UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR FRANCES PERKINS, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. IS AD OR LUBIN, Commissioner TREND OF EMPLOYMENT AUGUST 1934

Transcription

1 Serial No. R. 164 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR FRANCES PERKINS, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS IS AD OR LUBIN, Commissioner TREND OF EMPLOYMENT AUGUST Prepared by Division of Employment Statistics Under the direction of LEWIS E. TALBERT and HERM AN B. BYER UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE W ASHINGTON:

2 CONTENTS Industrial: By industries: Manufacturing industries Nonmanufacturing industries. Anthracite and bituminous-coal mining. Metalliferous mining. Quarrying and nonmetallic mining. Crude-petroleum producing. Public utilites: Telephone and telegraph. Electric light and power and manufactured gas. Electric railroads. Wholesale and retail trade. Hotels. Laundries. Dyeing and cleaning. Banks, brokerage, insurance, and real estate. Page Building Class I steam railroads By States By cities 30 Public: Federal employees Public Works Administration Emergency work relief Emergency conservation work Public roads not financed by P.W.A Construction projects financed by R.F.C Wage-rate s (TI)

3 TREND OF EMPLOYMENT T HE Bureau of Labor Statistics of the United States Department of Labor presents herewith data compiled from pay-roll reports supplied by representative establishments in 90 of the principal manufacturing industries of the country and 18 nonmanufacturing industries, covering the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. Additional information is presented concerning employment on Public Works Administration projects, public roads, the Federal service, and class I steam railroads. Manufacturing Industries I NCREASES of 1.1 percent in factory employment and 2.8 percent in factory pay rolls were shown in as compared with. Employment and pay rolls in manufacturing industries normally increase in, reflecting seasonal activity in certain industries and a recovery from shut-downs. During the preceding 15-year period, , inclusive, for which data are available in the Bureau of Labor Statistics, increases in employment from to were shown in each year except 1930 and in pay rolls in each year except 1930 and The general indexes of factory employment and pay rolls for are 79.5 and 62.1, respectively. A comparison of these indexes with those of 1933 shows gains over the year interval of 4.1 percent in employment and 9.3 percent in pay rolls. The Bureau recently revised its indexes of factory employment and pay rolls. The base now used in computing these index numbers is the average for the 3-year period, , taken as 100. This newr series of indexes has been adjusted to conform to census trends over the period Prior to March the indexes of factory employment and pay rolls published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics were based on the 12-month average of 1926 and wrere not adjusted to conform to biennial census trends. A short discussion of this revision appeared in the March Trend of Employment and a more complete bulletin on this subject is being prepared for publication. The group and general indexes of factory employment and pay rolls on the 1926 base are shown in this pamphlet under the head- (1)

4 2 ing Index numbers of employment and pay-roll totals in manufacturing industries. The indexes of factory employment and pay rolls are computed from reports supplied by representative establishments in 90 important manufacturing industries of the country. In, reports were received from 25,298 establishments employing 3,762,201 wage earners, whose weekly earnings during the pay period ending nearest 15 totaled $71,053,170. More than 50 percent of the wage earners in all manufacturing industries of the country are covered in these monthly employment surveys. Fifty-two of the ninety manufacturing industries surveyed reported gains in employment and 51 reported increases in pay rolls. The most pronounced gains in employment from to were seasonal in nature and appeared in the following industries: Canning and preserving, 61.1 percent; beet sugar, 34.6 percent; cottonseed oil, cake, and meal, 32 percent; millinery, 30.7 percent; and women s clothing, 22.8 percent. Other substantial seasonal increases were reported in men s clothing, 8.6 percent; fur-felt hats and confectionery, 7.7 percent each; radios and phonographs, 6.1 percent; and men s furnishings, 5.3 percent. The silver- and plated-ware industry reported an increase of 13.1 percent in employment from to, the slaughtering and meat-packing industry reported a gain of 8.6 percent, the locomotive industry reported an increase of 8.3 percent, and the cigar and cigarette industry reported an increase of 7.4 percent. The jewelry and the cane-sugar-refining industries reported gains in number of workers of 6.3 percent each and the druggists preparations industry reported a gain of 5.1 percent. Among the remaining 35 industries reporting increased employment, increases ranging from 1.5 percent to 3.8 percent were reported in the following important industries: Shirts and collars, 3.8 percent; cast-iron pipe, 3.7 percent; boots and shoes, 3.3 percent; shipbuilding, 2.8 percent; smelting and refining copper, lead, and zinc, 2.7 percent; rayon, 2.5 percent; printing, book and job, 1.6 percent; and furniture and petroleum refining, 1.5 percent each. The most pronounced decrease in employment from to (10.5 percent) was in the aircraft industry. The textile-machinery industry reported an employment decline of 6.7 percent over the month interval, the electric- and steam-car building industry, a loss of 6.2 percent and the automobile industry, a loss of 6 percent. Decreases ranging from 4.3 percent to 5.9 percent were reported in the machine tool, rubber tire, rubber goods other than tires and shoes, plumbers supply, marble-slate-granite, cement, steam-railroad repair shop, and wirework industries. The cotton goods, blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling mills industries reported losses in employment of 3.8 percent each. Other industries in which decreases in employment

5 3 over the month interval ranged from 3 percent to 3.6 percent were: Agricultural implements, stamped and enameled ware, leather, tools, and brass, bronze, and copper products. In the remaining 19 industries in which decreased employment was reported, declines in industries of major importance were in paint and varnish, 2.9 percent; woolen and worsted goods, 2.7 percent; ice cream 2.3 percent; millwork, 2.1 percent; beverages and glass, 1.6 percent each; chemicals, 1.3 percent; and foundry and machine-shop products, 0.7 percent. Comparing the level of employment and pay rolls in the 90 separate industries in with 1933, 52 industries showed increased employment over the year interval and 60 showed increased pay rolls. Dividing the manufacturing industries into durable and nondurable goods groups, the former group showed a decrease in employment from to of 1.9 percent and no in pay rolls. The latter group showed gains of 3.7 percent in employment and 5.3 percent in pay rolls. The durable goods group is composed of the following subgroups: i r o n a n d s t e e l, m a c h i n e r y, t r a n s p o r t a t i o n E Q U I P M E N T, R A I L R O A D R E P A I R S H O P S, N O N F E R R O U S M E T A L S, L U M B E R A N D A L L I E D P R O D U C T S, and S T O N E -C L A Y -G L A S S. Per capita weekly earnings for all manufacturing industries combined increased 1.7 percent from to and 5.1 percent from 1933 to. Gains from to were shown in 48 of the 90 individual manufacturing industries surveyed and ranged from less than one-tenth of 1 percent to 20.6 percent. The per capita earnings shown in the following table musi} not be e o E n iu s e d with full-time weekly rates of wages. They are per capita weekly earnings, computed by dividing the total amount of pay roll for the week by the total number of employees (part-time as well as full-time workers). Man-hour data supplied by identical establishments in and showed an increase over the month interval for all manufacturing industries combined of 1.8 percent in average hours worked per week and a decrease in average hourly earnings of 0.2 percent. Thirty-nine of the industries covered showed increases in average hours worked and 49 reported increased hourly earnings. As all reporting establishments do not furnish man-hour information, the Bureau s figures on average hours worked per week and average hourly earnings are necessarily computed from data furnished by a smaller number of establishments than are covered in the monthly survey of manufacturing industries. hours worked per week and average hourly earnings are presented for only those manufacturing industries for which available information covers at least 20 percent of all the employees in the industry.

6 4 In table 1, which follows, are shown indexes of employment and pay rolls in for each of the 90 manufacturing industries surveyed, for the 14 major groups and 2 subgroups into which these industries are classified, and for manufacturing as a whole, together with percentage s from and Per capita weekly earnings in, together with percentage of s from the previous month and from of the previous year for each of the 90 manufacturing industries and for manufacturing as a whole, are also presented in this table. hours wtorked per week in and average hourly earnings, together with percentage of s from and 1933, are likewise presented for manufacturing as a whole and for each industry for which man-hour data covering at least 20 percent of the total emploj^ees in the industry were received.

7 T a b le 1.- E M PLO YM E N T, W EE K LY PAY ROLLS, PER CAPITA W EE K LY EARNINGS, AVERAG E HOURS W ORKED PER W EEK, AND AVERAGE H OU RLY EARNINGS IN M ANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN AUGUST A N D COM PARISON W ITH JULY AN D AUGUST 1933 Employment Pay roll Per capita weekly earnings» hours worked per week1 hourly earnings1 Industry Index (3-year average =100) from 1933 Index (3 year average =100) from 1933 in from 1933 in from 1933 in from 1933 Total manufacturing.... Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery... Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling mills... Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets.... Cast-iron pipe Cutlery (not including silver and plated cutlery) and edge tools... Forgings, iron and steel.... Hardware... Plumbers supplies... Steam and hot-water heating apparatus and steam fittings... Stoves... Structural and ornamental metal work Tin cans and other tinware... Tools (not including edge tools, machine tools, files, and saws)... Wirework... Machinery, not including transportation equipment... Agricultural implements... Cash registers, adding machines, and calculating machines... Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies.. Engines, turbines, tractors, and water wheels... Foundry and machine-shop products... Machine tools... Radios and phonographs... Textile machinery and parts... Typewriters and parts... See footnotes at end of table. Cents $ * (3) hll I (<) (<) x i X, i (3) (3) Q (<)

8 T able 1. E M PLO YM E N T, W E E K LY PAY ROLLS, PER CAPITA W EEKLY EARNINGS, AVERAGE HOURS W ORKED PER W EEK, AN D AVERAGE HOURLY EARNINGS IN M AN U FACTU RIN G INDUSTRIES IN AUGUST AND COM PARISON W ITH JULY AND AUGUST 1933 Continued Industry Index (3-year average = 100) Employment Pay roll Per capita weekly earnings 1 from 1933 Index (3-year average = 100) from 1933 in from 1933 hours worked per week1 in from 1933 hourly earnings 1 in from Cents Transportation equipm ent Aircraft $ Autombiles Cars, electric- and steam-railroad Locomotives Shipbuilding Railroad repair shops Electric railroad ( ) (3) 9.1 Steam railroad Nonferrous metals and their products Aluminum manufactures s Brass, bronze, and copper products Clocks and watches, and time-recording devices Jewelry Lighting equipment Silverware and plated ware (3) 12.6 Smelting and refining copper, lead, and zinc Stamped and enameled ware Lumber and allied products Furniture (3) Lumber: Mill work ~ ( 4) Sawmills Turpentine and rosin C Stone, clay, and glass products Brick, tile, and terra cotta i Cement Glass (3) Marble, granite, slate, and other products Pottery

9 Textiles an d their p ro d u cts... Fabrics... Carpets and rugs... Cotton goods... Cotton small wares... Dyeing and finishing textiles... Hats, fur-felt Knit goods Silk and rayon goods Woolen and worsted goods... Wearing apparel Clothing, men s Clothing, women s Corsets and allied garments M en s furnishings... Millinery Shirts and collars _ Leather a n d Its m a n u fa ctu re s Boots and shoes Leather F ood an d kindred p rod u cts Baking. Butter. Canning and preserving _ C onfectionery Flour Ice cream Slaughtering and meat packing... Sugar, beet Sugar refining, cane T ob a cco m a n u fa ctu re s Chewing and smoking tobacco and snuff Cigars and cigarettes Paper a n d p rin tin g Boxes, paper... Paper and pulp _ Printing and publishing: Book and job Newspapers and periodicals Chemicals ana allied products, and petroleum refin in g Other than petroleum refining... Chemicals Cottonseed oil, cake, and meal Druggists preparations... Explosives... Fertilizers Paints and varnishes See footnotes at end of table (* ) ! (4) (3) W -1.6 (3) i

