ISSN Socialiniai tyrimai / Social Research Nr. 2 (27), 5 18

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1 ISSN Socialiiai tyrimai / Social Research Nr. 2 (27), 5 18 Siauliai Uiversity, Architektu str. 1, LT Siauliai, Lithuaia zita.tamasauskiee@smf.su.lt, opulskyte@gmail.com This article aalyzes the impact of chages i idirect taxes o macroecoomic idicators. I research this impact is elaborated focusig o two groups of products subject to excise duties: 1) alcoholic beverages ad tobacco products; 2) liquid fuels. I order to estimate the impact of chages i idirect taxes o macroecoomic idicators the quarterly idexes of chages i idirect taxes o alcoholic beverages ad tobacco products ad liquid fuels were calculated. I order to reveal the impact of the rates of excise duties o the differeces i prices cluster aalysis was performed. clusters by the excise duty rate applied o four aalyzed products ad the distributio of coutries i these clusters oly partially matchig the geographical proximity of prices of products subject to such taxig. The obtaied results of the multiple regressio aalysis show that i Lith- es i idirect taxes could have a egative impact o the import. Keywords: es are the mai source of budget reveue. I Lithuaia icome from the value added tax (VAT) ad ex- that are collected. Efforts to compesate for the ef- ig measures i relatio with the icrease i or cut of the VAT or excise duty rates reveal that idirect taxes are importat tools regulatig cyclical ecoom- - - stability of prices, o the decrease i coutry s output level ad o other egative chages i macroecoomic idica- Researchers from Lithuaia ad other cou- pirical researches assessig the impact of the chages i idirect taxes o various macroecoomic idicators; however the extet of such impact i differet the chages i idirect taxes o macroecoomic idicators differs withi short ad log term. I scie ) the impact of chages i idirect taxes is usually aalysed together with chages i direct taxes by performig researches o macroecoomic effects creasig the rates of direct ad icreasig those of idirect taxes. The impact of the icrease i rates of i- els of two directios. O the basis of the orthodox tax ot have a impact o the coutry s output (whe re- cordig to the New Keyesia macroecoomic models the icrease i rates of idirect taxes causes the chages i idirect taxes o macroecoomic idica- of products subject to excise duties: 1) alcoholic bev- - member states is performed by applyig the method of cluster aalysis i the research.

2 The aim of the research is to aalyse the impact of chages i idirect taxes o macroecoomic idicators from the theoretical aspect ad to estimate this impact o macroecoomic idicators of Lithua- The objectives are: 1. To reveal the impact of chages i idirect taxes o macroecoomic idicators. 2. To aalyse the impact of excise duty rates o the differeces i the prices of products subject to es o macroecoomic idicators of Lithuaia i states. The methods of the research are - abstractio ysis. The results of the research. The results of clus- ber states i clusters by the applied excise duty rate - er icosistet with geographical proximity of these - - o the differeces i prices of products subject to such taxig. The obtaied results of the multiple regressio aalysis demostrate that i Lithuaia ad ed quarterly idexes of chages i idirect taxes by crease i rates of idirect taxes is assessed o the basis of the models of two directios. O the basis of icrease i rates of idirect taxes is distiguished: the icrease i rates of idirect taxes causes a rise i - restored by lowerig producer prices. A reductio i - - must declie so as to restore real wages to their orig- ad the reductio i direct taxes have o impact o ambiguous due to the directio ad extet of the effect of idirect taxes coditioed the rise of ew empirical researches assessig the impact of the chages i idirect taxes o various macroecoomic idi- tio of idirect taxes i four Cetral Europea cou- - i geeral. The results received by the authors by us- the raised hypothesis o the egative impact of the icrease i rates of idirect taxes o macroecoomic port. Havig adapted a ew microsimulatio model cat impact o household icomes. This impact ac- Accordig to rect taxes reduces the real value of wealth i terms of the uits of cosumer goods that ca be purchased ad this directly reduces cosumptio. of 22 member states of the OECD ad foud that the impact of a switch from direct to idirect taxes (decreasig the rates of direct ad icreasig the oes of idirect taxes) is differet i the short ad log ru. The results of this empirical research suggest that this switch from direct to idirect taxes has led to a i- most coutries there has bee o edurig log ru Europea Commissio, 2006; Johasso, Heady, Arold, Brys, Vartia, 2008; 2010) o the impact of idirect taxes o macroecoomic idicators quite differet results are preset- es (e.g. VAT) by 1 percetage poit would offset a

