united kingdom united kingdom united kingdom Statistical Profile Matt Flynn introduction to united kingdom Ireland Since 1992, the has had a relatively long period of economic growth and stability. However, the impact of the global economy, increases in world fuel and food costs, collapse of financial institutions, and the credit crunch have led to both a rise in unemployment and fall in house prices which in turn has led to deflation. As late as Autumn 2008, the Bank of England had been reluctant to lower the base rate, fearful of a re-emergence of inflation. However, this policy was quickly reversed, and the base rate now stands at 0.5%. The cut in the base rate, along with high levels of government spending had been expected to stimulate consumer spending growth. However, the Bank of England Governor has predicted a long period of slow economic growth. About this Statistical Profile Organizations striving to be employers-of-choice in different countries around the world need access to current information about the economic, social, political, and demographic characteristics of the countries where their employees live and work. The Country Profile Series focuses on statistics that can guide decisionmaking at the workplace: workforce highlights, economic highlights, and population highlights. This Country Profile is part of a set of resources about the available on the website of the Global Perspectives Institute: www.bc.edu/agingandwork. In order to survive the current recession, British employers are presently cutting jobs, particularly in the dominant financial and manufacturing sectors. Despite short term pressures to reduce workforces, in the long term, employers face demographic changes which will make skilled labour more scarce. Problems of labour and skills shortages which became manifest during the period of rapid growth have persisted, particularly in the South East. Unlike many of its European counterparts, the has a weak youth apprenticeship and vocational training system, and labour shortages tend to be relieved by bringing contingent workers (e.g. the very young, working parents, and older people) into the labour market. Migration from new EU member states has also relieved labour shortages, but as the recession takes hold, migrants are returning home. That said, the has had more success than other European states in bringing in underrepresented groups such as older workers into the labour market. Sponsored by: agework@bc.edu 1
labor force highlights 1 50% of the total the population is in the labour force. Approximately 83% of the workforce is economically active. Of the 17% of the workforce that is inactive (defined as not in work, self-employment or ILO defined unemployed), about a third of these would like to work if given the opportunity. 1 The current (August 2009) unemployment rate is 7.8%. Long-term unemployment has steadily fallen since the 1990s but has been creeping back since 2004. 1 The has one of the highest rates of part-time work in Europe. According to the Labour Force Survey, 8% of those who work part-time have no other choice for work. 1 1 The self-employment rate is 12.9%. Figure 1. Employed as Percentage of Total Population - Selected GNI Countries, 2007 Italy 42.0 44.7 50.4 Japan 50.7 52.2 Canada 54.7 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Figure 1 compares the rate of employment as a percent of the total population in the with other countries with high gross national incomes. The employment rates of the countries included in Figure 1 range from 42% in Italy to 54.7% in Canada Source: OECD. (2009a) 2 Figure 2. Employment Rates, Ages 15-64 by Gender: and comparable OECD nations, 2007 100% Male Female 80% 60% 40% 20% 81.7 78.0 78.4 78.4 79.6 77.8 80.0 77.2 74.7 73.2 70.7 70.1 68.6 68.1 65.9 66.3 66.1 63.2 64.4 59.4 59.5 46.6 The employment rates among persons aged 15-64 years are presented in Figure 2. 78.4% of men and 66.3% of women in this age group are employed in the United Kingdom. 0% Italy Canada United States Sweden Austria United Australia Netherlands Japan Kingdom Source: OECD. (2009b) 3 2 http://www.bc.edu/agingandwork
united kingdom The employment rates among persons aged 15-64 years are presented in Figure 2. 78.4% of men and 66.3% of women in this age group are employed in the United Kingdom. Figure 3. Employment Rates in the, within age group, 2008 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 80.7 82.1 82.0 66.5 58.2 43.1 15-19 20-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 Source: OECD. (2009b) 3 Figure 4. Employment Rates in the Compared to Selected Regional Countries, within age group, 2007 Most people who are currently working are between 25 and 54 years old, however, there are clear differences between the oldest and youngest age groups. Most people aged 55 to 64 years are working in Sweden (70.1%), the fewest in Italy (33.8%). Most people aged 15 to 24 years are working in the United Kingdom (55.9%), the fewest in Italy (24.7%). 100% Italy 80% Sweden 60% Austria 40% 20% 15-24 25-54 55-64 Source: OECD. (2009b) 3 agework@bc.edu 3
