THIS IS NOT RESEARCH. PLEASE REFER TO THE IMPORTANT INFORMATION FOR IMPORTANT DISCLOSURES AND CONTACT YOUR CREDIT SUISSE REPRESENTATIVE FOR MORE INFORMATION. INVESTMENT SOLUTIONS & PRODUCTS Latin America Economics Ecuador: Where from, where to September 218 Juan Lorenzo Maldonado Vice President +1 212 325 4245 juanlorenzo.maldonado@credit-suisse.com Important Information This report represents the views of the Investment Strategy Department of Credit Suisse and has not been prepared in accordance with the legal requirements designed to promote the independence of investment research. It is not a product of the Credit Suisse Research Department and the view of the Investment Strategy Department may differ materially from the views of the Credit Suisse Research Department and other divisions at Credit Suisse, even if it references published research recommendations. Credit Suisse has a number of policies in place to promote the independence of Credit Suisse s Research Departments from Credit Suisse s Investment Strategy- and other departments and to manage conflicts of interest, including policies relating to dealing ahead of the dissemination of investment research. These policies do not apply to the views of Investment Strategists contained in this report
The balance of payments tells us that the economy is not in equilibrium. Cumulative underlying international reserve loss $bn, net of bond issuances, oil-field financing, and bilateral loans linked to oil purchase-sell agreements 1-1 -2-3 -4 214 215 216 217 218 YTD ($3.3bn) -6-7 -8 Week Week 13 Week 26 Week 39 Week 52 Source: Central bank, Credit Suisse 1
The underlying loss of international reserves year-todate has been broadly in line with that of 217 Cumulative underlying international reserve loss $bn, net of bond issuances, oil-field financing, and bilateral loans linked to oil purchase-sell agreements 1-1 -2-3 -4-6 -7 216 217 218 YTD ($3.3bn) 218 YTD + 217 repeat ($4.1bn) 218 YTD + 216 repeat ($1.2bn) 218 YTD + Average 216/217 ($2.6bn) -8 Week Week 13 Week 26 Week 39 Week 52 Source: Central bank, Credit Suisse 2
and pressure may intensify in the remainder of the year due to seasonality. Cumulative underlying international reserve loss $bn, net of bond issuances, oil-field financing, and bilateral loans linked to oil purchase-sell agreements 1-1 -2-3 -4-6 -7 216 217 218 YTD ($3.3bn) 218 YTD + 216 repeat ($1.2bn) 218 YTD + 217 repeat ($4.1bn) 218 YTD + Average 216/217 ($2.6bn) -8 Week Week 13 Week 26 Week 39 Week 52 Source: Central bank, Credit Suisse 3
What are the roots of this disequilibrium? Policy actions and the structure of the economy, in our view. Nominal GDP growth and money supply % yoy Real multilateral and bilateral exchange rates % change since June 214 25 2 Nominal GDP growth Broad money supply 5 Multilat. Colombia Peru 15-1 -15 1-2 -25 5-3 - (5) 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17-35 -4-45 Jul-14 Jul-15 Jul-16 Jul-17 Jul-18 Source: Central bank, Credit Suisse 4
1) The contagion of the fiscal shock to the monetary sector via the Central Bank s balance sheet expansion... Central Bank s balance sheet assets $bn 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 External Assets Domestic Assets Aug-13 Jun-14 Apr-15 Feb-16 Dec-16 Oct-17 Aug-18 Source: Central bank, Credit Suisse 5
led to a surge in domestic liquidity and to a credit cycle inconsistent with macroeconomic fundamentals. Nominal GDP growth and financial system deposits % yoy Nominal GDP growth vs. credit and deposit cycles % yoy 3 25 2 Deposits Nominal GDP 4 35 3 25 Credit Deposits Nominal GDP 15 2 1 15 1 5 5-1 -1 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17-15 Aug-6 Aug-1 Aug-14 Aug-18 Source: DATALAB Asobanca, Central bank, Credit Suisse 6