3 correspodig cut i the tax rate o labour. Such a - Johasso et al. (2008) - taxes have. Havig performed the research accord- Tehofe et al. (2010) preset that chages i idirect taxes that comprise special excises ad VAT have - fact that idirect taxes have less distortig impact o a labour market ad capital i compariso with direct taxes. the chage i rates of idirect taxes ad the impact caused by price ad supply shocks (e.g. i the liquid - rect taxes i Cetral Europea coutries it is accept- if a assumptio is accepted that the ad the variable elemet depedig o price shocks are take away from the geeral chage i prices i - domiat factor would make the chage i idirect ductio of rates of idirect taxes is desired i the as- decrease i causes a icrease i real dispos- - tio whether idirect taxes should be cotiuously ered to be the most importat objectives of a govermet s ecoomic policy. The results of empirical re- - as seve years. The impact of the chages i idirect taxes o the chages i macroecoomic idicators was aa- sess the effect of the chage i the VAT rate Kaliaus- al equilibrium icluded the chages i the household of ivestmets. The research results are preseted as ter idicators. The authors estimated that the icrease i the VAT rate by 2 percetage poits results i the i the share of the cosumptio expediture of gov- mary effect is equal to the decrease of 1.9 percetage 2 percetage poits coditios the icrease i the total summary effect by 1.9 percetage poits. O the basis of the developed macroecoometric pletely properly elaborate the effect of the reductio fect of the VAT rate beig permaetly decreased by 1 percetage poit ad idicate that the direct effect of the reductio of the VAT rate maifests i two directios. The reductio of the VAT rate by 1 percet- the private cosumptio i the log ru icreases by is almost uchaged. The direct effect from the private cosumptio is that import icreases (largely costs decrease ad demad for labour force icreas- sults of the model show that coutry s output icreas- tio is maily covered by a icreasig import. It has bee foud that the icrease i the rates of the excise duties does ot have excessively eg- products subject to such taxig is usually ot elas- smaller tha the percetage chage i price - - i the excise duty rates may be reduced by icreased

4 cross-border shoppig. The icreasig extets of cross-border shoppig may icrease the elasticity of the demad for the products subject to taxig by ex- i the chage of the relatio betwee the rates of excise duties ad tax reveues as well as i the decrease should be cosidered whe settig the rates of excise duties. by applyig the method of cluster aalysis i the re- cise duties preseted by the Europea Commissio are used for the cluster aalysis. The impact of chages i idirect taxes o macroecoomic idicators is assessed i two stag- chages i idirect taxes o chages i prices is performed. The impact of chages i idirect taxes o chages i prices is subject to assessmet calculatig acquires the followig mathematical expressio (Ku- NCI LF(LT) HICPLF(LT) / HICP(LT) 100 (1) HICP / HICP - - where: NCI LF(LT) taxes o the chages i prices due to the icreased VAT ad excise duty rates o liquid fuels i Lithuaia; HICP LF(LT) es (HICP) of liquid fuels i Lithuaia; HICP (LT) HICP of all groups of cosumer goods ad services i Lithuaia; HICP LF(EU-15) HICP (EU-15) HICP of all groups of cosumer goods ad services - the et idex of the chages i idirect taxes is calculated also for the group of alcoholic beverages ad tobacco products by applyig formula (1). I the sec- es o macroecoomic idicators is ivestigated accordig to the developed models of multiple regressio. Assessig the impact of idirect taxes accordig of the aggregate expediture equatio supplemeted with the calculated idexes describig the effect of the chages i VAT ad excise duties are used as a startig poit. I order to estimate the impact of the chages i idirect taxes o macroecoomic idicators more - which may lead to iaccurate results of the regressio ig the quarterly chages i the variable logarithms. Data outliers were established by usig three meth- tace. Fisher s ad Stjudet s criteria were applied i order to get statistical coclusios about model coef- - timate whether the problem of multicolliearity was applied. I order to reveal the impact of excise duty rates o the differeces i prices of the aalysed states by applicable excise duty rates i such a way placig i clusters was performed by usig Cetroid - d( U V ) d( U V ) U V are the averages of the vectors of the characteristics of objects formig the clusters. For the aalysed variables (for the excise duty rates) a distace i. e. chaged to z values whe clusterig. If z value

