Information and Communications Technology Labour Market in Canada

Census Analysis Series Information and Communications Technology Labour Market in Canada Labour Market Intelligence Information and Communications Technology Council (ICTC) i

Census Analysis Series Information and Communications Technology Labour Market in Canada Labour Market Intelligence Information and Communications Technology Council (ICTC)

Information and Communications Technology Council All rights reserved. Savard, A. and Jacobs, L. Information and communications technology labour market in Canada: Riding the dot-com bubble. Ottawa, Canada: Information and Communications Technology Council. 1. ICT sector. 2. Labour market. 3. Census. 4. Canada. 5. ICTC. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Information and Communications Technology Council (ICTC), its Board of Directors, or the organizations they may represent. ICTC does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. ICTC encourages printing or copying information exclusively for personal and non-commercial use with proper acknowledgment of ICTC. Users are restricted from reselling, redistributing, or creating derivative works for commercial purposes without the express, written consent of ICTC. For orders, please contact: Information and Communications Technology Council (ICTC) 116 Lisgar Street, Suite 300, Ottawa, ON, K2P 0C2 Tel: 613-237-8551 Fax: 613-230-3490 E-mail: LMI@ictc-ctic.ca www.ictc-ctic.ca

Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations iii Executive Summary iv 1. Introduction 1 2. Canada 2 3. Provinces & Territories 16 Newfoundland and Labrador 17 Prince Edward Island 27 Nova Scotia 37 New Brunswick 47 Québec 57 Ontario 67 Manitoba 77 Saskatchewan 87 Alberta 97 British Columbia 107 Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut 117 4. Evolution between 1961 and 2006 118 5. Conclusions 123 Notes 128 Annex 1: Understanding the Classification System 129 Annex 2: ICT Workers by Occupation and Province 134 Page ii

Acronyms and Abbreviations HQP Highly Qualified People IT Information Technology ICT Information and Communications Technology ICTC PSE LF LM Information and Communications Technology Council Post Secondary Education Labour Force Labour Market Page iii

Executive Summary This is the second in a series of ICTC analysis reports focusing on the Canadian ICT labour market, using the lens of latest available Census of Canada at the time of this publication, Census 2006. While the first in this analysis series traced the evolution of Canada s ICT labour force over the period of 1961 and 2001, the main focus of this volume is to compare the labour market scenario of the sector in 2006 with that of 2001, a time period that also encapsulates the infamous dot-com bubble. The Census of Canada is the country s largest survey, with over 13.5 million households receiving the 2006 Census questionnaire. Essentially, the Census provides a statistical representation of Canada and its people and is by far the richest occupational data available at both the national and provincial levels. It should be noted here that the 2006 Census offered participants the option of completing their census questionnaire over the internet for the first time on a countrywide scale, a fitting evidence of continually growing importance of ICT in all sectors as well as how the ICT workforce is employed throughout the economy. In addition to investigating the overall Canadian ICT labour market, this report also analyses that of all ten provinces separately and sheds light on patterns that have emerged in the time period being considered. Findings of this analysis are expected to help ICTC s stakeholders making informed decisions as they undertake human resource planning initiatives. As the main focus of this volume is to compare ICT labour market scenario in 2006 with that of 2001, the same 12 core ICT occupations that defined the ICT labour force in Census 2001 and used in the first edition of this series also define the sector using Census 2006 to ensure homogeneity for comparison purposes. In that framework, 3.4 workers in Canada were involved in ICT occupations in 2006, increasing from 3.3 in 2001. Similarly, there were 585,260 ICT workers in 2006, increasing from 528,630 in 2001. This increase of 56,630 ICT workers between 2001 and 2006 corresponds to a 10.7 growth in the ICT labour force in this period. And this growth occurred despite of the dot-com bubble that took place at the beginning of this millennium. It is also important to bear in mind that the definition of ICT occupations expanded significantly by 2006 and many ICT related jobs may have been captured by those expanded definitions of ICT occupations that are omitted in this analysis for comparison purposes. Historically ICT occupations have been male-dominated and significantly more so compared to the overall economy. Although the Canadian labour force continues to become less masculine, the ICT labour force experiences considerable gender imbalance. 76 of ICT workers were male in 2006, compared to 52 males in the overall labour force that year. Corresponding numbers in 2001 were 72 and 53, respectively. From a provincial perspective, Québec, at 23, had the lowest proportion of female workers in ICT occupations among all the Canadian provinces in 2006, while Prince Edward Island, at 30, had the highest. Page iv

The Canadian labour force is getting older and the ICT sector is aging at a much faster rate. 66 of the overall labour force was 35 years of age and above in 2006, increasing from 62 in 2001. In contrast, 65 of the ICT labour force was 35 years of age and above in 2006, aging rapidly from only 54 in 2001. ICTC s 2011 2016 Outlook Report shows that the overwhelming majority of ICT jobs require three to eight years of relevant experience and this may be one of the driving forces behind the sector aging rapidly. In addition, most of the youth entering the sector may have been captured by the expanded definitions of ICT occupations, for example jobs in digital media sub-sector, that are omitted in this analysis. Canadian workers are becoming more educated and the ICT sector is leading the way. Someone working in the ICT sector in 2006 was more than twice as likely to have a university degree (47) compared to a typical worker in the overall labour force (22). Both numbers increased from their corresponding 2001 counterparts, from 44 and 19, respectively, and all the provinces exhibit a similar pattern. Predictably, majority of ICT professionals were educated in the Sciences, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) field. Mathematics, in particular, is becoming increasingly popular, as 38 of them studied it in 2006, compared to 24 in 2001, reflecting a growth of 58 in this period. 13 of the ICT labour force in 2006 was Internationally Educated Professionals (IEPs) individuals who are born outside Canada that are aged 25 years or older at time of immigration and who have obtained their highest educational degree, certificate or diploma outside of Canada. China and India were the major source countries, providing nearly 30 of all IEPs in the sector. Ontario continued to lead the provincial share of ICT jobs in Canada with 48 in 2006, followed by Québec (22), British Columbia (12), and Alberta (9). In contrast, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland both had less than 1 and all three of New Brunswick, Saskatchewan, and Nova Scotia provided between 1 and 2 of all ICT jobs in the country. While these 2006 proportions were marginally different, the ranking was a mirror reflection of provincial shares of ICT jobs in 2001. The service sector continued to be the dominant employment source for ICT workers, with half of all ICT workers employed in the sector. The sub sector of professional, scientific and technical services accounted for 78 of all the service sector employments in 2006, decreasing from 82 in 2001. 87 of all ICT workers were wage-earners (employees) in 2006, the same as in the overall labour force that year, relatively unchanged from 88 in 2001. Average earnings at above $59,000 in the ICT sector in 2006 were 63 more than that of all sectors combined, the difference diverging further from 49 in 2001, when a worker employed in the ICT sector earned above $53,000 on average. Female workers working in the ICT sector on average earned 82 of their male counterparts in 2006 ($51,000 compared to $62,000), increasing from 80 in 2001 ($45,000 compared to $56,000). Male-female earnings gap in the ICT sector is markedly smaller and further decreasing than the corresponding numbers for the overall economy, where women on average earned only 64 of male earnings in 2006 and 63 in 2001. As the Canadian ICT labour force became larger, older, more educated, remained similarly male-dominated and witnessed a large increase in its return to Page v

skills in the intervening five years, careful, informed, and in-advance planning is required to face the future on a firm footing, particularly in light of the fact that the large cohort of baby boomers have played a significant role in the rising age profile of the ICT labour force. It is inevitable that these older workers will have to be systematically replaced. One element of that planning has to be emphasizing the transition of younger workers into the ICT labour market. This can be achieved through increased support for integrating recent graduates into ICT employment, through strengthening the practicum component of ICT and related academic programs, and through integrating these programs with other fields of study. Maximizing the experience of older workers is also vital to achieve age balance, provide mentorship to their younger employees, as well as create institutional memory. IEPs are becoming an integral part of the Canadian ICT labour force and integrating global talent into the sector by developing key programs, resources, and tools for them and their employers with the integral support of partners and stakeholders is essential. Another important element of the human resource planning has to be creating an enabling environment to attract and retain female workers into the ICT labour market. Increased female participation has the potential to improve organizational performances as demand for communications, interpersonal, and business skills are on the rise in the sector. From ICT practitioners perspective, employers and employees are both looking for increased flexibility at workplace. However, even in a fast-changing environment, there are certain types of jobs that are less susceptible to innovation and business cycles than others. Some skills remain in demand and other desired skills keep changing and changing again. Practitioners can somewhat avoid uncertainties if plan their careers well. Overcoming the challenges and seizing the opportunities will depend on Canadian companies ability to focus on specializing in knowledge-intensive, highvalue-added goods and services to remain competitive. Investing in innovation, education, and training as well as promoting digital skills training for employees and new hires across industries feature prominently in Canada s Digital Economy Strategy, since skilled workers are the greatest assets of their respective companies and companies need to invest in the tools that help ensure success. Empowering tomorrow s ICT workforce is vital for Canada s competitiveness in a global economy. A measured and prioritized digital strategy in key sectors of the economy is essential to propel Canada onto the world stage. At this unique time Canada needs leadership and as the only national organization in Canada for labour market intelligence as well as development of occupational standards and talent programs for the digital economy, ICTC in light of the findings of this study and in collaboration with its government and industry partners is in an excellent position to contribute. Page vi