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Figure 5a. Current & Projected Economically Active Population Estimates and Projections in the, within age group, 2007 and 2020 100% 80% 74.9 73.7 84.2 84.9 84.2 85.3 84.6 85.2 85.6 85.7 85.7 86.9 86.2 82.6 72.8 78.2 2007 2020 60% 40% 56.1 53.1 48.2 44.7 20% 0% 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 6.6 8.0 65+ Source: ILO. (2009) 4 Figure 5b. Current & projected % of Total Population Economically Active in the, 2007 and 2020 2007 Male 3.2 32.0 21.5 Under 20 20-44 2007 Female 2.8 25.7 17.1 45+ 2020 Male 2.5 30.2 23.3 2020 Female 2.3 24.2 19.4 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Source: ILO. (2009) 4 Figure 6. Long term unemployed as % of workforce, 2008 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 Men Women Long term unemployment has steadily fallen as the 1980-1990 s industrial transition from manufacturing to service related industries has matured. High levels of long-term unemployment amongst blue collar male workers have particularly fallen over the long term. However, the cooling of the UK economy of late has resulted in a rise in both short and long term unemployment. Source: ILO. (2009) 4 4 http://www.bc.edu/agingandwork
united kingdom The UK has a higher rate of parttime working than most other EU member states, outpacing the Scandinavian countries, but still behind and the Netherlands. In the UK, employees with children aged eight or younger (or disabled children 18 or younger) or with eldercare responsibilities have the right to request part-time or flexible work arrangements, with the employer having a right to refuse for business related reasons. Figure 7. Part-time working in the UK and across Europe, 2007 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1.3 2.1 Bulgaria 6.6 Source: Eurostat. (2008) 5 12.5 Poland 5.7 30.2 7.7 31.2 EU27 13.5 36.2 Denmark 11.8 40.0 Sweden 10.9 42.3 United Kingdom 13.9 44.1 9.4 45.8 23.6 75.0 Norway Netherlands Male Female Figure 8. Gender pay gap in the UK and across Europe, 2007 Gender pay gap is defined as the difference between average gross hourly earnings of male paid employees and of female paid employees as a percentage of average gross hourly earnings of male paid employees Despite equal pay laws, the gender pay gap in the UK remains one of the highest in Europe. 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 9 Ireland 11 15 EU27 21 22 16 Sweden United Kingdom 24 Cyprus Source: Eurostat. (2008) 7 agework@bc.edu 5
economic highlights Gross Domestic Product per capita in the is $48,000. The UK GDP growth has outpaced Western Europe s since the 1990 s. However, the recession has hit Britain particularly hard. 3 2 GDP in the second quarter of 2009 shrank by 0.7%. Figure 9. GDP Growth 120 100 80 60 EU15 G7 Countries 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 q1 2007 q2 2007 q3 2007 q4 2008 q1 2008 q2 2008 q3 2008 q4 2009 q1 The UK has seen higher levels of growth in GDP and productivity than most of Western Europe, which has in turn led to low levels of unemployment for most of the 21st century (although now rising). This has led to increases in labour market participation of under-represented groups such as older workers. More recently, the UK has been hit harder by the recession than its EU and G7 counterparts, which may lead to employers shedding their contingent workforces. Source: OECD. (2009b) 3 Figure 10. Total External Debt as Percentage of GDP, selected Regional Countries, 1992-2008 120% 100% Italy 80% 60% 40% 20% 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Source: OECD. (2009a) 2 6 http://www.bc.edu/agingandwork
