Factors Influencing Perceptions of Climate and Weather Effects on Property Ownership Huili Hao¹, Patrick Long¹, and Scott Curtis 12 1. 1. Center for Sustainability: Tourism, Natural Resources, and the Built Environment, East Carolina University 2. 2. Department of Geography, East Carolina University
Tourism Impacts and Second Home Development in Coastal Counties: A Sustainable Approach Brunswick, Currituck, and Pender, North Carolina Counties Study designed to help developers, elected officials, community planners, business owners, public managers and property owners in high amenity tourist-based communities, estimate, understand and manage the changes their communities may experience. The results are intended to aid in effective decision-making that will contribute to the long term economic, environmental and socio-cultural sustainability of these communities.
Today s Presentation --- Objectives Investigate the attitudes of property owners toward the impact of climate and weather on property ownership; Determine what factors influence property owners attitudes toward the impact of climate and weather on property ownership.
Research Questions 1. Do differences in perceptions of climate and weather effects on property ownership exist between full time local residents and second home property owners? 2. What factors contribute to influencing property owners perceptions of climate and weather effects on property ownership?
Methodology --- Survey and Sampling The Geographic Information System (GIS) Tax Records of Currituck County provided a list of the county s housing stock from which a sample was selected of both resident and second home property owners. 2408 full time property owners and 2350 second homeowners in Currituck County were randomly selected. 607 were completed and usable (376 second home owners; 241 full time residents).
Factor Analysis Variables Regression Analysis Sense of place Sustainable Actions IV Sustainable actions; Sense of place; Length of owning property; Residential status; Perceptions on extent that climate considerations affect future property values (changes in temperature/humidity, availability of freshwater, sea level and coastal flooding) Demographics (age, gender, income, education). Effects of Climate and Weather on Property Ownership DV Negative Effects of Climate and Weather on Property Ownership Positive Effects of Climate and Weather on Property Ownership
Study Area
Study Area: Currituck County Known for its beaches, nature and recreational activities including kayaking, fishing, and boating 24000 people, but increases three-fold during the summer tourism season In 2010 tourism generated $117.12 million, and 1,380 jobs were directly attributable to tourism 43% of the single family housing stock is considered second home property
12% 53% 8% 95% 58% 43% 100% 90% 246 163 80% 70% 543 2802 4566 60% 50% 40% 1769 1820 833 % Second Home Second Home Full Time Home 30% 20% 473 2053 6157 10% 0% 47 Crawford Fruitville Moyock Ocean Sands Popular Branch Total
Currituck County Second Home
Currituck County Second Home
Results and Discussion
Table 1 Descriptive Statistics for the Respondents Characteristics Currituck County Sample Size (n) 607 Percent Second Home Owners 60.9% Percent Male 59.5% Age Distribution <35 1.3% 35-44 years 9.1% 45-54 years 26.2% 55-64 years 37.0% 65-74 years 20.6% 75 and over 5.8% Income Distribution Less than $24,999 $25,000 - $49,999 $50,000 - $99,999 $100,000-$399,999 $400,000 and over Education Status High school, GED or less Some college, technical or 2 year degree Bachelor s degree or higher 2.0% 10.9% 30.5% 49.1% 7.6% 8.3% 26.0% 65.7%
Impacts of climate change are evident in Currituck County Changing climate conditions will make Currituck County NO longer attractive to new residents Climate change will have a noticeably negative impact on my property values in the next 25 years I feel I am adequately prepared for a severe weather event (e.g. hurricanes, floods, heavy I feel the climate conditions here are ideal to attract new property owners. Weather conditions have changed enough in Currituck County that I would NOT consider Weather and climate conditions were important in deciding to own property in Currituck County. p.739.599.045.000.385.026.000 Full time 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 Second home
Table 2. PCA for property owners sense of place Factored Items Factor Loadings I feel that I can really be myself here 0.825 I really miss it when I am away too long 0.892 This is the best place to do things I enjoy 0.864 Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin = 0.703 Sig. = 0.000 Cronbach s alpha = 0.823
