2017 NFPA Conference & Expo Energy Storage Systems (ESS): Preparing to Deal with the Hazards Presented by: Skip Donnell Engineering Manager Liberty Mutual Insurance Legal Disclaimer: Course Focus & Limitations This is NOT legal advice. We are NOT attorneys. Contractual liability is a legal matter; can be intricate. Subject to statute, case law, interpretation Subject to jurisdiction: suppliers, customers, vendors, users of service/product We provide Best Practice suggestions, but WILL NOT Provide sample contracts, or Recommend precise contract language ALWAYS consult an attorney who is skilled, competent, and experienced in Contract law, and Insurance coverage Liberty Mutual Insurance 2 Liberty Mutual Insurance 3 1
Objectives Provide Historical Overview of Power Consumption Review Components of Energy Storage Systems Review Potential Problems Associated with Energy Storage Systems Discus Safeguards / Protection Requirements for Energy Storage Systems Liberty Mutual Insurance 4 Why are Energy Storage System s Needed? Power is consumed as it is produced Significant distances between generation and use Liberty Mutual Insurance 5 Electrical Power Generation Costs Vary Demand for power varies throughout the day / year As demand increases, cost to generate power increases Liberty Mutual Insurance 6 2
Base Power Demands Electrical power system are designed to meet normal usage demands During higher than normal demand periods, alternative (often less efficient) methods must be employed to generate the surplus power requirements Liberty Mutual Insurance 7 Deterioration / Power Failure Generating stations must be able to generate sufficient power to meet peak demand need Failure to do this can lead to degradation of power and ultimately failure of the system Liberty Mutual Insurance 8 Potential Business Enterprises Purchase electrical power during low demand Sell back to electric company during peak demand Liberty Mutual Insurance 9 3
Energy Storage Systems Today and Tomorrow Liberty Mutual Insurance 10 Law of Conservation of Energy Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be saved in various forms. One way is to store it is in the form of chemical energy in a battery. When connected in a circuit, energy stored in the battery is released to produce electricity. Liberty Mutual Insurance 11 Energy Storage The capture of energy produced at one time for use at a later time. A device that stores energy is sometimes called an accumulator. Liberty Mutual Insurance 12 4
ESS Types Liberty Mutual Insurance 13 What is Battery Energy? An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that converted stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Each cell contains a positive terminal, or cathode, and a negative terminal, or anode. Liberty Mutual Insurance 14 Commercial Energy Storage Market to Surpass 720 MW by 2020 Liberty Mutual Insurance 15 5
Energy Storage Technologies Liberty Mutual Insurance 16 Map of Distributed Storage Liberty Mutual Insurance 17 Roles of Energy Storage Systems Reduce Electricity Costs Improved Reliability Maintain / Improve Quality Liberty Mutual Insurance 18 6
Energy Storage Systems Going Forward Emerging Markets System Stabilization Storage for clean energy sources Liberty Mutual Insurance 19 Energy Storage System in Commercial Operations Electronics component manufacturing extensively using EES Power variations of only a few milliseconds can dramatically impact quality Liberty Mutual Insurance 20 Smart Grids No universal definition at this time Refers to the modernization of the electricity grid Improved feedback production to usage Liberty Mutual Insurance 21 7
After Smart Grids Liberty Mutual Insurance 22 Energy Storage Systems (ESS) Energy Storage System System through which electrical energy can be stored and reused when needed Liberty Mutual Insurance 24 8
ESS Components Liberty Mutual Insurance 25 ESS Building Blocks Liberty Mutual Insurance 26 Lithium-Ion Cell Liberty Mutual Insurance 27 9
Li-ion Cell Schematic Liberty Mutual Insurance 28 Li-ion versus Lead Acid Battery Liberty Mutual Insurance 29 ESS Module Liberty Mutual Insurance 30 10
ESS System (Rack, Pack, or String) Liberty Mutual Insurance 31 ***IMPORTANT*** Unlike lithium batteries lithium-ion batteries ARE NOT waterreactive Liberty Mutual Insurance 32 Liberty Mutual Insurance 33 11
Battery Management Systems Supervisory system that ensure basic functionality of the battery pack Maintains safe operating conditions and acts appropriately in contingencies One key function ensure cells operate within their parameters Liberty Mutual Insurance 34 Liberty Mutual Insurance 35 State of Charge Capacity of ESS system in real-time Shown as a percentage of total capacity Liberty Mutual Insurance 36 12
State of Health Quantitative evaluation of battery health comparing current capacities to that when new Completed by the BMS Liberty Mutual Insurance 37 Liberty Mutual Insurance 38 ESS Variations 13