5 age. The optimal umber of clusters was determied o the basis of the distaces betwee the coect- where the distaces betwee the coected clusters get the biggest chage. After applicatio of the hierarchical method of the cluster aalysis i accordace with the rates - member states by the excise duty rate applied to cig- the dedrogram preseted i Figure 1. Source: composed by the authors with referece to Europea Commissio (2011). Excise Duty tables. O the basis of the data preseted i Figure 1 ad i cosideratio of the clusterig step where the distaces betwee the coected clusters get the high- feret clusters ad it demostrates that i these states the excise duty rates applied to the four aalysed member states ad three old member states) get ito - - i these coutries as well. 9 Lookig at the stadard deviatio i the calculated excise duty rates i the coutries icluded i clusters I the coutries i the sixth cluster the excise duty o em (calculated as percetage o the retail sale price) - - the coutries placed i the seveth cluster: the ex- -

6 - I the eighth cluster (which icludes mostly the ew - cetage poits) per 1000 cigarettes. The obtaied results of the cluster aaly- i clusters is rather differet from the geographi- coutries i separate regios where excise duty rates ad the distributio of coutries i these clusters beig rather differet from the geographical proximi- fereces i prices of products subject to such taxig. The lower level of covergece of the excise duty rates may lead to the growth of cross-border shop- - - cluded i the research as iterrelated coutries i order to estimate a possible impact of the chages i idirect taxes o macroecoomic idicators. household cosumptio expediture, Cosiderig that the impact of the chages i - - pursued to estimate which impact of the chages i the basis of the results of the cluster aalysis (ives- household cosumptio expediture ad import) is elaborated focusig o two groups of products subject to excise duties: 1) alcoholic beverages ad tobacco products; 2) liquid fuels. The impact of the - accordig to the followig developed models of the the idexes of chages i idirect taxes o alcoholic beverages ad tobacco products (X ) ad liquid fuels (X ) ad based o such major elemets of the aggre- tio expediture (X 1 2 ad exports (X 3 ) (see Table 1). It must be emphasised that the mai attetio i the research was paid to the assessmet of the impact of the chages i idirect received models values were ot aalysed i great- chages i quarterly data due to the impact of sea- ad data adjusted i cosideratio of workig days. Table 1 l costat/ costat b / /1.00 l FC/FC (X 1 ) Not icluded i b 1 (7.185) (5.052) (8.955) (25.431) the model 0.12/ /1.13 (X 2 ) b 2 (6.800) (3.719) (5.653) (4.876) (3.202) Elimiated from 0.20/1.22 Elimiated Not icluded i l Ex/Ex (X 3 ) b 3 (4.667) the model (3.177) from the model the model -0.11/ / /1.03 (X 4 ) b (-1.066) (-2.150) (0.019) (0.535) (1.617) LF LF (X 5 ) b (-0.899) (-0.180) (-2.001) (-0.456) (-4.817) t statistics critical value

7 l NCI AT ad l NCI LF R Sample size without outliers N39 N39 AT ad NCI LF Source: composed by the authors with referece to Eurostat data. Cotiued Table 1 Accordig to the estimates of the developed - which were described i the calculated quarterly idexes of chages i idirect taxes for two product - that the icrease i VAT ad excise duty rates has a - the quarterly idexes of chages i idirect taxes ad i the orthodox tax theory that the icrease i idirect taxes (thus reducig direct taxes) does ot have relatioships i the examied period from 2001 to 2011 betwee the quarterly idexes of the chages Estoia ad Hugary oly (t statistics values exceed the critical value of Stjudet s distributio). I Esto- the idexes of chages i idirect taxes o alcoholic beverages ad tobacco products (NCI AT ) ad chag- chages i idirect taxes o liquid fuels ad chages ative relatioship betwee the icrease i rates of idirect taxes o liquid fuels (l NCI AT ) ad the growth tha the egative relatioship betwee the icrease i rates of idirect taxes o alcoholic beverages ad to- - ad respectively. O the basis of the estimates of the multiple re- o alcoholic beverages ad tobacco products i Esto- Hugary the impact of the icrease i such taxes rates o liquid fuels o the reductio of the growth rates - sumptio expediture ad exports were ot iclud R - ated from the models developed for Estoia ad Po- of t criterio of this variable is lower tha the respective critical value of Stjudet s distributio. cosumptio expediture. The possible impact of the chages i VAT ad excise duty rates o the chages i household cosumptio expediture i Lithuaia to the followig developed models of the depedece of the chages i household cosumptio expedi- idirect taxes o alcoholic beverages ad tobacco products (X ) ad major elemets of the aggregate expediture equatio (chages i 1 2 (X 3 )) is preseted i Table 2. It shall be oticed that less goods ca be supplied to the iteral market due goods may icrease iside the coutry thus reduc- was elimiated from the models i all coutries (ex- as the value of t criterio of this variable is lower tha the respective critical value of Stjudet s distributio. Therefore it ca be stated that the chages i house- 11

