Dealing with Foreclosure Properties My Background Milwaukee Assistant City Attorney (2014-present) Practice focuses on: Public nuisances Real estate development Code enforcement Collections Litigation Former Green Bay Assistant City Attorney (2008-2014) Started in municipal law as an intern with City of West Allis (2006-2008) Marquette University Law School L 08 1
Obligatory Disclaimer Do not take any of my comments today as legal advice Consult your own municipal attorney before taking action Wisconsin Property Tax The property tax is the largest source of combined state and local tax revenue in Wisconsin. Wisconsin Legislative Fiscal Bureau (January 2017) Key figures In 2016, Wisconsin municipalities collected $9.2 billion in property taxes Includes Municipality, County, School District, and Technical College That is almost $1,600 per resident 2
Property Tax Collection Almost all property taxes are paid voluntarily and on-time Do you know your collection rate? If taxes are not paid by January 31 each year 1.0% simple interest 0.5% penalty on principal balance (optional) Personal money judgment County tax foreclosure or tax deed Why Does This System Work? Tax collection is necessary for a functioning society Powerful collections tools + Real estate has an inherent value It is worth paying taxes to ensure that you retain ownership There is no more efficient and effective legal collection method 3
All Is Well Until Foreclosure Process Every state has its own procedure Timelines vary widely The options are (from most to least common): Judicial foreclosure Nonjudicial foreclosure Strict foreclosure 4
Foreclosure Process (Wisconsin Only) In Wisconsin, the only option for a mortgagee is judicial foreclosure Note: Land contracts use strict foreclosure A lender can file a foreclosure action if the borrower violates a provision of the mortgage Usually non-payment is the reason After service on the borrower, the case is litigated Borrowers can raise defenses Discovery can occur Foreclosure Process (Wisconsin Only) If the court grants judgment Redemption Period After judgment is entered, the borrower gets more time to pay back the balance Mortgages signed before April 27, 2016: 12 months for owner-occupied residences 6 months for rentals and commercial Mortgages signed on and after April 27, 2016: 6 months for owner-occupied residences 3 months for rentals and commercial During this time, borrowers need to decide if they want to keep the house 5
Foreclosure Process (Wisconsin Only) If the borrower wants to keep the house: Refinance with a third-party and pay off the mortgage Borrow money to pay the delinquency and keep the same mortgage Renegotiate a new mortgage with the lender File bankruptcy If the borrower does not want to keep the house: Provide a deed-in-lieu of foreclosure Short sale the property Let it go to sheriff s sale Foreclosure Process (Wisconsin Only) After the redemption period expires, the lender arranges for a sheriff s sale The county sheriff s office conducts a live real estate auction Bidders state their bids in at least $100 increments The sheriff s office seeks the highest sales price Winning bidders must place at least 10% down on-the-spot Cash or money order only! Very antiquated process Changes on the horizon? 6
Foreclosure Process (Wisconsin Only) After the sheriff sells the property, a sheriff s deed is submitted to the court The lender asks the court to confirm the sale Judge determines if the sale is fair value Not assessed value Not fair market value Judge will confirm the sale if fair value is obtained Could be as low as $1 in some cases Foreclosure Process (Wisconsin Only) Within 10 days, winning bidder must pay the remaining 90% balance, plus: Transfer fee Recording fee Then, the clerk sends the deed to the register of deeds for recording Used to just hand the original deed to the winning bidder... Unless there is a deficiency judgment, there is nothing else to do. 7
Example Foreclosure Timeline Sticking Points During the Process Many steps along the way and rife with opportunity to stall The process grinds to a halt if: Lender fails to get a judgment Lender fails to schedule a sheriff s sale No one bids at the auction Lender reopens and dismisses the lawsuit 8
Who s the Owner? Many borrowers are confused by the process Sometimes, they prematurely believe they have lost ownership Who s the Owner? Many borrowers are confused by the process Sometimes, they prematurely believe they have lost ownership 9
Who s the Owner? Many borrowers are confused by the process Sometimes, they prematurely believe they have lost ownership Who s the Owner? Many borrowers are confused by the process Sometimes, they prematurely believe they have lost ownership 10
When the Owner-Occupant Vacates If the owner abandons the property before confirmation of sale Lender can reduce the redemption period to 5 weeks Results in quick sale; intended to preserve asset value What if the lender doesn t act quickly to secure and sell the home? Many possible reasons why lenders do this Public Nuisance Issues With no occupant and the bank not caring for the property, no one to: Mow the lawn Shovel snow Manage weeds and vegetation Monitor for crimes Break-ins Scrappers Crimes (drug dealing, prostitution, kidnapping) Maintain exterior Maintain interior Winterize property 11
Financial Impact No one paying property taxes No one paying utility bills If separately billed, no one paying for garbage pickup Legal Status The borrower still owns the property and is probably liable for: Injuries that happen Code violations Accrued taxes The lender is not the owner and has none of the associated duties Wisconsin is a Lien theory state 12