1. Introduction This report has been prepared by the LMI program at ICTC, Canada s leading authority in ICT human resource trends and issues. The goal of the LMI program is to provide detailed analysis of the ICT labour market to better understand the changing needs and landscape of the sector. This is the second in a series of ICTC analysis reports focusing on the Canadian ICT labour market, using the lens of latest available Census of Canada at the time of this publication, Census 2006. While the first in this analysis series traced the evolution of Canada s ICT labour force over the period of 1961 and 2001, the main focus of this volume is to compare the labour market scenario of the sector in 2006 with that of 2001, a time period that encapsulates the infamous dot-com bubble. The Census of Canada is the country s largest survey, with over 13.5 million households receiving the 2006 Census questionnaire. Essentially, the Census provides a statistical representation of Canada and its people and is by far the richest occupational data available at both the national and provincial levels. It should be noted here that the 2006 Census offered participants the option of completing their census questionnaire over the internet for the first time on a countrywide scale, a fitting evidence of continually growing importance of ICT in all sectors as well as how the ICT workforce is employed throughout the economy. As noted earlier, the infamous dot-com bubble occurred in this time period and thus the findings offer a broad perspective on the issue of interest at the beginning and the middle of the previous decade. A lot has certainly changed within the span of those five years: The Canadian ICT labour force became older; more educated; and witnessed a large increase in its return to skills, while witnessing an increase of over 56,000 ICT workers, reflecting a 10.7 growth in the ICT labour force, all the while remaining as male-dominated as ever. Average earnings in the ICT sector grew sharply compared to the overall economy and the male-female earnings gap in the sector continued to shrink, which already was markedly smaller than the corresponding gap for the overall economy. While many of the ICT labour market characteristics changed in that period, some other features of the sector remained the same: Ontario continued to lead the provincial share of ICT jobs in Canada, every second ICT worker continued to be employed in the service sector, and almost nine in every ten ICT workers continued to be wage-earners. The report begins in Section 2 with a nationwide perspective of the ICT labour market, aiming to characterize the changes that took place in the ICT sector between 2001 and 2006. A detailed provincial/territorial perspective is provided in Section 3. The following section connects this volume of the Census Analysis Series with the previous one and comments how things evolved in the ICT sector since 1961, the earliest available Census data where for the first time the Census of Canada introduced Computer Programmer as an occupation, the definition of the ICT labour force in those days. In a final section of the report, findings are summarized and conclusions drawn with a brief discussion on the way forward. Page 1

2. Canada Table 1: National Snapshot Canada Number of ICT Workers National Snapshot: Canada Item Category 2006 2001 ICT's Share of National Labour Force Male Proportion in Jobs Workforce in 15-24 Year Age Group Workforce in 25-34 Year Age Group Male 434,105 383,780 Female 151,155 145,030 Total 585,260 528,630 3.4 3.3 ICT Sector 75.7 72.6 All Sectors Combined 52.7 53.3 ICT Sector 6.5 11.0 All Sectors Combined 14.3 16.3 ICT Sector 28.4 35.0 All Sectors Combined 18.9 21.4 Workforce in 35+Year Age Group ICT Sector 65.1 54.1 All Sectors Combined 66.8 62.4 Workers with University ICT Sector 47.7 44.0 Education All Sectors Combined 22.3 19.6 Toronto 159,030 147,615 Montreal 83,670 76,490 Number of ICT Workers in Main Ottawa 54,975 50,880 ICT Hubs Vancouver 51,160 44,180 Calgary 31,400 26,745 System Analyst 24.3 20.1 Major ICT Occupations Programmer 17.0 19.3 User Support 10.9 9.4 Service 50.6 49.7 ICT Occupations by Industry Transportation, Utilities, and Information 14.1 14.6 Primary and Secondary 11.6 13.4 Share of Wage Earners in ICT 87 88 Average Earnings in ICT $59,208 $53,336 Average ICT earnings as Ratio of Provincial Average 163 : 100 149 : 100 Average Female Earnings in ICT as Proportion of Males in ICT 82 80 Page 2

Canada This section predominantly examines the changes in the ICT labour market between 2001 and 2006 from an overall Canadian perspective, with occasional additional contrast with 1996 and 1991. It examines the ICT workers identified in the Tables in Annex 1, beginning with their importance in the overall labour force, and then turns to the demographic and workplace characteristics. Importance of ICT Workers ICT workers represented an increasing proportion of the total Canadian labour force between 1991 and 2006. There were 267,215 ICT workers in 1991, 299,170 in 1996, 528,630 in 2001, and 585,260 in 2006. The increase of 56,630 workers between 2001 and 2006 corresponds to labour force growth of 10.7. The ICT labour force increased from being 1.8 of the total labour force in 1991 to 2.0 in 1996, 3.3 in 2001, and 3.4 in 2006. Emerging data from the Labour Force Survey and other sources suggest that the number of ICT workers in these 12 core ICT occupations rose to 700,000 by 2011. Gender The following Figure indicates that from 1991 to 2006, the distribution of males and females in ICT occupations in Canada does not mirror the national distribution of males and females in the overall labour force. Over this time period ICT occupations had a significantly higher percentage of male workers than the overall labour force, and the gap widened slightly over the period. In 1991, 69.6 of ICT workers were male; this proportion increased to 71.7 in 1996, to 72.6 in 2001 and to 75.7 in 2006. The corresponding proportions for the overall labour force were 55.0, 54.1, 53.3 and 52.7. Figure 1: Proportion of Males in the Canadian Labour Force Proportion of Males in the Canadian Labour Force 80.0 70.0 69.6 71.7 72.6 75.7 60.0 50.0 55.0 54.1 53.3 52.7 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 1991 1996 2001 2006 ICT Workers Labour Force Page 3

Canada The Figure below indicates slight variations from province to province ICT occupations when it comes to the share of males in the ICT labour force in 2006. This variation ranges from 20 to 25 percentage points. In comparison, the Figure depicting 2001 shows that ICT occupations that year had a higher percentage of males than the overall labour force with a range of 15 to 20 percentage points. Figure 2: Proportion of Males by Province in the Canadian Labour Force, 2006 Proportion of Males by Province in the Canadian Labour Force, 2006 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 75.6 69.6 72.6 71.6 76.6 73.3 73.4 71.6 74.2 75.3 50.7 51.0 51.5 51.5 52.7 52.4 52.6 52.8 54.1 52.5 ICT Labour Force Labour Force In 2001, Manitoba had the lowest share of women in ICT of all the Canadian provinces, followed by British Columbia and Québec. As of 2006, Québec had the lowest share of women in ICT of all the Canadian provinces, followed by Newfoundland and British Columbia. Figure 3: Proportion of Males by Province in the Canadian Labour Force, 2001 Proportion of Males by Province in the Canadian Labour Force, 2001 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 67.4 72.6 73.5 68.8 68.0 72.0 74.9 72.5 74.5 69.0 53.5 52.2 53.0 53.2 53.8 53.0 53.3 53.3 54.3 53.0 ICT Labour Force Labour Force Page 4

Canada Age The following two Figures show that the ICT labour force continued to have a relatively high proportion of workers between 25 and 34 years of age between 2001 and 2006. It is important to note that this proportion has decreased from 44.7 in 1991 to 35.0 in 2001 and to 28.4 in 2006. What has remained constant over this time period is the higher proportion of ICT workers in this age group compared to the overall labour force. 1 Figure 4: Distribution of Workers by Age Group, 2006 80.0 60.0 Distribution of Workers by Age Group, 2006 65.1 66.8 40.0 20.0 0.0 28.4 18.9 14.3 6.5 15-24 25-34 35+ ICT workforce Labour force Figure 5: Distribution of Workers by Age Group, 2001 Distribution of Workers by Age Group, 2001 70.0 60.0 50.0 54.1 62.4 40.0 35.0 30.0 20.0 11.0 16.3 21.4 10.0 0.0 15-24 25-34 35+ ICT workforce Labour force The following two Figures indicate that the ICT labour force was younger than the overall labour force by about 20 points in both 2001 and 2006. The margin between the ICT labour force and the overall labour force was relatively constant from province to province. In 2001 and 2006, Newfoundland had the highest 1 See Annex 2 for a breakdown by gender. Page 5

Canada percentage of ICT workers aged 25-44 (69.7 and 71.3, respectively) and Prince Edward Island had the least (54.6 and 61.5, respectively). Figure 6: Proportion of Workers Aged 25-44 by Province, 2006 Proportion of Workers Aged 25-44 by Province, 2006 80.0 70.0 60.0 69.7 54.6 63.0 67.5 66.7 63.9 60.2 62.3 62.0 64.3 50.0 40.0 45.1 41.4 43.6 43.9 44.8 44.9 42.0 39.4 43.8 43.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 ICT Labour Force Labour Force Figure 7: Proportion of Workers Aged 25-44 by Province, 2001 Proportion of Workers Aged 25-44 by Province, 2001 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 71.3 69.3 66.7 65.2 68.8 67.3 66.9 64.1 63.9 61.5 50.6 49.9 49.6 49.8 46.3 46.6 47.0 48.7 48.1 44.5 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 ICT Labour Force Labour Force Page 6

Canada Level of Schooling Historically the work performed in IT and ICT jobs has been high skilled, requiring an extensive amount of formal training or on the job experience. The ICT labour force has consequently had a high level of schooling. Figure 8: Distribution of Workers by Level of Schooling, 2006 Distribution of the IT Workforce by Level of Schooling, Canada, 2006 60.0 50.0 47.7 40.0 40.6 38.9 37.1 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 13.3 Secondary or less Non university University 22.3 ICT workforce Labour force As these Figures indicate, those in the ICT labour force continued to have a high level of schooling and were approximately two times as likely to have had a university degree as those in the overall labour force. 2 Figure 9: Distribution of Workers by Level of Schooling, 2001 Distribution of the IT Workforce by Level of Schooling, Canada, 2001 60.0 50.0 49.2 45.4 44.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 6.8 Secondary or less Non university University 19.6 ICT workforce Labour force 2 See Table 17 for information regarding the percentages for males and females. Page 7

Canada As in 2001, the ICT labour force remains better educated than the overall labour force in all provinces in 2006. In 2006 the point difference was at approximately 25 35 points as indicated in the Figure below, slightly less than in 2001 when a 30-35 point s difference existed between the two. Figure 10: Proportion of Workers with Post Secondary Education, 2006 Proportion of Workers with Post Secondary Education, 2006 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 85.3 80.9 80.6 85.6 84.5 82.9 82.4 77.0 77.0 77.6 51.3 46.0 44.8 47.7 42.9 45.9 47.8 44.1 40.9 37.4 ICT Labour Force Labour Force Again, mirroring 2001, the level of education of the ICT labour force in 2006 also varies between provinces. 2006 results indicate that Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Manitoba, and British Columbia s proportion of ICT workers with PSE decreased the most, while Newfoundland s increased over ten percentage points. Figure 11: Proportion of Workers with Post Secondary Education, 2001 Proportion of Workers with Post Secondary Education, 2001 100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 84.5 88.3 87.3 75.0 81.0 79.0 81.5 82.8 86.1 78.7 55.1 55.8 51.1 50.7 44.5 46.2 46.6 47.6 50.5 44.1 ICT Labour Force Labour Force Page 8