8 ly depedet o the chages i exports. It is eces- vestmet expediture ad exports were ot icluded - - Table 2 l costat/ costat b / / / / / /3.01 (X 1 ) b 1 (5.298) (4.651) (10.996) (19.868) (9.831) Not icluded Elimiated -0.11/ /0.91 (X 2 ) b 2 (-2.922) i the model from the model (-2.549) (-4.614) Elimiated from Not icluded Elimiated Elimiated from Elimiated from l Ex/Ex (X 3 ) b 3 the model i the model from the model the model the model -0.09/ /1.33 (X 4 ) b (-1.745) (0.230) (-0.650) (-0.507) (1.654) -0.10/ / /0.99 LF LF (X 5 ) b (-0.686) (0.098) (-0.057) (-0.659) (-2.317) t statistics critical value l NCI AT ad l NCI LF 2 R Sample size without outliers AT ad NCI LF Source: composed by the authors with referece to Eurostat data. The estimates of the multiple regressio preseted i Table 2 show that i Lithuaia like i Es- of both idexes of the chages i idirect taxes would ot allow cosider- level (t statistics critical value of Stjudet s distribu- egative relatioship betwee quarterly idexes of the chages i idirect taxes i alcoholic beverages ad tobacco products group (accordig to the followig developed model of the depedece of the chages i 1 2 es of chages i idirect taxes o alcoholic beverages ad tobacco products (X )). Such absece of the egative relatioship betwee the latter variables may be explaied by the fact that the icrease i the excise duty rates o alcoholic beverages ad tobacco products could have caused the growth i the extets of smugglig of such goods ad cross- cosumptio of such goods ad the decrease i the growth rates of household cosumptio expediture. I Hugary a egative relatioship betwee quarterly idexes of the chages i idirect taxes o liquid fuels ad the chages i household cosumptio expediture is also recorded. Therefore it ca be stated that the icrease i rates of idirect taxes o liquid fuels could be related to the decreasig quarterly growth rates of household cosumptio expediture. the group of alcoholic beverages ad tobacco products i Lithuaia. Accordig to the obtaied estimates of the tioship betwee quarterly idexes of the chages i idirect taxes ad the growth rates of household co- the icrease i the rates of idirect taxes may be cosidered to be oe of the factors reducig the growth as i Lithuaia the VAT ad excise duty rates o alcoholic beverages ad tobacco products exceed the av- terly growth rates of household cosumptio expe- 12