10 T a b le 1. EM PLO YM EN T, W EEKLY PAY ROLLS, PER CAPITA W EEKLY EARNINGS, AVERAGE HOURS W ORKED PER W EEK, AND AVERAGE HOU RLY EARNINGS IN M A N U FAC TU RIN G INDUSTRIES IN AUGUST AND COM PARISON W ITH JULY AND AUGUST 1933 Continued Employment Pay roll Per capita weekly earnings 1 hours worked per week 1 hourly earnings 1 Industry Index (3-year average = 100) from 1933 Index (3-year average = 100) from 1933 in from 1933 in from 1933 in from 1933 Chemicals and allied products, and petroleum refining Continued. Other than petroleum refining Continued. Rayon and allied products... Soap Petroleum refining Rubber products Rubber boots and shoes Rubber goods, other than boots, shoes, tires, and inner tubes Rubber tires and inner tubes $ (3) Cents * Per capita weekly earnings are computed from figures furnished by all reporting establishments. hours and average hourly earnings are computed from data furnished by a smaller number of establishments as some firms do not report man-hour information. Figures for groups not computed. s of over year on per capita weekly earnings, average hours worked per week, and average hourly earnings computed from indexes. over month on per capita weekly earnings in All industries also computed from indexes. a Weighted. 3 No. <Less than Ho of 1 percent. 8 More complete data have made necessary a revision of the indexes, averages, and percentage s for nonferrous metals and their products and aluminum manufactures. The revised figures follow: Employment Pay roll Per capita weekly earnings Industry Index from Index from from in June 1933 June 1933 June 1933 Nonferrous metals and their products Aluminum manufactures

11 9 Estimated Total Number of Wage Earners and Weekly Pay Rolls in Manufacturing Industries I n the following table are presented the estimated number of wage earners and weekly pay rolls in all manufacturing industries combined and in the 14 groups into which these manufacturing industries have been classified, for the years from 1919 to 1933, inclusive, and for the first 8 months of. These estimates have been computed by multiplying the weighting factors of the several groups of industries (number employed or weekly pay roll in the index base period ) by the Bureau s index numbers of employment or pay rolls (which have been adjusted to conform with census trends over the period ( ) and dividing by 100. Data are not available for all groups over the entire period shown. The totals for all manufacturing industries combined, however, have been adjusted to include all groups. The estimated total employment and weekly pay rolls for all manufacturing industries combined do not include the manufactured-gas industry (which is included in the Bureau s electric light and power and manufactured-gas industry) or the motion-picture industry. T able 2. E S T IM A T E D N U M B E R OF W A G E E A R N E R S A N D W E E K L Y W A G E S IN A L L M AN U FACTU R IN G IN D U ST R IE S C O M B IN E D A N D IN IN D U S T R Y GROU PS Y E A R L Y A V E R A G E S 1919 T O 1933, IN C LU S IV E, A N D M O N T H S, JA N U A R Y TO AU G U ST, IN C LU SIV E Year and month Total manufacturing Iron and steel and their products Machinery, not including transportation equipment Transportation equipment Railroad repair shops Nonferrous metals and their products Employment 1919 average... 8,983, ,600 1,026,800 <9 <0 0) ,065, ,300 1,131,700 (0 0) 0) ,899, , ,700 0) 0) ,592, , ,400 0) ( ,724, , , , ,700 0) ,083, , , , ,900 (i) ,328, , , , ,100 (i) ,484, , , ,700 (i) ,288, , , , ,900 (i) (i) (i) ,285,800 8,785, , , ,500 1,105, , , , , ,668, , , , , ,484, , , , ,000 0) 209, ,374, , , , , , _ 5,778, , , , , ,200 : January... 6,146, , , , , ,200 February... 6,514, , , , , ,400 March... 6,770, , , , , ,200 April... 6,897, , , , , ,300 M a y... 6,904, , , , ,900 June... 6,791, , , , , , ,585, , , , , , ,666, , , , , ,400 i Comparable data not available. 2Revised.

12 1 0 Table 2. E S T IM A T E D N U M B E R OF W AG E E A R N E R S A N D W E E K L Y W A G E S IN A L L M ANUFACTURIN G IN D U ST R IE S C O M B IN E D A N D IN IN D U S T R Y G ROU PS Y E A R L Y A V E R A G E S 1919 TO 1933, IN CLU SIVE, A N D M O N TH S, JA N U A R Y TO AUGUST, IN C LU S IV E Continued Year and month Total manufacturing Iron and steel and their products Machinery, not including transportation equipment Transportation equipment Railroad repair shops Nonferrous metals and their products Wieekly pay rolls 1919 average : January February. _ M arch... A pril M a y June $198,145, , 406, , 065, , 665, , 256, ,000 98,623, , 806, , 395, , 575, ^23,937,000 30, 531, , 680, , , 568, , 562, , ,115, $24, 534, , 618,000 22, 531, , , 334, , 546,000 8,975, , 713, , 744,000 13, 673,000 0) (0 0) $18, , 636, , 494, ,012, 000 6, 799, , 546, , 258, ) 0) 0) 0) $14,856,000 12, 972, , , 255, , 793, , 710, , 297, ,931, ) 8 8 (0 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) $4,622, , 452, «3,928, Year and month Lumber and allied products Stone, clay, and glass products Textiles and their products Fabrics Wearing apparel Total Leather and its manufactures Em ploym ent 1919 average , , 700 1,052, ,800 1,609, , , , 500 1,045, ,400 1, 612, , , , , , 900 1, 509, , , ,600 1,054, ,800 1,585, , , ,400 1,164, ,300 1,714, , , ,400 1, 041, , 800 1, 545, , , ,700 1,109, , 500 1, 627, , , ,500 1,095, , 800 1,628, , , ,800 1,119, ,400 1,694, , , ,900 1, 062, ,100 1, 651, , , , 500 1, 095, , 700 1, 706, , , , , , 700 1,513, , , , , ,000 1,421, , , , , ,800 1, 250, , , , , ,100 1, 432, ,400 : January , , , ,900 1, 437, , 200 February , , 400 1,065, ,800 1, 577, ,100 M arch , ,500 1,087, ,300 1,629, ,900 April 453, , 700 1,070, ,100 1, 614, ,600 M a y , ,100 1, 049, ,000 1, 565, ,700 June , , , , 400 1, 481, , , , , , 300 1, 399, , , , , , 200 1, 437, ,700 Weekly pay rolls 1919 average $16, 549, , 234, , 526,000 18, 223,000 18,824, $6,397,000 8, 239, , 726,000 8,926, 000 8,985, 000 9, 257,000 i Comparable data not available. $17,494, , 235, , 590, ,497, , 241, 000 $10,121,000 12,124, , 266, ,804,000 10, 284,000 10, 297, 000 * Revised $28, 440, , 284, ,962, , 511, , 795, $8,978, o 6,654,00n

13 11 T able 2. E S T IM A T E D N U M B E R OF W A G E E A R N E R S A N D W E E K L Y W A G E S IN A L L M AN U FAC TU R IN G IN D U ST R IE S C O M B IN E D A N D IN IN D U S T R Y GROU PS Y E A R L Y A V E R A G E S 1919 TO 1933, IN C L U S IV E, A N D M O N TH S, J A N U A R Y TO A U G U ST, IN C LU SIV E Continued Year and month Lumber and allied products Stone, clay, and glass products Textiles and their products Fabrics Wearing apparel Total Leather and its manufactures Weekly pay rolls : January.. February. M a rch... April M a y... June A ugust.- $17,916, ,464, $8.929,000 8, 541, , 786,000 2, 588, , 507, $21,135, , 251, , 256, $11,123, , 733, ,866, $33,817, , 526, , 277, $7,009, Year and month Foods and kindred products Tobacco manufactures Paper and printing Chemicals and allied products Rubber products E m ploym ent 1919 average : January... February. M arch April M ay June. 733, , ,100 0) (0 713, , ,100 0) 0) 626, , ,100 0) 0) 651, , ,400 0) 0) 681, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,500 99, , ,800 99, ,100 88, * , , , ,000 82, , ,400 99, , , , , , ,800 85, , , , ,100 89, , , , , , , , , ,400 84, , , , , , , , ,0C0 735,800 84, , , , ,100 90, , , ,400 Weekly pay rolls _ : January... February. March April M ay June $14,879,000 $2,386,000 $10,873,000 0) 0) 16, 698,000 2, 772, , 729,000 0) 0) 14,333,000 2, 325,000 12, 259,000 0) 0) 14,142,000 2, 206,000 12, 762,000 0) 0) 15, 296,000 2, 317,000 14,304,000 $8,499,000 $3,500,000 15,155, 000 2,213,000 14, 797,000 8,013,000 3,223,000 15, 268,000 2,147,000 15, 506,000 8,444,000 3, 676,000 15, 503,000 2, 049,000 16,478,000 9,055,000 3,707,000 15,838,000 2, 025,000 16, 501,000 8,978,000 3,810,000 16, 388,000 1,916,000 16,691,000 8,997,000 4,069,00ft 17, 344, 000 1,819,000 17, 771,000 10,068,000 3,986,000 16, 593,000 1,617,000 17,036,000 9,334,000 2,934,000 14,173, 000 1,336,000 14,461,000 7, 643,000 2,165,000 11,308,000 1,052,000 11,126,000 5,861,000 1,555,000 11,604, ,000 10, 299,000 6,179,000 1, 740,000 12,301, ,000 11,045,000 7,035,000 2,036,000 12, 352,000 1, 012,000 11,297,000 7,257,000 2,261,000 12,522,000 1,019,000 11,550,000 7,417,000 2,445,000 12, 663,000 1,028,000 11,847,000 7, 683,000 2, 546,000 13, 296,000 1,030,000 11,981,000 7, 352,000 2,438,000 14,008,000 1,057,000 11,728,000 7,333, ,000 14, 571,000 1,052,000 11,491,000 7,381,000 2,147,00 16, 022,000 1,097,000 11, 654,000 7,487,000 2,039,000 1Comparable data not available.