Canada Field of Study Figures below provide the distribution of the ICT labour force and the overall labour force by their field of study for 1996 and 2006. 3 Figure 12: Distribution of Workers by Field of Study, 2006 Distribution of Workers by Field of Study, 2006 45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 9.5 16.7 2.6 10.9 11.6 23.1 6.1 20.1 31.6 24.2 38.4 Education/Humanities Social Sciences Commerce Agriculture/Health Engineering Mathematics 5.0 ICT Workforce Labour Force We see that the ICT labour force was mainly educated in Engineering, Mathematics, and Sciences and that there has been a substantial increase for those workers with mathematics degrees (24.3 in 1996 and 38.4 in 2006). Figure 13: Distribution of Workers by Field of Study, 1996 Distribution of Workers by Field of Study, 1996 50.0 45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 12.5 21.5 4.2 10.2 10.1 22.1 1.9 15.6 47.0 27.1 24.3 Education/Humanities Social Sciences Commerce Agriculture/Health Engineering Mathematics 3.5 ICT Workforce Labour Force 3 2001 data was not available for comparison as it was not requested for ICTC`s previous volume of the Census Analysis Series. Page 9

Canada Birthplace ICTC s previous census report provided two historical reference points 4 with regards to the birthplace characteristics of the ICT labour market. The first reference was for 1996 where 30 of the ICT labour force was born outside Canada compared with 20 for the overall labour force. The second source 5 for 2001 found that 32 of those in occupations related to computer specialties were born outside Canada compared with 21 for the overall labour force. In 2006, 79,435 or 13.6 of the people in the ICT sector were internationally educated professionals (IEPs). The definition ICTC uses for an IEP is; a person who is born outside Canada, was age 25 years or older at time of immigration and his/her highest educational degree, certificate or diploma was obtained outside Canada. IEPs represented 21.2 of Canada s overall labour force in 2006, which was an increase from 19.9 in 2001. As we can see in the following Figure that the majority of IEPs come from countries other than those listed and this highlights the diversity of people coming to Canada. Of the countries identified China provides the greatest number of IEPs followed by India, Philippines and the United Kingdom. Figure 14: Percentage of Internationally Educated Professionals (IEPs) by Country of Origin for the ICT Labour Force, 2006 Percentage of Internationally Educated Professionals (IEPs) by Selected Country of Origin for the ICT Labour Force, 2006 19.3 9.6 4.4 4.0 2.6 1.9 1.6 0.6 0.3 0.2 Province and/or Territory As shown in the Figures below, Ontario continues to dominate in terms of the location of ICT workers in Canada. In 2001, Ontario had 49.8 of Canada s ICT labour force and 38.3 of the country s overall labour force. In 2006, the proportions were 48.5 and 38.4 respectively. 4 5 Canada s ICT Labour Force, 1961 2001: Four decades of growth and change. October 2003, Software Human Resources Council, p. 21. This source was Roman Habtu who used a slightly different definition of the ICT labour force than was used in the report itself. Page 10

Canada Figure 15: Distribution of Workers by Province/Territory, 2001 and 2006 Distribution of Workers by Province/Territory, 2001 and 2006 B.C. & Territories Alberta Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Quebec New Brunswick Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island Newfoundland 1.5 1.5 2.3 2.2 1.5 1.3 1.7 1.6 0.3 0.2 0.7 0.6 11.3 12.3 9.0 9.7 22.0 22.0 49.8 48.5 2001 2006 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 The Figure above compares the ICT labour market by province and territory for 2001 and 2006. It shows that in 2001, Ontario had the most ICT workers (49.8) followed by Québec (22.0), British Columbia (11.2) and Alberta (9.0). The ranking remained the same in 2006 but Ontario dropped to 48.5, Québec remained the same at 22.0, British Columbia increased to 12.2 and Alberta increased to 9.7. The ICT labour force in each province and territory has distinctive characteristics, which are best illustrated when contrasted against results from the rest of the country. Several key factors thus stand out. Figure 16: Proportion of ICT Workers in the Labour Force by Province, 2001 and 2006 Proportion of ICT Workers in the Labour Force by Province, 2001 and 2006 British Columbia Alberta Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Quebec New Brunswick Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island Newfoundland 2.9 4.5 2.8 4.1 1.5 2.4 2.1 3.3 4.4 3.2 4.8 2.2 3.6 2.1 3.5 2.0 3.5 1.6 2.9 6.2 2001 2006 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 Page 11

Canada In 2001 the importance of ICT in the labour force of provinces varies almost by a factor of three from the lowest (Saskatchewan) to the highest (Ontario). By 2006 the importance varies by a smaller factor (2.6) indicating an increase in the overall importance of ICT in the provincial labour force s, outside of Ontario. Additionally, with respect to their individual provinces, Ontario has the highest percent of the ICT labour force (4.4) in 2001 followed by Québec (3.2), British Columbia (2.9) and Alberta (2.8). This ranking was echoed in 2006 with Ontario at 6.3, followed by Québec (4.8), British Columbia (4.5) and Alberta (4.1). The ICT labour force continues to be an important component of Canada s overall labour force, accounting for 3.3 of workers in 2001 and 2.5 in 2006. The distribution by occupation is provided in the following Figure. Figure 17: Distribution of the ICT Labour Force by Occupation, 2001 and 2006 Distribution of the ICT Labour Force by Occupation, 2001 and 2006 Designers 8.4 9.4 2001 Testing 1.3 1.3 2006 User Support 9.4 10.9 Operators/Technici 9.1 8.3 Web Design 4.6 3.4 Programmers 19.3 17.0 Software Engineers 5.1 5.3 Database Analysts 2.7 2.3 Systems Analysts 20.1 24.3 Comp. Engineers 5.3 4.4 Elec. Engineers 6.0 5.6 Managers 8.8 7.7 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 The Table in Annex 2 provides further details on the relative importance of the specific ICT occupations across the provinces. Most ICT occupations have a similar share of the ICT labour force across the provinces, with the exception of System Analyst and User Support. The greatest changes from the 2001 to 2006 were increases in User Support for Prince Edward Island (+7.2), Nova Scotia (+11.1), and New Brunswick (+8.7), and System Analysts (+7.7) and Programmers (- 7.0) in Newfoundland. Industry Information on the industry sectors of employment for ICT-related occupations is presented in the following Figure. Page 12

Canada Figure 18: Distribution of the ICT Labour Force by Industries, 2001 and 2006 Distribution of the ICT Workforce by Industries, 2001 and 2006 60.0 50.0 49.7 50.6 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 13.4 11.6 7.6 7.9 14.6 14.1 6.8 7.4 7.9 8.4 0.0 Primary and Secondary Wholesale and Retail Trade Transportation, Utilities and Information Financial Sector Services Public Administration 2001 2006 It indicates that the ICT labour force was primarily employed in the services sector. Of particular note is that within the clearly dominant services sector the sub category of professional, scientific and technical services accounted for 82.3 of employment in 2001. In 2006 the professional, scientific and technical services sub category accounted for 78.2 of the still very dominate services sector. Unlike in 2001, Ontario did not have the highest share of ICT jobs for the four sectors examined in 2006. With respect to the professional, scientific and technical services Saskatchewan had the lowest share. The lowest share for the information and cultural industries was in Nova Scotia. The lowest share of the management of companies and enterprises was in Newfoundland and the lowest share for the finance and insurance sector was in Prince Edward Island. Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick both demonstrated a significant increase in the sectoral share in the management of companies and enterprises. Figure 19: Sectoral Share (Four Sectors) of ICT Employment by Province, 2006 30.0 Sectoral Share (Four Sectors) of ICT Employment by Province, Canada, 2006 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 Information and Cultural Industries Finance and Insurance Professional, Scientific and Technical Services Management of Companies and Enterprises Page 13

Canada Ontario had highest number of ICT jobs in 2001 in the four sub-service sectors examined, while Newfoundland had the least number of jobs in Information and Cultural Industries. Among other sub-service sectors, Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, Saskatchewan and British Columbia had the least number of Management of Companies and Enterprises jobs, while Prince Edward Island had the least jobs in the finance and insurance industry. Figure 20: Sectoral Share (Four Sectors) of ICT Employment by Province, 2001 30.0 Sectoral Share (Four Sectors) of ICT Employment by Province, Canada, 2001 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 Information and Cultural Industries Finance and Insurance Professional, Scientific and Technical Services Management of Companies and Enterprises Class of Worker 87 of all ICT workers were wage-earners (employees) in 2006, the same as in the overall labour force that year, relatively unchanged from 88 in 2001, when 86 in the overall labour force was wage earners in contrast. Earnings 6 and 7 Average earnings at above $59,000 in the ICT sector in 2006 were 63 more than that of all sectors combined, the difference diverging further from 49 in 2001, when a worker employed in the ICT sector earned above $53,000 on average. Within the ICT labour force, female workers received relatively more equitable compensation when compared to women in the overall labour force. Female workers working in the ICT sector on average earned 82 of their male counterparts in 2006 ($51,000 compared to $62,000), increasing from 80 in 2001 ($45,000 compared to $56,000). Male-female earnings gap in the ICT sector is markedly smaller than the 6 7 Census earnings reflect people s earnings the previous year. All earnings are expressed in 2005 dollars. Statistics Canada, 2006 Census of Population, Statistics Canada catalogue no. 97-563- XCB2006062 and special Census 2006 tabulation. Page 14

Canada corresponding numbers for the overall economy, where women on average earned only 64 of male earnings in 2006 and 63 in 2001. The following Figure indicates that in both 2001 and 2006, ICT occupation earnings were highest in Ontario and lowest in Prince Edward Island. ICT occupation earnings were almost 62 higher in Ontario than in Prince Edward Island in 2001; in 2006 Ontario earnings were 73 higher. In 2001 Ontario ranked the highest in earnings followed by Alberta, British Columbia and Québec (British Columbia and Québec showed marginal differences). In 2006 the ranking was the same although the difference gap in earnings between British Columbia and Québec has grown. Figure 21: Employment Income (in 2005 $) for the ICT Labour Force by Province, 2001 and 2006 Employment Income (in $'s) for the ICT Workforce by Province, Canada British Columbia Alberta Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Quebec New Brunswick Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island Newfoundland $44,864 $57,134 2001 $47,971 2006 $62,970 $40,874 $51,323 $41,080 $49,338 $51,167 $63,371 $44,371 $54,600 $37,051 $44,565 $37,244 $31,712 $36,662 $36,417 $45,313 $45,590 $0 $10,000 $20,000 $30,000 $40,000 $50,000 $60,000 $70,000 Page 15