Table 3. PCA for property owners perceptions on importance of sustainable development in their community Factored Items Factor Loadings Reducing and managing greenhouse gas emissions 0.759 Managing, reducing, and recycling solid waste 0.735 Reducing consumption of freshwater 0.694 Managing waste water 0.792 Being energy efficient 0.826 Conserving the natural environment 0.725 Protecting our community s natural environment for future generations 0.745 Protecting air quality 0.794 Protecting water quality 0.757 Reducing noise 0.601 Preserving culture and heritage 0.654 Providing economic benefits to local communities 0.447 Purchasing from companies with certified green practices 0.766 Training and educating employees on sustainability practices 0.753 Full access for everyone in the community in tourism development 0.557 decisions Cronbach s Alpha: 0.920; Variance Explained: 49% Kaiser-Meyer_Oklin: 0.920; sig.: 0.000;
Table 4. PCA for property owners perceptions of climate and weather effects on current property ownership Factored Items Factor Loadings Negative Effects of Climate and Weather on Property Ownership (Cronbach s Alpha: 0.518; KMO: 0.758; sig.: 0.000; VE: 58%) Weather conditions have changed enough in Currituck County that I would 0.571 NOT consider buying property here in the future Climate change will have a noticeably negative impact on my property 0.866 values in the next 25 years Changing climate conditions will make Currituck County NO longer 0.862 attractive to new residents Impacts of climate change are evident in Currituck County 0.822 Positive Effects of Climate and Weather on Property Ownership Weather and climate conditions were important in deciding to own 0.676 property in Currituck County I feel the climate conditions here are ideal to attract new property owners 0.785 I feel I am adequately prepared for a severe weather event (e.g. hurricanes, floods, heavy rainfall) KMO --- Kaiser- Meyer-Oklin ; VE --- Variance Explained 0.480
Table 5. Regression analysis for factors influencing property owners perceptions of climate and weather effects on property ownership (standardized coefficients) Variables Negative Perceptions Positive Perceptions Socio-demographics Gender -0.012 0.091 Age 0.071 0.098* Residential status 0.019 0.048 Income -0.032-0.010* Education 0.012-0.036 Sense of Care Length of owning property 0.057-0.098* Sustainable actions 0.231* 0.057 Sense of place -0.227* 0.318* Extent that climate considerations affect future property values Changes in temperature and/or humidity 0.289* 0.029 Availability of freshwater -0.115* -0.044 Sea level and coastal flooding 0.173* -0.017 Distance -0.066-0.161* Adjusted R² 0.258 0.133 F value 13.477 (sig. 0.000) 6.527(sig. 0.000) Note: * p< 0.05
Conclusion --- RQ1 Differences exist in the attitudes toward the impact of climate and weather on property ownership between full time residents and second home property owners. Second home property owners indicated a greater level of agreement on: weather and climate conditions were important in deciding to own property in Currituck County ; climate change will have a noticeable negative impact on my property in the next 25 years. Full time residents indicated a greater level of agreement on: I feel I am adequately prepared for a severe weather event (e.g. hurricanes, floods, heavy rains) ; weather conditions have changed enough in Currituck County that I would NOT consider buying property here in the future.
Conclusion --- RQ2 Negative Perceptions Sustainable actions; Sense of place; Changes in temperature and/or humidity; Availability of freshwater; Sea level and coastal flooding Positive Perceptions Age; Education; Length of owning property; Sense of place; Distance
Limitations and Future Research Limitations: Low R² Full time and second home property owners separation Future research: multilevel scale including individual, neighborhood and possibly regional levels
Policy Implications Information helps stakeholders recognize their vulnerabilities to climate change, adjust their property ownership practices, and develop adaptation strategies. Information can set the stage for communication and education activities with property owner groups. Opportunity to engage different property owner groups in the future planning and decision-making of land use and tourism for their county.