A study on the effective disaster resources assessment and allocation for emergency response

Transcription

1 Internatonal Journal of Engneerng and Techncal Research (IJETR) ISSN: , Volume-2, Issue-12, December 2014 A study on the effectve dsaster resources assessment and allocaton for emergency response Sumn Han, Gyusun Hwang, Sangyun Choe, Jnwoo Park Abstract A dsaster s the serous dsrupton of the functonng of a communty. Dsasters such as flood, fre, and earthquake affect thousands of people annually. Moreover, dsasters occurred near the rversde structure cause human, materal, economc, and envronmental losses. To deal wth the dsasters, the dsaster response system takes charges of preparaton, response, and recovery. Ths study seeks to explore the necessty of dsaster resource assessment and allocaton for emergency response. We evaluated the assessment of dsaster response resources and allocated them to the damaged areas. The smulaton study was conducted n order to verfy the utlzaton of developed algorthm. Ths research wll be helpful to decson maker who want to allocate the dsaster recovery resources effectvely. Index Terms Rversde Structure, Emergency Response, Assessment, Allocaton I. INTRODUCTION In the 2000 s, the number of natural dsasters s ncreasng all over the world and the damages of the natural dsasters s gradually gettng serous. Accordng to data from the CRED Internatonal Dsasters Database (EM-DAT), the number of natural dsasters appears to have ncreased worldwde. In the decade , natural dsasters occurred 2676 tmes, but n the perod , the number of occurrences rose to Furthermore, the annual estmated economc losses from natural dsasters are almost US$ 143 bllon on average from 2001 to The mpact of dsaster cuts across the economy, the envronment, and nsttutonal development. In Korea, damages to a dsaster are not neglgble levels. Property damage caused by typhoon s about 140 trllon won from 1904 to In addton, 3 trllon won budget s beng sent for emergency repar for the damaged areas. Lke ths, despte the fact that damage occurs repeatedly each year, R & D budget nvestment rato at the natonal level for the dsaster are stayng n the 1% level. Therefore, a state of dsaster response system s ncomplete and the new system s ndeed necessary. The purpose of the system for dsaster s to reduce the damage caused by the dsaster. It wll be the most crtcal for the proper plannng and executon of dsaster response and recovery. Accordng to Moe and Pathranarakul (2006), there Manuscrpt receved December 22, Sumn Han, Industral Engneerng, Seoul Natonal Unversty, Seoul, Korea Republc, Gyusun Hwang, Industral Engneerng, Seoul Natonal Unversty, Seoul, Korea Republc, Sangyun Choe, Industral Engneerng, Seoul Natonal Unversty, Seoul, Korea Republc, Jnwoo Park, Industral Engneerng, Seoul Natonal Unversty, Seoul, Korea Republc, are four crtcal actvtes n the lfe-cycle of natural dsaster management. The lfe-cycle starts wth the mtgaton phase, preparedness, and response and ends n recovery actvty as shown n the followng Table 1. Especally, n the response and recovery stage, t s requred to address the mportance of need assessment, coordnaton, nformaton exchange, and logstcs management. Table 1: Four crtcal actvtes n the lfe-cycle of natural dsaster management Phase Actvtes Structural and non-structural measures undertaken to lmt the adverse mpact of Mtgaton natural hazards, envronmental degradaton and technologcal hazards Actvtes and measures taken n advance to ensure effectve response to the mpact of hazards, ncludng the ssuance of tmely and Preparedness effectve early warnngs and the temporary evacuaton of people and properly from threatened locatons. The provson of assstance or nterventon durng or mmedately after a dsaster to meet the lfe preservaton and basc Response subsstence needs of those people affected. It can be of an mmedate, short-term, or protracted duraton. Decsons and actons taken after a dsaster wth a vew to restorng or mprovng the pre-dsaster lvng condtons of the strcken Recovery communty, whle encouragng and facltatng necessary adjustments to reduce dsaster rsk. Thus, t s essental to ensure the resources requred for dsaster recovery and to effcently allocate the resources to the damaged areas to reduce