(Male) Under 20 years 20-24 years 25-29 years 30-34 years (Female) Under 20 years 20-24 years 25-29 years 30-34 years 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 (%) Regular employees Part-time employees, casual employees No responses Contract employees, temporary employees Other forms No particular desires for the forms (%) Fig. 1 Forms of employment desired by casual employees Recruit Works Institute (2001) Survey of non-typical employees. Notes 1) Excerpted from the 2006 White Paper on Labor Economy, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, p.133. 2) Inquiries targeted at casual employees who wish to work continuously; one response to one inquiry 3) Other forms include dispatched employees and commissioned employees, etc. Table 1 Employment situation of university graduates four years after their graduation compared with their situation just after the graduation Unit: %; Figures in boldface indicate actual numbers. Male Female Employment situation just after graduation Employment situation just after graduation Total Regular Irregular No Regular Irregular No Total employees employees occupation employees employees occupation Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1,808 1,106 169 142 1,613 955 225 178 Regular employees 80.7 90.7 64.5 64.1 62.9 74.2 48.0 50.0 Irregular employees 6.2 2.6 19.5 18.3 14.9 9.1 26.7 25.8 Self-employed 1.5 0.6 3.6 2.8 2.2 0.8 1.3 2.8 Unemployment 3.5 3.1 4.7 6.3 3.8 3.4 4.0 8.4 Specialized training 0.6 0.2 0.6 2.1 1.1 0.8 1.3 2.2 Graduate schools 5.0 0.8 3.6 2.1 3.8 1.0 1.8 0.6 Child care, family affairs 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.7 7.6 7.5 12.4 5.1 Others or no responses 2.5 2.0 3.6 3.5 3.7 3.0 4.4 5.1 Kosugi, R. (2003) Life as a casual employee. Keisoshobo, p.68. 1
(1) Male 55-59 years Other economic reasons To raise the standard of life To maintain their and their family s livelihoods Other reasons Economic reasons 91.7% To maintain their health 60-64 years 65-69 years Economic reasons 71.8% Purpose of life, participation in society To respond to request, too much time Economic reasons 60.3% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 (%) (2) Female 55-59 years To raise the standard of life To maintain their and their family s livelihoods Other economic reasons Other reasons Economic reasons 72.4% To maintain their health 60-64 years 65-69 years Economic reasons 67.1% Purpose of life, participation in society To respond to request, too much time Economic reasons 55.3% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 (%) Fig. 2 Reasons that elderly employees work Note: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (2004) Survey on the actual employment situation of elderly people. Excerpted from the 2006 White Paper on National Life, Cabinet Office, P.119. 2
Tasks Manufacture, assembly Table 2 Assessment of elderly people s capacities according to tasks People even in their late 60 s being sufficiently capable People even in their early 60 s being sufficiently capable Even elderly people being capable Capable although not satisfactorily Rather incapable Elderly people being incapable Almost incapable Impossible to assess (%) No responses 6.6 16.7 29.8 11.4 4.0 8.9 22.6 53.1 15.4 - - Sales, 10.0 25.0 28.9 12.9 5.0 3.0 15.3 transactions, services 63.9 17.9 - - Management, supervision Planning R&D, technology Public relations Consultancy, training Purchase, procurement (2) 17.1 (1) 33.1 22.2 4.6 1.4 3.4 18.3 72.4 6.0 - - 6.2 15.9 25.8 17.4 (2) 8.0 5.6 21.0 47.9 25.4 - - 4.5 11.1 23.0 19.0 (1) 11.1 8.2 23.1 38.6 30.1 - - 5.9 14.5 25.6 15.6 (3) 7.4 7.1 24.0 46.0 23.0 - - 13.6 24.9 21.9 5.8 4.1 6.0 23.7 60.4 9.9 - - 7.7 24.7 29.3 8.4 3.0 4.8 22.2 61.7 11.4 - - Maintenance 6.3 21.2 29.8 11.4 5.8 4.6 21.0 of machineries 57.3 17.2 - - General affairs, (3) 15.9 (2) 32.9 25.3 4.8 1.6 2.6 17.0 accounting 74.1 6.4 - - Health care, nursing care Cleaning, security 5.0 16.5 27.9 10.9 3.8 11.1 24.8 49.4 14.7 - - (1) 26.8 (3) 31.1 19.2 1.7 0.5 3.2 17.6 77.1 2.2 - - Note: Association of Employment Development for Senior Citizens (2001) Report on the study of business that corresponds to an aging society and the possibility of elderly people s employment. Figures in parenthesis indicate the top three of sufficient or insufficient capability. 3
No occupation Employed (full-time) Employed (part-time) Self-employed Unknown Having occupation 73.5% One year before birth 25.6 0.9 47.2 22.5 3.8 Present (Half a year after birth) 74.3 17.8 3.1 3.7 1.1 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Present situation of women who had occupation one year before their childbirth Ex-full-time employees Ex-self-employed Part-time employees Unknown Ex-part-time employees Full-time employees Self-employed No occupation 67.4% Having occupation 32.2% 0.7 Breakdown of women who had occupation 1 (73.5%) 38.1 27.2 1.9 23.9 3.7 4.5 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Fig. 3 Change in the employment situation of women before and after their first babies births Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (2001) The 1st vertical survey of children born in the 21st century. 4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 (%) Child care Nursing care Family affairs Lack of understanding and objection by the family Transfer of their husbands Lack of understanding in their workplace Male-dominated climate in their workplace Lack of gender equality in their workplace Prejudice that women are inferior to men in will and capacity Other reasons Unknown Fig. 4 Reasons for difficulty in successive employment Notes: Japan Institute of Workers Evolution (2005) Survey on the treatment of woman workers. 1)Excerpted from the 2006 White Paper on Labor Economy, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare,p.130. 2)Several responses to one inquiry 5
(10,000 persons) 7,000 6,642 960 6,000 5,000 60 years or more 6,237 1,079 3 million 0.5 million 6,535 1,133 5,597 1,002 5.1 million 0.7 million 6,109 1,077 4,000 3,000 4,292 30-59 years 4,070 1.7 million (Increase in the number of women: Approx. 1.3 million) 4,232 3,624 3.1 million (Increase in the number of women: Approx. 2.7 million) 3,933 2,000 1,000 1,389 15-29 years 1,089 0.8 million) 1,170 971 1.3 million 1,100 0 market is not promoted market is promoted market is not promoted market is promoted 2004 2015 2030 Fig. 5 Outlook for the labor force Notes: The Statistics Bureau,the Ministry of Public Management, Home Affaires, Posts and Telecommunications, Labor force survey. Data for 2004 are based on the Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Public Management, Home Affaires, Posts and Telecommunications, Labor force survey. Data for 2015 and 2030 are based on the estimation by the Employment Security Bureau of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare in July 2005. 6