14 12 Index Numbers of Employment and Pay-Roll Totals in Manufacturing Industries G e n e r a l index numbers of factory employment and pay rolls by months, from January 1919 to, inclusive, together with average indexes for each of the years from 1919 to 1933, inclusive, and for the 8-month period, January to, inclusive, based on the 3-year average, , as 100, are shown in the following table. A chart of these indexes also follows. T able 3. GEN ERAL IN DEXES OF E M PLO Y M E N T AND PAY-ROLL TOTALS IN M ANU FACTURING INDUSTRIES BY M ONTH S JAN U ARY 1919 to AUGUST, INCLUSIVE [3-year average, =100] M onth Em ploym ent January February M a r c h April M ay June September. _ October Novem ber December Pay rolls January February March April M ay June September October N ovem ber December i for 8 months. For comparative purposes the Bureau has computed the group and general index numbers of employment and pay rolls for based on the 12-month average for 1926 as 100. These are a continuation of the former series of indexes covering 89 industries and show some slight differences in percentage s from the previous month when compared with those shown by the revised series. These differences are due to s in method of construction and weighting factors and to the inclusion of the canning and preserving industry

15 Index Numbers m - E m p lo ym en t e P a y r o lls mthe M an u factu rin g Industries 3 year average 1^23-1^2^=100 U.S.Departm ent of Labor BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Washington Index Numbers 1H Emploument so m / Payrolls ) TO

16 14 in the revised series of indexes. These indexes on the 1926 base are presented in table 4, which follows. T able 4. IN D E X E S OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y ROLLS (B A SE D ON T H E 12-M ONTH A V E R A G E FOR 1925=100) IN 14 M A JO R M ANUFACTU R IN G GROUPS, 2 SU B G R O U PS, A N D A L L M A N U F A C T U R IN G C O M B IN E D, FO R A U G U ST Group Employment index Pay-roll index Total manufacturing Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery Machinery, not including transportation equipment Transportation equipment Railroad repair shops Nonferrous metals and their products Lumber and allied products Stone, clay, and glass products Textiles and their products Fabrics Wearing apparel* Leather and its manufactures Food and kindred products Tobacco manufactures Paper and printing ' Chemicals and allied products and petroleum refining Rubber products Employment in Nonmanufacturing Industries in G AINS in employment from to were shown in 9 of the 17 nonmanufacturing industries surveyed monthly by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics and increases in pay rolls were reported in 6. Data for the building-construction industry are not presented here, but are shown in detail under the section Building construction. The most pronounced gains in employment and pay rolls (7 percent and 7.5 percent, respectively) were in the metalliferous-mining industry. These gains were due in part to the resumption of operations in a number of plants which were shut down in,, although increased employment was general throughout the industry. The crude-petroleum-producing industry reported a gain of 1.4 percent in employment over the month interval coupled with an increase of 2 percent in pay rolls. The gains in employment in the remaining 7 industries reporting increases were as follows: Electric light and power and manufactured gas, 0.7 percent; wholesale trade, 0.3 percent; real estate, 0.3 percent; banks, 0.2 percent; bituminous-coal mining, 0.2 percent; insurance, 0.1 percent; telephone and telegraph, less than one-tenth of 1 percent. The most pronounced decrease in employment from to was shown in the anthracite-mining industry (7.6 percent) and was due largely to labor troubles. Keports from brokerage concerns continued to show declines in employment and pay rolls, employment in being 1.9 percent below the level of the preceding month..

17 15 Employment in retail trade, based on reports received from 54,129 retail trade establishments employing 767,896 workers in, showed a decline of 1.7 percent over the month interval. The decrease in employment in the general merchandise group (composed of department stores, variety stores, general merchandise stores, and mail-order houses) was 2.3 percent. The remaining 49,446 retail establishments showed a falling off of 1.3 percent from to. The laundry and the dyeing and cleaning industries reported seasonal losses of 1 percent and 2.4 percent, respectively, and the quarrying and nonmetallic-mining industry reported a decrease of 1.5 percent in employment. The decreases in employment in the remaining two industries, electric-railroad and motor-bus operation and maintenance, and hotels, were 0.4 percent and 0.1 percent, respectively. In table 1 which follows are shown indexes of employment and pay rolls, per capita weekly earnings, average hours worked per week, and average hourly earnings in for 13 of the nonmanufacturing industries surveyed monthly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, together with percentage of s from and Similar percentage s in employment, pay rolls, and per capita weekly earnings, as well as average per capita weekly earnings, are likewise presented for banks, brokerage, insurance, and real estate. Indexes of employment and pay rolls for these last-named industries are not available

18 T a b le 1. E M PLO YM E N T, W E E K LY PAY ROLLS, PER CAPITA W EEKLY EARNINGS, AVERAG E HOURS W ORKED PER W EEK, AN D AVERAG E H OU RLY EARNINGS IN NONM ANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN AUGUST, AN D COM PARISON W ITH JULY AND AUGUST 1933 Employment Pay roll Per capita weekly earnings1 hours worked per week 1 hourly earnings1 Industry Index from- (average 1929 =100) from 1933 Index (average 1929 =100) from 1933 in from 1933 in from 1933 in 1933 Coal mining: Cents Anthracite $ Bituminous Metalliferous mining Quarrying and nonmetallic m ining Crude-petroleum producing (2) Public utilities: Telephone and telegraph (3) Electric light and power and manufactured gas Electric-railroad and motor-bus operation and maintenance Trade: Wholesale Retail Hotels (cash payments o n l y ) (2) Laundries Dyeing and cleaning (2) Banks... (5) (6) (5) (5) (5) (5) (6) (5) Brokerage (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) Insurance (fi) (5) (5) (8) (5) (5) (6) (5) Real estate (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) 1 Per capita weekly earnings are computed from figures furnished by all reporting establishments. hours and average hourly earnings are computed from data furnished by a smaller number of establishments as some firms do not report man-hour information. s over year computed from indexes. 3 No. 3 Less than Mo of 1 percent. 4 The additional value of board, room, and tips cannot be computed. 5 Not available.

19 17 Indexes of Employment and Pay-Roll Totals for Nonmanufacturing Industries I n d e x numbers of employment and pay-roll totals for 13 nonmanufacturing industries are presented in table 2. These index numbers show the variation in employment and pay rolls in these industries, by months, from January 1931 through. A revision of the indexes, similar to that made for the manufacturing industries, was made for the laundry and the dyeing and cleaning industries in March. The indexes of employment and pay rolls in these industries were adjusted to conform with the trends shown by the 1929 and 1931 census reports and this new series will be continued until further adjustments, if necessary, are made when 1933 census data become available. T able 3. IN D E X E S OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y R OLLS FO R N O N M AN U FAC TU B IN G IN DU STRIES, JAN U ARY 1931 TO AUGUST [12-month average, 1929=100] Anthracite mining Bituminous-coal mining M onth Employment Pay rolls Employment Pay rolls January February-... M arch April M a y June September October N ovem ber December / Metalliferous mining Quarrying and nonmetallic mining January February M arch April M a y June September October N ovem ber December Crude-petroleum producing Telephone and telegraph January February M arch April M a y June September October N ovem ber December See footnotes at end of table.

20 18 T able 2. IN D E X E S OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y ROLLS F O R NONM AN UFACTURING IN DU STRIES, JAN U ARY 1931 TO AUGUST Continued Electric light and po ver and manufactured gas Electric-railroad and motor-bus operation and maintenance2 Month Employment Pay rolls Employment Pay rolls January F ebruary March April M ay June ~ September October November December Wholesale trade Retail trade January February M arch April M a y June September October... _ November December ! Laundries3 Dyeing and cleaning 3 January February M arch April M a y June September ; O ctober Novem ber December Hotels January F eb ru a ry M arch April M a y J u n e September _ October November December for 8 months. * Not including electric-railroad car building and repairing; see transportation equipment and railroad repair-shop groups, manufacturing industries, table 1. * Revised to conform with average shown by 1931 Census of Manufactures,

21 19 Employment in Building Construction in THE percentages of in employment, pay rolls, and manhours in building construction in as compared with, were as follows: Percent Total employment Total pay rolls +. 3 Total man-hours worked +. 3 weekly earnings. 9 hours per week per man 1. 7 hourly earnings The following table is based on returns made by 10,949 firms engaged in public and private building-construction projects not aided by Public Works Administration funds. These reports include all trades, from excavation through painting and interior decoration, which are engaged in erecting, altering, or repairing buildings. Work on roads, bridges, docks, etc., is omitted. The reports cover building operations in various localities in 34 States and the District of Columbia. For purposes of comparison in this study, all reports were reduced Ao a 1-week basis if not originally so reported. In the weekly pay roll for 83,533 workers amounted to $1,926,461 as compared with $1,920,720 earned by 82,523 workers employed by the identical firms in. In the average weekly earnings were $23.06 as compared with $23.27 for. These are per capita weekly earnings, computed by dividing the total amount of the weekly pay roll by the total number of employees part time as well as full time. Reports from 10,479 firms 95.7 percent of the 10,949 cooperating firms gave the man-hours worked by the employees, namely, 2,240,- 970 in as compared with 2,233,912 in. The average hours per week per man 29 in and 29.5 in were computed by dividing the number of man-hours by the number of workers employed by those firms which reported manhours. The average hourly earnings 79.7 in and 78.6 cents in were computed by dividing the pay roll of those firms which reported man-hours, by the number of man-hours.

22 2 0 E M P L O Y M E N T, P A Y ROLLS, A V E R A G E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S, A V E R A G E H OURS P E R W E E K P E R M A N, A N D A V E R A G E H O U R L Y E A R N IN G S IN T H E BU ILD IN G -C O N - STRUCTION IN D U S T R Y IN A U G U ST, A N D P E R C E N T A G E S OF C H A N G E F R O M JU LY [Figures in italics are not compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics but are taken from reports issued by cooperating State bureaus] Locality be fl o ft CO g o & B3 Employment Number from Pay rolls Amount from weekly earnings Amount j from hours per week per man 1 Number from hourly earnings 1 from All localities ,949 83, $1,926, $ Cents Alabama: Birmingham , California: Los Angeles San Francisco-Oakland- 19 1, , , Other localities , The State , , Colorado: Denver ,5 10, Connecticut: Bridgeport , (2) Hartford , , (a) New H aven , The State , , Delaware: Wilmington , , District of Columbia , , Florida: Jacksonville , M iam i 70 1, , The State , , Georgia: Atlanta , Illinois: Chicago , , (3) (3) (3) (3) Other localities 98 1, , (3) (3) (3) (3) The State , , (3) (3) (8) (3) Indiana: Evansville , Fort Wayne , Indianapolis 154 1, , South Bend , The State , , Iowa: Des Moines , Kansas: Wichita , Kentucky: Louisville , Louisiana: New Orleans , , Maine: Portland , Maryland: Baltimore 107 1, , S.S Massachusetts: All localities 683 4, , Michigan: Detroit , , Flint , Grand Rapids , The State , , (2) See footnotes at end of table.

23 2 1 E M P L O Y M E N T P A Y R O LLS, A V E R A G E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S, A V E R A G E H O U R S P E R W E E K P E R M A N, A N D A V E R A G E H O U R L Y E A R N IN G S IN T H E B U IL D IN G -C O N - STRUCTIO N IN D U S T R Y IN A U G U ST, A N D P E R C E N T A G E S OF C H A N G E F R O M JU L Y Continued Locality Number of firms reporting Employment Number from Pay rolls Amount from weekly earnings Amount from hours per week per man * Number from hourly earnings t from Minnesota: Cents Duluth $3, $ Minneapolis 210 1, , St. Paul , The S ta te , , L Missouri: Kansas City * 285 1, , St. Louis , , The State , , Nebraska: Omaha , _i _ TTTTT---- ========= = = = """"...- ===== New York: 5 New York City 476 7, , Other localities , , The State , , A North Carolina: Charlotte , Ohio: - Akron , Cincinnati # , , Cleveland , , Dayton , Youngstown , The State 1,338 5, , Oklahoma: Oklahoma City , (2) Tulsa , The State , Oregon: Portland , , Pennsylvania:6 Erie area , Philadelphia area m 8, , Pittsburgh area 231 1, , Reading area , % Scranton area , Other areas , , The State 1,081 9, , Rhode Island: Providence , , Tennessee: C hattanooga , Knoxville , Memphis , Nashville , The State 231 1, , See footnotes at end of table.

