MEASURING TRADE IN STEEL A TIVA PERSPECTIVE Norihiko Yamano and Colin Webb 11-12 May 2015 OECD 78 th Session of the Steel Committee Trade in Value-Added (TiVA) project OECD WTO initiative. Three core directorates: Statistics (STD), Science Technology and Innovation (STI), Trade and Agriculture (TAD) Develop a tool to estimate international trade in value-added terms corresponding to current globalised production networks. First release of TiVA indicators early 2013. New update with more industry detail: May 2015 1
Production networks Mining products Material manufacturing (e.g. steel) Parts and components Final products (e.g. motor vehicles) Consumers Business services Utility Transportation Financial and insurance Real estate Telecommunications Product designs Wholesale & retail Conventional trade statistics, Input-Output and TiVA Conventional gross trade data: from: reporting country = Export origin country to: partner = Importing country TiVA: value added flows: from: Value Added (VA) source country to: demand expenditure country from: Domestic VA in gross exports to: partner = Importing country GHG emissions: Export = VA source country Import = Final demand expenditure country Jobs: Export = Employment country Import = Final demand expenditure country 2
Data sources: coverage and challenges Bilateral trade statistics Wider country coverage (150+), timely annual, harmonised format Mirror flow issue, used and scrap products, end-use, domestic VA share varies across countries National Input-Output Inter-industry indirect economic impacts Format of national data sources is not unique (price valuation, sector detail), poor country coverage (60+), untimely Iron/Steel and Non-Ferrous metals exporters (2013) Source: OECD BTDIXE,2015 3
Imports of Iron & Steel: new and scrap used products (% of scrap in total iron & steel products) Domestic VA embodied in basic metals exports (% of total exports) Domestic VA Foreign VA Exports World 2000 2011 Source: OECD ICIO 2015 (preliminary) Top 20 Iron and Steel exporters in 2011 (ex. Ukraine) 4
CO 2 emissions embodied in trade % of total emissions from basic metals industry meeting foreign final demand Sources: OECD Secretariat estimates from OECD ICIO 2015 (preliminary) and IEA (2014) Jobs engaged in foreign demand (% of total employment) Employment (C27t28) Foreign FD Domestic FD in foreign final C27T28), 1995 & 2008 5
Coverage, 1995-2011 OECD BRIICS Other EU28 Other G20 Other South Eastern Asia Other Eastern Asia Other Region groups All OECD 34 countries Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russian Federation, South Africa Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Romania Argentina, Saudi Arabia Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam Chinese Taipei, Hong Kong China Columbia, Costa Rica, Tunisia, Rest of World OECD, Non-OECD, APEC, ASEAN, Eastern Asia,EU28, Euro area, North America etc. Covers 38 countries of Top 40 steel exporters in 2011 Industry list Agriculture, Mining Agriculture [01T05], Mining [10T14] Manufacturing Food products [15T16], Textiles & apparel[17t19] Wood [20] Paper print publishing [21T22] Coke, petroleum[23] Chemicals[24] Rubber & plastics[25] Non-metallic minerals[26] Basic metals[27] Fabricated metals[28] Machinery [29] ICT & electronics [30,32,33] Electrical machinery [31] Motor vehicles [34] Other transport [35] Other manufacturing [36T37] Utility and Construction Business services Utilities [40T41] Construction [45] Wholesale & retail [50T52] Hotels & restaurants [55] Transport & storage [60T63] Post & telecoms [64] Finance & insurance [65T67] Real estate [70] Renting of machinery [71] IT services [72] Other business services [73,74] Other services Public admin [75]; Education [80]; Health [85]; [ISIC Rev.3 code], http://oe.cd/tiva Other services [90T93]; Private households [95] 6
Summary Steel industry is one of the best application examples of Inter-country I-O High import dependency on upstream mining products Less final demand expenditure Large part of domestic production is due to foreign final demand Possible Extensions Labour contents More countries e.g. mining products exporters and large steel producers? Split Iron/Steel and non-ferrous manufacturers TiVA How to access TiVA database and related ICIO analyses http://oe.cd/tiva Carbon footprint http://www.oecd.org/sti/inputoutput/co2 Jobs sustained and consumption behaviour indicators, Scoreboard 2013, OECD (Chapter: Participating in the global economy) http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/oecd-sciencetechnology-and-industry-scoreboard-2013_sti_scoreboard-2013-en 7