Portable Shipping Container ESS Liberty Mutual Insurance 40 Portable Shipping Container ESS Installation Liberty Mutual Insurance 41 Remote Shipping Container ESS Installation Liberty Mutual Insurance 42 14
Exterior Installation Specific ESS Liberty Mutual Insurance 43 Dedicated ESS Installation Liberty Mutual Insurance 44 Inside Room ESS Installation Liberty Mutual Insurance 45 15
ESS Vault Installation Liberty Mutual Insurance 46 Commercial Area Based ESS Liberty Mutual Insurance 47 Solar Energy Storage ESS Liberty Mutual Insurance 48 16
Residential Installation Commercial Energy Storage (CES) Liberty Mutual Insurance 49 Residential ESS Installation Liberty Mutual Insurance 50 Small Scale Storage ESS Unit Liberty Mutual Insurance 51 17
Sodium Sulfur ESS Liberty Mutual Insurance 52 Sodium Sulfur Battery Module Liberty Mutual Insurance 53 Potential Failures Associated with ESS 18
Potential Failures of ESS Systems Liberty Mutual Insurance 55 Thermal Runaway Typically originates with an internal short to a cell May be caused by failure, manufacturing problems, use Liberty Mutual Insurance 56 Gas produced within cell Cascade to adjacent cells Thermal Runaway Cells vented, but may be blocked Cell Rupture Liberty Mutual Insurance 57 19
Design / Protection of ESS Installation Location of ESS Installation Preferably located outdoors Ensure acceptable clearance from other exposures Liberty Mutual Insurance 59 Location of ESS Units Provide one of the following Minimum of 20 separation between ESS units Minimum 1 hour rated fire separation between ESS units Liberty Mutual Insurance 60 20
Indoor ESS Installations Minimum 1 hour rated cutoff room Appropriately rated fire doors, dampers, etc. External access for fire fighting operations Liberty Mutual Insurance 61 Fire Protection Requirements Automatic sprinkler protection 0.30 gpm/sf over 2,500 sf (or room whichever is smaller) Or Clean Agent Extinguishing System Smoke detection system Portable fire extinguishers Liberty Mutual Insurance 62 Electrical System Protection Short circuit and protection coordination study Ensure rating and relay settings for circuit breakers Liberty Mutual Insurance 63 21
Equipment Protection Provide disconnect Automatic isolation BMS failure Enclosure temperature monitoring Liberty Mutual Insurance 64 Battery Racking Grounding Overcurrent protection Over / under voltage protection Circuit protection AC side Surge arrestors AC side Transformer protection Liberty Mutual Insurance 65 Operation and Maintenance 22
Commissioning Follow manufactures installation guidelines Inspect batteries daily for one week under normal operation Perform IR scanning Liberty Mutual Insurance 67 Extreme Environments Emergency power should be provided to thermal management system Liberty Mutual Insurance 68 Active Monitoring Room temperature Voltage / current discrepancies Temperature Internal resistance (ohms) Capacitance State of Charge (SOC) State of Health (SOH) Alarm / fault log Liberty Mutual Insurance 69 23
Monthly Inspections Room condition cool, clean, dry Housekeeping Monitoring devices / equipment for abnormalities Liberty Mutual Insurance 70 Annual Inspection IR scan for all components Liberty Mutual Insurance 71 Battery Replacement Protocols Establish plan for aged batteries SOH good indicator Liberty Mutual Insurance 72 24
Items Impacting Battery Aging Liberty Mutual Insurance 73 Aging Battery Indicators 50-80% degradation in charge 2-3 times increase in internal resistance (ohms) values Liberty Mutual Insurance 74 Emergency Power Disconnect Provide.. Manual Remote Local Local should be adjacent to ESS unit Liberty Mutual Insurance 75 25
Liberty Mutual Insurance 76 Safeguards Housekeeping Pre-planning Manual disconnect process Access routes Manual fire protection methods Smoke ventilation Liberty Mutual Insurance 77 Contingency Planning Liberty Mutual Insurance 78 26
Resources / References United States Department of Energy (DOE) Factory Mutual Datasheets 5-33 Electrical Energy Storage Systems (2017) International Electrotechnical Commission Whitepaper: Electrical Energy Storage Schneider Electric www.solar.schneider-electric.com Energy Storage Systems, Inc. Whitepaper: Beyond Four Hours Liberty Mutual Insurance 79 Take Action! Going forward, the utilization of ESS technology will expand significantly Sizes / complexity of installations can vary greatly Adequate protection is needed to ensure protection of both ESS and critical operations Liberty Mutual Insurance 80 Questions and Comments Liberty Mutual Insurance 81 27
Thanks for Your Participation! Liberty Mutual Insurance 82 2017 NFPA Conference & Expo CEUs: To receive CEUs for this session, scan your badge at the back of the room before leaving Evaluation: Complete a session evaluation on the mobile app. (Search app store for NFPA 2017 C&E. ) Handouts: Handouts will be available via the mobile app and at nfpa.org/conference Recordings: Audio recordings of all sessions will be available free of charge via NFPA Xchange. 28