24 2 2 E M P L O Y M E N T, P A Y R O LLS, A V E R A G E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S, A V E R A G E HOU RS P E R W E E K P E R M A N, A N D A V E R A G E H O U R L Y E A R N IN G S IN T H E B U IL D IN G -C O N - STRU C TIO N IN D U S T R Y IN A U G U ST, A N D P E R C E N T A G E S OF C H A N G E F R O M JU LY Continued bfl Pi Employment Pay rolls tn O weekly earnings hours per week per m a n» hourly earnings 1 Locality e i 0 1 Number from Amount from Amount from Number from from Texas: D a llas $11, $ Cents El Paso , Houston , , San Antonio , The State , , Utah: Salt Lake City , Virginia: N orfolk-portsmouth. _ , Richm ond , The State , , (2) Washington: Seattle , Spokane , Tacom a , The State 288 1, , West Virginia: Wheeling , Wisconsin: All localities. _ 156 1, , i s computed from reports furnished by 10,479 firms. 8 No. * Data not available. * Includes both Kansas City, Mo., and Kansas City, Kans. * Includes Covington and Newport, Ky. * Each separate area includes from 2 to 8 counties. Trend of Employment in, by States F LUCTUATIONS in employment and pay-roll totals, in, as compared with, in certain industrial groups are shown by States in the following table. These tabulations have been prepared from data secured directly from reporting establishments and from information supplied by cooperating State agencies. The combined total of all groups does not include building-construction data, which are shown by city and State totals in the section, Building construction. In addition to the combined total of all groups, the trend of employment and pay rolls in the manufacturing, public utility, hotel, wholesale trade, retail trade, bituminous-coal mining, crude-petroleum producing, quarrying and nonmetallic mining, metalliferous mining, laundry, dyeing and cleaning, and banks, brokerage, insurance, real-estate groups is presented. In this State compilation, the totals of the telephone and telegraph, power and

25 23 light, and electric-railroad operation groups have been combined and are presented as one group public utilities. The percentage s shown in the accompanying table, unless otherwise noted, are unweighted; that is, the industries included in the groups, and the groups comprising the total of all groups, have not been weighted according to their relative importance in the combined totals. The anthracite-mining industry, which is confined entirely to the State of Pennsylvania, showed decreases from to of 7.6 percent in employment and 6.1 percent in pay rolls. These percentages are based on reports received from 160 mines which employed in 68,799 workers whose earnings in 1 week ending nearest the 15th were $1,606,335. When the identity of any reporting company would be disclosed by the publication of a State total for any industrial group, figures for the group do not appear in the separate industrial-group tabulation, but are included in the State totals for all groups. Data are not presented for any industrial group when the representation in the State covers less than three establishments

26 24 C O M P A R IS O N OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y ROLLS IN ID E N T IC A L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S IN JULY AN D AUGUST, B Y STATES [Figures in italics are not compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, but are taken from reports issued by cooperating State organizations] Total all groups Manufacturing State N um ber on pay roll N um ber of establishments from Amount of pay roll (1 week) from Num ber on pay roll N um ber of establishments from Amount of pay roll (1 week) from Alabama 1,312 66, $919, , $529, Arizona , , , , Arkansas i , , , , California , , ,350, , , , 352, Colorado... 1,363 44, , , , Connecticut 2, , ,457, , , 621, Delaware , , , , Dist. of Columbia , , , , Florida... 1,185 36, , , , Georgia , , ,345,036 (3) , , Id a h o , , , , Illinois , , ,721,345 +.* 2, , ,701, Indiana 2, , ,136, , ,230, Iowa 1,994 57, , 093, , , Kansas... s 2,210 59, ,222, ,834 +4^6 699, Kentucky 1,683 87, ,450, , , Louisiana. 1,131 44, , , , M aine , , , , Maryland 1, , ,119, , ,361, Massachusetts , ,449 _(3) 8,889, , , ,360, M ich ig a n... 3, , ,627, , , ,946, Minnesota 2,422 94, ,955, , , Mississippi , , , , Missouri 4, , ,481, , , 599, Montana , , , , Nebraska 2,104 35, , , , Nevada 278 3, , , New Hampshire , , , , New Jersey 3, , , 713, , ,532, New Mexico 394 7, , , New York 14, , , 017, , , ,665, North Carolina 1, , ,679, , ,510, North Dakota 490 5, , , Ohio 8, , , 280, , , ,985, Oklahoma 1,796 40, , , , Oregon 1,465 50, ,001, , , Pennsylvania 9, , , 066, , , , 658, Rhode Island 1,282 78, ,466, , , South Carolina , , , , South Dakota 454 8, , , , Tennessee 1,442 87, , 354, , , Texas 1,857 75, , 670, , , Utah , , , , Vermont , , , , Virginia 2, , ,678, , , 076, Washington... 3,308 88, ,860, , , West Virginia : 1, , , 510, , , Wisconsin... *1, , ,020, , ,345, W yom ing 374 7, , , , Includes automobile dealers and garages, and sand, gravel, and building stone. 2 Includes banks, insurance, and office employment. 3 Less than Mo of 1 percent. 4 Includes building and contracting. 5 Includes construction, municipal, agricultural, and office employment, amusement and recreation, professional, and transportation services. 6 Weighted percentage. 7Includes laundries. 8 Includes laundering and cleaning, but does not include food, canning, and preserving. 9Includes construction but does not include hotels and restaurants, and public works.

27 25 C O M P A R IS O N OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y ROLLS IN ID E N T IC A L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S IN JULY AN D AUGUST, BY STATES Continued [Figures in italics are not compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, but are taken from reports issued by cooperating State organizations] Wholesale trade Retail trade State Num ber on pay roll Num ber of establishments from Amount of pay roll (1 week) from Num ber on pay roll Num ber of establishments from Amount of pay roll (1 week) from Alabama 124 2, $53,954 (3) 684 6, $110, Arizona. 64 1, , , , Arkansas , , , California 101 5, , , , Colorado 144 3, , , , Connecticut , , ,124 14, , Delaware , , , Dist. of Columbia. 51 1, , , , Florida 200 3, , , , Georgia 102 1, , , , Id aho , , 628 (3) Illinois m 12, , ,222 53, ,056, Indiana 358 5, , , , , Iowa , , , Kansas 165 8, , ,176 9,1U , Kentucky 144 2, , , , Louisiana 198 3, , , , M aine 97 1, , , , Maryland 175 2,954 (10) 69, , , Massachusetts , , ,577 67, ,352, Michigan , , , , , Minnesota 265 7, , ,297 16, , Mississippi 75 1, , , , Missouri 1,106 15, , ,015 28, , Montana , ,144 (10) 66, N ebraska , , ,046 9, , Nevada , , New Hampshire , , , New Jersey , , ,105 19, , New Mexico , ,658 (10) 29, New York 3,091 57, ( 3) 1, 778, ,809 North Carolina , , 788 4, ,080, , North Dakota , , , Ohio 1,051 15, , ,860 59, ,133, O klahom a , , , , Oregon 279 4, , , Pennsylvania 1,190 19, , , , Rhode Island 91 1, , , ,188, , South Carolina , , , South Dakota , , , Tennessee 213 3, , , , Texas 200 4, , , , Utah 80 1, , , , 699 l! 2 Vermont , , , Virginia 201 3, , ,224 11, , Washington , , , , , West Virginia 101 1, , , , W isconsin , , , , Wyoming , , , Less than Ho of 1 percent. 10 No.

28 26 C O M P A R IS O N OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y R OLLS IN IDENTICAL E S T A B L ISH M E N T S IN JULY AN D AUGUST, B Y STATES Continued [Figures in italics are not compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, but are taken from reports issued by cooperating State organizations] Quarrying and nonmetallic mining Metalliferous State Num ber on pay roll Num ber of establishments from Amount of pay roll (1 week) from Num ber on pay roll Num ber of establishments from Amount of pay roll (1 week) from Alabama $7, , $16, Arizona. _ , , Arkansas , , California , , ,677 Colorado , , Connecticut , Delaware Dist. of Columbia Florida , Georgia 28 1, , Idaho 6 1, , Illinois , Indiana 69 1, , Iowa , Kansas 34 1, , , Kentucky 34 1, , Louisiana , M aine , Maryland , Massachusetts , Michigan Minnesota , , 364 4, ,226 1, , , Mississippi , Missouri 57 1, , , , M ontana , , Nebraska Nevada , ,859 _(3) New Hampshire. _ , New Jersey , New Mexico , New York , , North Carolina , North Dakota. Ohio. Oklahoma , , 772 1, Oregon 1, Pennsylvania 153 5, , Rhode Island South Carolina , South Dakota ,922 1, Tennessee , , Texas 21 1, , Utah 5 59 (10) 1, , , Vermont Virginia ,979 1, ,149 16, Washington , West Virginia , Wisconsin W yom ing , ) , * Less than Ho of 1 percent. i No. 11 Not available. -4.1

29 27 COM PARISON OF EM PLOYM EN T AN D PA Y ROLLS IN IDENTICAL E STABLISH M EN TS IN JULY AN D AUGUST, B Y STATES Continued [Figures in italics are not compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, but are taken from reports issued by cooperating State organizations] Bituminous-coal mining Crude-petroleum producing State Num ber of establishments Number on pay roll from Amount of pay roll (1 week) from N um ber of establishments Number on payroll from Amount of pay roll (1 week) from Alabama, _ 55 9, $124, Arizona Arkansas $7, California, , , Colorado 43 2, , Florida Illinois 27 6, , , , Indiana 99, Kansas , ,103 11, , , Kentucky , , , Louisiana , Maine Maryland 16 1,417 -U S 20, Massachusetts.. Michigan , Minnesota Mississippi Missouri 18 1, , Montana , (10) 1, Nebraska... Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New M exico 15 2, , ,398 New Y ork , North Carolina North Dakota , Ohio 73 14, , Oklahoma , , , Oregon.. Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota , , 255, , Tennessee 15 3, , Texas , S 7, , Utah 11 1, , Vermont Virginia _ 25 4, , W ashington , West Virginia , ,170, , Wisconsin W yom in g. 31 2, , , No.

30 28 C O M P A R IS O N OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y RO LLS IN IDENTICAL E S T A B L IS H M E N T S IN JULY AN D AUGUST, B Y STATES Continued [Figures in italics are not compiled b y the Bureau of Labor Statistics, but are taken from reports issued by cooperating State organizations] Public utilities Hotels State Num ber on pay roll from Amount of pay roll (1 week) Num ber of establishments from Num ber on pay roll Num ber of establishments from Amount of pay roll (1 week) * from Alabama 89 1, $41, , $9, Arizona 69 1,633 + «3 37, , Arkansas i, m , , California 60 45,70S ,299, , , Colorado , , , , Connecticut , , , , Delaware 29 1, , (10) 3, Dist. of Columbia. 17 8, , , , Florida 185 4, , , Georgia , , , ,075-1.& Idaho , , Illinois , ,070, , , Indiana , , ,891 + ( 3) 31, Iowa , , , , Kansas m 7,286 +.s 171, , Kentucky , , , , Louisiana , , , , M aine 170 2, , , , Maryland 98 12, , , Massachusetts , ,825, , , M ichigan , , , , Minnesota , , , , M ississippi , , , Missouri , , ,874 3,0 57, Montana 112 2, , , Nebraska , , , , Nevada , , New Hampshire , , , New Jersey , , , , New M exico , (10) 3, New Y o r k , ,026, , , North Carolina 73 1, , , , North Dakota 114 1, , , O hio , , , , Oklahoma , , , , Oregon 182 5,582 (10) 154, , , Pennsylvania , ,611, , , Rhode Island 46 4, , , South Carolina 76 1, , , South Dakota , , Tennessee , , , , Texas 275 7, , , , Utah 65 1, , , Vermont 126 1, , , Virginia , , , , Washington , , , , West Virginia 114 6, ,014 + ( 3) 36 1, , Wisconsin , , , (n) W yom ing , (10) 1, Less than Ho of 1 percent. 10 No. N ot available. Includes restaurants. 13 Includes steam railways. *4Includes railways and express.

