Chapter -V CONCLUSION Importance of human resource for economic development was recognized by modern economists. More and more investment was made for health, education and skill development. This caused for increase in life expectancy at birth, fall in birth rate, death rate, infant mortality rate, fertility rate, increase in literacy rate etc. But human capital formation is not a sufficient condition for economic development even though it is a necessary condition. Human resource is to be utilized for economic development which necessitates productive employment for the people. If not this resource is wasted, because labour is most perishable resource. Human resource in Kerala is of high quality. In the case of economic development Kerala has not advanced much and become a developed economy. This is due to the problem of wastage of precious human resource, the value of which is not recognized by society. The main objective of the present study is to identify the level and pattern of human resource utilization in Kerala in comparison with similar economies and India as a whole. An attempt is also made to estimate the loss in income due to low human resource utilization in Kerala. To know the human resource utilization in Kerala district wise inter-temporal analysis is also done. Whether there exists any regional disparity is also considered. The study is based on data from secondary sources mainly census reports. Work Participation Rate of different categories of people is examined in the case of India and South Indian states. Distance between the highest value and lowest value is examined to know the degree of wastage of that resource. Deviation from the
average value is also considered. In the case of all indices of human resource utilisation Kerala ranks last showing how severe is the problem. 199 In the case of district wise analysis same distance and deviation method is applied. In most of the indices Malappuram district ranks last. To find out the top three districts and bottom three districts for 1991 and 2011 in the case of quality aspect of human resource, utilization of human resource and economic development of the district, each district is ranked for different indices concerned and the sum of the rank is again ranked. Thus according to the Aggregate Composite Rank Order it is find out. MAIN FINDINGS 1. Growth rate of workers has declined in India, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka but it increased in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. 2. Employment to Population ratio shows only around 50% of the working age population is utilized in Kerala, whereas it is above 60% in the case of India and other South Indian States from 1971 onwards. 3. There is no increase in female WPR in Kerala even after attaining high literacy rate, high life expectancy and low fertility. 4. In all indices of work participation Kerala ranks last. The distance between the high index value and the low index value is very high in Kerala. Deviation from the average value is also high.
200 5. WPR of rural females is highest in Andhra Pradesh and lowest in Kerala. Kerala s WPR is 20 in 2011 where as it is around 40 in other south Indian states and 30 in the case of India as a whole. 6. In the case of main worker WPR nine indices are taken into consideration. In five Andhra Pradesh ranks first, Tamil Nadu ranks first in three indices and Karnataka one. In all these cases last rank is for the same state, Kerala. 7. Marginal workers WPR indices give four highest values for Kerala, three for Andhra Pradesh, one each for Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. Kerala ranks first in the case of male WPR in rural area, urban area, total WPR and urban total WPR which indicates the problem of underemployment in Kerala. Andhra Pradesh ranks first in the case of total WPR, female WPR and urban female WPR. So the females in general and urban females in particular are not having enough employment opportunities in Andhra Pradesh. Females in rural area of Karnataka and total rural workers WPR in Tamil Nadu is highest indicating rural people in Tamil Nadu and females particularly in Karnataka requires additional employment opportunities. 8. Share of the organized sector employment among South Indian States in India shows the highest share is in Tamil Nadu (8.39) and lowest share in Kerala (4.37) during 1980. In 2011, there is no change in the first and last ranks but their share declined to 8.02 and 3.75. Decline of percentage share is more in the case of Kerala (0.62 percentage points) while in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka share has increased. In the case of share of public sector employment it has not increased in Kerala among South Indian States during 2011 compared to 1980. In the case of
private sector employment share it increased in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka 201 and declined in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The decline in private sector employment is more severe in the case of Kerala. 9. Index value of organized sector employment which shows the availability of organized employment per 100 population declined in all states except Karnataka. Public sector employment index has declined in all states. Private sector employment index has increased only in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. Private sector employment index increased substantially in Karnataka that it outweigh the decrease in public sector employment and cause for an increase in organized sector employment. 10. Percentage share of women employed in total employment was highest in Kerala during 1980 and 2011. This is mainly due to high share of women in private sector. The index value of women employment shows it increased in all states except in Kerala. This is mainly due to decline in public sector employment and private sector employment. 11. Growth rate of formal sector employment is high in the case of Karnataka. In the case of India and other South Indian States formal sector employment growth was negative. 12. In the unorganized sector of Kerala, comparatively high percentage of workers is in regular wage or salary category and in it females are of higher percentage than males. In urban Kerala higher percentage of males are casual labours than in other south Indian states. 13. Highest labour productivity among south Indian states is in Kerala during 2011.Productivity of labour in Agriculture is very low compared to non-
