ECON 141: Macroeconomics Ch 5: Money and Banking Mohammed Alwosabi
|
|
- Alice Clark
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapter 5 MONEY, BANKING, AND MONETARY POLICY 1 WHAT IS MONEY Money is anything that is generally accepted as a measure of payment and settling of debt. Money is a stock concept. It is a certain amount at a given point in time. Money is distinct from wealth or income. Wealth of a person (or nation) is the value of assets owned minus the value of liabilities owed at a point in time. Income refers to the flow of earnings per unit of time 2 FUNCTIONS OF MONEY Money has three main functions: (1) medium of exchange, (2) unit of account, and (3) store of value. Of these three functions, its function as a medium of exchange is what distinguishes money from other assets such as stocks, bonds, and houses. (1)Medium of Exchange: Money is used as a medium of exchange in the form of currency or checks. It is used to pay for goods and services. For example, When you buy a meal for lunch you are using money as a medium of exchange The use of money as a medium of exchange promotes economic efficiency by minimizing the time spent in exchanging goods and services, which is called transaction cost. 3 4 Without money as medium of exchange, goods and services must be exchanged directly for other goods and services. This is called barter. Barter requires a double coincidence of wants, in which you have to find someone who not only has a good or service you want but also wants the good or service you have to offer. For example if you have CDs and you want to get orange juice, you must find someone who has orange juice and is looking for CDs. 5 It is very difficult to find another individual who has what you want, and wants what you have. With the invention of money, you no longer need to find another individual who has what you want, and wants what you have. All you need to do is to find someone who has what you want, and you buy it from him/her with "money". Hence, the problem of double coincidence of wants is avoided. Money reduces the high search costs that are characteristic of barter exchanges. 6 1
2 The use of money as a medium of exchange also promotes economic efficiency by allowing people to specialize in what they do best. Specialization increases productivity. 7 (2) Unit of Account Unit of Account refers to the use of money to measure value in the economy, i.e., to quote prices of goods and services. The unit of account in Bahrain is Bahraini Dinar. People quote prices in Dinar. A seller tells you the price of TV is BD300 not 30 shirts (even though they may amount to the same thing). A BD10000 price tag on a new car is an example of money as a unit of account. 8 (3) Store of Value A store of value is any good or asset that people can store while it maintains its value or most of its value. The function of money as a store of value refers to the use of money to save purchasing power from the time income received until the time it is spent. This function facilitates the exchange of goods and services over time. Money is not unique as a store of value. There are many other assets can be used as a store of value such as stocks, bonds, real estate, collectibles, arts, etc. In fact many such assets have advantages over money as a store of value. They earn a return while money (as cash) does not earn a return However, money is the most liquid of all assets because it is the medium of exchange; it does not need to be converted into anything else to make purchase. Other assets involve transaction costs when they are converted into money. The problem of money as a store of values is that it loses value during inflation. 11 TYPES OF MONEY: Money consists of 1.Currency: The paper notes and coins that people use in a country. They are money because government declares them so. (legal tender) 2.Deposits at banks and other depository institutions are also money. Deposits are money because they can be converted into currency and because they are used to settle debts. Currently, deposits are the largest 12 proportion of money. 2
3 Are Checks money? The answer is no. The check is only a way to instruct your bank to transfer money from your account to another person s account. However, deposit accounts are money Is credit card considered money? No. It is not. It does not make a final payment and the debt it created must eventually be settled by using money. Credit card is just an ID card that lets you take out a loan at 13 the moment you buy something. MEASURES OF MONEY: Economists and governments have a broader measure of what money is than cash. There are two main official measures of money. They go from most liquid asset to the least liquid id asset. Liquidity idi is the ease with which an asset can be converted into cash with little loss in value. 14 M1 The narrowest measure of money is M1, which includes assets that can be used directly as a medium of exchange. M1 = Currency outside banks +Traveler s Checks + Demand deposits + Other checkable deposits Note that the currency component of M1 includes only paper money and coins in the hands of the non-bank public (in circulation) and does not include cash that is held in ATMs or banks vaults. The traveler s checks component of M1 includes only traveler s checks not issued by banks. 15 The demand deposits component includes business checking accounts that do not pay interest as well as traveler s checks issued by banks. The other checkable deposits item includes all other checkable deposits, particularly checking accounts held by households that pay interest, such as NOW (negotiated order of withdrawal) and ATS (automatic transfer from savings). M1 is considered by the central bank perfectly liquid assets, i.e. pure medium of exchange. 16 M2 M2 is a broader measure of money than M1. It includes items that are contained in M1 and a few other items. M2 = M1 + savings deposits and + small denomination time deposits + Money market deposit accounts and money market mutual fund shares. Saving deposits are non-transactions deposits that can be added to or taken out at any time. Small denomination time deposits are certificates of deposit (CDs) with a denomination of less than $ , that can only be redeemed at a fixed maturity date without a penalty. Money market deposit accounts (i.e. interest bearing accounts) are short term accounts that pay interest and allow limited withdrawals. They are similar to money market mutual funds, but are issued by banks