31 29 C O M P A R IS O N OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y R OLLS IN IDENTICAL E S T A B L IS H M E N T S IN JULY AN D AUGUST, B Y STATES Continued [Figures in italics are not compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, but are taken from reports issued by cooperating State organizations] Laundries Dyeing and cleaning State Num ber on payroll N um ber of establishments from Amount of pay roll (1 week) from Num ber of Num ber on payroll lishments from Amount of pay roll (1 week) from Alabama... Arizona... Arkansas... California Colorado , ,587 1, _(3) $9,762 3,609 4, ,806 21, ~-8~ $ I, ~~-~9~7 1.5 Connecticut... Delaware... Dist. of Columbia. Florida... Georgia , , , (10) ,219 5,288 37,101 8,860 26, ,999 1,095 2, Id a h o... Illinois... Indiana... Iowa Kansas... Kentucky... Louisiana... Maine Maryland... Massachusetts Michigan... M innesota-... Mississippi Missouri.... Montana to is m ,987 1,927 1,248 1, ,786 5,841 3, , ,323 66,816 27,242 16,460 18,126 21,052 5,365 8, ,264 89,825 46,779 26,400 3,371 41,156 7, " ,177 1, , ,814 2,098 4,814 1,444 3,409 4,852 40,249 19,304 9, ,348 1, Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire.. New Jersey New M exico , , , , 590 3, ,219 1,260 8, New Y ork... North Carolina North Dakota... Ohio Oklahoma ,117 1, ,725 8,451 3,492 64,824 13, , ,269 1,828 36,042 2, Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota ,679 1, ,322 40, , 758 3, 753 1, , (10) 1,688 30,973 5, Tennessee... Texas Utah Vermont Virginia , 506 1, , (10) ,661 21,847 9, 572 1, , ,141 9,170 2,289 1, 239 5, Washington West Virginia Wisconsin... W yom ing is ,828 9,252 18,862 2, ,527 3, Less than Ho of 1 percent. 10 No. 15 Includes dyeing and cleaning.

32 30 C O M P A R IS O N OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y ROLLS IN IDENTICAL E ST A B L ISH M E N T S IN JULY A N D AUGUST, B Y STATES Continued [Figures in italics are not compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, but are taken from reports issued by cooperating State organizations] Banks, brokerage, insurance, and real estate State Number on pay roll Number of establishments from Amount of pay roll (1 week) from Alabama $15, Arizona , Arkansas , California... 1,057 19, , Colorado , , Connecticut , , Delaware , District of Columbia , , Florida , Georgia , , Idaho , Illinois-... Indiana ,265 1, (10) 389,493 44, , , Kansas * 26, Kentucky , Louisiana , Maine , Maryland , , Massachusetts..... U227 7, ,70S _(3) Michigan , , Minnesota , , Mississippi , Missouri , ,765 + ( 3) M ontana , Nebraska... Nevada , New H am pshire , New Jersey , , New Mexico , New York , ,031, North Carolina , North Dakota , Ohio , , Oklahoma , Oregon , Pennsylvania , , Rhode Island , , South Carolina , South D akota , Tennessee , , Texas , , Utah , Vermont , Virginia , , W ashington , , West Virginia , Wisconsin..._._ , W yom ing , Less than Ho of 1 percent. io No. 16 Does not include brokerage and real estate.

33 31 Employment and Pay Rolls in in Cities of Over 500,000 Population F LUCTUATIONS in employment and pay-roll totals in as compared with in 13 cities of the United States having a population of 500,000 or over are presented in the following table. These s are computed from reports received from identical establishments in each of the months considered. In addition to reports received from establishments in the several industrial groups regularly covered in the survey of the Bureau, excluding building construction, reports have also been secured from other establishments in these cities for inclusion in these totals. Information concerning employment in building construction is not available for all cities at this time and therefore has not been included. F L U C T U A T IO N S IN E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y R OLLS IN A U G U ST AS C O M P A R E D W ITH JULY Cities Number on pay roll Amount of pay roll (1 week) Number of establishments reporting from from in both months New York City... 11, , , $14,121,987 $14,193, Chicago, , , , ,532,899 7,493, Philadelphia, P a _... 2, , , ,432,713 4,444, Detroit, M ich... 1, , , ,879,917 6,516, Los Angeles, Calif... 2, , , ,776,413 2,843, Cleveland, Ohio... 1, , , ,652,587 2,612, St. Louis, M o... 2, , , ,522,136 2,496, Baltimore, M d... 1,217 82,011 80, ,739,071 1,604, Boston, Mass... 2, , , ,141,119 3,160, Pittsburgh, P a... 1, , , ,425,622 2,506, San Francisco, Calif... 2,122 75,216 77, ,822, 506 1,909, Buffalo, N.Y ,788 58, ,363,206 1,254, Milwaukee, W is ,822 54, ,193,877 1,188, Employment on Class I Steam Railroads in the United States R EPORTS of the Interstate Commerce Commission for class I railroads show that the number of employees, exclusive of executives and officials, decreased from 1,036,754 on 15,, to 1,019,723 (preliminary) on 15,, or 1.6 percent. Data are not yet available concerning total compensation of employees for. The latest pay-roll information available shows an increase from $124,435,273 in June to $126,989,749 in, or 2.1 percent. The monthly trend of employment from January 1923 to on class I railroads that is, all roads having operating revenues of $1,000,000 or over is shown by index numbers published in the following table. These index numbers, constructed by the Interstate Commerce Commission, are based on the 3-year average, as 100.

34 32 IN D E X E S OF E M P L O Y M E N T ON CLASS I ST EAM RAILROADS IN T H E U N IT E D STATES, JAN U ARY 1923 TO AUGUST [3-year average, =100] Month January February M arch April M a y June i i 57.8 September October November December A verage Preliminary. Source: Interstate Commerce Commission. 2 for 8 months. Employment and Pay Rolls in the Federal Service, C OMPARING with there was an increase of 5,492 employees in the executive service of the United States Government. Comparing with the corresponding month of the previous year there was an increase of 97,125 employees or 16.9 percent in this service throughout the United States. Data concerning employment in the executive departments are collected by the United States Civil Service Commission from the various departments and offices of the United States Government. The figures are tabulated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Information concerning the legislative, judicial, and military branches of the Government are collected and compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Table 1 shows the number of employees in the executive departments of the Federal Government. Data for the District of Columbia are shown separately. Approximately 13 percent of the employees in the executive branches of the United States Government work in the city of Washington.

35 33 T able 1. E M P L O Y E E S IN T H E E X E C U T IV E S E R V IC E OF TH E U N IT E D STATE S AUGUST 1933 AN D JULY, A N D AUGUST District of Columbia Outside the District Entire service Item Permanent Tem porary1 Total Permanenrary Tem po 1 Total Permanent Tem porary1 Total Number of employees: , 774 5,034 67, ,520 46, , ,294 51,685 79, 582 8, , , , , , , , 574, ,811 9, , , , , ,110 91, ,104 Gain or loss: , , , , , , , , , , ,087 +1, ,405 +3,999 +1,493 +5,492 Percent of : Labor turn-over : Additions2.... _. 3, 366 2,533 5,899 7,995 24, , , ,151 38, 512 Separations2... 1,161 1, 623 2, 784 6,276 23,961 30, 237 7,437 25, ,021 Turn-over rate per Not including field employees of the Post Office Department. 2Not including employees transferred within the Government service as such transfers should not be regarded as labor turn-over. Comparing with there was an increase of 3,087, or 3.5 percent in the number of Government employees working in the District of Columbia. The number of permanent employees increased 2.8 percent and the number of temporary employees 10.2 percent, comparing these two periods. Comparing with 1933, there was an increase of 30.3 percent in the number of permanent employees in the District of Columbia and an increase of 83.8 percent in the number of temporary employees, making a net increase of 34.3 percent for all Federal employees in the District of Columbia. The turnover rate for 100 employees was 3.11, the monthly turn-over rate for permanent employees being 1.44 and for temporary employees Employees in the executive departments outside of the city of Washington increased four-tenths of 1 percent comparing with. Comparing with the corresponding month of the previous year, there was an increase of 14.6 percent in total employment outside of the District of Columbia. Table 2 shows employment in the executive departments of the United States Government, by months, January to, inclusive. T able 2. E M P L O Y M E N T IN T H E E X E C U T IV E D E P A R T M E N T S OF T H E U N IT E D STATES B Y M O N T H S,, FO R D IS T R IC T OF C O L U M B IA, OU TSID E D IS T R IC T OF COLUM BIA, AN D TOTALS M onth District of Columbia Outside District of Columbia Total M onth District of Columbia Outside District of Columbia Total January 78,045 February 79,913 M arch 81, 569 April 83, , , , , , , , ,108 M a y 85,939 June 87,196 87,978 91, , , , , , , , ,104

36 34 There were over 13,000 more employees in the executive departments of the United States Government working in Washington, D.C., in than in January. The number of such employees outside of the District of Columbia increased 50,945 over this period* Table 3 shows the number of employees and amount of pay rolls in the various branches of the United States Government during and. T able 3 N U M B E R OF E M P L O Y E E S A N D A M O U N T S OF P A Y ROLLS IN T H E V A R IO U S BRANCHES OF TH E U N ITED STATES G O VERN M EN T, JULY AN D AUGUST Branch of service Number of employees Amount of pay roll Executive service Military service... Judicial service... Legislative service Total 666, , 257 1, 750 3, , ,712 1,690 3,723 $94,158,132 20,391, , ,908 $97,462,606 20,501, , , , , ,963, ,381,486 Slight increases were shown in the military and legislative service comparing with. The judicial service showed a decline comparing these 2 months. Table 4 shows the number of employees and amount of pay rolls for all branches of the United States Government, by months, from December 1933 to, inclusive. T able 4. -N U M B E R OF E M P L O Y E E S A N D A M O U N T S OF P A Y ROLLS FO R A L L B R A N C H E S OF T H E U N IT E D STA TES G O V E R N M E N T B Y M O N T H S, D E C E M B E R 1933 TH ROU GH AUGUST Executive service Military service Judicial service Legislative service Month Amount of pay roll Num ber of employees Number of employees Amount of pay roll Num ber of employees Amount of pay roll Num ber of employees Amount of pay * roll 1933 December 608,670 i $82,011, ,622 $17,656,909 1,872 $432, $886,781 January February... M arch... April... M a y June J u ly , , , , , , , ,104 i 77,450,498 i 83, 524, 296 i 84,837,493 i 85,090, ,577,479 91, 540, ,158,132 97,462, , , , , , , , , ,499,516 19, 532,832 19,050,158 18,816,636 19, 216,150 19,539,020 20, 391, ,636,460 1,780 1,742 1,854 1,904 1,913 1,881 1, 750 1, , , , , , , , ,014 3,845 3,852 3, ,862 3,878 3, 713 3, , , , , , , , ,966 1 Revised.