further damage to spread. Damages caused by natural dsasters are usually the cases that occurs smultaneously n several areas. At ths tme, the number of resources that can be used for recovery and repar n the feld s lmted. Therefore, for allocatng each resource to the recovery ste to meet the needs of the resource, recovery s requred to be able to be smoothly carred out. II. THE PURPOSE OF STUDY In ths paper, we focused on ths approprate response, when emergency recovery s needed. In order to prevent addtonal damage from spreadng, approprate emergency recovery has to be conducted. We ntroduce an effectve methodology and algorthm for resource allocaton n dsaster 221

2 A study on the effectve dsaster resources assessment and allocaton for emergency response recovery. confgured, the optmal assgnment proposal s not provded. In addton to these, there are more researches on resource allocaton for natural dsasters but researches through the evaluaton of the resources were not enough. In ths paper, we not only took nto account the state of the resource and envronmental factors but also evaluated the resources wth quanttatve method. As the fnal outcome, we presented optmzed alternatve of recovery resource allocaton for the recovery requred for each damaged areas. Fgure 1: The process of methodology for resource allocaton n dsaster recovery The process of methodology s n the followng Fgure 1. Frst, canddate recovery resources that can be used at the ste of recovery are derved from the basc data and then, the quanttatve evaluaton s made for each canddate recovery resource consderng factors whch the resources have such as dstances, constructon ablty, etc. Wth results of the evaluaton, an algorthm s conducted to approprately assgn the resources at each repar ste. As a result, optmzed alternatve of recovery resource allocaton s presented for the recovery requred for each damaged areas. Ths study may be useful n the management and utlzaton of resources n the recovery plan. In ths paper, we proposed a methodology and algorthm to allocate recovery resources approprately accordng to the status of the recovery ste, and showed the results through experment. The result presented n ths paper seems to help to create the resource management and resource use plan. III. LITERATURE REVIEW There are many studes on resource allocaton for natural dsaster. But, studes on the resource allocaton method wth an evaluaton of the recovery of resources are not enough. Most of the researches are on routng plannng of vehcles and overall dsaster management system. F. Fedrch et al. (2000) ntroduce dynamc optmzaton model. The model uses detaled descrptons of the operatonal areas and of the avalable resources to calculate the resource performance and effcency for dfferent tasks related to the response wth smulated Annealng (SA) and Tabu Search (TS) method. Russell Kondavet and Aura Ganz (2009) ntroduce a decson support framework and system bult on rapd nformaton collecton and resource trackng functonaltes. The decson support system ntegrated wth real-tme emergency response nformaton collecton system developed. Based on ths nformaton collected from emergency response servce agences, operaton research technques are used to fnd an optmal soluton for resource deployment and dspatchng. Nevertheless, t does not consder the state of the resource, and does not take nto account a number of envronmental factors. Lee, Seul-B et al. (2013) s to consder the factors for prorty among facltes and present framework of restoraton resource allocaton model. The framework only but has been IV. RESOURCE ASSESSMENT A. Characterstcs of assessment Assessment s essental to determne of qualtatve or quanttatve value of the project success related to concrete stuaton. There are many requrements to project assessment regardng some pont of vews. Based on purpose of assessment, we classfy the assessment nto 2 groups: operatonal and effectve, because dfferent evaluaton approach s need dependng on the purpose of assessment. We also llustrate the characterstc of assessment based on 4 crtera. The reason ths study try to assess the dsaster recovery resources are to allot the resources more effectvely. From the below Table 2, our study s for operatonal purpose and mddle phase