4 Money market mutual fund shares are retail accounts on which households can write checks. Money market mutual funds are interest-bearing shares in pools of funds accumulated by investment companies. The funds are invested in short-term term securities. The components of M2 (other than M1) are considered as the assets that emphasize the function of money as a store of value. However, they can also be used as medium of exchange (with some delay). 19 There is another measurement of money which is M3. M3 is the broadest measure for money, includes some of the longer-term money market instruments. The components of M3 (other than M2) are assets of mostly large businesses and institutions. They are very non-liquid assets, and hence not used as medium of exchange. 20 A country has $3000 million as currency outside banks, $9000 as checking deposits, and $5000 as saving and time deposits. Calculate M1 and M2 M1 = =$12000 million M2 = = $17000 million In an economy there is $100 in currency held outside banks, $50 million in traveler s checks, $ million in currency held inside the banks, $150 million in checking deposits, $300 million in savings deposits, and $400 million in time deposits. The value of M1 is $300 and M2 equals to $ Suppose you have $2000 in your checking account and $5000 in your saving account. You transferred some money from saving to checking account. What is the impact on M1 and M2? M1 will increase but M2 will stay the same COMMERCIAL BANKS A depository institution is a firm that accepts deposits and makes loans. They minimize the cost of obtaining funds, create liquidity and pool risks. A commercial bank is a firm that is licensed by government to receive deposits and make loans. The commercial bank is a financial intermediary that stands between lenders and borrowers
5 Banks earn profits by lending the money that people deposit to the borrowers at higher interest rates than the interest rates the bank pays to the depositors. The balance sheet of a commercial bank is a summary of its business that lists its assets, and liabilities. Assets are what the bank owns. Assets include reserves and loans Liabilities are what the bank owes (debts and obligations to the public). Liabilities include deposits and net worth. 25 Net worth is the value of the bank to its stockholders. (Net Worth = Assets Liabilities) Your deposit at your bank is a liability to the bank and asset to you because the bank must pay your deposit whenever you decide to take your money out of the bank. The objective of a commercial bank is to maximize the net worth of its stockholders. 26 Reserves Actual Reserves consist of : 1.Cash in the bank s vault (notes and coins) to meet the bank s depositors demand for currency and to make payments to other banks. 2.Deposits required by the Central Bank: This part of the reserves kept at the central bank is also used to receive and make payments to other banks The fraction of a bank s total deposits that are held in reserves is called reserve ratio (RR=R/D), where R: reserves and D: deposits. The reserve ratio changes when a bank s customers make deposits or withdrawals. Making a deposit increases the reserve ratio, and making a withdrawal decrease the reserve ratio Banks are required to hold a level of reserves that does not fall below a specified percentage of total deposits. This percentage is the required reserve ratio. The required reserves ratio (RRR) is the ratio of reserves to deposits that banks are required to hold by regulations. RRR = RR / D Note that if RRR decreases, banks will be able to give more loans 29 Also note that the actual reserves are the reserves that banks actually keep which could be more or equal to the required reserves. If there is a difference between the actual reserves and the required reserves, this difference is called the excess reserves. Excess reserve = Actual reserve - Required reserve Whenever banks have excess reserves, they are able to create money and lend out additional fund. 30 5
6 Loans to business and individuals: A loan is a commitment of a fixed amount of money for agreed upon period of time. : Suppose a bank has the following balance sheet (in millions of dollars) Assets Liabilities Reserves 150 Deposits 500 Loans 350 Total 500 Total Suppose the required reserve ratio (RRR) is 10 %, then Actual reserves (AR) = 150 Required reserves (RR) = (RRR) (Deposits) = (0.10) (500) = 50 ER= AR RR = = 100 Since loans are the main source of profit for the bank, the bank in the current situation is not maximizing profit. The bank can provide more loans that equal to $100 million (the excess reserves) and thus increase its profit. 32 The new balance sheet shows a profit- maximizing balance sheet, after keeping only the required reserve. Assets Liabilities Reserves 50 Deposits 500 Loans 450 Total 500 Total : Assets Liabilities Reserves 100 Deposits 800 Loans 700 Total 800 Total 800 Suppose a customer deposits a $50 of currency into his current account. If the RRR is 7% the immediate excess reserve is equal to $ This excess reserve will be loaned to some borrowers. 34 How Banks Create Money Banks create deposits by making loans. The amount of deposits banks can create is limited by their reserves. To understand how banks create money we make the following assumptions 1. Banks are able to make as much loans as they want to 2. Banks always keeps reserves equal to required reserves to maximize profits People take loans and deposit these loans back to their banks 4. If M1 = C + D, where C = currency outside banks and D = checking deposits, then M1 = C C + D Suppose $100 million is taken from currency outside the banking system and deposited to the banks C C = 100 (and D D = 100). The first immediate effect is the increase in deposit by $100 and the increase in the actual reserve by $