Canada 3. Provinces & Territories This section of the report presents a more in-depth look at the key characteristics of each province s ICT labour market, predominantly showcasing the changes between 2001 and 2006, with occasional additional contrast with 1991 to illustrate medium term changes. Analysis of each province s ICT labour market begins with characterizing the size and evolution of the ICT labour force in the province as well as where the major centre(s) was (were) for various ICT occupations in the period examined. The analysis then continues to exemplify the socio-demographic characteristics of the provincial ICT labour market, taking a more in-depth look at gender, age, and education-specific characteristics of the province. Workplace characteristics are analyzed next with particular emphasis on what were some of the major ICT occupations in the province, those occupations share of the provincial ICT labour force, where those jobs were concentrated geographically, and how ICT occupations were distributed across various sectors in the provincial economy. In a final section of the provincial analysis, economic features of the ICT labour market is examined, including what proportion of ICT workers were wage earners, what were some of the occupations where self-employed ICT workers were involved in, what were the average earnings in ICT occupations in the period of interest, where did those average earnings rank the relevant province compared to other provinces, how the ICT workers average earnings compared to that of the provincial average earnings, what disparity existed between male and female earnings in ICT occupations and how that inequality compared to that of the provincial average with all sectors combined. The provinces are presented in the geographical order from east to west: Newfoundland and Labrador (NF); Prince Edward Island (PE); Nova Scotia (NS); New Brunswick (NB); Québec (QC); Ontario (ON); Manitoba (MB); Saskatchewan (SK); Alberta (AB); and British Columbia and the Territories (BC). Page 16

Newfoundland and Labrador Table 2: Provincial Snapshot Newfoundland and Labrador Number of ICT Workers Male Proportion in Jobs Provincial Snapshot: Newfoundland and Labrador Item Category 2006 2001 Number of ICT Workers in Main ICT Hub (Share of Total) ICT's Share of Provincial Labour Force Major ICT Occupations Hub for Major ICT Occupations Workers with Post-Secondary Education ICT Occupations with Highest and Lowest Education Level ICT Occupations by Industry Workforce in 25-44 Year Age Group Major Category for Self- Employed ICT Workers Male 3,190 2,495 Female 1,040 1,215 Total 4,230 3,700 ICT Sector 75.4 67.4 All Sectors Combined 50.7 53.5 St. John s 3,330 (78.7) 2,945 (79.6) 2.9 1.6 System Analyst 23.5 15.8 User Support 17.4 16.4 Programmer 14.2 21.2 System Analyst St. John s St. John s User Support St. John s St. John s ICT Sector 90.8 75 All Sectors Combined 56.6 44.5 Electrical Highest Engineers; Software Database Analysts Engineers (100) (100) Lowest Testing User Support (40) (57.5) Professional Services 16.2 18.7 Primary; Management Services; Accommodation < 0.1 < 0.1 Sectors ICT Sector 72.7 71.3 All Sectors Combined 45.2 50.6 Software Web Designers Engineers; Testing; Designers Share of Wage Earners in ICT 93 92 Average Earnings in ICT $45,590 $40,713 Province's Ranking in Average Earnings in ICT 7 th 7 th Average ICT earnings as Ratio of Provincial Average 163 : 100 150: 100 Average Female Earnings in ICT as Proportion of Males in ICT 81 70 Page 17

Newfoundland and Labrador Provincial Highlight 4,230 ICT workers in the province in 2006, increasing from 3,700 in 2001. ICT workers represented 2.9 of the province s total labour force, increasing from 1.6 in 2001. 3,190 male and 1,040 female ICT workers in 2006, denoting a 75.4 male Proportion in ICT jobs, further increasing from 67.4 in 2001. 3,330 (78.7) ICT workers worked in St. John s in 2006. Systems analysts (23.5) were the largest group of ICT workers in Newfoundland and Labrador in 2006 followed by user support (17.4), and programmers (14.2). System Analysts increased in Newfoundland and Labrador by 7.7 and programmers decreased by 7.0 between 2001 and 2006. 90.8 of all ICT workers had post-secondary education in 2006, compared to 56.6 for the province s overall labour force. Testing had the lowest rate (40.0) and electrical engineers, database analysts had the highest rate (100) of workers with PSE. 72.7 of the ICT labour force, compared to 45.2 for the overall labour force in NF, was between 25 and 44 years of age in 2006. ICT occupations by industry ranged from less than 0.1 in the primary, management services, and accommodation sectors to 16.2 for the professional services sector in 2006. Within the professional services sector, 61.7 worked in professional, scientific and technical services. 93 of Newfoundland and Labrador s ICT workers were wage-earners in 2006. The highest numbers of self-employed workers were web designers. Average earnings in the province in ICT occupations were $45,590 in 2006, significantly increasing from $40,713 in 2001. Newfoundland and Labrador ranked 7 th occupations in 2006, unchanged from 2001. in average earnings in ICT ICT workers earned 63 higher average employment income than average for the overall labour force in the province in 2006, the difference increasing sharply from 50 higher in 2001. Female workers in ICT occupations in Newfoundland and Labrador earned, on average, 81 of what their male coworkers earned in 2006, increasing from 70 in 2001. Page 18

Newfoundland and Labrador Size, Evolution, and Location In 2001, the ICT labour market in Newfoundland and Labrador consisted of 3,700 workers 2,495 males and 1,215 females of which 2,945 (79.6) worked in St. John s. ICT workers represent 1.6 of the province s total labour force. 8 Using the 1991 occupations classification, the evolution of the ICT labour force over the 1991-2001 period is evident: Table 3: Evolution of Key ICT Occupations 1991 to 2001 No. of Workers Occupations 1991 2001 Change Information Systems and Data Processing Managers 185 320 +173 Electrical and Electronics Engineers 395 285-27.8 Computer and Information Systems Occupations 1380 1695 +122.8 Graphic Designers and Illustrating Artists 140 260 +185.7 In 2006, the ICT labour force in Newfoundland and Labrador consisted of 4,230 workers 3,190 males and 1,040 females of which 3,330 (78.7) worked in St. John s. ICT workers represented 2.9 of the province s total labour force. Using the 1991 occupations classification, the evolution of the ICT labour force over the 2001-2006 period is evident: Table 4: Evolution of Key ICT Occupations 2001 to 2006 No. of Workers Occupations 2001 2006 Change Information Systems and Data Processing Managers 320 260-18.8 Electrical and Electronics Engineers 285 350 +122.8 Computer and Information Systems Occupations 1695 1990 +117.4 Graphic Designers and Illustrating Artists 260 315 +121.2 The following two Figures illustrate that systems analysts (23.5), user support (17.4), and programmers (14.2) were the three occupations with the highest percentage of ICT workers in Newfoundland and Labrador in 2006. The same three occupations had the highest percentages in 2001 as well, but in a different order, with systems analysts, programmers and user support respectively accounting for 15.8, 21.2 and 16.4. 8 Statistics Canada rounds each number made available to the public to either five or zero. This can sometimes lead to totals being different than the sum of their parts, and to percentages not strictly adding to 100, especially for small numbers of individuals. This applies throughout the report. Page 19

Newfoundland and Labrador Figure 22: Distribution of ICT Workers by Occupation, Newfoundland and Labrador and St. John s 2006 Distribution of ICT Workers by Occupation, Newfoundland and Labrador and St. John's 2006 30.0 25.0 24.8 23.5 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 8.3 8.7 6.1 5.6 2.6 2.6 4.4 1.3 1.5 17.4 16.8 14.7 14.2 10.4 9.2 7.4 7.2 5.4 3.7 3.2 0.7 0.5 Newfoundland and Labrador St. John's It is also clear that the distribution of ICT workers between occupations for St. John s roughly corresponds to that of the entire province. Designers and system analysts were particularly concentrated in St. John s in 2001. The concentration shifted to software engineers and database analysts in 2006. Figure 23: Distribution of ICT Workers by Occupation, Newfoundland and Labrador and St. John s 2001 Distribution of ICT Workers by Occupation, Newfoundland and Labrador and St. John's 2001 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 22.1 21.2 17.0 16.4 15.8 15.4 10.2 8.6 9.9 9.0 7.7 6.5 5.9 4.1 5.4 3.7 1.4 1.5 0.5 1.4 1.4 0.3 7.6 7.0 Newfoundland and Labrador St. John's Page 20

Newfoundland and Labrador Socio-Demographic Characteristics Gender In general, ICT occupations in the province were held by men in both 2001 and 2006. With the exception of designers (2001) and testing (2001 and 2006), all other ICT occupations exhibited higher male Proportion than was the case for the combined provincial labour force. Figure 24: Proportion of Male Workers by ICT Occupation, Newfoundland and Labrador, 2001 and 2006 Percent of Male Workers by ICT Occupations, Newfoundland and Labrador Designers 38.5 64.9 2001 Testing 50.0 40.0 2006 User Support 63.6 69.6 Operators/Technici 76.7 83.3 Web Design 60.0 85.7 Programmers 62.4 77.5 Software Engineers 83.3 76.3 Database Analysts 80.0 80.0 Systems Analysts 66.7 68.3 Comp. Engineers 80.0 90.5 Elec. Engineers 86.0 98.4 Managers 78.1 78.8 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 Male dominance increased quite dramatically in the sector in this period, a trend observed in many other provinces. In 2006, 75.4 of the ICT labour force was male, while the value was 50.7 for the overall provincial labour force. In 2001, 67.4 of the ICT labour force was male, while the value was 53.5 for the provincial labour force as a whole. Education 2006 Census indicates that in almost every ICT occupation, one finds a high proportion of workers with post-secondary education 90.8, compared to 56.6 for the province s overall labour force. The lowest value was 40.0 for testing and the highest 100 for electrical engineers and database analysts. 9 2001 Census indicates that in each and every ICT occupation, one finds a high proportion of workers with post-secondary education overall 75, compared to 44.5 for the province s overall labour force. The lowest proportion was 57.5 for user support and the highest for software engineers at 100. 9 Due to the low numbers and rounding some percentages may have exceeded 100 Page 21