That is why a fiscal adjustment, while necessary to balance external accounts, is not sufficient Public, private, and current account balances $bn, 217 is an estimate Contributions to international reserves by sector 12-month accumulated through July 218 8. 6. 4. 2.. -2. -4. Private balance Public balance Current account balance 4. 3. 2. 1.. -1. -2. -3. -6. 27 29 211 213 215 217-4. Debt Net oil exports Central bank Public Private Source: Central bank, Credit Suisse 7
as the disequilibrium is holistic and also requires that private sector outflows on the capital account decline. Capital account flows $bn, accumulated since Q1 22 Money and coin balance $bn, 4-quarter rolling 25 2 15 1 5-1 -15-2 FDI Portfolio flows Money and Coin Loans to gov. Other Assets 2. 1.. -1. -2. -3. -4.. -25 Jun-2 Sep-7 Dec-12 Mar-18-6. 1Q6 1Q8 1Q1 1Q12 1Q14 1Q16 1Q18 Source: Central bank, Credit Suisse 8
As a result, international reserve losses have persisted in 218, despite an important reduction in public capex. Current and capital spending $bn, current spending in 218 net of CFDD Estimated cumulative fiscal deficit % of GDP 16 6.5 216 14 12 217 218 Difference 5.5 4.5 217 218 1 3.5 8 2.5 6 4 2 1.5.5 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug -.5 Source: Finance Ministry, Central bank, Credit Suisse 9
2) The inability of the economy to absorb and adjust to a foreign shock is seen in its rigid real exchange rate. Real multilateral and bilateral exchange rates % change since June 214 Minimum wage in dollar terms Index, 22 = 1 5-1 Multilat. Colombia Peru 35 3 25-15 -2-25 -3-35 -4 2 15 1 5 Ecuador Colombia -45 Jul-14 Jul-15 Jul-16 Jul-17 Jul-18 22 26 21 214 218E Source: Central banks, Credit Suisse 1
Ecuador s economy has been unable to rebalance itself after the terms of trade shock Terms of trade Index, June 214 = 1 Real effective exchange rate Index, June 214 = 1 1 95 9 Ecuador Colombia 15 14 Ecuador Colombia 85 13 8 75 7 12 11 65 1 6 55 9 5 Jun-14 Jun-15 Jun-16 Jun-17 Jun-18 8 Jul-14 Jul-15 Jul-16 Jul-17 Jul-18 Source: Central banks, Credit Suisse 11
inhibiting its ability to propel non-oil exports, and leading to a sharp deterioration in the labor market. Non-oil imports and exports $bn, 12-month accumulated Employment Index, June 27 = 1 2 14 13 Adequately employed Not-adequately employed and unemployed 15 12 1 11 1 5 Non-oil imports Non-oil exports 9 Jun-6 Jun-1 Jun-14 Jun-18 8 Jun-8 Dec-1 Jun-13 Dec-15 Jun-18 Source: Central bank, INEC, Credit Suisse 12
Hence, the balance of payments presents a structural deficit, perpetuating its dependence on foreign lending. Cumulative underlying international reserve loss $bn, net of bond issuances, oil-field financing, and bilateral loans linked to oil purchase-sell agreements 1-1 -2-3 -4 214 215 216 217 218 YTD ($3.3bn) -6-7 -8 Week Week 13 Week 26 Week 39 Week 52 Source: Central bank, Credit Suisse 13
Ecuador needs to fix its BoP dynamics to avoid relying on market access to meet upcoming bond payments. External debt service for 219-226 $bn, as of January 218 6.5 6. 5.5 5. 4.5 4. 3.5 3. 2.5 2. 1.5 1..5. Interests as of Jan-18 Principal as of Jan-18 Interests as of Jul-16 Principal as of Jul-16 219 22 221 222 223 224 225 226 Source: Sovereign bond prospectuses, Credit Suisse 14
Although there are challenges ahead, there are also reforms that could be implemented to navigate them. What are the risks ahead? - Normalization of global monetary policy - Strong dollar - Trade wars - Idiosyncratic risks - Chinese economic growth - Lower commodity prices What could be done? - Continued fiscal discipline - Use foreign savings to fund private investment - Promote FDI for mining sector - Boost oil investment and production - Fiscal devaluation - Labor market reform Source: Credit Suisse 15
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