37 35 Employment Created by the Public Works Administration Fund, D URING the month ending 15,, over 602,000 employees were working at the site of Public Works Administration construction projects. This construction is financed wholly or in part from the Public Works Administration fund. These workers were paid more than $35,000,000 for their month s work. Employment on Construction Projects, by Type of Project Table 1 shows by type of project employment, pay rolls, and manhours worked during the month of 1 on Federal projects financed by the Public Works Administration fund. T able 1. E M P L O Y M E N T, P A Y RO LLS, A N D M A N -H O U R S W O R K E D ON F E D E R A L P R O JECTS F IN A N C E D F R O M T H E P U B L IC W O R K S A D M IN IS T R A T IO N F U N D, D U R IN G AUGUST, BY TY PE OF PROJECT [Subject to revision] Type of project Number of wage earners Amount of pay rolls Number of man-hours worked earnings per hour Value of material orders placed Building construction Public roads River, harbor, and flood con trol. Streets and roads 1 Naval vessels. Reclamation Forestry Water and sewerage. Miscellaneous 34, ,247 50, ,681 16,425 15,304 15, 093 1,688 17,706 $2,168,310 12,706,450 3,416,809 1,123, 918 2,004,023 1, 592,809 1,060,419 80,351 1, 531, 555 2,803,020 25,486, 773 5,400, 769 1,986,464 2,418,104 2, 536,430 1,624, ,345 2,620,477 $ $3,556,221 13,725,000 4,583, ,925 2,930,955 1,795, , ,338 1,959,302 Total 450,879 25, 684, ,001, ,627, 583» Other than those reported by the Bureau of Public Roads. Federal projects are financed entirely by allotments made by the Public Works Administration to various departments and agencies of the Federal Government. The construction work is done either by commercial firms to whom contracts are awarded by the Federal agencies or by day labor hired directly by such agencies. There were over 450,000 people working at the site of Federal construction projects. This is a decrease of nearly 40,000 as compared with the month of. The decrease was caused by the completion of many of the public-roads projects. Employment on public roads decreased by more than 39,000. All other types of construction, except naval vessels, forestry, and building construction showed an increase comparing these 2 months. Although employment on road building showed a large decrease, more than 60 percent of the workers on Federal construction projects were working on this type of work. More than 50,000 were engaged in river, harbor, and fiood-control work and over 30,000 in building construction. * Whenever the month of is spoken of in this study it is assumed to mean the month ending 15.

38 36 Employees on Federal construction projects worked over 45,000,000 hours and drew over $25,600,000 for their month s work, an average of over 57 cents per hour. Hourly earnings ranged from 50 cents for public-road work to 83 cents for naval vessels. Material orders valued at nearly $30,000,000 were placed during the months ending 15. Table 2 shows, by type of project, employment, pay rolls, and man-hours worked during the month of on non-federal construction projects financed from the Public Works Administration fund. T able S. E M P L O Y M E N T, P A Y R OLLS, A N D M A N -H O U RS W O R K E D ON N O N F E D E R A L PR O JECTS F IN A N C E D F R O M T H E PU BL IC W O R K S A D M IN IS T R A T IO N F U N D D U R IN G AUGUST, BY TY P E OF PROJECT [Subject to revisionl Type of project Number of wage earners Amount of pay rolls Number of man-hours worked earnings per hour Value of material orders placed Building construction Streets and roads Water and sewerage - Railroad construction Miscellaneous Total 34,955 19, , , $2,188, ,256 1, 576, 443 1,820, ,953 2,692, 492 1, 514, 646 2, 270, 299 3, 779, , 420 $ $4, 546,583 1, 337,672 3, 657, , , , 671 6,608,446 10,346, , 579, 253 Non-Federal projects are financed by allotments made from the Public Works Administration fund to a State or political subdivisions thereof, or in some cases to commercial firms. In the case of allotments to States and their political subdivisions, the Public Works Administration makes a direct grant of 30 percent of the total construction cost and the public agency to whom the loan is made finances the other 70 percent. In some cases, this 70 percent is obtained as a loan from the Public Works Administration; in other cases, the loan is obtained from outside sources. Where the loan is made by the Public Works Administration it bears interest and must be paid within a given period. No grants are made to commercial firms. Commercial allotments consist entirely of loans. By far the largest part of the commercial allotments have been made to railroads. Railroad work falls under three headings: First, construction, such as electrification, laying of rails and ties, repairs to buildings, etc.; second, building and repairing of locomotives and passenger and freight cars in railroad shops; third, the building of locomotives and passenger and freight cars in commercial shops. Data concerning employment created by railroad construction is shown in table 2. Employment in railroad shops is shown in table 5, page 37.

39 37 More than 117,000 workers were engaged at the site of non- Federal construction projects during the month of. This is an increase of over 15,000 as compared with. These workers were paid over $6,500,000 for more than 10,000,000 hours of work. They earned an average of nearly 64 cents per hour. Railroad construction showed the lowest average hourly earnings and building construction the highest. Material orders totaled over $10,500,000. Employment on Construction Projects, by Geographic Divisions T able 3 shows employment, pay rolls, and man-hours worked during on Federal construction projects financed from the Public Works Administration fund, by geographic divisions. T able 3. E M P L O Y M E N T, P A Y RO LLS, A N D M A N -H O U RS W O R K E D ON F E D E R A L PR O JECTS F IN A N C E D F R O M T H E PU B L IC W O R K S A D M IN IS T R A T IO N FU N D, DU RING AUGUST, BY GEOGRAPH IC DIVISION [Subject to revision] Geographic division Wage < earners Number employed Weekly average Amount of pay rolls Number of man-hours worked earnings per hour Value of material orders placed New England Middle A tla n tic _ East North Central. West North Central South A tla n tic East South Central... West South Central M ou n tain Pacific Total continental United States K Outside continental United States Grand total 20,433 46,841 66, ,073 62,457 44, , , , ,164 7, ,084 45,609 65,157 60,192 59, , ,324 53,067 30, , 229 6,796 $1,456,289 2, 740,150 3, 575,442 2,917,817 3,486,868 2,171,836 2, 293, 588 4,195,669 2, 415,069 25, 273, , 844 2,400,413 4, 745,383 5, 763,497 5, 266, 374 6, 323, 450 4, 683,824 5,152,629 6,476,120 3, 372,859 44,205, ,901 $ $1,038,888 2,036,011 1,360,130 1,638, 726 3,698, ,994 1,026, 743 2,689, 369 1, 040, ,179, , , , ,684, ,001, ,627, 583 1Includes data for 145 wage earners which cannot be charged to any specific geographic division. 2 Includes $13,725,000 estimated value of material orders placed for public-roads projects which cannot be charged to any specific geographic division. There were more than 60,000 workers employed in each of the following divisions: East North Central, West North Central, and vsouth Atlantic. Over $4,000,000 was disbursed in the Mountain States during. Workers in both the East North Central and the South Atlantic States drew over $3,000,000 for their month s pay. hourly earnings ranged from 45 cents in the West South Central States to 72 cents in the Pacific States. Table 4 shows employment, pay rolls, and man-hours worked during on non-federal construction projects financed from the Public Works Administration fund, by geographic division.

40 38 T able 4. E M P L O Y M E N T, P A Y ROLLS, A N D M A N -H O U R S W O R K E D ON N O N -F E D E R A L PR O JECTS F IN A N C E D F R O M T H E P U B L IC W O R K S A D M IN IS T R A T IO N F U N D DU RIN G AUGUST, B Y TY P E OF PROJECT [Subject to revision] Geographic division Wage earners Number employed W eekly average Amount of pay rolls Number of man-hours worked earnings per hour Value of material orders placed New England... Middle Atlantic... East North Central... West North Central South Atlantic East South Central West South Central Mountain... P acific... Total continental United States. Outside continental United States... Grand total ,542 18,112 18,590 15, , 719 5,216 4,047 6,794 8, , ,339 16,057 15, , ,527 4, , 730 7,238 98, $968, 723 1,108,261 1, 226, ,120 1,474, , , , ,836 6, ,584,840 1,656, 516 1,616,082 1,047, 634 2,478, , , , ,610 10, 287,490 58,656 $ $1,107,697 2,219,335 1,930, 588 1,414,004 1, 769, , , , ,016 10,495, , ,671 99,052 6, 608,446 10b 316, ,579, 253 Nearly 24,000 workers were employed in the South Atlantic States during, while more than 18,000 were working in both the Middle Atlantic and East North Central States. Pay rolls amounted to over $1,000,000 in each of the three geographic divisions enumerated above. Hourly earnings ranged from 52 cents in the West South Central States to 75 cents in the East North Central States. Table 5 shows employment, pay rolls, and man-hours worked in railroad shops on work financed from the Public Works Administration fund during, by geographic divisions. T able 5 E M P L O Y M E N T, P A Y R OLLS, A N D M A N -H O U R S W O R K E D IN R A IL R O A D SHOPS ON W O R K F IN A N C E D F R O M TH E PU B L IC W O R K S A D M IN IS T R A T IO N FUND DU RIN G AUGUST, B Y GEOGRAPH IC DIVISION [Subject to revision] Geographic division Number of wage earners Amount of pay rolls Number of man-hours worked earnings per hour Value of material orders placed New England.... M iddle Atlantic East North Central... West North Central South Atlantic East South Central-... West South Central... M ountain Pacific ,641 3,529 1, ,743 2, ,387 $66, , , ,476 8, , ,520 45, , , , , , , , ,888 71, ,381 $ $328,440 3,194, ,855 64,101 11,161 55,993 71,876 28,130 91,031 T o t a l... 21,053 1,642,569 2, 588, ,093, 472 More than 25 percent of the railroad shop workers engaged on Public Works Administration projects were working in the Middle Atlantic States. Workers in this division drew over $400,000 for their months pay. Railroad shop employees worked over 2,500,000 hours during this month. The workers averaged nearly 64 cents per hour.

41 39 In the South Atlantic States the hourly rate was less than 53 cents. In the Middle Atlantic States more than 66 cents. Only 2 geographic divisions, the South Atlantic and the West South Central, showed average hourly earnings of less than 60 cents. Table 6 shows expenditures for materials from the beginning of the Public Worlds Administration program in 1933 to 15,. T able 6 VALUE OF MATERIAL ORDERS PLACED ON PUBLIC WORKS PROJECTS B Y TYPE OF M ATERIAL [Subject to revision] Value of material orders placed Type of material From beginning of program to During month ending 15, Aug. 15, Aircraft (new) Airplane parts Aluminum manufactures Ammunition and related products Asbestos Awnings, tents, canvas, etc Belting, miscellaneous Boat building, steel and wooden (small) Bolts, nuts, washers, etc Carpets and rugs Carriages and wagons Cast-iron pipe and fittings Cement Chemicals Clay products Coal Compressed and liquefied Concrete products Copper products Cordage and twine Cork products Cotton goods Creosote Crushed stone Doors, shutters, and window sash and frames, molding and trim (metal) Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies Elevators and parts Engines, turbines, tractors, water wheels, and windmills Explosives. Felt goods Firearms Forgings, iron and steel Foundry and machine-shop products, not elsewhere classified Furniture, including store and office fixtures G la ss... Hardware, miscellaneous Instruments, professional and scientific Jute goods Lighting equipment Lime Linoleum Locomotives, oil-electric Locomotives, steam Lumber and timber products Machine tools Marble, granite, slate, and other stone products Mattresses and bed springs Meters (gas, water, etc.), and gas generators Minerals and earths, ground or otherwise treated M otor vehicles, passenger. Motor vehicles, trucks Nails and spikes Nonferrous-metal alloys, nonferrous-metal products, except aluminum, not elsewhere classified Paints and varnishes _ Paper products $4,284,890 4, 243, 243 $143,569 43,359 51,849 75, ,074 42,292 8, ,451 5,264 13,019 1, , ,800 1,596, ,598 30, ,854 1,094 5,185,095 1,035,849 49,062,654 5,402, ,865 18,342 3,709, , ,011 93, ,130 23,095 5,035, 379 1,371, ,847 69, , ,104 25,857 10,094 59,437 6, , , 558, 604 1,815,790 1, 719,842 88, ,730,915 3,251,038 32,965 2, 522, ,319 1,760, ,213 86, , , ,152 2,479, ,140 45,087,048 5,844, , , ,329 38,434 1, 596, ,163 1,129, ,349 23,620 9, ,810 88,557 78,967 17,821 7,920 2, , ,843 5, 707,369 1,129,695 21,099, 251 2,149,025 2,177, ,323 5, 542, ,769 7, 779 5,139 67,692 43,741 72,482 7, ,983 7, ,022 49, , , ,740 35, , ,117 15, 993 3,344