7 However, since banks keep only the required reserve, from this extra $100 million deposit only 10% (equal to $10 million) must go to reserves. The remaining $90 million is considered excess reserves that can be loaned. Thus, the initial increase in loans is $90 million. 37 But the story does not end here. This new $90 million loans will be deposited back in the banking system and 10% of it which is $9 million will be added to the required reserves. The remaining $81 million will be the new excess reserves that can be loaned to public. This new $81 million loans will be deposited back in the banking system and 10% of it will be added to the required reserves. The remaining amount will be the new excess reserves that can be loaned to public. This process will continue until there are 38 no more extra loans that can be given. To calculate the total increase in deposits, reserves, loans and thus the money we use the money multiplier. Money multiplier = m = 1 / RRR = 1/ = 10 If D is the initial deposit, R is the initial reserves, and L is the initial loan then Total increase in Deposits = D x m = 100 x 10 =1000 Total increase in Reserves = R x m = 10 x 10 = 100 Total increase in Loans = L x m 90 x 10 = The change in quantity of money = change in currency + the final change in deposits. M1 = C + D = = 900 Note the change in quantity of money is equal to the total change in loans. Quantity of money increases by $900 million as a result of the total increase in loans by that amount. The banks can increase their loans as deposits increase 40 THE CENTRAL BANK AND THE MONETARY POLICY The central bank of any country is a government authority in charge of regulating the country s financial institutions and controlling the quantity of money. The central bank is the bank of the banks and the bank of government. It does not provide general banking services to individual citizens and business firms. There is only one central bank for each 41 country. The central bank s goals are to keep 1. low rate of inflation, 2. maintain full employment, and 3. contribute toward achieving long-term economic growth. To help achieving these goals the central bank conducts the country s monetary policy through adjustments of the quantity of money in circulation and the interest rates. The central bank uses three main tools to conduct the monetary policy: required reserve ratios discount rate and open 42 7
8 The central bank uses three main tools to conduct the monetary policy: required reserve ratios, discount rate, and open market operations Required Reserve Ratio All depository institutions i i in the country are required to hold a minimum percentage of deposits as reserves. This minimum percentage is known as a required reserve ratio. To reduce inflation, the central bank conducts a contractionary monetary policy using the required reserve ratio. It requires depository institutions to hold more reserves which results in increasing the reserves and thus reducing the amount they are able to lend Loans decrease money supply (quantity of money) decreases AD decreases AD curve shifts leftward To reduce unemployment, the central bank conducts an expansionary monetary policy using the required reserve ratio. Required reserves decrease loans increase Ms (Qm) increase AD increase AD curve shifts rightward. Discount Rate The discount rate is the interest rate the central bank charges the commercial banks and other depository institutions when they borrow reserves from it. To reduce inflation, the central bank conducts a contractionary monetary policy using the discount rate It increases the discount rate higher cost of borrowing reserves banks borrow less reserves from central bank but with a given required reserves banks decrease their lending to decrease their borrowed reserves Loans decrease money supply (quantity of money) decreases AD decreases AD curve shifts leftward. To reduce unemployment, the central bank conducts an expansionary monetary policy using the discount rate. It decreases the discount rate lower cost of borrowing reserves banks borrow more reserves from central bank banks increase their lending Loans increase money supply (Qm) increases AD increases AD curve shifts rightward
9 Open Market Operations (OMO) An open market operation is the purchase or sale of government securities by the central bank in the open market. To reduce inflation, the central bank conducts a contractionary monetary policy using the open market operation. Central bank sells government securities people pay money to buy government securities from the central bank banks deposit decreases banks reserves decrease Loans decrease money supply (Ms) decreases AD decreases AD curve shifts leftward. 49 To reduce unemployment, the central bank conducts an expansionary monetary policy using the open market operation. Central bank buys government securities people receive money from the central bank banks deposit increases banks reserves increase Loans increase money supply (Ms) increases AD increases AD curve shifts rightward. 50 In conclusion, To increase commercial bank lending the central bank can lower the required reserve ratio, lower the discount rate, or buy government securities. To decrease commercial bank lending the central lb bank can raise the required reserve ratio, raise the discount rate, or sell government securities
WHAT IS MONEY? Chapter 3. ECON248: Money and Banking Ch.3: What is Money? Dr. Mohammed Alwosabi
Chapter 3 WHAT IS MONEY? MEANING OF MONEY In ordinary conversation, we commonly use the word money to mean income ("he makes a lot of money") or wealth ("she has a lot of money"). Money ( or money supply)
More informationCHAPTER 10: MONEY, BANKS AND THE FEDERAL RESERVE
CHAPTER 10: MONEY, BANKS AND THE FEDERAL RESERVE Learning Goals To know what is money To know how banks create money To know the structure of the Federal Reserve System To know how the Fed controls the
More informationMONEY, THE PRICE LEVEL, AND INFLATION
25 MONEY, THE PRICE LEVEL, AND INFLATION What is Money? Money is any commodity or token that is generally acceptable as a means of payment. A means of payment is a method of settling a debt. Money has
More informationthe Federal Reserve System
CHAPTER 14 Money, Banks, and the Federal Reserve System Chapter Summary and Learning Objectives 14.1 What Is Money, and Why Do We Need It? (pages 456 459) Define money and discuss the four functions of
More informationthe Federal Reserve System
CHAPTER 13 Money, Banks, and the Federal Reserve System Chapter Summary and Learning Objectives 13.1 What Is Money, and Why Do We Need It? (pages 422 425) Define money and discuss its four functions. A
More information2010 Pearson Addison Wesley CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 1 Money has taken many forms. What is money today? What happens when the bank lends the money we re deposited to someone else? How does the Fed influence the quantity of money? What happens when
More informationMONEY, BANKS, AND THE FEDERAL RESERVE*
Chapter 10 MONEY, BANKS, AND THE FEDERAL RESERVE* What Is Money? Topic: What Is Money? * 1) The functions of money are A) medium of exchange and the ability to buy goods and services. B) medium of exchange,
More information12/03/2012. What is Money?