assessment. Our goal s to manage the dsaster recovery project and mprove the effcency consderng the status of the current crcumstance. In ths reason, we should evaluate the resources by operatonal scope and n the mddle of the decson status. Also, demandng on the rapd responsveness, our assessment subject s nternal due to tme lmtaton. After drawng the demand of the resources, avalable resources are lsted nto the database. Ths study evaluates the resources ablty by usng our developed formulaton. And outcome of the assessment wll be used n resource allotment as the baselne data. B. Elements of the assessment For conductng the assessment, we generate the elements based on the dsaster recovery resources characterstcs. And the extracted elements are as follows:, Movng dstance, Usage perod, Constructon Capablty, Holdng volume. Outcome of assessments are used n the allotment of the resources. For ths reason, we have to quantfy the elements. Movng dstance: Dstance from current poston to devastated area Usage perod: Current date Manufactured date Constructon capablty: (Ordnarycapablty- Mnmum capablty ) (Maxmum capablty- Mnmum capablty ) Holdng volume: Company holdng volume/ Demand volume 222

3 Table 2: Characterstcs of assessment based on crtera Internatonal Journal of Engneerng and Techncal Research (IJETR) ISSN: , Volume-2, Issue-12, December 2014 Crtera Classfcaton Characterstc Purpose Phase Subject Contents Operatonal Effectve Pror Mddle Posteror Internal External Economcal Admnstratve Techncal - It evaluates the project management and ts stakeholder s ablty. - It focuses on the project sutablty and effcency. - It dagnoss the gap between project goal and project outcome. - It analyses the project plan s valdty. - It evaluates on-gong project system mprovement based on the operatonal assessment. - It assesses the project outcome and effectveness. - It serves the recheck step for project goals and plans so as to take some project qualty mprovements. - After project completon, t s hard to take an objectvty and relablty, due to absence of external vew pont. - It s able to take dependency, objectvty, and specalty of project assessment. - It s able to fnd a project economcal effectveness. - It assesses the project poltcal effectveness, and t has tendency to be non-qualtatve assessment. - It evaluates the project techncal problem and t s used n pror assessment. C. Weghted value settng Elements of the assessment are assgned to weghted value so as to consder ther prorty. Weghted values are calculated based on the questonnares to feld experts. There are many methods to set weghted values: Rank sum, Rank nverse sum, Rank multplcaton, etc. Ths study apples the Rank sum method bascally. Rank sum method s based on the relatve mportance dea. The hgher rank factor s gven to hgher weghted value, and the lower rank factor s assgned to lower weghted value. The formulaton of the rank sum method s as follows. n : Number of factors r : Rank of factor among factors w w = : Fnal weghted score of factor n 1 n - r 1 ( n r 1) Movng Dstance Usage Perod Capablty Table 3: Example of the weghted value usng Rank sum D. Conductng resource assessment For evaluatng the resources, we generate formulas wth weghted value and desred values. Frst, each elements are multple by weghted value. Then, Assessments are deduced by summng up the result. The formulas are as follows: n 1 α* MD UP CaP * HV j β* j γ* δ Snce the dsaster may affect damage to a number of stes, we wll evaluate the resources accordng to each of the affected area. The outcome of assessment s used n allotment algorthms. And followng table shows the example of the assessment results. Table 4: Example of the assessment result Holdng Volume Movng dstance Usage perod Assessment Capabl ty A B C Common Common Common A B C Fork crane Fork crane Fork crane Fork crane Holdng volume Prorty Weghted value