42 40 T able 6. V ALU E OF M A T E R IA L O R D E R S P L A C E D ON P U B L IC W O R K S P R O JE C TS. B Y T Y P E OF M A T E R IA L Continued [Subject to revision] Value of material orders placed Type of material From beginning of program to 15, M onth month ending Aug. 15, Paving materials and mixtures Petroleum products Photographic apparatus and materials Planing-mill products Plumbing supplies Pumps and pumping equipment Radio apparatus and supplies Rail fastenings, excluding spikes Rails, steel Railway cars, freight Railway cars, mail and express Railway cars, passenger Refrigerators and refrigerator cabinets, including mechanical refrigerators Roofing, built-up and roll; asphalt shingles; roof coatings, other than paint... Rubber goods Sacks and bags Sand and gravel Sheet-metal work Smelting and refining lead Smelting and refining zinc Springs, steel Steam and hot-water heating apparatus Steam and other packing, pipe and boiler covering, and gaskets Steel-works and rolling-mill products, other than steel rails, including structural and ornamental metal work Stoves and ranges (other than electric) and warm-air furnaces) Switches, railway Theatrical scenery and stage equipment Tools, other than machine tools Upholstering materials, not elsewhere classified Wall plaster, wall board, insulating board, and floor composition Waste W indow and door screens and weather strip W indow shades and fixtures Wire, drawn from purchased rods Wirework, not elsewhere classified Wrought pipe, welded and heavy riveted Other Total $6, 741,192 $950, ,811,255 1, 522,834 9, ,850, ,704 3, 385, ,948 4, 760, , , ,243 4, 757, ,178 17, 368,805 7,821 34, 522, 560 1, , , 286 5, 661, 773 1,140, , , , , , , , 897 2,413 26, 307, 293 3,197, 754 1, 567, , , , 585 3,853 13, , 260 1,764 2,194, , , ,888 63,138, 507 5, 047, ,171 24, , , , 651 2, 050 2, 377, , , , , , , 657 1,014 41, , , 921 6, 790 2,158, , , , ,902 50, , 399,908 3,414, ,159,125 46,961,648 During the 12-month period ending 15, purchase orders were placed for materials to cost over $414,000,000. The total purchases of steel-works and rolling-mill products amounted to over $63,000,000; foundry and machine-shop products, over $44,000,000; railroad freight cars, over $34,000,000; and cement, over $49,000,000. During the month of orders were placed for materials valued at nearly $47,000,000. It is estimated that the fabrication of the materials for which orders were placed during will create approximately 130,000 man-months of labor. Table 7 shows employment, pay rolls, and man-hours worked by employees since the inception of the Public Works Administration program in 1933 to, inclusive.

43 41 T able 7. E M P L O Y M E N T P A Y ROLLS, A N D M A N -H O U RS W O R K E D D U R IN G A U G U ST 1933 TO AUGUST, ON PROJECTS FIN AN CED FROM THE PUBLIC W ORKS A D M IN ISTRATIO N FUND, BY M ONTHS [Subject to revision] M onth Number of wage earners Amount of pay rolls Number of man-hours worked earnings per hour Value of material orders placed ,699 $280, , 454 $0.519 $202,100 September 33,836 1,961,496 3,920, ,622,365 October^ ,403 7,325, , 636, , 513,767 November 1 254, , 458, ,862, , 299, 055 December» 270,408 15,424, ,866, ,850,188 January 273,583 14, 574,960 27, 658, , 522,929 February 1 295,741 15, 246, , 938, , 565,004 March , , 636, ,171, , 334, 408 April * 371, ,907,842 31, 559, , 639,862 M ay 4 491,166 25, 076, , 912, , 720, 378 June ,057 32, 783, , 335, , 589, ,286 33, 829,858 59,436, , 299,174 A ugu st4 602, ,142, ,943, ,961,648 Total 229,648, ,780, ,120,773 1 Revised. 2Incluiss orders placed for naval vessels prior to October. 3Includes orders placed by railroads for new equipment. 4Includes data for commercial car and locomotive shops. The total earnings over the 13-month period amounted to nearly $230,000,000. This construction program has provided at the site of the construction projects over 400,000,000 man-hours of labor. The earnings have averaged over 55 cents per hour over the 13-month period. It is estimated that the manufacture of materials for which orders have been placed will create nearly 1,240,000 man-months of labor. This only accounts for the labor in fabricating the material in the form in which it is to be used. For example, only labor in manufacturing bricks is counted, not the labor in taking the clay from the banks or in hauling the clay and other materials used in the brick product. In fabricating steel rails, only the labor in the rolling mill is counted, not labor created in mining and smelting the ore, or labor in the blast furnace, the open-hearth furnace, or the blooming mill. Emergency Work Relief Program O VER 1,200,000 people are now given employment by the emergency work program of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. Table 8 shows the number of employees and the amounts of pay rolls for the workers on the emergency work program for the weeks ending 26 and 30.

44 42 T able 8. N U M B E R OF E M P L O Y E E S A N D A M O U N TS OF P A Y R OLLS FO R W O R K E R S ON E M E R G E N C Y W O R K P R O G R A M, JU LY 26 A N D A U G. 30, Geographic division Number of employees week ending Amount of pay roll week ending 26 Aug Aug. 30 New England M iddle Atlantic East North Central West North Central South Atlantic East South Central... West South Central... Mountain Pacific , , , ,468 99, ,287 62,665 60,415 93, , , , , , ,010 61,177 83,843 T otal... 1,194,440 1, 211,834 Percent of $1,173,810 3,746, 204 2,014,773 1,247, , , , , ,011 $1,080,328 2,774,873 2,199,905 1,352, , , , , ,921 11,893,437 11,617, There was an increase of 1.5 percent in the number of employees comparing the last week in with the last week in. Pay rolls for the same period decreased 2.3 percent. Table 9 shows the number of employees and amounts of pay rolls for those given jobs on the emergency work program of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, by months, from the inception of the program in March to, inclusive. T able 9. N U M B E R OF E M P L O Y E E S A N D A M O U N TS OF P A Y RO LLS F O R W O R K E R S ON E M E R G E N C Y W O R K P R O G R A M, B Y M O N TH S Month Number of employees Amount of pay roll Month Number of employees Amount of pay roll M arch 22,934 $842,000 June 969,466 A p ril ,829 42,558, ,136, 563 M a y 866,779 39,067,337 i 1, 251, 529 1Subject to revision. $42,438,091 46,466,611 i 61,093,001 There were less than 23,000 workers on this program in March and by the number of employees had increased over 1,200,000. Emergency Conservation Work O N AUGUST 31 there were 385,340 men in the civilian conservation camps. This is a decrease of nearly 4,000 as compared with. The decrease was entirely confined to the intermittent labor in the camps. Table 10 shows the employment and pay rolls for emergency conservation work during the months of and, by type of work.

45 43 T a b l e 1 0. E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y ROLLS IN T H E E M E R G E N C Y C O N S E R V A T IO N W ORK, JULY A N D AUGUST Group Enrolled personnel Reserve officers Education advisors Supervisory and technical1 T otal Number of employees Amount of pay rolls 346,637 6,034 1, , ,805 6,092 1, ,348 $10,825,476 1,509, , 765 3, 521,336 $10,830,714 1,522, ,669 3,834, , ,340 16,032,734 16, * Includes carpenters, electricians, and laborers. 8 26,533 included in executive service table. * 28,493 included in executive service table. The pay rolls for the Emergency Conservation Work for amounted to over $16,300,000. In addition to their pay, the enrolled personnel receive free board, clothing, and medical attention. Data concerning employment and pay rolls for Emergency Conservation Work are collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from the War Department, Department of Agriculture, Treasury Department, and the Department of the Interior. The pay of the enrolled personnel is figured as follows: 5 percent are paid $45 per month, 8 percent $36 per month, and the remaining 87 percent $30 per month. Table 11 shows monthly totals of employees and pay rolls in Emergency Conservation Work from the inception of the program in May 1933 to, inclusive. T able 1 1. M O N T H L Y T O TA LS OF E M P L O Y E E S, A N D P A Y RO LLS IN TH E E M E R G EN CY CON SERVATION W O RK FROM M A Y 1933 TO AUGUST Month Number of employees Amount of pay roll M onth Number of employees Amount of pay roll 1933 M a y June 191, , 481 $6,388,760 9,876, 780 January February 331, , ,109 11,482, 262 March 247,591 Ausjust 307,100 11,604,401 April. 314,664 September October N ovem ber December. 242, , , , 701 9, 759,628 12,311,033 14, 554, ,951,042 M a y June 335, , , ,312 $13,581,506 13,081,393 10, 792,319 13,214,018 14,047,512 12,641,401 16,032,734 16,360,938 Employment on Public Roads Other Than P. W. A. Projects T HE carry-over appropriations of the Federal- and State-aid program are nearly exhausted. In there were less than 4,000 men employed. Most of the Federal road building is now being financed from the public-works fund. Workers that are paid from this fund are shown in table 1, page 43. Table 1 shows the number of employees (exclusive of those paid from the public-works fund) engaged in the building and maintenance of Federal and State roads during the months of and, by geographic divisions.

46 44 T able 1 N U M B E R OF E M P L O Y E E S E N G A G E D IN T H E C O N ST R U C T IO N A N D M A IN T E N A N C E OF P U B L IC R O A D S, S T A T E A N D F E D E R A L, D U R IN G JU LY A N D A U G U ST,, BY GEOGRAPH IC DIVISIONS i Federal State Geographic division Number of employees Amount of pay rolls Number of employees Amount of pay rolls New England Middle Atlantic... East North Central West North Central... South A tla n tic East South Atlantic.. West South Atlantic. M ountain. Pacific , 050 1, , $1,579 62,168 39, 061 5, 444 5, 525 3,141 40,179 81, ,455 0 $55, , 776 2,883 3, ,932 55, ,176 Total 4,838 3, , ,041 Percent of Outside continental United States ,958 12,863 18, ,168 35,678 18,812 38,829 8,980 18,051 8,131 10,865 22,037 60,359 35,964 23,974 41,049 14,094 18, 064 8,960 9, , , $1,024,839 2,984, 237 1,914, ,195 1,525, ,894 1,036, , ,045 $1,323,653 3,151,646 2,125, 316 1,150,884 1, 555, ,858 1,116, , ,496 11, 255,685 12,426, ,261 i Excluding employment furnished by projects financed from public-works fund. There was an increase of more than 20,000 in the number of road workers paid wholly from State funds, comparing with. Increases in pay rolls amounted to nearly $1,200,000. Of the State road workers, 77.1 percent were employed in maintaining existing roads, and only 22.9 percent in building new roads. Nearly 25 percent of the State road workers were working in the Middle Atlantic division that is, in the States of Pennsylvania New York, and New Jersey. Table 2 shows the number of employees engaged in the construction and maintenance of public roads, State and Federal, January to, inclusive. Table 2 N U M B E R OF E M P L O Y E E S E N G A G E D IN TH E C O N ST R U C T IO N A N D M A IN T E N A N C E OF PU B L IC R O A D S, ST A T E A N D F E D E R A L, J A N U A R Y TO A U G U ST,, IN C LU SIV E i Number of employees working on Month Federal roads State roads New Maintenance Total January 7, , , ,785 February 2, , , ,216 M arch 1,396 19, , ,129 A pril 1,932 21, , ,548 M ay 3,941 27, ,274 i1 194,435 June 4,678 37, , ,521 4,993 45, ,428 i 213,906 3,933 53, , , 10 1Excluding employment furnished by projects financed from the public-works fund.