Money has taken many forms. What is money today? What happens when the bank lends the money we re deposited to someone else? How does the Bank of Canada influence the quantity of money? What happens when
More informationECO 100Y INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMICS
Prof. Gustavo Indart Department of Economics University of Toronto ECO 100Y INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMICS Lecture 15. MONEY, BANKING, AND PRICES 15.1 WHAT IS MONEY? 15.1.1 Classical and Modern Views For the
More informationHow does the government stabilize the economy?
How does the government stabilize the economy? The government has two different tool boxes it can use: 1. Fiscal Policy- Actions by Congress and the president to adjust to the G in aggregate demand. 2.
More informationIntroduction. Learning Objectives. Chapter 16. Money Creation, the Demand for Money, and Monetary Policy
Chapter 16 Money Creation, the Demand for Money, and Monetary Policy Introduction Commercial banks constitute more than 85% of all depository institutions. Commercial banks also issue more than 90% of
More informationMONEY. Economics Unit 4 Macroeconomics Just the Facts Handout
MONEY Economics Unit 4 Macroeconomics Just the Facts Handout Barter Economy A barter economy is an economy with no money. The only way you can get what you want in a barter economy is to trade something
More informationSection 5 - The Financial Sector
Section 5 - The Financial Sector Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following assets is the MOST liquid? A. checkable bank deposits
More informationMultiple Deposit Creation. the Money Supply Process. ECON248: Money and Banking Ch 8 Dr. Mohammed Alwosabi. CHAPTER 8 (Ch.
CHAPTER 8 (Ch. 13 in the Text) Multiple Deposit Creation and the Money Supply Process Dr. Mohammed Alwosabi 1 Money Supply (MS) Process Money supply (MS) process refers to the mechanism that determines
More informationThe Monetary System P R I N C I P L E S O F. N. Gregory Mankiw. What Money Is and Why It s Important
C H A P T E R 29 The Monetary System P R I N C I P L E S O F Economics N. Gregory Mankiw What Money Is and Why It s Important Without money, trade would require barter, the exchange of one good or service
More informationEcon 202 Homework 5 Monetary Policy - 25 Points
1. Money serves all following economic functions EXCEPT: a. a source of economic wealth. b. a method of exchange. c. a standard of value. d. a store of value. 2. The term liquidity refers to a. the ability
More informationMoney is anything that is generally accepted as a means of payment. Money eliminates the need for a double coincidence of wants.
EC 201 Lecture Notes 6 Page 1 of 1 ECON 201 - Macroeconomics Lecture Notes 6 Metropolitan State University Allen Bellas BB Chapter 11 Money and Banking Money is a tremendously important invention for the
More informationLecture 6. The Monetary System Prof. Samuel Moon Jung 1
Lecture 6. The Monetary System Prof. Samuel Moon Jung 1 Main concepts: The meaning of money, the Federal Reserve System, banks and money supply, the Fed s tools of monetary control Introduction In the
More informationMONEY, THE PRICE LEVEL, AND INFLATION
24 MONEY, THE PRICE LEVEL, AND INFLATION After studying this chapter, you will be able to: Define money and describe its functions Explain the economic functions of banks Describe the structure and functions
More informationMoney, Banks and the Federal Reserve
Money, Banks and the Federal Reserve By The Great Gamecock 2009 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Essentials of Economics Hubbard/O Brien, 2e. 1 of 43 2009 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Essentials
More informationChapter 14: Money, Banks, and the Federal Reserve System
Chapter 14: Money, Banks, and the Federal Reserve System Yulei Luo SEF of HKU March 28, 2016 Learning Objectives 1. De ne money and discuss its four functions. 2. Discuss the de nitions of the money supply.