Newfoundland and Labrador Figure 25: Proportion of ICT Workers with Post-Secondary Education, Newfoundland and Labrador, 2001 and 2006 Proportion of ICT Workers with Post-Secondary Education, Newfoundland and Labrador Designers 57.8 96.2 2001 Testing 40.0 66.7 2006 User Support 57.6 65.7 Operators/Technici 66.2 84.6 Web Design 79.3 76.7 Programmers 81.6 86.5 Software Engineers 100.0 91.9 Database Analysts 90.0 110.0 Systems Analysts 84.9 90.8 Comp. Engineers 80.8 90.9 Elec. Engineers 75.9 100.0 Managers 84.1 88.5 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 Age The following two Figures show that ICT workers in 2006 were predominantly between 25 and 44 years old and accounted for 72.7 of the ICT labour force, while the same age group accounted for 45.2 of the provincial labour force. Figure 26: Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, Newfoundland and Labrador, 2006 60.0 Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, Newfoundland and Labrador, 2006 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Managers Elec. Engineers Comp & info sys pros Designers Page 22

Newfoundland and Labrador ICT workers in 2001 were also predominantly between 25 and 44 years old and this cohort accounted for 71.3 of the ICT labour force and 50.6 of the overall labour force in Newfoundland and Labrador. Figure 27: Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, Newfoundland and Labrador, 2001 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, Newfoundland and Labrador, 2001 Managers Elec. Engineers Comp & info sys pros Designers Occupation and Industry The following Figure shows the proportion of ICT workers in each sector of economic activity (industry) as it was in 2001 and 2006. ICT workers were present in nearly every sector of the economy. This ranges in Newfoundland and Labrador from less than 0.1 of the labour force in the management services sector to 18.7 in the professional services sector in 2001. In 2006 the range was from less than 0.1 for primary, management services, and accommodation sectors to 16.2 for the professional services sector. Figure 28: Share of ICT Workers in Total Employment by Sector, Newfoundland and Labrador, 2001 and 2006 Share of ICT Workers in Total Employment by Sector, Newfoundland and Labrador 2.1 Other Services 2001 0.6 0.0 2006 Arts 0.8 Educational Services 0.5 1.5 Management 0.0 4.0 Real Estate 0.4 16.2 Information and 2.6 13.2 Retail Trade 0.5 0.2 Manufacturing 2.5 1.4 Utilities 0.6 8.5 Primary 1.5 0.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 Page 23

Newfoundland and Labrador The Figure below indicates that ICT workers were concentrated in the services industry. Within that sector, 66.5 in 2001 and 61.7 in 2006 were in the professional, scientific and technical services industry. Figure 29: Distribution of ICT Workers by Industry, Newfoundland and Labrador, 2006 Distribution of ICT Workers by Industry, Newfoundland and Labrador, 2006 Public Administration, 9.0 Primary and Secondary, 9.9 Wholesale and Retail Trade, 5.3 Transportation, Utilities and Information, 20.4 Services, 51.9 Financial Sector, 3.5 The type of ICT worker varied between sectors. For example, 53.6 of ICT workers in 2001 and 48.6 of them in 2006 in utilities were electrical and electronic engineers, while this occupation represented less than 0.1 of workers in the retail sector in 2001 and 16.7 of workers in the wholesale trade sector that year. Similarly, 100 of ICT workers in 2001 and 50 of them in 2006 in the arts, entertainment and recreation sector were designers, while this occupation represented less than 0.1 of workers in the utilities sector in both 2001 and 2006. Figure 30: Distribution of ICT Workers by Industry, Newfoundland and Labrador, 2001 Distribution of ICT Workers by Industry, Newfoundland and Labrador, 2001 Public Administration, 14.1 Primary and Secondary, 9.3 Wholesale and Retail Trade, 2.7 Transportation, Utilities and Information, 15.1 Financial Sector, 3.3 Services, 55.6 Page 24

Newfoundland and Labrador Wage Earners In 2001, the vast majority of ICT workers (92.6) were wage-earners like the typical worker in Newfoundland and Labrador (92.5). In 2006 this finding remains constant with 93.0 of ICT workers being wage-earners, while the typical worker in Newfoundland and Labrador shifted slightly to the self-employed category with 89.6 being wage-earners. The highest numbers of self-employed workers in 2001 were software engineers, testing and designers. In 2006, the highest numbers of self-employed workers were web designers. Figure 31: Proportion of Wage Earners in ICT Occupations, Newfoundland and Labrador, 2001 and 2006 Proportion of Wage Earners in ICT Occupations, Newfoundland and Labrador, 2001 and 2006 Designers 71.2 82.5 2001 Testing 75.0 80.0 2006 User Support 100.0 94.1 Operators/Technici 98.6 94.9 Web Design 67.9 84.4 Programmers 93.6 92.8 Software Engineers 75.0 97.4 Database Analysts 100.0 90.0 Systems Analysts 93.2 93.5 Comp. Engineers 93.3 100.0 Elec. Engineers 96.5 100.0 Managers 90.6 98.1 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 Employment Income Average employment income in ICT occupations in the province was $45,590 in 2006, placing it in the 7 th position out of the ten provinces. This is significantly higher than the 2001 average employment income of $40,713 in ICT occupations, again placing it in the 7 th position out of the ten provinces that year. The average employment income of the ICT labour force in Newfoundland and Labrador in 2001 was almost 50 higher than the average employment income for the overall labour force. By 2006, the average employment income of the ICT labour force in the province had increased to 63 higher than average income for the overall labour force. In 2001, female ICT workers earned, on average, 70 of what their male coworkers made, while females in the overall labour force earned 63 of what male workers earned on average. In 2006, female ICT workers earned, on average, 81 of what their male coworkers made, while females in the overall labour force earned 65 of what the average male earned. Page 25

Newfoundland and Labrador Table 5: ICT Labour Force Labour Force Employment Income of Workers 10, Newfoundland & Labrador (in 2005 dollars) Newfoundland & Labrador 2001 Income in $ s 2006 Income in $ s Change Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females 40,713 45,465 31,647 45,590 47,941 38,744 12.0 5.4 22.4 27,103 32,826 20,572 28,002 33,687 21,782 3.3 2.6 5.9 10 ICT workers are classified based on the 1991 definition. Page 26

Prince Edward Island Table 6: Provincial Snapshot Prince Edward Island Number of ICT Workers Male Proportion in Jobs Provincial Snapshot: Prince Edward Island Item Category 2006 2001 Number of ICT Workers in Main ICT Hub (Share of Total) ICT's Share of Provincial Labour Force Major ICT Occupations Hub for Major ICT Occupations Workers with Post-Secondary Education ICT Occupations with Highest and Lowest Education Level ICT Occupations by Industry Workforce in 25-44 Year Age Group Male 1,225 980 Female 565 460 Total 1,790 1,425 ICT Sector 68.4 68.8 All Sectors Combined 51.0 52.2 Charlottetown ~ 100 1,005 (70.5) 3.5 2 User Support 34.9 27.7 Programmer 16.2 20 System Analyst 15.9 13 User Support Charlottetown Charlottetown Programmer Charlottetown Charlottetown ICT Sector 77.0 81 All Sectors Combined 44.8 46.1 Electrical Highest Engineers; Testing; Computer Web Design; Engineers; Software Database Engineers (100) Analysts; Designers (100) Lowest User Support Designers (55) (65.0) Professional Services 19.3 18.5 Mining; Transportation; Accommodation. < 1 < 1 ICT Sector 55.9 61.5 All Sectors Combined 41.5 46.3 Major Category for Self- Employed ICT Workers Designers Testing Share of Wage Earners in ICT 93 94 Average Earnings in ICT $36,662 $35,453 Province's Ranking in Average Earnings in ICT 10 th 10 th Average ICT earnings as Ratio of Provincial Average 143 : 100 142 : 100 Average Female Earnings in ICT as Proportion of Males in ICT 82 88 Page 27

Prince Edward Island Provincial Highlight 1,790 ICT workers in the province in 2006, increasing from 1,425 in 2001. ICT workers represented 3.5 of the province s total labour force, increasing from 2 in 2001. 1,225 male and 565 female ICT workers in 2006, denoting a 68.4 male Proportion in ICT jobs, decreasing from 68.8 in 2001. Nearly all ICT workers were located in Charlottetown in 2006. User support technicians (34.9) were the largest group of ICT workers in Prince Edward Island in 2006 followed by programmers (16.2) and systems analysts (15.9). User Support technicians increased in Prince Edward Island by 7.2 from 2001 to 2006. 77.0 of all ICT workers had post-secondary education in 2006, compared to 44.8 for the province s overall labour force. User support technicians had the lowest rate (55) and electrical engineers, computer engineers, database analysts, and designers had the highest rate (100) of workers with PSE. 55.9 of the ICT labour force, compared to 41.5 for the overall labour force in PE, was between 25 and 44 years of age in 2006. ICT occupations by industry ranged from less than 0.1 for the mining, construction, transportation, health, arts, and accommodation sectors to 19.3 for the professional services sector. Within the professional services sector, 57.8 worked in professional, scientific, and technical services. 93.6 of Prince Edward Island s ICT workers were wage-earners in 2006. The highest numbers of self-employed workers were designers that year. Average earnings in the province in ICT occupations were $36,662 in 2006, marginally increasing from $35,453 in 2001. Prince Edward Island ranked 10 th in average earnings in ICT occupations in 2006, unchanged from 2001. ICT workers earned 43 higher average employment income than average for the overall labour force in the province in 2006, the difference slightly increasing from 42 higher in 2001. Female workers in ICT occupations in Newfoundland and Labrador earned, on average, 82 of what their male coworkers earned in 2006, decreasing from 88 in 2001. Page 28