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 united kingdom Figure 11a. Labour productivity per hour labour 115 Labour productivity in the UK has historically been low compared to the US and Japan, in large part due to low skill levels and limited capital investment made by employers. 105 95 85 EU15 G7 Countries Japan United States Source: OECD. (2009b) 3 Figure 11b. Unit labour cost Unit labour costs (ULC) measure the average cost of labour per unit of output and are calculated as the ratio of total labour costs to real output, indexed to 2000=100. Despite the introduction of the Minimum Wage in 2000 and new employment law concerning annual leave, flexible working, anti-discrimination and working hours, labour unit costs have increased at a slow pace similar to that of the USA. Japan Austria G7 Sweden Korea Finland Euro area OECD - Total Belgium Netherlands United States European Union Canada Luxembourg OECD - Europe Denmark Spain Slovak Republic Australia Czech Republic Italy Cyprus Slovenia New Zealand Norway Ireland Lithuania Hungary Bulgaria Estonia Latvia Romania 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Source: OECD. (2009b) 3 agework@bc.edu 7
Figure 11c. Job vacancies Luxembourg Spain Slovenia Bulgaria Slovakia Hungary Greece Sweden Latvia Poland Malta Romania Finland EU27 EU15 Lithuania Estonia Czech Republic Cyprus 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Job vacancies is defined as the number of job vacancies / (number of occupied posts + number of job vacancies) Source: Eurostat. (2008) 7 Figure 11d. Hard to fill vacancies Source: IES 10 Applicants lacking required skills Applicants lacking required attitude Lack of work experience Lack of qualifications Too little interest in the job Low number of applicants Competition from other employers Poor terms and conditions Shift-work Remote location Poor career progression Seasonal work 3 8 9 15 16 18 21 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 25 30 36 37 45 Because of economic growth and long periods of low unemployment, employers have faced high labour and skills shortages, especially in London and the South East. This has led to government and employer organisations developing programmes for encouraging labour market participation of under-represented groups: working parents, older workers, people with disabilities, for example. According to a large survey of employers, there are three reasons why vacancies are difficult to fill: either the job specifications are unattractive; the labour pool is too small; or recruitment drives are not attracting the people with the right skills. 8 http://www.bc.edu/agingandwork
united kingdom demographic highlights 11 The population currently stands at 61.4 million. 12 The is 92% White European. Total fertility rate indicates the number of children to be born to a woman during her reproductive span of her life. The total fertility rate for women in the United Kingdom was 1.41 in 2009. 13 In 2009, 16.2% of the s population was age 65 or older, compared to 16.4% in and 20.3% in. 13 Figure 12. Median Age, by Gender, Regional Comparisons, 2009 Male 42.6 41.1 38.0 41.8 39.6 39.1 45.2 43.2 40.9 Female 44.8 41.2 41.3 Austria Italy Netherlands 0 10 20 30 40 50 Source: CIA 13 Figure 13. Life Expectancy at Birth, Regional Comparisons, 2009 Male 76.3 76.6 77.8 77.3 76.8 76.5 82.4 82.6 84.3 Female 83.3 82.1 81.6 Austria Italy Netherlands 0 20 40 60 80 100 Source: CIA 13 agework@bc.edu 9
In the, 14.1% of the male population and 18.2% of the female population is 65 or older. 14 In comparison, In, 18.9% of the male population and 23.1% of the female population is 65 or older. In, 13.9% of the male population and 18.7% of the female population is 65 or older. Figure 14a. Population Distribution of, 2009 Male 10 8 6 4 2 100+ 95-99 Female 90-94 85-89 80+ 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 % of Population Source: U. S. Census Bureau 14 Figure 14b. Population Distribution of, 2009 Male 10 8 6 4 2 100+ 95-99 Female 90-94 85-89 80+ 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 % of Population Source: U. S. Census Bureau 14 10 http://www.bc.edu/agingandwork
united kingdom Figure 14c. Population Distribution of, 2009 Male 10 8 6 4 2 100+ 95-99 Female 90-94 85-89 80+ 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 % of Population Source: U. S. Census Bureau 14 Figure 15. Country of birth profile of UK workforce 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 EU8 EU14 N0n UK UK 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Note: EU14 defined as Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Sweden, Finland,,, Italy, Austria, Spain, Portugal, Greece. EU8 defined as Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia Source: UK Labour Force Survey 2008 1 agework@bc.edu 11