More informationChapter Seventeen. Understand 10/24/2017. The Central Bank Balance Sheet and the Money Supply Process Chapter 17
Chapter Seventeen The Central Bank Balance Sheet and the Money Supply Process Chapter 17 Understand 1. The central bank s balance sheet. 2. Changing the size and the mix of the balance sheet. 3. The deposit
More informationParkin/Bade, Economics: Canada in the Global Environment, 8e
Chapter 24 Money, the Price Level, and Inflation 24.1 What Is Money? 1) Money is A) equivalent to barter. B) currency plus credit cards plus debit cards. C) the same as gold. D) a means of payment. E)
More informationChapter8 3/5/2018. MONEY, THE PRICE LEVEL, AND INFLATION Part 1. In this chapter: Define money and its functions
Chapter8 MONEY, THE PRICE LEVEL, AND INFLATION Part 1 https://www.yahoo.com/finance/news/feds-williams- youre-living-in-an-almost-goldilocks-economy- 191512496.html In this chapter: Define money and its
More informationMoney and banking (First part) Macroeconomics Money and banking Money and its functions Different money types Modern banking Money creation
Money and banking (First part) Macroeconomics Money and banking Money and its functions Different money types Modern banking Money creation 1 What is money? It is a symbol of success, a source of crime,
More informationThe Monetary System. Economics CHAPTER. N. Gregory Mankiw. Principles of. Seventh Edition. Wojciech Gerson ( )
Wojciech Gerson (1831-1901) Seventh Edition Principles of Economics N. Gregory Mankiw CHAPTER 29 The Monetary System In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions What assets are considered
More informationThe Monetary System CHAPTER. Goals. Outcomes
CHAPTER 29 The Monetary System Goals in this chapter you will Consider what money is and what functions money has in the economy Learn what the Federal Reserve System is Examine how the banking system
More informationFor instance, some societies used cows as money 1 cow = 2 goats 1 cow = 5 blankets 1 cow = 3 chairs 1 cow = 50 loafs of bread
Money History of Money Barter economy: Goods were exchanged directly for other goods, so there was no money in the economy. It was very difficult to have a lot of exchange going on because of the requirement
More information5. What is the Savings-Investment Spending Identity? Savings = Investment Spending for the economy as a whole
Unit 4 Test Review KEY Savings, Investment and the Financial System 1. What is a financial intermediary? Explain how each of the following fulfills that role: Financial Intermediary: Transforms funds into
More informationThe Monetary System. In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions: What Money Is, and Why It s Important
16 The Monetary System P R I N C I P L E S O F MACROECONOMICS FOURTH EDITION N. GREGORY MANKIW Premium PowerPoint Slides by Ron Cronovich 2008 update 2008 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning, all
More information10/30/2018. Chapter 17. The Money Supply Process. Preview. Learning Objectives
Chapter 17 The Money Supply Process Preview This chapter provides an overview of how the banking system create and describes the basic principles of the money supply creation process Learning Objectives
More informationPractice Test 1: Multiple Choice
Practice Test 1: Multiple Choice 1. If aggregate planned expenditure exceeds real GDP A. actual inventories decrease below their target. B. firms are not maximizing their profits. C. planned consumption
More informationCH Lecture. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Colander, Economics 1-1
CH 30+31 Lecture McGraw-Hill/Irwin Colander, Economics 1-1 Money 2 The Definition and Functions of Money Money is anything that is generally accepted as payment for goods or services Money is a highly
More informationECO 2013: Macroeconomics Valencia Community College
ECO 2013: Macroeconomics Valencia Community College Final Exam Fall 2008 1. Fiscal policy is carried out primarily by: A. the Federal government. B. state and local governments working together. C. state
More informationMacroeconomics CHAPTER 13. Money, Banking, and the Federal Reserve System
Macroeconomics CHAPTER 13 Money, Banking, and the Federal Reserve System What you will learn in this chapter: The various roles money plays and the many forms it takes in the economy. How the actions of
More informationEconomics of Money, Banking, and Fin. Markets, 10e (Mishkin) Chapter 3 What Is Money? 3.1 Meaning of Money
Economics of Money, Banking, and Fin. Markets, 10e (Mishkin) Chapter 3 What Is Money? 3.1 Meaning of Money 1) To an economist, is anything that is generally accepted in payment for goods and services or
More informationMoney, Central Banks and Monetary Policy
Money, Central Banks and Monetary Policy With money in your pocket, you re wiser, you re more handsome and you sing better, too 1of 29 The Meaning of the Money (I) What s money? Money is any asset that
More informationIntroduction. Learning Objectives. Learning Objectives. Chapter 15. Money, Banking, and Central Banking. Define the fundamental functions of money
Chapter 15 Money, Banking, and Central Banking Introduction About 20 billion new U.S. coins will be put into circulation this year, and new paper currency will be printed as well. These new coins and currency
More informationReview Material for Exam I
Class Materials from January-March 2014 Review Material for Exam I Econ 331 Spring 2014 Bernardo Topics Included in Exam I Money and the Financial System Money Supply and Monetary Policy Credit Market
More informationUnemployment that occurs at the natural rate of output is called:
ECON 1A Macroeconomics Lecture Notes: Chapter 11 - Aggregate Supply Aggregate Supply in the Short Run AS - relationship between the economy s price level and Assuming: Technology is fixed. Labor & AS:
More informationDisclaimer: This resource package is for studying purposes only EDUCATION
Disclaimer: This resource package is for studying purposes only EDUCATION Econ 102 Care Package Chapter 23 - Financial Institutions and Financial Markets Financial institutions and markets provide the
More informationGoals understand what money is understand money creation and the multiple expansion process
375 Chapter 26 MONEY Key Topics what is money fractional reserves the creation of money the money multiplier Goals understand what money is understand money creation and the multiple expansion process