4 A study on the effectve dsaster resources assessment and allocaton for emergency response V. RESOURCE ALLOCATION A. Characterstcs of allocaton problem 3) Objectve functon - Maxmze the summaton of assessment. After resource assessment, dsaster response resources has to be deployed to damaged structure. Snce there are a lot of factors whch are related to dsaster, t s very complex problem. In the allocaton problem, ths study tres to buld the good resource allocaton plan. The allocaton plan contans the destnaton, amount, and allocaton tmng of every dsaster response resources. The allocaton problem uses the result of resource assessment and dsaster assessment. The dsaster assessment contans the resource demand and prorty of each dsaster s. And that s conducted by constructon and admnstraton specalst. There s the detaled nput and outputs n Table 5. 4) Decson Varable - Usng amount of resource r n dsaster s at th plan: - Whether dsaster s s allocated n th plan: 5) Constrants - Current amount constrant: Table 5: Input and Output of Allocaton Category Input Output resource assessment dsaster assessment amount of avalable resource resource demand of dsaster Destnaton of resource Amount of usage Allocaton tmng. - Number of allocaton constrant: - usage constrant: B. Formulaton Before the soluton, detaled formulaton s needed for ts precse problem defnton. In ths study, ths problem s formulated by mxed nteger problem. 1) Notaton - Set of resource category: G / g = 1 ~ G - Set of resource: R / r = 1 ~ R - Set of damaged area: S / s = 1 ~ S - Tme horzon: I / = 1 ~ S 2) Data - Category nformaton of each resource: - Demand nformaton: - Current amount of resource: - Result of resource assessment: - Result of dsaster assessment: C. Heurstc Approach If the sze of the problem ncreases, t may take long tme to compute optmal soluton wth mathematcal programmng. So heurstc approach s suggested n ths study. The heurstc rule follows these steps. 1. Intate A. Set tme 1 2. Select the dsaster 3. Select resources for result n step 2. A. If we have enough resources, allocate them. B. If not, check the dsaster s not avalable. 4. Do all dsaster s are allocated? A. If yes, fnsh. 5. Is there avalable and not allocated dsaster? A. If yes, go back to step 2. B. If no, ncrease tme and go back to step 2. Suggested heurstc algorthms consst of dsaster selecton and resource selecton. In dsaster selecton, there are four heurstc rules are appled. 1. Select the dsaster wth maxmum assessment score. 2. Parng all dsaster and resource wth sum of ts assessment score. Select the dsaster wth maxmum number of the par

5 Internatonal Journal of Engneerng and Techncal Research (IJETR) ISSN: , Volume-2, Issue-12, December Parng all dsaster and resource wth sum of ts assessment score. Select the dsaster wth maxmum summaton of the assessment score. 4. Select the dsaster wth maxmum gap between most assessment and 2 nd most assessment score. In resource selecton, there are two rules are appled. 1. Select the resource wth maxmum assessment score. 2. Select the resource wth maxmum gap between most assessment and 2 nd most assessment score. D. Smulaton Experment Eght heurstc rules, whch are combnaton of rules n two stage were appled to smulaton experment to compare ther results. 1) Smulaton Settng Table 6 s the settng of smulaton experment. Table 9: Result wth 12 dsaster s Dsaster total Table 10: Result wth 16 dsaster s Dsaster total Table 6: Smulaton Settng Item Contents Number of experment 100 # of resource category 4 # of damaged dsaster 4,8,12,16 demand Unf[0,10] assessment score Unf[0,100] Dsaster assessment score Unf[0,100] # of resources per category Unf[1,5] Stocks of each resources Unf[5,10] 2) Result Table 7, 8, 9, 10 s the result of smulaton experment accordng to the number of dsaster. Fgure 2, 3, 4 s the result of smulaton result whch summarze the results of all dsaster settngs. The combnaton of rule 4 and rule 1 has best performance. Snce the gaps between dsaster selecton rules are not sgnfcant, other rules may do better than rule 4 n certan stuatons. But the gap between resource selecton rules s sgnfcant. Fgure 2: Performance of all combnaton of rules Table 7: Result wth 4 dsaster s Dsaster total Table 8: Result wth 8 dsaster s Dsaster total Fgure 3: Performance of dsaster selecton rules 225