9 diture is observed. Ad i Hugary i case of liquid - pedet variable due to the icrease i the VAT ad aual but i quarterly rate are ivestigated. Empirical studies also emphasise that the icrease i the VAT or excise duty rates could have the slowed cosumptio could reduce the growth of import of goods ad services. I Lithuaia ad models estimatig the depedece of the chages i idirect taxes o alcoholic beverages ad tobacco products (X ) ad major elemets of (X 1 2 expediture (X 3 Table 3 l costat/ costat b / / /1.01 (X 1 ) b (additioally icluded) 1 (5.454) Not icluded Elimiated from Not icluded l FC/FC (X 2 ) b 2 (5.821) i the model (2.845) the model i the model 0.11/ / / /1.12 (X 3 ) b 3 (5.331) (2.346) (7.220) (6.341) (5.337) (X 4 ) b (-0.065) (0.946) (-2.050) (-0.849) (1.510) 0.19/1.21 LF LF (X 5 ) b (1.053) (2.027) (0.578) (-3.708) (-2.390) t statistics critical value l NCI AT ad l NCI LF R Sample size without outliers N39 AT ad NCI LF Source: composed by the authors with referece to Eurostat data. The estimates of the developed models preseted i Table 3 show that Lithuaia was exceptioal i the cotext of other ew member states of the rates i two product groups subject to taxig by excise duties did ot have a impact o chages i import. I Lithuaia accordig to the followig developed model of the depedece of the chages i im- diture (X 2 3 chages i idirect taxes o alcoholic beverages ad tobacco products (X ) ad liquid fuels (X ) (i co- 2 ( R - of both idexes of the chages i idirect taxes would ot allow co- cat. Therefore the results of the models do ot allow uaia the icrease i the VAT ad excise duty rates could have had a impact o chages i import (ac- I Latvia a egative relatioship betwee the quarterly idexes of the chages i idirect taxes i alcoholic beverages ad tobacco products group ad the chages i import is observed. I Polad ad Hugary (the models developed for these coutries together with the idexes of the chages i idirect taxes icluded oly the variable of ivestmet expe- diture best described the chages i import withi the ivestigated period) a egative relatioship betwee the icrease i rates of idirect taxes o liquid fuels ad chages i import is foud. I Polad this eg- 13

10 ( level (t statistics critical value of Stjudet s distri- crease of the VAT ad excise duty rates had a positive impact o chages i import. It is ecessary to emphasise that aalyzig the impact of the chages - depedet variable withi the ivestigated period (i the import demad for ivestmet goods as a related i that coutry the relatioship betwee the quarterly idexes o liquid fuels describig the chages i VAT ad excise duty rates ad chages i import is positive. The presece of such a positive relatioship may be explaied by higher demad for liquid fuels i that coutry. Accordig to the estimates of the developed direct taxes o chages i import may deped also o the volume of the idicators. I the coutries where the aalyzed volumes of idicators are higher (for ex- impact o the growth of import due to the icrease i tries where the volumes of the idicators are lower Empirical studies show that chages i the rates of idirect taxes may also have a impact o chage i the ivestmet expediture. VAT is levied both o catio of higher VAT rate whe acquirig ivestmet assets may cause egative impact of chages i rates of idirect taxes o ivestmets. Some products sub- case higher fuel prices caused by the icreased VAT ad excise duty rates are respectively related to high- may decrease due to the icurred higher fuel costs. Therefore the impact of the chages i idirect taxes was also estimated o the ivestmet idicator i the the icrease i the rates of VAT ad excise duties has was elaborated oly accordig to the calculated quarterly idexes of the chages i idirect taxes for liquid fuels whe aalysig the impact of the chages i idirect taxes o ivestmets. I Lithuaia ad i other ew member states - - rect taxes o liquid fuels (X ) ad major elemets of (X 1 2 exports (X 3 - of a seaso ad workdays were used oly whe aalyzig the impact of the chages i idirect taxes o ig seasoally adjusted data did ot satisfy the as- be oticed that the variable of exports was elimiated from the models i all coutries (except for Polad) criterio of this variable was lower tha the respective critical value of Stjudet s distributio. There- - ad household cosumptio expediture were too - tio (i.e. whether it did ot decrease too much) the variable of household cosumptio expediture was - ticolliearity was avoided i these models. I case of sumptio expediture was also elimiated i cosideratio of the respective critical value of Stjudet s distributio.

11 l costat/ costat b 0 (X 1 ) b 1 (12.389) (5.564) (10.754) (18.085) (18.673) Elimiated from Elimiated from Elimiated Elimiated from l PC/PC(X 2 ) b 2 the model the model from the model the model Elimiated from Elimiated from Elimiated Elimiated from l Ex/Ex (X 3 ) b 3 the model the model from the model (2.349) the model LF LF (X 4 ) b (0.452) (1.364) (1.690) (1.420) (3.056) t statistics critical value l NCI LF stadardized 2 R Sample size without outliers N39 LF Source: composed by the authors with referece to Eurostat data. Accordig to the estimates of the developed idirect taxes o liquid fuels would ot allow co- Therefore the estimates of the models do ot allow to state that the icrease of the VAT ad excise duty rates quarterly data) for liquid fuels has made a impact dexes of the chages i idirect taxes o liquid fuels corded. This positive relatioship i Hugary shows that i case of liquid fuels the icrease of the VAT ad excise duty rates has a positive impact o the growth logarithmic model estimates (which also demostrate of the chages i idirect taxes o liquid fuels caused ivestmets (l NCI LF VAT ad excise duty rates i case of liquid fuels did pact o growth rates of ivestmets. It could be determied by higher ivestmets i alterative types geerally icreasig ivestmets i the gross capital formatio. The impact of the icrease i rates of idirect icrease i rates of idirect taxes does ot have a impact o the coutry s output (whe reducig di- the New Keyesia macroecoomic models the icrease i rates of idirect taxes causes the decrease tet of the impact of idirect taxes o other macroecoomic idicators also do ot preset uambiguous coclusios. The results of cluster aalysis show that the ethyl alcohol is rather icosistet with geographical proximity of these coutries. A rather big umber of clusters ad the distributio of coutries i these clusters oly partially matchig the geographi- - pact o the differeces i prices of products subject to such taxig. Accordig to the followig developed models culated idexes of chages i idirect taxes o al- -