More informationMacroeconomics. The Monetary System. In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions: N. Gregory Mankiw. What Money Is and Why It s Important
C H A P T E R 11 The Monetary System B R I E F P R I N C I P L E S O F Macroeconomics N. Gregory Mankiw Premium PowerPoint Slides by Ron Cronovich 2010 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning, all rights
More information3. Financial Markets, the Demand for Money and Interest Rates
Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University 3. Financial Markets, the Demand for Money and Interest Rates E212 Macroeconomics Prof. George Alogoskoufis Financial Markets, the Demand for Money
More informationFISCAL POLICY. Objectives. Government Budgets. Balancing Acts on Parliament Hill. Government Budgets. Government Budgets CHAPTER
FISCAL POLICY 24 CHAPTER Objectives After studying this chapter, you will able to Describe how federal and provincial budgets are created Describe the recent history of federal and provincial expenditures,
More informationHow Does the Banking System Work? (EA)
How Does the Banking System Work? (EA) What do you notice when you enter a bank? Perhaps you pass an automated teller machine in the lobby. ATMs can dispense cash, accept deposits, and make transfers from
More informationAND INVESTMENT * Chapt er. Key Concepts
Chapt er 7 FINANCE, SAVING, AND INVESTMENT * Key Concepts Financial Institutions and Financial Markets Finance and money are different: Finance refers to raising the funds used for investment in physical
More informationMoney, Banking, and the Financial System CHAPTER
Money, Banking, and the Financial System 12 CHAPTER Money: What Is It and How Did It Come to Be? Money: A Definition To the layperson, the words income, credit, and wealth are synonyms for money. In each
More information$300 billion $900 billion $20 billion $500 billion $200 billion $90 billion $0
1. When an asset is general! y accepted as a means of payment for goods and services: a. it must be backed by a specific commodity, such as gold or silver. b. it is also one of the best stores of wealth.
More informationECONOMICS. Part V: Money Monetary Equation of Exhange Creation of banking. What does it mean to me? READ Mankiw, Chapter 29, 30, Morton Unit 4
ECONOMICS What does it mean to me? Part V: Money Monetary Equation of Exhange Creation of banking READ Mankiw, Chapter 29, 30, Morton Unit 4 In any society, money is the asset, commodity or token, that
More informationThe Monetary System. Sherif Khalifa. Sherif Khalifa () The Monetary System 1 / 32
The Monetary System Sherif Khalifa Sherif Khalifa () The Monetary System 1 / 32 Money is the set of assets in an economy that people use to buy goods and services. Money is the stock of assets that can
More informationMoney and the Monetary System
Money and the Monetary System WHAT IS MONEY? Definition of Money Money Any commodity or token that is generally accepted as a means of payment. Any Commodity or Token Something that can be recognized Divided
More informationThe Monetary System. Sherif Khalifa. Sherif Khalifa () The Monetary System 1 / 33
The Monetary System Sherif Khalifa Sherif Khalifa () The Monetary System 1 / 33 Money is the set of assets in an economy that people use to buy goods and services from other people. Money is the stock
More informationInternational Money and Banking: 2. Banks and Financial Intermediation
International Money and Banking: 2. Banks and Financial Intermediation Karl Whelan School of Economics, UCD Spring 2018 Karl Whelan (UCD) Banks and Financial Intermediation Spring 2018 1 / 15 Banks While
More informationMacro Money and Banking Essentials WCC
Macro Money and Banking Essentials WCC Barter - a system of exchange in which people directly exchange one good for another without any intermediate step Barter relies on the double coincidence of wants
More informationChapter 2 Money and the Payments System
Chapter 2 Money and the Payments System Overview Students generally find a discussion of the definition and measurement of money to be very useful. The chapter carefully describes the fundamental role
More informationThis is Interest Rate Determination, chapter 18 from the book Policy and Theory of International Economics (index.html) (v. 1.0).
This is Interest Rate Determination, chapter 18 from the book Policy and Theory of International Economics (index.html) (v. 1.0). This book is licensed under a Creative Commons by-nc-sa 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/
More informationIntroduction. Learning Objectives. Chapter 16. Money Creation, the Demand for Money, and Monetary Policy
Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 16 Money Creation, the Demand for Money, and Monetary Policy All rights reserved. Introduction Prior to October 2008, U.S. banks typically held about $2
More informationSan Francisco State University ECON 302. Money
San Francisco State University ECON 302 What is Money? Money Michael Bar We de ne money as the medium of echange in the economy, i.e. a commodity or nancial asset that is generally acceptable in echange
More informationChapter 2 Money and the Monetary System
Chapter 2 Money and the Monetary System Chapter Two: Money and the Monetary System CHAPTER PREVIEW The monetary system plays an important role in the operation and development of the financial and economic
More informationThe Banking System -There are three types of institutions in Canada: -Depository institutions -The Bank of Canada -The payments systems
What is Money? -A means of payment is a method of settling a debt -Money serves three other functions: -Medium of exchange -Unit of account -Store of Value Medium of Exchange -A medium of exchange is any
More informationMacroeconomics LESSON 4 ACTIVITY 38
Macroeconomics LESSON 4 ACTIVITY 38 The Federal Reserve: The Mechanics of Monetary Policy To manage the money supply, the Federal Reserve uses the tools of monetary policy to influence the quantity of
More informationIntroduction to Agricultural Economics Agricultural Economics 105 Spring 2015 Third Exam Version 1
Introduction to Agricultural Economics Agricultural Economics 105 Spring 2015 Third Exam Version 1 Name Section There is only ONE best, correct answer per question. Place your answer on the attached sheet.