Prince Edward island Size, Evolution, and Location In 2001, the ICT labour market in Prince Edward Island consisted of 1,425 11 workers 980 males and 460 females of which 1,005 (70.5) worked in Charlottetown. ICT workers represent 2 of the province s total labour force. Using the 1991 occupations classification, the evolution of the ICT labour force over the 1991-2001 period is evident: Table 7: Evolution of Key ICT Occupations 1991 to 2001 No. of Workers Occupations 1991 2001 Change Information Systems and Data Processing Managers 80 135 +168 Electrical and Electronics Engineers 45 40-11.1 Computer and Information Systems Occupations 285 515 +180.7 Graphic Designers and Illustrating Artists 55 105 +190.9 In 2006, the ICT labour force in Prince Edward Island consisted of 1,790* 1,225 males and 565 females. ICT workers represented 3.5 of the province s total labour force. Using the 1991 occupations classification, the evolution of the ICT labour force over the 2001-2006 period is evident: Table 8: Evolution of Key ICT Occupations 2001 to 2006 No. of Workers Occupations 2001 2006 Change Information Systems and Data Processing Managers 135 70-48.1 Electrical and Electronics Engineers 40 30-25.0 Computer and Information Systems Occupations 515 730 +141.7 Graphic Designers and Illustrating Artists 105 140 +133.3 The following two Figures illustrate that systems analysts, programmers and user support were the three occupations with the highest percentage of ICT workers in Prince Edward Island, respectively accounting for 13, 20 and 27.7 in 2001. In 2006, user support, programmers, and system analysts had the highest percentages respectively accounting for 34.9, 16.2 and 15.9. For 2006, Charlottetown was not studied separately from the province due to the small geographic size and the fact that the 2001 data effectively illustrates the significant overlap in numbers indicating that the vast majority of ICT work in the province is being done in Charlottetown. 11 Statistics Canada rounds each number made available to the public to either five or zero. This can sometimes lead to totals being different than the sum of their parts, and to percentages not strictly adding to 100, especially for small numbers of individuals. This applies throughout the report. Page 29

Prince Edward Island Figure 32: Distribution of ICT Workers by Occupation, Prince Edward Island, 2006 Distribution of ICT Workers by Occupation, Prince Edward Island, 2006 40.0 35.0 34.9 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 15.9 16.2 10.0 5.0 0.0 3.9 1.7 1.7 2.0 3.1 3.6 7.5 1.7 7.8 Prince Edward Island It is clear that the distribution of ICT workers between occupations for Charlottetown roughly corresponds to that of the entire province. The following Figure indicates that all of the province s database analysts and software engineers were located in Charlottetown in 2001. Figure 33: Distribution of IT Workers by Occupation, Prince Edward Island and Charlottetown, 2001 Distribution of IT Workers by Occupation, Prince Edward Island and Charlottetown, 2001 35.0 30.0 27.7 32.3 25.0 20.0 20.9 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 13.0 12.4 9.5 10.0 2.8 2.0 2.5 2.5 0.7 1.0 0.7 1.0 13.0 10.0 1.8 2.0 1.1 1.0 7.4 5.0 Prince Edward Island Charlottetown Page 30

Prince Edward island Socio-Demographic Characteristics Gender In general, ICT occupations in the province were held by men in both 2001 and 2006. With the exception of database analysts and testing in 2001, all other ICT occupations exhibited higher male Proportion than was the case for the combined provincial labour force. Every single ICT occupation examined in this report for 2006 had a higher male Proportion than the male Proportion of the provincial labour force. Figure 34: Proportion of Male Workers by ICT Occupation, Prince Edward Island, 2001 and 2006 Proportion of Male Workers by ICT Occupation, Prince Edward Island, 2001 and 2006 Designers 52.4 80.0 2001 Testing 33.3 66.7 2006 User Support 70.9 60.3 Operators/Technici 73.0 77.8 Web Design 66.7 72.7 Programmers 70.2 82.5 Software Engineers 81.8 100.0 Database Analysts 50.0 57.1 Systems Analysts 67.6 56.4 Comp. Engineers 57.1 83.3 Elec. Engineers 100.0 100.0 Managers 63.0 84.6 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 Male dominance slightly decreased in the sector in this period, a positive trend not matched by many other provinces. In 2006, 68.4 of the ICT labour force was male, while the value was 51.0 for the overall provincial labour force. In 2001, 68.8 of the ICT labour force was male, while the value was 52.2 for the provincial labour force as a whole. Education Census 2006 indicates that in almost every ICT occupation, one finds a high proportion of workers with post-secondary education 77.0 in the sector, compared to 44.8 for the province s overall labour force. The lowest value was 55 for user support and the highest 100 for electrical engineers, computer engineers, database analysts and designers. 12 In 2001, 81 in the ICT sector, compared to 46.1 for the province s overall labour force had PSE. The lowest proportion was 65 for designers and the highest for software engineers, Web design, and testing at 100. 12 Due to the low numbers and rounding some percentages may have exceeded 100. Page 31

Prince Edward Island Figure 35: Proportion of ICT Workers with Post-Secondary Education, Prince Edward Island, 2001 and 2006 Proportion of ICT Workers with Post-Secondary and University Schooling, Prince Edward Island Designers Testing 65.0 71.4 100.0 100.0 2001 2006 User Support 74.0 55.0 Operators/Technici 91.9 81.5 Web Design 100.0 91.7 Programmers 80.0 93.1 Software Engineers 77.8 100.0 Database Analysts 66.7 114.3 Systems Analysts 82.8 89.1 Comp. Engineers 85.7 175.0 Elec. Engineers 85.8 100.0 Managers 57.1 88.5 0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 Age The following two Figures show that ICT workers in 2006 were predominantly between 25 and 44 years old and accounted for 55.9 of the ICT labour force, while the same age group accounted for 41.5 of the provincial labour force. Figure 36: Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, Prince Edward Island, 2006 Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, Prince Edward Island, 2006 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Managers Elec. Engineers Comp & info sys pros Designers Page 32

Prince Edward island ICT workers in 2001 were also predominantly between 25 and 44 years old and this cohort accounted for 61.5 of the ICT labour force and 46.3 of the overall labour force in Prince Edward Island. Figure 37: Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, Prince Edward Island, 2001 50.0 Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, Prince Edward Island, 2001 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Managers Elec. Engineers Comp & info sys pros Designers Occupation and Industry The following Figure shows the proportion of ICT workers in each sector of economic activity (industry) as it was in 2001 and 2006. ICT workers are present in nearly every sector of the economy. This ranges in Prince Edward Island from less than 0.1 of the labour force in the mining, utilities, transportation, finance and insurance, real estate, management services, accommodation, and other services sectors to 18.5 in the professional services sector. In 2006, the range was from less than 0.1 for mining, construction, transportation, health, arts, and accommodation sectors to 19.3 for the professional services sector. Figure 38: Share of ICT Workers in Total Employment by Sector, Prince Edward Island, 2001 and 2006 Share of ICT Workers in Total Employment by Sector, Prince Edward Island, 2001 and 2006 6.6 Other Services 2001 2006 Arts Educational Services Management Services Real Estate Information and Culture Retail Trade Manufacturing Utilities 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 1.0 1.6 0.0 0.3 1.0 0.9 0.0 10.6 10.2 12.8 13.3 19.3 0.0 Primary 0.1 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 Page 33

Prince Edward Island The Figure below indicates that ICT workers were concentrated in the services industry. Within that sector, 59.5 in 2001 and 57.8 in 2006 were in the professional, scientific and technical services industry. Figure 39: Distribution of ICT Workers by Industry, Prince Edward Island, 2006 Distribution of ICT Workers by Industry, Prince Edward Island, 2006 Public Administration, 28.5 Primary and Secondary, 4.1 Wholesale and Retail Trade, 2.1 Transportation, Utilities and Information, 8.8 Financial Sector, 2.1 Services, 54.4 The type of ICT worker varied between sectors. For example, 26.7 of ICT workers in 2001 in manufacturing were electrical engineers while this occupation represented 2.6 of workers in the professional, scientific and technical services. Likewise, systems analysts in 2006 represented a much larger share of the ICT labour force in public administration at 29.9 than in information and cultural industries at 8.3. Figure 40: Distribution of ICT Workers by Industry, Prince Edward Island, 2001 Distribution of ICT Workers by Industry, Prince Edward Island, 2001 Public Administration, 30.5 Primary and Secondary, 7.5 Wholesale and Retail Trade, 5.6 Transportation, Utilities and Information, 7.1 Financial Sector, 0.0 Services, 49.2 Page 34

Prince Edward island Wage Earners In 2001, the vast majority of ICT workers (94.4) were wage-earners like the typical worker in Prince Edward Island (87). In 2006 this finding remains comparable with 93.6 of ICT workers being wage-earners, while the typical worker in Prince Edward Island shifted slightly to the self-employed category with 87.5 being wage-earners. The highest numbers of self-employed workers were designers in 2006 and in testing in 2001. Figure 41: Proportion of Wage Earners in ICT Occupations, Prince Edward Island, 2001 and 2006 Proportion of Wage Earners in ICT Occupations, Prince Edward Island, 2001 and 2006 Designers 60.0 76.2 2001 Testing 66.7 100.0 2006 User Support 100.0 98.3 Operators/Technici 94.6 96.3 Web Design 100.0 100.0 Programmers 93.0 87.7 Software Engineers 100.0 100.0 Database Analysts 100.0 100.0 Systems Analysts 97.3 98.2 Comp. Engineers 100.0 100.0 Elec. Engineers 87.5 100.0 Managers 88.9 100.0 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 Employment Income Average employment income in ICT occupations in the province was $36,662 in 2006, placing it in the 10 th position out of the ten provinces. This is slightly higher than the 2001 average employment income of $35,453 in ICT occupations, again placing it in the 10 th position out of the ten provinces that year. The average employment income of the ICT labour force in Prince Edward Island in 2001 was 42 higher than the average employment income for the overall labour force. By 2006, the average employment income of the ICT labour force in the province had increased to 43 higher than average income for the overall labour force. In 2001, female ICT workers earned, on average, 88 of what their male coworkers made, while females in the overall labour force earned 72 of what male workers earned on average. In 2006, female ICT workers earned, on average, 82 of what their male coworkers made, while females in the overall labour force earned 78 of what the average male earned. Page 35

Prince Edward Island Table 9: Employment Income of Workers 13, Prince Edward Island (in 2005 dollars) ICT Labour Force Labour Force Prince Edward Island 2001 Income in $ s 2006 Income in $ s Change Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females 35,453 36,913 32,395 36,662 38,688 31,559 3.4 4.8-2.6 25,015 28,967 20,790 25,574 28,758 22,312 2.2-0.7 7.3 13 ICT workers are classified based on the 1991 definition. Page 36