6 A study on the effectve dsaster resources assessment and allocaton for emergency response [6] S.B. Lee, M.S. Park and H.S. Lee, Research on the Prorty of Allocaton for Dsaster Restoraton Plannng of Facltes, Korea Insttute of Constructon Engneerng and Management, vol. 33 no. 1, Apr. 2013, pp [7] H.D. Sheral, J. Desa and T.S. Glckman, Allocatng emergency response resources to mnmze rsk under equty consderatons, Amercan Journal of Mathematcal and Management Scences, vol. 24, 2004, pp [8] W. Orab, A. Senouc, K. El-Rayes, and H. Al-Derham, Optmzng Utlzaton durng the Recovery of Cvl Infrastructure Systems, J. Manage. Eng., vol. 26 no 4, Oct. 2010, Fgure 4: Performance of resource selecton rules VI. CONCLUSION Ths study suggested the dsaster resource assessment and allocaton algorthm. The suggested assessment algorthm consdered varous attrbutes related to resource tself and ts envronment to buld the assessment score. Wth the result of assessment, the allocaton algorthm bulds the resource allocaton plan whch contans the destnaton, usng amount, and tmng. To buld resource allocaton plan, ths study suggested heurstc algorthm. And smulaton experment was conducted to verfy the ther performance Snce the algorthms of ths study can buld the allocaton plan wth relatvely small computaton resources, the dsaster response system can apply them n dsaster response. ACKNOWLEDGMENT We would lke to acknowledge the support by the ASRI (Automaton and Systems Research Insttute) n Seoul Natonal Unversty n the form of resources and admnstratve support. We also would lke to acknowledge the support by Mnstry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport and Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement (13ConstructonTechnologyS01). Sumn Han was born n Seoul, Republc of Korea on January, 1 st, He got bachelor s degree n Industral Engneerng from Seoul Natonal Unversty, Seoul on At 2010, He entered the graduated school of Seoul Natonal Unversty. Hs research nterest s n manufacturng system, software development process, and emergency logstcs.. Now, He s n Ph. d. course of Seoul Natonal Unversty. He partcpates n the varous research projects related to manufacturng system and emergency response systems. Gyusun Hwang was born n Kwangju, Republc of Korea on 29 th October He receved hs bachelor s degree n Management Informaton System from HanYang Unversty, Seoul on At 2011, He entered the graduated school of Seoul Natonal Unversty. And He receved Master s degree n Industral Engneerng from Seoul Natonal Unversty n Now, He s n Ph. D. course of Seoul Natonal Unversty. Hs research nterest s n manufacturng system, Management Informaton System, and performance measurement. Sangyun Choe was born n Changwon, Republc of Korea on May, 22 th, He receved hs bachelor s degree n Industral and Informaton systems engneerng from Seoul Natonal Unversty of scence and technology, Seoul on At 2013, he entered the graduated school of Seoul Natonal Unversty. He s currently a master s canddate and he has studed for hs doctor s degree n Industral Engneerng at Seoul Natonal Unversty. Hs current research nterests are n manufacturng system, smulaton, and photovoltac, renewable energy. Jnwoo Park was born n Seoul, Korea on December, 18 th, In 1985, he receved a Ph.D. degree n Industral Engneerng at Unversty of Calforna, Berkeley and now he s a professor of Industral Engneerng at Seoul Natonal Unversty. Hs current research nterests are n manufacturng systems engneerng, smulaton, schedulng, Enterprse Plannng/Supply Chan Management and Flexble Manufacturng System/CIM. He s a member of Insttute of Industral Engneers (IIE), Socety of Manufacturng Engneers (SME), Assocaton of Computng Machnery (ACM), Insttute of Electrcal & Electronc Engneers (IEEE), and Amercan Producton & Inventory Control Socety (APICS). REFERENCES [1] D. Guha-Sapr, Ph. Hoyos and R. Below, Annual Dsaster Statstcal Revew 2013, Centre for Research on the Epdemology of Dsasters (CRED), [2] B. Kusumasar, Q. Alam and K. Sddqu, capablty for local government n managng dsaster, Dsaster Preventon and Management, vol. 19 no. 4, 2010, pp [3] TL. Moe and P. Pathranarakul, An ntegrated approach to natural dsaster management, Dsaster Preventon and Management, vol. 15 no. 3, 2006, pp [4] F. Fedrch and F. Gehbauer, U. Rckers, Optmzed resource allocaton for emergency response after earthquake dsasters, Safety Scence, vol. 35, Jun. 2000, pp [5] R. Kondavet and A. Ganz, Decson support system for resource allocaton n dsaster management, Engneerng n Medcne and Bology Socety (EMBC 2009), Annual Internatonal Conference of the IEEE, Sep. 2009, pp