More informationMoney, Banking and the Federal Reserve
Money, Banking and the Federal Reserve What Is Money? Money is any asset that can easily be used to purchase goods and services. Fiat money : Money, such as paper currency, that is authorized by a central
More information3. What is Money? Copyright 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-1
3. What is Money? Copyright 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-1 Meaning of Money Money (money supply) anything that is generally accepted in payment for goods or services or in the repayment
More informationChapter 13: Macro Economy
Economics for Managers by Paul Farnham Chapter 13: The Role of Money in the Macro Economy 13.1 Money and the U. S. Financial i System Money: financial assets that can easily be used to make market transactions
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Exam Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Suppose government has a budget deficit of $500 billion. If there is no Ricardo-Barro
More informationECON 3010 Intermediate Macroeconomics. Chapter 4 The Monetary System: What It Is and How It Works
ECON 3010 Intermediate Macroeconomics Chapter 4 The Monetary System: What It Is and How It Works Money: Definition Money is the stock of assets that can be readily used to make transactions. Money: Functions
More informationThe Central Bank s Balance Sheet
The Central Bank Balance Sheet, the Money Supply Process, and the Money Multiplier McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Central Bank s Balance Sheet
More informationMoney. What is money? What are the three uses of money? What are the six characteristics of money? What are the sources of money s value?
Money What is money? What are the three uses of money? What are the six characteristics of money? What are the sources of money s value? What Is Money? Money is anything that serves as a medium of exchange,
More informationTHE MEANING OF MONEY. Chapter 29. The Monetary System
Chapter 29. The Monetary System THE MEANING OF MONEY Money is the set of assets in an economy that people regularly use to buy goods and services from other people. slide 0 slide 1 The Functions of Money
More information7. Refer to the above graph. It depicts an economy in the: A. Immediate short run B. Short run C. Immediate long run D. Long run
CHAPTER 29 1. When the price level decreases: A. The demand for money falls and the interest rate falls B. Holders of financial assets with fixed money values decrease their spending C. Holders of financial
More informationEastern Mediterranean University Faculty of Business and Economics Department of Economics Spring Semester
Eastern Mediterranean University Faculty of Business and Economics Department of Economics 2015-16 Spring Semester Duration: 90 minutes ECON102 - Introduction to Economics II Final Exam Type A 2 June 2016
More informationMonetary Policy Tools 16.3
Monetary Policy Tools 16.3 What is the process of money creation? What three tools does the Federal Reserve use to change the money supply? Why are some tools of monetary policy favored over others? Money
More informationMoney. What is Money? 3 Uses of Money #1 Medium of Exchange #2 Unit of Account. #3 Store of Value. 6 Characteristics of. Money.
What is Money? Suppose a generous relative gave you a gift of $1000 for your high school graduation. In a short paragraph outline what you would do with the money and the reason behind your decision. Can
More informationObjectives of Macroeconomics ECO403
Objectives of Macroeconomics ECO403 http//vustudents.ning.com Actual budget The amount spent by the Federal government (to purchase goods and services and for transfer payments) less the amount of tax
More informationThe Monetary System: What It Is and How It Works
4 The Monetary System: What It Is and How It Works CHAPTER 5 Inflation Modified by Ming Yi 2016 Worth Publishers, all rights reserved 3 IN THIS CHAPTER, YOU WILL LEARN: The definition, functions, and types
More informationMoney. Money is anything that serves as a medium of exchange, a unit of account, and a store of value.
Money & Banking Money Pre-Test 1. Where does money come from? 2. What does the Federal Reserve do? 3. Is the Federal Reserve owned by the government? 4. What percentage do banks have to hold onto for reserve
More informationMotives for holding money
Money Financial asset that pays a relatively low return -- why do people hold it? Fractional reserve banking -- the money creation process. Banking panics and bank runs. Motives for holding money Medium
More informationEQ: What is Monetary Policy? EQ: What is the Money Supply? EQ: What is a Required Reserve? EQ: What is a Required Reserve?
EQ: What is Monetary Policy? Monetary Policy is the branch of economic policy which: Attempts to achieve economic goals: Economic growth Full employment Price level stability Through manipulation of the
More informationINTI COLLEGE MALAYSIA FOUNDATION IN BUSINESS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMME (CFP) ECO 106 : ECONOMICS 2 FINAL EXAMINATION : JANUARY 2006
O 106 (F) / Page 1 of 11 INTI OLLG MLYSI FOUNTION IN USINSS INFORMTION THNOLOGY PROGRMM (FP) O 106 : ONOMIS 2 FINL XMINTION : JNURY 2006 STION Instructions: This section consists of FORTY (40) questions.