Nova Scotia Table 10: Number of ICT Workers Male Proportion in Jobs Provincial Snapshot Nova Scotia Provincial Snapshot: Nova Scotia Item Category 2006 2001 Number of ICT Workers in Main ICT Hub (Share of Total) ICT's Share of Provincial Labour Force Major ICT Occupations Hub for Major ICT Occupations Workers with Post-Secondary Education ICT Occupations with Highest and Lowest Education Level ICT Occupations by Industry Male 8,075 6,590 Female 3,095 2,475 Total 11,170 9,070 ICT Sector 72.3 72.6 All Sectors Combined 51.5 53 Halifax 7,355 (65.8) 6,560 (72) 3.5 2.1 User Support 23.0 11.9 Programmer 12.4 19.3 System Analyst 21.2 17.9 System Analyst Halifax Halifax Programmer Halifax Halifax ICT Sector 85.2 79 All Sectors Combined 59.1 51.1 Highest Software Computer Engineers Engineers (95.5) (97.1) Lowest User Support Designers (62.5) (73.8) Professional Services 18.3 20 Accommodation < 1 < 1 Workforce in 25-44 Year Age ICT Sector 63.8 66.8 Group All Sectors Combined 43.8 49.9 Major Category for Self- Designers; Web Designers Employed ICT Workers Designers Share of Wage Earners in ICT 91 89 Average Earnings in ICT $45,313 $41,637 Province's Ranking in Average Earnings in ICT 8 th 8 th Average ICT earnings as Ratio of Provincial Average 151 : 100 140 : 100 Average Female Earnings in ICT as Proportion of Males in ICT 72 82 Page 37

Nova Scotia Provincial Highlight 11,170 ICT workers in the province in 2006, increasing from 9,070 in 2001. ICT workers represented 3.5 of the province s total labour force, increasing from 2.1 in 2001. 8,075 male and 3,095 female ICT workers in 2006, denoting a 72.3 male Proportion in ICT jobs, marginally decreasing from 72.6 in 2001. 7,355 (65.8) ICT workers worked in Halifax in 2006. User support technicians (23.0) were the largest group of ICT workers in Nova Scotia in 2006, followed by systems analysts (21.2). User Support technicians increased in Nova Scotia by 11.1 between 2001 and 2006. 85.2 of all ICT workers had post-secondary education in 2006, compared to 59.1 for the province s overall labour force. User support technicians had the lowest rate (62.5) and computer engineers had the highest rate (95.5) of workers with PSE. 63.8 of the ICT labour force, compared to 43.8 for the overall labour force in NB, was between 25 and 44 years of age in 2006. ICT occupations by industry ranged from less than 0.1 for the accommodation sector to 18.3 the professional services sector in 2006. Within the professional services sector, 62.8 worked in professional, scientific, and technical services. 91.9 of Nova Scotia s ICT workers were wage-earners in 2006. The highest numbers of self-employed workers were designers that year. Average earnings in the province in ICT occupations were $45,313 in 2006, increasing considerably from $41,637 in 2001. Nova Scotia ranked 8 th in average earnings in ICT occupations in 2006, unchanged from 2001. ICT workers earned 51 higher average employment income than average for the overall labour force in the province in 2006, the difference increasing from 40 higher in 2001. Female workers in ICT occupations in Nova Scotia earned, on average, 72 of what their male coworkers earned in 2006, sharply decreasing from 82 in 2001. Page 38

Nova Scotia Size, Evolution, and Location In 2001, the ICT labour market in Nova Scotia consisted of 9,070 14 workers 6,590 males and 2,475 females of which 6,560 (72) worked in Halifax. ICT workers represented 2.1 of the province s total labour force that year. Using the 1991 occupations classification, the evolution of the ICT labour force over the 1991-2001 period is evident: Table 11: Evolution of Key ICT Occupations 1991 to 2001 No. of Workers Occupations 1991 2001 Change Information Systems and Data Processing Managers 520 900 +173 Electrical and Electronics Engineers 770 485-37 Computer and Information Systems Occupations 3135 6705 +214 Graphic Designers and Illustrating Artists 535 985 +184 In 2006, the ICT labour force in Nova Scotia consisted of 11,170 workers 8,075 males and 3,095 females of which 7,355 (65.8) worked in Halifax. ICT workers represented 3.5 of the province s total labour force. Using the 1991 occupations classification, the evolution of the ICT labour force over the 2001-2006 period is evident: Table 12: Table 7: Evolution of Key ICT Occupations 2001 to 2006 No. of Workers Occupations 2001 2006 Change Information Systems and Data Processing Managers 900 745-16.8 Electrical and Electronics Engineers 485 695 +144.8 Computer and Information Systems Occupations 6705 4805 +109.0 Graphic Designers and Illustrating Artists 985 955-3.0 The following two Figures illustrate that programmers and system analysts were the occupations with the highest percentage of ICT workers in Nova Scotia in 2001, respectively accounting for 19.3 and 17.9. In 2006, user support and system analysts were the two occupations with the highest percentage of ICT workers in Nova Scotia, respectively accounting for 23.0 and 21.2. 14 Statistics Canada rounds each number made available to the public to either five or zero. This can sometimes lead to totals being different than the sum of their parts, and to percentages not strictly adding to 100, especially for small numbers of individuals. This applies throughout the report. Page 39

Nova Scotia Figure 42: Distribution of ICT Workers by Occupation, Nova Scotia and Halifax, 2006 Distribution of ICT Workers by Occupation, Nova Scotia and Halifax, 2006 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 23.9 23.0 21.2 14.1 12.4 12.4 8.6 6.7 7.8 8.5 8.6 6.2 3.9 4.4 3.0 3.7 3.6 3.9 2.2 2.8 1.0 1.2 8.5 8.4 Nova Scotia Halifax It is also clear that the distribution of ICT workers across occupations for Halifax roughly corresponds to that of the entire province and the two Figures here bear that fact. Computer engineers and software engineers were particularly concentrated in Halifax in 2001, while computer engineers and managers were concentrated in Halifax in 2006. Figure 43: Distribution of ICT Workers by Occupation, Nova Scotia and Halifax, 2001 Distribution of ICT Workers by Occupation, Nova Scotia and Halifax, 2001 25.0 20.0 17.9 18.8 19.3 19.1 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 9.9 10.9 5.3 5.6 3.6 3.0 3.3 3.5 3.0 2.4 11.9 11.1 9.5 9.1 5.8 5.3 0.8 0.7 10.9 9.3 Nova Scotia Halifax Page 40

Nova Scotia Socio-Demographic Characteristics Gender In general, ICT occupations in the province were held by men in 2001 and 2006. With the notable exception of database analysts in 2001, all other occupations exhibited higher male Proportion than was the case for the combined provincial labour force. Every single ICT occupation examined in this report for 2006 had a higher male Proportion than the male Proportion of the provincial labour force. Figure 44: Proportion of Male Workers by ICT Occupations, Nova Scotia, 2001 and 2006 Proportion of Male Workers by ICT Occupations, Nova Scotia, 2001 and 2006 Designers 60.4 57.5 2001 Testing 71.4 90.9 2006 User Support 70.8 61.7 Operators/Technici 72.8 79.7 Web Design 74.3 66.7 Programmers 76.3 84.0 Software Engineers 86.4 89.9 Database Analysts 48.3 53.2 Systems Analysts 75.4 70.3 Comp. Engineers 82.4 94.5 Elec. Engineers 88.5 96.4 Managers 64.8 74.0 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 Male dominance slightly decreased in the sector in this period, a positive trend not matched by many other provinces. In 2006, 72.3 of the ICT labour force was male, while the value was 51.5 for the overall provincial labour force. In 2001, 72.6 of the ICT labour force was male, while the value was 53 for the provincial labour force as a whole. Education Census 2006 indicates that in almost every ICT occupation, one finds a high proportion of workers with post-secondary education overall 85.2, compared to 59.1 for the province s overall labour force. The lowest value was 62.5 for user support and the highest 95.5 for computer engineers. In 2001, 79 workers in the ICT sector, compared to 51.1 for the province s overall labour force, had PSE. The lowest percent was 73.8 for designers and the highest at 97.1 for software engineers. Page 41

Nova Scotia Figure 45: Proportion of ICT Workers with Post-Secondary Education, Nova Scotia, 2001 and 2006 Proportion of ICT Workers with Post-Secondary Education, Nova Scotia, 2001 and 2006 Designers Testing 73.8 81.1 88.9 82.6 2001 2006 User Support 62.5 76.4 Operators/Technici 75.5 74.6 Web Design 77.2 71.8 Programmers 86.6 92.4 Software Engineers 97.1 86.3 Database Analysts 91.7 89.4 Systems Analysts 81.4 89.5 Comp. Engineers 87.9 95.5 Elec. Engineers 88.2 91.4 Managers 85.1 82.9 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 Age The following two Figures show that ICT workers in 2006 were predominantly between 25 and 44 years old and accounted for 63.8 of the ICT labour force, while the same age group accounted for 43.8 of the provincial labour force. Figure 46: Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, Nova Scotia, 2006 Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, Nova Scotia, 2006 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 Managers Elec. Engineers Comp & info sys pros Designers Page 42

Nova Scotia ICT workers in 2001 were also predominantly between 25 and 44 years old and this cohort accounted for 66.8 of the ICT labour force and 49.9 of the overall labour force in Nova Scotia. Figure 47: Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, Nova Scotia, 2001 45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, Nova Scotia, 2001 Managers Elec. Engineers Comp & info sys pros Designers Occupation and Industry The following Figure shows the proportion of ICT workers in each sector of economic activity (industry) as it was in 2001 and 2006. ICT workers are present in nearly every sector of the economy. This ranges in Nova Scotia from less than 0.1 of the labour force in the mining and accommodation sectors to 20 in the professional services sector in 2001. In 2006, the range was from less than 0.1 for the accommodation sector to 18.3 for the professional services sector. Figure 48: Share of ICT Workers in Total Employment by Sector, Nova Scotia, 2001 and 2006 Share of ICT Workers in Total Employment by Sector, Nova Scotia, 2001 and 2006 Other Services Arts Educational Services Management Services Real Estate Information and Culture Retail Trade Manufacturing Utilities Primary 3.3 0.8 0.0 0.9 0.7 1.6 0.2 1.6 0.3 0.5 2.2 2.1 0.2 0.5 0.1 5.3 6.9 5.5 11.3 18.3 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 2001 2006 Page 43