202 agricultural sector. In agricultural sector labour productivity is high in Kerala and low in Tamil Nadu. But in non agricultural sector labour productivity is highest in Andhra Pradesh which is less than Indian average. 14. Female cultivators were less than male cultivators in all states except in Tamil Nadu after 2001. Lowest share of cultivators and agricultural labourers among males and females is in Kerala among South Indian states. During the period 1981-2011 highest decline in agricultural workers occurred in Kerala. 15. In Kerala female share in household industry has declined without change in male share. 16. In construction sector, wholesale, retail and hotels and restaurants sector, transport, storage and communication sector and in other services Kerala has higher percentage of workers than in other south Indian states. 17. 15-59 age groups WPR in the case of persons, male and female is low in Kerala compared to other south Indian states and India. Female WPR is very low in Kerala and almost half of India. 18. Non-workers in working age population is very high in Kerala which is 53 out of 100 working age population, whereas it is 39 in India. Other South Indian States have non-workers less than national average. Among the non-workers, people who are available for work is high in Kerala and low in Karnataka. Male workseekers is highest in Andhra Pradesh and lowest in Kerala which is less than national average. Female non-workers is highest in Kerala and lowest in Karnataka. 19. Percentage of potential output produced (actual output) is highest in Andhra Pradesh (84%) and lowest in Kerala(51%).Loss in output is about 49% of
203 potential output in Kerala. Loss due to unemployment is highest in Andhra Pradesh and lowest in Karnataka. Loss due to voluntary or compulsory unemployment is highest in Karnataka and lowest in Andhra Pradesh. Loss in output, due to unemployment and voluntary unemployment is equal in Kerala. 20. Employment elasticity of India and South Indian States have declined during the period 2000-2010. In Tamil Nadu and Kerala there is improvement in the agricultural sector employment elasticity. In the case of non-agricultural sector there is decline employment elasticity for India and South Indian States. 21. In districts of Travancore region their share of labour force has declined in 2001. In Cochin region share of the labour force remained constant and in Malabar region it is increasing. 22. Female worker growth rate was higher than male worker growth rate in Kerala. Kottayam district ranks first in the growth rate of female workers (86%) followed by Kozhikode and Thiruvananthapuram. 23. The gap between male and female WPR in Kerala which was 24.6 in 1901, increased to 30.62 in 1971 and 34.53 in 2011 which indicates increasing disparity between men and women in participation of economic activities and the consequent benefits. During the period 1991-2011 highest increase in total WPR was in Idukki (6.9) in male WPR Kannur district (6.9) and in female WPR Kottayam district (8.3). The highest gap between male and female WPR during 2011 was in Kozhikode district (38.9) and lowest in Idukki (26.8). In nine districts male female disparity in WPR has increased.
24. In rural area WPR of Malappuram district declined by 5.5 percentage points. It 204 is the only district in Kerala where WPRru has declined. Male WPR has declined by 5.6 percentage points and female WPR by 4.8 percentage points. In Palakkad also WPR of rural females has declined by 4.6 percentage points. 25. In urban area highest increase in WPR was recorded in Malappuram district ie, increase of 10.7 percentage points. In the case of urban male WPR also Malappuram district has highest increase in Kerala ie, of 18.7 percentage points. In the case of females WPR also Malappuram district has substantial increase of 4.4 percentage points. 26. Using two human resource utilisation indices ie, WPR and labour productivity the most backward district in Kerala both in 1991 and 2011 were in Malabar region. Top three districts in 1991 and 2011 were from Travancore-Cochin region. 27. All districts in Malabar region have public sector employment index lower than state average in 1991. In 2011, Wayanad has improved the condition and become above average district. All other districts in Malabar region have public sector employment lower than state average. 28. Cultivator class declined from 12% in 1991 to 6% in 2011 in Kerala. Among the districts highest decline took place in Pathanamthitta (15 percentage points). In the case of agricultural labourers highest decline take place in Thiruvananthapuram and Malappuram districts(24 percentage points) 29. Highest increase in female participation of secondary and tertiary activities occurred in Malappuram (44 percentage points). In the case of males this increase was of 37 percentage points.
205 30. Malappuram district is the only district in Kerala where contribution of secondary sector increased during the period 1991-2011. It increased from 13% in 1991 to 17% in 2011. 31. Highest PCI among districts in Kerala was for Ernakulam both in 1991 and 2011 and lowest in Malappuram. All districts in Malabar is having rank seven and above. Looking at the PCI relatives, districts in Malabar has improved during the period 1991-2011. Even now the relatives are less than one. Highest growth in PCI was in Kannur. PCI relatives of Wayanad and Kasaragod had deteriorated. 32. Highest growth in DDP in Kerala during the period 1991-2011 was in Malappuram. In the case of economic development the most backward districts during 1991 were Kasaragod, Malappuram and Kannur. In 2011, most backward district in economic development were Wayanad. Kasaragod and Kannur which were in Malabar region. 33. Districts in Malabar region ranks last in human resource development and human resource utilization which is one of the main reasons for their economic backwardness. Steps should be taken to remove regional inequality
206 POLICY SUGGESTIONS 1. Public awareness is to be created about importance of human resource, its correlation with economic development, importance of its utilization etc. thus minimize its wastage. 2. World of learning is to be more integrated with world of work. Incentives are to be given to those students who engage and promote economic activities. Education is not preparation for life, it is life itself. During the period of education all essential skill for day today life is to be acquired and the interested one is to be specialized. 3. To reduce wastage of human resource, measures are to be undertaken. Human Resource Bank is to be established in every panchayats where person in need of work is to register. In the same way who need worker is to consult these Banks. 4. Investments are to be encouraged in the economy. It leads to employment creation 5. Efficient manpower planning is to be done. For the requirement of the economy required manpower is to be created, trained and developed. 6. Measures should be taken to increase labour productivity. Enough incentives is to be given for productive labour. 7. Since majority of workers are in the unorganized sector steps should be taken to make them more secure through certainty of employment, minimum wages, good working conditions and social security.