More informationMacroeconomics CHAPTER 13
Macroeconomics CHAPTER 13 Money, Banking, and the Federal Reserve System PowerPoint Slides by Can Erbil 2006 Worth Publishers, all rights reserved What you will learn in this chapter: The various roles
More informationThe Money Supply Process Hubbard, Chap Understand the roles of the Fed, banks, and households in the money supply process.
The Money Supply Process Hubbard, Chap 17. Key Points 1. Understand the roles of the Fed, banks, and households in the money supply process. 2. Definition of the monetary base. 3. U.S. banking system is
More informationThe Financial Market
The Financial Market Introduction to Macroeconomics WS 2011 October 28 th, 2011 Introduction to Macroeconomics (WS 2011) The Financial Market October 28 th, 2011 1 / 22 Recapitulation of last Lecture Last
More informationMankiw Chapter 16 The Monetary System quiz review questions
Mankiw Chapter 16 The Monetary System quiz review questions 1. Money a. is more efficient than barter. b. makes trades easier. c. allows greater specialization. 2. The existence of money leads to a. greater
More informationChapter 10: Money and Banking Section 1
Chapter 10: Money and Banking Section 1 Key Terms money: anything that serves as a medium of exchange, a unit of account, and a store of value medium of exchange: anything that is used to determine value
More informationwith the support of Everyday Banking An easy read guide March 2018
with the support of Everyday Banking An easy read guide March 2018 Who is this guide for? This guide has been designed to help anyone who might need more information about everyday banking. We will cover
More informationChapter 15. Multiple Deposit Creation and the Money Supply Process
Chapter 15 Multiple Deposit Creation and the Money Supply Process Players in the Money Supply Process Central bank - the government agency that oversees the banking system and is responsible for the conduct
More informationMacro Lecture 6: The Banking System and the Money Market
Macro Lecture 6: The Banking System and the Money Market The Money Market and the Nominal Interest Rate Preview To illustrate the money market, we place the nominal interest rate (i) on the vertical axis
More informationThe Money Market. A.P. Economics Unit 4: Financial Sector. Ms. Trimels
The Money Market A.P. Economics Unit 4: Financial Sector Ms. Trimels The Money Supply (Sm) A nation s money supply: the amount of money available to households and firms at any particular time. It measures
More informationWhat Makes Money..Money? (HA)
What Makes Money..Money? (HA) Kyle MacDonald managed to get the house he wanted using barter. To do this, he relied on a coincidence of wants. People wanted what he had, and he wanted what they had. MacDonald
More informationLesson 12 The Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand
Lesson 12 The Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand Henan University of Technology Sino-British College Transfer Abroad Undergraduate Programme 0 In this lesson, look for the answers
More informationIntroduction. Learning Objectives. Chapter 15. Money, Banking, and Central Banking
Chapter 15 Money, Banking, and Central Banking Introduction Bear Stearns, Goldman Sachs, Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch, and Morgan Stanley have been big names on Wall Street for years. Known as investment
More informationECON 3303 Money and Banking Final Exam. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
ECON 3303 Money and Banking Final Exam Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) If Treasury deposits at the Fed are predicted to fall,
More informationDEMAND FOR MONEY. Ch. 9 (Ch.19 in the text) ECON248: Money and Banking Ch.9 Dr. Mohammed Alwosabi
Ch. 9 (Ch.19 in the text) DEMAND FOR MONEY Individuals allocate their wealth between different kinds of assets such as a building, income earning securities, a checking account, and cash. Money is what
More informationEconomics Glossary of Terms
Economics Glossary of Terms (for use with the crossword puzzle) asset anything of value owned by an individual or a corporation (i.e. cash, buildings, machinery, land, raw materials, etc.) balance of payments
More informationMacroeconomics Sixth Edition
N. Gregory Mankiw Principles of Macroeconomics Sixth Edition 16 The Monetary System Premium PowerPoint Slides by Ron Cronovich In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions: What assets are
More informationMoney, Banking and the Federal Reserve System. Chapter 10
Money, Banking and the Federal Reserve System Chapter 10 Changes for the last few weeks For the next two weeks we will be doing about a chapter a day so we need to pick up the pace a little bit. You will
More informationPrinciples of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets, 12e (Ritter / Silber / Udell) Chapter 2 The Role of Money in the Macroeconomy
Principles of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets, 12e (Ritter / Silber / Udell) Chapter 2 The Role of Money in the Macroeconomy 2.1 Introducing Money 1) The most prominent role for money is to serve
More informationTools of Central Bank Policy. Unit 4: Financial Sector A.P. Economics Ms. Trimels
Tools of Central Bank Policy Unit 4: Financial Sector A.P. Economics Ms. Trimels Three tools for monetary policy: 1. Adjusting the RRR 2. Changes in the Discount Rate 3. Open-Bond Market Operations (OMO)
More information