What Can You Do? Three-Step Process 1. Maintain the Property 2. Focus on Transferring the Property To A Responsible Owner 3. Collect on Expenses Incurred Step One Maintaining the Property and Avoiding Nuisance Conditions 13
Preliminary Question A major question to start is whether the lender is keeping up with the taxes Many lenders will continue to pay taxes on properties even after their foreclosure case has stalled If so, that opens up more options Step One can last longer without as much of an impact If not, options are limited Move on to Step Two as soon as possible Special Charges If you have the budget for it, your municipality can perform all maintenance services and tack those costs on to the taxes: Snow and ice removal Weed management Sidewalk repairs Garbage and refuse pickup Recycling pickup Calls for police services Wis. Stat. 66.0627 14
Special Charges If the lender is paying taxes, all of these costs should be reimbursed Even if the lender is not paying, does your county pay special charges in the August settlement? Counties have the option to pay special assessments and charges that have not been collected and step into the shoes of the municipality If you re one of the lucky ones, you will be reimbursed at that time Special Charges If the lender is not paying taxes any longer, you ll need to think about how much you want to spend on services You may be reimbursed years down the road if the county takes title and sells the property for enough money to cover your costs But, if the property is deteriorating in value, every dollar you spend on services may be a sunk cost If you do want to save money or do not have a budget or staff that allows you to perform those services, you should move right to Step Two 15
Raze the Building If the building is dilapidated or out-of-repair and unsafe for human habitation, you can raze the building Wis. Stat. 66.0413 It will be expensive, but it may prevent a serious nuisance problem Razing a typical 1,500 sq. ft. house costs $10,000-$20,000 Can try to collect after the fact Step Two Forcing An Ownership Transfer 16
Forced Sheriff s Sale Wis. Stat. 846.102 Under some circumstances, you may be able to force the lender to take the property to a sheriff s sale and complete the process Only eligible if 12 months have passed after entry of foreclosure judgment You can do it earlier than 12 months, but the lender has some outs Law was changed because of litigation in Milwaukee City and Legal Action of Wisconsin Tax Foreclosure / Tax Deed If the taxes are not being paid, the county can issue a tax certificate County can take title to the property through tax foreclosure or a tax deed The earliest this can happen is after one full year of delinquency. 17
Assignment of Right to Take Tax Foreclosure Judgment If the property is a perceived brownfield, the county can foreclose on the property for taxes, but assign the interest to a third party Or it could assign it to the city, village, or town City may have environmental liability exemption under Wis. Stat. 292.11 But watch out for other environmental issues Advantage to the county is that it never falls into the chain of title, so it may be more willing to foreclose Public Nuisance Receivership In certain circumstances, your attorney may be able to get an order that requires the owner to sell the home. Unfortunately, this is not available until after the property becomes a problem Drug houses, Prostitution houses Ongoing public nuisance activities Courts often consider it an extreme action, but everything is relative In some counties, judges may be more willing to take this action faster because the community has set that standard 18
Step Three Collecting Expenses Personal Judgment The municipality can sue a property owner and get a personal judgment equal to the amount of delinquent taxes and specials That amount can be collected even after tax foreclosure Most effective when: Owner has other real estate Owner is employed Owner has other assets (bank accounts, cars, boats, etc.) 19
Piercing the Corporate Veil Limited liability company(llc) or corporation property owners A separate legal entity by definition Made up of members and shareholders Has nearly all of the same business rights as an individual LLCs are important for the economy, but also open for abuse Very little oversight + Strong temptation = Shell LLCs Piercing the Corporate Veil Your municipal attorney would have to prove that the individual behind the LLC created it for the purpose of committing fraud Fraud is using deceit for financial gain The payment of taxes is a duty imposed by law If the LLC was created for the purpose of avoiding taxes, strong argument that it was created to commit fraud LOOK FOR: Delinquent taxes Recent purchase by an LLC that was created shortly before acquiring property 20
Piercing the Corporate Veil What actually happens? If successful, the court will disregard the corporate fiction That means, the court takes the liability that was supposed to solely be linked to the LLC and adds the member personally as a liable party. That expands the ability for the municipality to collect the debt The LLC may have no other assets But the member behind it probably has assets Conclusion Foreclosure property can pose unique challenges for local government Often by default, municipalities are the only entity that has standing and authority to something about foreclosures Treasurers can detect early warning signs like unpaid taxes, returned mail, and accruing special charges If you suspect a property is an abandoned foreclosure, contact your attorney and code enforcement department as soon as possible 21