12 determied estimates of the models do ot allow to could have a egative impact o the growth rates of ship betwee the idexes of chages i idirect taxes stated i the orthodox tax theory that the icrease i idirect taxes (whe reducig direct taxes at the same latioship betwee the icrease i rates of idirect more tha twice stroger tha i Estoia. I Lithuaia ad Hugary a egative relatioship betwee quarterly idexes of the chages i idirect taxes ad the growth rates of household co- the icrease i rates of idirect taxes may be cosidered to be oe of the factors reducig the growth rates of household cosumptio expediture. I Lithuaia the egative relatioship betwee the latter variables may be explaied by the fact that the icrease i the excise duty rates o alcoholic beverages ad tobacco products could have caused the growth i the extets of smugglig of such goods ad cross-border tio of such goods ad the decrease i the growth rates of household cosumptio expediture. There- household cosumptio expediture should be assessed before icreasig the rates of the VAT or excise duties. The estimates of the developed models show that Lithuaia was exceptioal i the cotext of other the VAT ad excise duty rates i two product groups subject to taxig by excise duties did ot have a im- fect o chages i import was recorded ad it shows that the icrease i the VAT or excise duty rates could ad the slowed cosumptio could reduce the growth of import of goods ad services. Assessig the impact of the chages i idirect models do ot allow to state that i case of liquid fuels the icrease i the VAT ad excise duty rates i all aalyzed coutries except for Hugary had a impact o growth rates of ivestmets. der Shoppig. Discussio Papers tics Norway. 2. Ecoomic Modellig The Tax System. Kauas: Techology. Statistics ad its Applicatios. Part II. Vilius: TEV. (2003). A Macro-Ecoometric Model for Lithuaia. Kauas: Lithuaias World Ceter for Advacemet of Culture Sciece ad Educatio. Fiscal Studies Europea Commissio (2006). Macroecoomic Effects of a Shift from Direct to Idirect Taxatio: A Simulatio for 15 EU Member States. Available olie at 9. Europea Commissio (2011b). Taxatio Treds i the Europea Uio: 2011 editio. Available olie at structures/2011/report_2011_e.pdf. Available olie at portal/page/portal/statistics/search_database. employmet ad Idirect Taxatio. Bulleti of Ecoomic Research - OECD Ecoomics Departmet Workig Paper studijos Cetral Europea Coutries durig the Pre-Accessio Period. IPED Workig Papers Series stitute for Private Eterprise ad Democracy. Moetary ad Fiscal Policy Aspects of Idirect Tax Chages i a Moetary Uio. Workig Paper Series ic Effects of a Switch from Direct to Idirect Taxes: A Empirical Assessmet. Scottish Joural of Political Ecoomy Iteratioal Studies Program Workig Paper Tax Policy Purchases of Spirits i the Scadiavia Coutries. Discussio Papers Taxes: Theory ad Practice. Kauas: Techology.

13 gered Cotracts. The Joural of Political Ecoomy ysis. Jahrbucher fur Natioalekoomie ud Statistik Kowledge-based Ecoomies: Models ad Methods. Frakfurt: Iteratioaler Ver- Satrauka - - miems pasikeitimams Tyrimo tikslas gecijos lygio ES šalyse vertiimas pajamos. stipresis ei Estijoje. - tempams. - -

14 - omiiai rodikliai. The article has bee reviewed.