Da li cene odražavaju informacije? Zašto se posmatra efikasnost tržišta? Implikacije na poslovanje i poslovne finansije Implikacije na investicije

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EFIKASNOST TRŽIŠTA

Hipoteza o efikasnosti tržišta (EMH) Da li cene odražavaju informacije? Zašto se posmatra efikasnost tržišta? Implikacije na poslovanje i poslovne finansije Implikacije na investicije

Slučajni hod i EMH Slučajni hod cene akcija su slučajne promenljive Očekivana cena je pozitivna tokom vremena Pozitivan trend i nasumična odstupanja oko trenda

Cene akcije Slučajni hod i pozitivan trend Vreme

Nasumične promene cene Zašto su promene cene nasumične? Cene reaguju na informacije Tok informacija je nasumičan Zato su promene cene nasumične

EMH i konkurencija Cene akcija potpuno i tačno odražavaju javno dostupne informacije Jednom kada informacija postane dostupna, tržišni učesnici je analiziraju Konkurencija obezbeđuje da cene odražavaju informacije

Grafik 8.1. Kumulativni natprosečni prinosi koji prate pokušaje preuzimanja

Grafik 8.2. Prinosi koji prate objavu finansijskih rezultata

Forme efikasnosti Slaba Polujaka Jaka

Pristupi analizi akcija Tehnička analiza koristi informacije o prošlim cenama i obimu prometa da predvidi buduće kretanje cena akcija Slaba forma efikasnosti i tehnička analiza Fundamentalna analiza koristi ekonomske i računovodstvene informacije da bi predvidela kretanje cena akcija Polujaka forma efikasnosti i fundamentalna analiza

Implikacije forme efikasnosti za aktivni i pasivni menadžment Aktivni menadžment Analiza HoV Tajming Pasivni menadžment Buy and Hold Indeksni fondovi

Efikasnost tržišta i portfolio menadžment Čak i ako bi tržište bilo efikasno postoji uloga za portfolio menadžment Odgovarajući nivo rizika Tretman poreza Ostala pitanja

Empirijski testovi formi efikasnosti Studije događaja tržišta Procene performansi profesionalnih menadžera Testiranje pravila trgovanja

Kako izgledaju testovi 1. Analiza cena i prinosa tokom vremena

Prinosi koji okružuju događaj -t 0 +t Dan objave

Kako izgledaju testovi 2. Prinosi se prilagođavaju da bi se odredilo da li su natprosečni Tržišni model a. R t = a t + b t R mt + e t (Očekivani prinos) b. Dodatni prnos= (Realizovani - očekivani) e t = Realizovani - (a t + b t R mt )

Kako izgledaju testovi 2. Prinosi se prilagođavaju da bi se odredilo da li su natprosečni Tržišni model c. Kumuliranjem dodatnih prinosa tokom vremena: -t 0 +t

Testovi slabe forme Prinosi tokom kratkih perioda Very short time horizons small magnitude of positive trends 3-12 month some evidence of positive momentum Returns over long horizons pronounced negative correlation Evidence on Reversals

Tests of Semi-strong Form: Anomalies Small Firm Effect (January Effect) Neglected Firm Market to Book Ratios Post-Earnings Announcement Drift Higher Level Correlation in Security Prices

Figure 8-3 The Size Effect from 1926 to 2003

Figure 8-4 Average Rate of Return as a Function of Book to Market

Figure 8-5 Cumulative Abnormal Returns in Response to Earnings Announcements

Implications of Test Results Risk Premiums or market inefficiencies Anomalies or data mining Behavioral Interpretation Inefficiencies exist Caused by human behavior

The Behavioral Critique Information Processing Behavioral Biases Limits to Arbitrage

Information Processing Forecasting errors Overconfidence Conservatism Sample size neglect and representativeness

Behavioral Biases Framing Mental accounting Regret avoidance

Limits to Arbitrage Fundamental risk Implementation costs Model risks

Mutual Fund and Professional Manager Performance Some evidence of persistent positive and negative performance Potential measurement error for benchmark returns Style changes May be risk premiums Superstars

Figure 8-6 Estimates of Individual Mutual Fund Alphas

Figure 8-7 Persistence of Mutual Fund Performance