47 45 Employment on Construction Projects Financed by the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, N EARLY 17,000 people were on the pay rolls of contractors engaged on construction projects financed by the Self-Liquidating Division of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation during the month ending 15. Table 1 shows employment, pay rolls, and man-hours worked on construction projects financed by the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, by type of project. T a b l e 1. E M P L O Y M E N T, P A Y R OLLS, A N D M A N -H O U R S W O R K E D ON PROJECTS F IN A N C E D B Y T H E SELF-L IQ U ID A T IN G D IV ISIO N OF TH E R E C O N S T R U C T IO N FINANCE CORPORATIO N DU RIN G AUGUST, BY TYPE OF PROJECT [Subject to revision] Type of project Number of wage earners Amount of pay roll Number of manhours worked earnings per hour Value of material purchased Building construction Bridges Reclamation Water and sewage-- - Miscellaneous... _ 2,770 4, 929 2, 370 5,069 2,011 $311, , , , , , , , , , 614 $ $289, , , , ,912 Total 17,149 1, 688,012 2, 286, ,303, 516 Pay rolls for the month ending 15 totaled nearly $1,700,000 for employees working at the site of Reconstruction Finance Corporation construction projects. These men worked nearly 2,300,000 hours and earned almost 74 cents per hour. The hourly earnings ranged from 45 cents for reclamation projects to $1.13 for building construction. Table 2 shows employment, pay rolls, and man-hours worked on contracts financed by the Self-Liquidating Division of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, by geographic divisions. T a b l e 2. E M P L O Y M E N T, P A Y ROLLS, A N D M A N -H O U R S W O R K E D ON PR O JEC TS F IN A N C E D B Y TH E S E L F -L IQ U ID A T IN G D IV ISIO N OF TH E R E C O N S T R U C T IO N FINANCE CORPORATIO N DU RIN G AUGUST B Y GEOGRAPH IC DIVISION [Subject to revision] Geographic division Number of wage earners Amount of pay roll Number of man-hours worked earnings per hour Value of material purchased New England. M iddle A tla n tic East North Central West North Central South Atlantic East South Central West South Central Mountain Pacific 0 4, ,451 8, $449,963 36,470 2,556 35,828 5,107 74, , , ,834 36,463 3,753 83, ,039 97, ,387 1, 262,752 0 $ $810, , , 741 1,550 42, ,122 1,304,011 Total 17,149 1, 688,012 2, 286, ,303, 516 Of the 17,000 workers, more than 8,000 were employed in the Pacific States and over 4,000 in the Middle Atlantic States.

48 46 Hourly earnings averaged from less than 29 cents in the East South Central States to over $1.03 in the Middle Atlantic States. Table 3 shows data concerning employment, pay rolls, and man-hours worked during the months April to, inclusive, on construction projects financed by the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. T able 3 E M P L O Y M E N T, P A Y R O LLS, A N D M A N -H O U R S W O R K E D D U R IN G A P R IL TO A U G U ST ON PR O JEC TS F IN A N C E D B Y T H E S E L F -L IQ U ID A T IN G D IV ISIO N OF TH E R ECON STRU CTION FIN AN CE CORPORATIO N [Subject to revision] Month Number of wage earners Amount of pay rolls Number of man-hours worked earnings per hour Value of material orders placed A pril M ay 19,274 June 19, , ,149 $1,518,479 1, 636, 503 1, 743,318 1,624,924 1,688,012 2,302, 739 2,334,060 2,412, 342 2,183, 560 2,286, 286 $ $2, 297,479 2,120,498 2,189, 538 2, 332, 554 2,303,516 Table 4 shows by types of projects the materials purchased by contractors working on construction projects financed by the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. It is estimated that 6,000 man-months of labor were created in fabricating this material. T able 4 M A T E R IA L S P U R C H A SE D D U R IN G M O N T H E N D IN G AUG. 15,, FO R PROJ ECTS FIN AN CED BY TH E SELF-LIQUIDATIN G DIVISION OF THE RECON STRU C T IO N F IN A N C E C O R P O R A T IO N, B Y T Y P E OF M A T E R IA L Type of material Value of materials purchased 1 Bolts, nuts, rivets, etc Cast-iron pipe and fittings Cement Clay products Coal Compressed and liquefied gases Concrete products Copper products Cordage and twine Electrical machinery and supplies E xplosives... Foundry and machine-shop products, not elsewhere classified Fuel oil Gasoline Hardware, miscellaneous Lubricating oils and greases Lumber and timber products Marble, granite, slate, and other stone products M otor vehicles Nails and spikes Paints and varnishes Plumbing supplies Pumps and pumping equipment Roofing Rubber goods Sand and gravel Sheet metal work Steel-works and rolling-mill products, including structural and ornamental metal work Tools, other than machine tools W ir e... Wirework, not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous materials Total... $3,805 33, ,149 25,018 2, 331 4, , ,298 2, , , ,921 8, ,067 51,057 4, ,114 3,124 9,822 2,253 1,022 40,560 4,098 1,044 4,111 53,797 5, ,082 8,611 42,442 2, ,677 2,303,516 1Subject to revision.

49 47 Wage-Rate Changes in American Industries Manufacturing Industries T HE following table presents information concerning wage-rate adjustments occurring between 15 and 15,, as shown by reports received from 25,016 manufacturing establishments employing 3,749,639 workers in. One hundred and fifty-three establishments in 42 industries reported wage-rate increases averaging 7.7 percent and affecting 17,344 employees. Fourteen establishments in 10 industries reported decreases which averaged 8 percent and affected 354 workers. The outstanding wage-rate adjustment was an average increase of 5.8 percent received by 4,262 wage earners in 4 establishments in the engine, turbine, tractor, and water-wheel industry. Nine establishments in the paper and pulp industry gave an average increase of 8.6 percent to 1,919 workers, while a like number of electric-railroad repair shops reported an average increase of 4 percent to 1,207 employees. An average increase of 5 percent was received by 1,091 workers in 2 leather plants, one of 9.9 percent to 935 employees was reported by 9 establishments in the radio and phonograph industry, one of 5.2 percent was given to 921 wage earners in the petroleum-refining industry, and one of 8.9 percent was received by 847 workers in 15 establishments in the newspaper and periodical industry. The increases in each of the remaining industries affected 622 employees or less. T a b l e 1. W A G E -R A T E C H A N G E S IN M AN U FAC TU R IN G IN D U S T R IE S D U R IN G M O N TH END ING AUG. 15, Industry Establishments reporting Total number of employees Number of establishments reporting No wagerate s Wagerate increases Wagerate decreases Number of employees having N o wagerate s Wagerate increases Wagerate decreases All manufacturing industries Percent of total 25,016 3,749,639 24, ,731, ,344.5 Ire# and steel and their products, not including machinery: Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling mills j! , ,133 Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets 59 8, ,883 Cast-iron pipe... Cutlery (not including silver and plated cutlery) and edge tools ,849 14, ,849 13, Forgings, iron and steel 93 9, , Hardware , ,712 Plumbers supplies , ,436 Steam and hot-water heating apparatus and steam fittings 98 20, , Stoves , ,101 4 Structural and ornamental metalwork , , Tin cans and other tinware , , Less than Ho of 1 percent )

50 48 T a b l e 1. W AGE-R ATE CHANGES IN M AN U FAC TU R IN G INDUSTRIES DURING M ONTH ENDING AUG. 15, Continued Industry Establishments reporting Total number of employees Number of establishments reporting No rate s Wagerate in- Wage- No wagerate de- rate creases s Number of employees having Wagerate in- Wagerate de- Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery Con. Tools (not including edge tools, machine tools, files, and saws)... Wire work... Machinery, not including transportation equipment: Agricultural implements... Cash registers, adding machines, and calculating machines... Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies... Engines, turbines, tractors, and water wheels Foundry and machine-shop products... Machine tools... Radios and phonographs Textile machinery and parts. Typewriters and parts... Transportation equipment: Aircraft Automobiles Cars, electric -a n d steam - railroad... Locomotives... Shipbuilding... Railroad repair shops: Electric railroad Steam railroad... N o n fe r r o u s metals and their products: Aluminum manufactures... Brass, bronze, and copper products... Clocks and watches and timerecording devices... Jewelry... Lighting equipment Silverware and plated ware. _ Smelting and refining copper, lead, and zinc... Stamped and enameled ware. Lumber and allied products: Furniture... Lumber: M illwork... Sawmills... Turpentine and rosin... Stone, clay, and glass products: Brick, tile, and terra cotta Cement.... Glass.... Marble, granite, slate, and other products.... Pottery... Textiles and their products: Fabrics: Carpets and rugs... Cotton goods Cotton small wares... Dyeing and finishing textiles... Hats, fur-felt.... Knit goods... Silk and rayon goods Woolen and worsted goods , ,577 8,761 10,292 16, ,577 25, ,148 20,636 39,063 11,810 11,870 7, ,268 19,390 4,881 33,244 20,085 76,216 6,515 40,628 10,444 9,436 4,037 9,226 15,865 24,625 56,503 29,607 90,744 2,672 20,459 16,920 49,507 5,116 18,894 16, ,366 10,868 41,705 7, ,587 51,054 99, ,577 8,761 10,292 16, ,403 21, ,010 20,636 38,128 11,810 11,870 7, ,256 19,390 4,881 32,586 18,878 76,216 6,515 40,624 10,444 9,436 4,031 15,273 24,598 56,241 29,589 90,316 2,392 20,266 16,814 49,507 5,031 18,894 16, ,366 10,868 41,705 7, ,587 50,932 99, , ' ,

51 49 T a b l e 1. W AG E-R ATE CHANGES IN M ANUFACTU R IN G INDUSTRIES DURING M O N TH EN D IN G AUG. 15, Continued Industry Establishments reporting Total number of employees Number of establishments reporting No wagerate Wagerate ins Wagerate de- Number of employees having No wagerate s Wagerate in- Wage- rate.de- Textiles and their products Con. Wearing apparel: Clothing, men s Clothing, women's... Corsets and allied garments... Men s furnishings... Millinery... Shirts and collars... Leather and its manufactures: Boots and shoes... Leather... Food and kindred products: Baking... Beverages... Butter... Canning and preserving... Confectionery... Flour Ice cream.... Slaughtering and meat packing... Sugar, beet... Sugar refining, cane... Tobacco manufactures: Chewing and smoking tobacco and snuff Cigar and cigarettes Paper and printing: Boxes, paper... Paper and pulp... Printing and publishing: Book and job... Newspapers and periodicals... Chemicals and allied products, and petroleum refining: Other than petroleum refining: Chemicals... Cottonseed-oil, cake, and meal... Druggists' preparations.. Explosives... Fertilizers... Paints and varnishes Rayon and allied products Soap... Petroleum refining Rubber products: Rubber boots and shoes... Rubber goods, other than boots, shoes, tires, and inner tubes... Rubber tires and inner tubes.. 1, , ,563 38,490 6,575 8,937 7,985 25, ,404 76,165 35,232 5, ,991 17,739 14, ,490 7,651 9,719 10,376 53,923 30, ,106 62,807 59,266 30,966 11,354 25,917 52,502 1, , , ,521 38,406 6,575 8,923 7,985 25, ,313 75,625 35,017 5, ,862 17,567 14, ,334 7,651 9,719 10,376 53,916 30, ,187 62,626 58,419 30,966 3,735 9,080 4,111 6,019 9,326 45,575 16,194 66,108 11,354 25,865 52, , , "92l' Nonmanufacturing Industries D a t a concerning wage-rate s occurring between 15 and 15,, reported by cooperating establishments in 17 nonmanufacturing industries, are presented in table 2. Increases averaging 4.7 percent and affecting 12,144 employees were reported by 58 laundries. One hundred ninety-two retail trade establishments gave an average raise of 6.5 percent to 7,314 workers,