references 1 UK Labour Force Survey (2008). Retrieved November 3, 2009, from: http://nesstar.esds.ac.uk/webview/index.jsp?v=2&mode=documentation&submode=abstract&study=http%3a%2f%2fnesstar.esds.ac.uk%3a80 %2Fobj%2FfStudy%2F6199&top=yes 2 OECD. (2009a). Country profiles. Retrieved November 3, 2009 from : http://www.oecd.org/statsport al/0,3352,en_2825_293564_1_1_1_1_1,00.html 3 OECD. (2009b). Stat. Extracts. Retrieved November 20, 2009, from: http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx 4 International Labour Office. (2009). LABORSTA internet. Retrieved November 3, 2009, from: http://laborsta. ilo.org/ 5 EUROSTAT. (2008). Retrieved November 3, 2009, from: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/extraction/evalight/ EVAlight.jsp?A=1&language=en&root=/theme3/une/une_ltu_a 6 EUROSTAT. (2008). Retrieved November 3, 2009, from: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=t able&init=1&language=en&pcode=tps00159&plugin=1 7 EUROSTAT. (2008). Retrieved November 3, 2009, from: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=t able&init=1&language=en&pcode=tsdsc340&plugin=0 8 Oxford Economics. (2008). Retrieved August 25, 2009, from: http://www.oxfordeconomics.com/free/pdfs/ oxfordeconomicspressreleasejan08.pdf 9 Eurostat. (2007). Retrieved November 3, 2009, from: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/ product_details/metadata?p_product_code=jvs_a_esms 10 Institute for Employment Research (2003). National employers skills survey. Coventry: DfES. 11 ONS. (2009). Retrieved December 3, 2009, from: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/popnr0809.pdf 12 ONS. (2009). Regreived December 3, 2009, from: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/focuson/ethnicity/ 13 Central Intelligence Agency. (2009). The CIA world factbook. Retrieved September 20, 2009, from: https:// www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook 14 US Census Bureau. (2009). International data base. Retrieved December 2, 2009, from: http://www.census. gov/ipc/www/idb/ 12 http://www.bc.edu/agingandwork
united kingdom Country Context Team Leaders Marcie Pitt-Catsouphes, Director, Sloan Center on Aging and Work Tay K. McNamara, Director of Research, Sloan Center on Aging and Work Jungui Lee, Postdoctoral researcher, Sloan Center on Aging and Work about the institute Established in 2007 by the Sloan Center on Aging & Work at Boston College, the Global Perspectives Institute is an international collaboration of scholars and employers committed to the expansion of the quality of employment available to the 21st century multi-generational workforce in countries around the world. The Global Perspectives Institute focuses on innovative and promising practices that might be adopted by employers and policy-makers. The Institute s research, publications, and international forums contribute to: a deeper understanding of the employment experiences and career aspirations of employees of different ages who work in countries around the world; informed decision making by employers who want to be employers-of-choice in different countries; and innovative thinking about private-public partnerships that promote sustainable, high- quality employment. The Sloan Center on Aging & Work at Boston College promotes quality of employment as an imperative for the 21st century multi-generational workforce. We integrate evidence from research with insights from workplace experiences to inform innovative organizational decision making. Collaborating with business leaders and scholars in a multi-disciplinary dialogue, the Center develops the next generation of knowledge and talent management. The Sloan Center on Aging & Work is grateful for the continued support of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. Matt Flynn is a senior lecturer at Middlesex University. His research focus is on workplace age diversity. He has carried out work for the European Union and UK government on the subject. He has written the age diversity good practice guide for the UK Trades Union Congress and Chartered Institute for Personnel and Development, and is currently conducting a study for the British Council comparing the experiences of older workers in the UK and Japan. His work can be found at www.agediversity.org agework@bc.edu 13
For additional Sloan Center publications, visit our website at www.bc.edu/agingandwork Global Statistical Profile 01 - Japan Global Statistical Profile 02 - United States Global Statistical Profile 03 - Pakistan Global Statistical Profile 04 - South Korea Global Statistical Profile 05 - China Global Statistical Profile 06 - Greece Global Statistical Profile 07 - Armenia Global Statistical Profile 08 - Italy Global Statistical Profile 09 - Singapore Global Statistical Profile 10 - Denmark Global Statistical Profile 11 - South Africa Global Statistical Profile 12 - India Global Statistical Profile 13 - Kenya Global Statistical Profile 14 - Australia Global Statistical Profile 15 - Global Statistical Profile 16 - Global Statistical Profile 17 - Sweden 14 http://www.bc.edu/agingandwork