to cover full replacement cost of dwelling Increase deductible on homeowner policy to $1,000 Planner will set up joint meeting with insurance specialist Jane will contact her property-casualty agent Jane will contact her property-casualty agent 5. Lack of umbrella liability coverage (liability coverage in home, auto, and boat policies of $100,000 is insufficient for an individual with over $1 million of net worth) 6. Swimming pool is not enclosed inside a fence (liability) Purchase $2 million umbrella liability insurance policy and ensure that the underlying coverages in home, auto, and boat policies meet the requirements of the umbrella Install a fence to surround swimming pool Jane will contact her property-casualty agent Jane will contact company to install fence 2017 Keir Educational Resources

20 APPLICATION QUESTIONS 1. Which of the following perils best meets the ideal requirements for an insurable risk? A. Sickness B. Flood C. Nuclear radiation D. Lightning E. Unemployment 2. (Published question released December, 1996) Regarding the characteristics of insurance, which of the following is/are fundamental? (1) Probability (possibility and predictability of a loss) (2) Law of large numbers (3) Transfer of risk from individual to group (4) Insurance is a form of speculation A. (1) and (2) only B. (1), (2), and (4) only C. (1), (2), and (3) only D. (4) only E. (1), (2), (3), and (4) 3. (Published question released November, 1994) Conditions that increase either the frequency or severity of loss are called: A. Subrogation B. Risks C. Hazards D. Perils E. Extenuating circumstances 2017 Keir Educational Resources

21 Risk Management and Insurance Planning Application Questions Topic For which of the following loss exposures is the insurance technique best suited, based on loss frequency and loss severity? A. Damage in coastal North Carolina due to hurricanes B. Breakage of eyeglasses C. Losses of a grocery store owner due to shoplifters D. Burning out of household light bulbs E. Legal liability for bodily injury in an auto accident 5. Which of the following is (are) consistent with the principle of indemnity? (1) Settlement of property losses on an actual cash value basis (2) Award of damages for pain and suffering (3) Payment of the face amount of a life insurance policy at the death of the insured A. (1) only B. (1) and (2) only C. (1) and (3) only D. (2) and (3) only E. (1), (2), and (3) 6. Which of the following persons has (have) an insurable interest? (1) A small business owner in the life of a key employee (2) A homeowner in his or her household contents (3) The operator of a private plane in the safety of his or her passengers A. (1) only B. (2) only C. (3) only D. (1) and (2) only E. (1), (2), and (3) 2017 Keir Educational Resources

22 Risk Management and Insurance Planning Application Questions Topic 22 For practice answering case questions related to Topic 22, please answer the following questions in the cases included in Appendix A at the back of this textbook. Case Questions Black Hills P&L 1 Brodinski Haurilick Beals 1 Mocsin Loudon Connor 1 and 2 Seidelhofer 1, 2, and 3 Loomis Company Michael and Diana Eastman Gary and Judy Parker 1, 2, 3, 4, and Keir Educational Resources

23 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS 1. D is the answer. A is not always definite and measurable or completely accidental for the insured. B and C present severe catastrophe potentials. E is not always accidental and presents possible catastrophic losses for an insurer. 2. C is the answer. (4) is incorrect because insurance deals with an existing risk of loss, rather than creating a risk of loss. 3. C is the answer, by definition. Snow and ice on the walk is a hazard because it increases the probability of an occurrence of a loss. A snow storm is a peril because it is a loss-producing agent. Stepping on the walk is a risk because risk is the possibility of loss. Subrogation is the right of the insurance company after it pays an insured the amount of a loss to collect from a third party that caused it. If the insured s house caught on fire while the neighbor was burning leaves, the insurance company will pay the insured for the loss and then sue the neighbor under the right of subrogation to recover the amount it paid the insured. 4. E is the answer. Insurance works best for exposures that represent low loss frequency and high loss severity, as in E. A represents high loss frequency and high loss severity. B and C represent moderate loss frequency and low loss severity. D represents high loss frequency and low loss severity. 5. A is the answer. (2) is not designed to place the individual in about the same financial condition as he or she was in prior to the loss since pain and suffering are not financial losses. (3) is not correct because the face amount may have little relationship to the size of the loss incurred by the beneficiary due to the insured s death. 6. E is the answer. An insurable interest is present when the individual stands to lose, usually financially, by the occurrence of a peril. In A, the loss might be reduced earnings of the firm. In B, it is the reduction in the value of the contents. In C, the potential loss might be from liability for negligence Keir Educational Resources

24 RISK MANAGEMENT AND INSURANCE PLANNING Biblical Principles Journal Take time to reflect on your scripture reading and its implications for this topic. Write down your thoughts and reflections, prayers, or ways you can incorporate these biblical truths into your counsel Keir Educational Resources 22-BPA.2