Nova Scotia The Figure below indicates that ICT workers were concentrated in the services industry. Within that sector, 75.3 in 2001 and 62.8 in 2006 were in the professional, scientific, and technical services industry. Figure 49: Distribution of ICT Workers by Industry, Nova Scotia, 2006 Distribution of ICT Workers by Industry, Nova Scotia, 2006 Public Administration, 11.7 Primary and Secondary, 8.0 Wholesale and Retail Trade, 5.9 Transportation, Utilities and Information, 12.4 Financial Sector, 2.2 Services, 59.8 The type of ICT worker varies between sectors. For example, 39.3 of ICT workers in utilities in 2001 and 61.5 of them in 2006 were electrical engineers, while this occupation represented less than 0.1 of workers in 2001 and 3.4 in 2006 in the retail trade sector. Similarly, systems analysts represented a larger share of the ICT labour force in finance and insurance (20.5 in 2006 and 33.3 in 2001) than in manufacturing (10.3 in 2006 and 10.7 in 2001). Figure 50: Distribution of ICT Workers by Industry, Nova Scotia, 2001 Distribution of ICT Workers by Industry, Nova Scotia, 2001 Public Administration, 11.9 Primary and Secondary, 8.7 Wholesale and Retail Trade, 7.0 Transportation, Utilities and Information, 13.6 Financial Sector, 4.2 Services, 54.5 Page 44

Nova Scotia Wage Earners In 2001, the vast majority of ICT workers (89) were wage-earners, similar to the typical worker in Nova Scotia (90). In 2006 this finding remains comparable, with 91.9 of ICT workers being wage-earners, compared to 89.0 of the provincial labour force being wage-earners. The highest numbers of self-employed workers in 2006 were designers and in 2001 were designers as well as working in web design. Figure 51: Proportion of Wage Earners in ICT Occupations, Nova Scotia, 2001 and 2006 Proportion of Wage Earners in ICT Occupations, Nova Scotia, 2001 and 2006 Designers 78.1 81.0 Testing 100.0 95.5 User Support 97.7 93.5 Operators/Technici 95.4 94.5 Web Design 73.1 76.9 Programmers 88.0 91.2 Software Engineers 95.5 100.0 Database Analysts 95.0 89.4 Systems Analysts 87.7 91.9 Comp. Engineers 90.9 95.6 Elec. Engineers 94.8 93.5 Managers 90.0 98.6 2001 2006 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 Employment Income Average employment income in ICT occupations in the province was $45,313 in 2006, placing it in the 8th position out of the ten provinces. This is notably higher than the 2001 average employment income of $41,637 in ICT occupations, again placing it in the 8th position out of the ten provinces that year. The average employment income of the ICT labour force in Nova Scotia in 2001 was 40 higher than the average employment income for the overall labour force. By 2006, the average employment income of the ICT labour force in the province had increased to 51 higher than average income for the overall labour force. In 2006, female ICT workers earned, on average, 72 of what their male coworkers made, while females in the overall labour force earned 66 of what the average male earned. In 2001, female ICT workers earned, on average, 82 of what their male coworkers made, while females in the overall labour force earned 63 of what the male workers earned on average. Page 45

Nova Scotia Table 13: Employment Income of Workers 15, Nova Scotia (in 2005 dollars) ICT labour force Labour Force Nova Scotia 2001 Income in $ s 2006 Income in $ s Change Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females 41,637 43,814 35,699 45,313 49,147 35,530 8.8 12.2-0.5 29,871 36,259 22,811 29,958 35,893 23,699 0.3-1.0 3.9 15 ICT workers are classified based on the 1991 definition. Page 46

New Brunswick Table 14: Provincial Snapshot New Brunswick Number of ICT Workers Male Proportion in Jobs Provincial Snapshot: New Brunswick Item Category 2006 2001 Number of ICT Workers in Main ICT Hub (Share of Total) ICT's Share of Provincial Labour Force Major ICT Occupations Hub for Major ICT Occupations Workers with Post-Secondary Education ICT Occupations with Highest and Lowest Education Level ICT Occupations by Industry Workforce in 25-44 Year Age Group Major Category for Self- Employed ICT Workers Male 6,585 5,445 Female 2,610 2,690 Total 9,195 8,010 ICT Sector 71.6 68.0 All Sectors Combined 51.5 53.2 Moncton 2,665 (29.0) 2,185 (27.3) Fredericton Unavailable 2,100 (26.2) Saint John 2,550 (27.7) 2,005 (25) 3.6 2.2 User Support 23.2 14.5 Programmer 14.6 19.0 System Analyst 21.5 17.1 User Support Saint John Moncton Programmer Moncton Fredericton System Analyst Saint John Saint John ICT Sector 84.2 84.5 All Sectors Combined 52.7 46.6 Highest Computer Electrical Engineers Engineers (97.2) (92.6) Lowest User Support (66.8) Testing (37.5) Management Services 21.9 6.5 Professional Services 18.2 22.8 Accommodation 0.3 0.1 ICT Sector 69.4 65.2 All Sectors Combined 44.0 49.4 Designer Testing Share of Wage Earners in ICT 94.9 95 Average Earnings in ICT $44,565 $41,421 Province's Ranking in Average Earnings in ICT 9 th 9 th Average ICT earnings as Ratio of Provincial Average 157 : 100 148 : 100 Average Female Earnings in ICT as Proportion of Males in ICT 84 79 Page 47

New Brunswick Provincial Highlight 9,195 ICT workers in the province in 2006, increasing from 8,010 in 2001. ICT workers represented 3.6 of the province s total labour force, increasing from 2.2 in 2001. 6,585 male and 2,610 female ICT workers in 2006, denoting a 71.6 male Proportion in ICT jobs, further increasing from 68 in 2001. 2,665 (29.0) worked in Moncton and 2,550 (27.7) in Saint John in 2006. User support technicians (23.2) were the largest group of ICT workers in New Brunswick in 2006, followed by systems analysts (21.5). User Support technicians increased in New Brunswick by 8.7 between 2001 and 2006. 84.2 of all ICT workers had post-secondary education in 2006, compared to 52.7 for the province s overall labour force. User support technicians had the lowest rate (66.8) and electrical engineers had highest rate (97.2) of workers with PSE. 69.4 of the ICT labour force, compared to 44.0 for the overall labour force in NB, was between 25 and 44 years of age in 2006. ICT occupations by industry range from 0.3 for the accommodation sector to 21.9 for management services sector, followed by 18.2 for the professional services sector. Within the professional services sector, 56.2 worked in professional, scientific and technical services. 94.9 of New Brunswick s ICT workers were wage-earners in 2006. The highest numbers of self-employed workers were designers that year. Average earnings in the province in ICT occupations were $44,565 in 2006, increasing appreciably from $41,421 in 2001. New Brunswick ranked 9 th in average earnings in ICT occupations in 2006, unchanged from 2001. ICT workers earned 57 higher average employment income than average for the overall labour force in the province in 2006, the difference increasing considerably from 48 higher in 2001. Female workers in ICT occupations in New Brunswick earned, on average, 84 of what their male coworkers earned in 2006, increasing from 79 in 2001. Page 48

New Brunswick Size, Evolution, and Location In 2001, the ICT labour market in New Brunswick consisted of 8,010 16 workers 5,445 males and 2,690 females of which 2,185 (27.3) worked in Moncton, 2,100 (26.2) in Fredericton, and 2,005 (25) in Saint John. ICT workers represented 2.2 of the province s total labour force. Using the 1991 occupations classification, the evolution of the ICT labour force over the 1991-2001 period is evident: Table 15: Evolution of Key ICT Occupations 1991 to 2001 No. of Workers Occupations 1991 2001 Change Information Systems and Data Processing Managers 280 695 +248.2 Electrical and Electronics Engineers 625 380-39.2 Computer and Information Systems Occupations 2380 3760 +158 Graphic Designers and Illustrating Artists 305 635 +208.2 In 2006, the ICT labour force in New Brunswick consisted of 9,195 workers 6,585 males and 2,610 females of which 2,665 (29.0) worked in Moncton and 2,550 (27.7) in Saint John. The corresponding number for Fredericton was unavailable for Census 2006. ICT workers represented 3.6 of the province s total labour force that year. Using the 1991 occupations classification, the evolution of the ICT labour force over the 2001-2006 period is evident: Table 16: Evolution of Key ICT Occupations 2001 to 2006 No. of Workers Occupations 2001 2006 Change Information Systems and Data Processing Managers 695 715 +102.9 Electrical and Electronics Engineers 380 365-3.9 Computer and Information Systems Occupations 3760 4030 +107.2 Graphic Designers and Illustrating Artists 635 675 +106.3 The following two Figures illustrate that user support and system analysts were the two occupations with the highest percentage of ICT workers in New Brunswick in 2006, respectively accounting for 23.2 and 21.5. In 2001, a new occupational order was observed with programmers, system analysts, and user support being the occupations with the highest percentage of ICT workers in the province, respectively accounting for 19.0, 17.1, and 14.5. In 2006, 16 Statistics Canada rounds each number made available to the public to either five or zero. This can sometimes lead to totals being different than the sum of their parts, and to percentages not strictly adding to 100, especially for small numbers of individuals. This applies throughout the report. Page 49

New Brunswick Figure 52: Distribution of ICT Workers by Occupation, New Brunswick, Moncton, and St. John, 2006 Distribution of ICT Workers by Occupation, New Brunswick, Moncton, and St. John, 2006 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 7.8 4.0 2.4 21.5 2.0 3.1 14.6 2.7 10.5 23.2 1.0 7.3 New Brunswick Moncton Saint John It is evident that the distribution of ICT workers across occupations for Moncton, Fredericton and St. John roughly corresponds to that of the entire province. These Figures illustrate that programmers were concentrated in all three cities in 2001. In 2006, user support was relatively more important in Saint John. Figure 53: Distribution of ICT Workers by Occupation, New Brunswick, Moncton, Fredericton, and St. John, 2001 Distribution of ICT Workers by Occupation, New Brunswick, Moncton, Fredericton, and St. John, 2001 25.0 20.0 17.1 19.0 15.0 13.0 14.5 10.0 8.7 7.9 5.0 0.0 4.7 3.6 3.2 2.4 5.2 0.5 New Brunswick Fredericton Moncton Saint John Page 50

New Brunswick Socio-Demographic Characteristics Gender In general, ICT occupations in the province were held by men in both 2001 and 2006. Notably, male dominance increased in the sector in this period, an alarming trend also observed in some other provinces. In 2006, 71.6 of the ICT labour force was male, while the value was 51.5 for the provincial labour force as a whole. 68.0 of the ICT labour force was male in 2001, while the value was 53.2 for the labour force as a whole. Figure 54: Proportion of Male Workers by ICT Occupations, New Brunswick, 2001 and 2006 Proportion of Male Workers by ICT Occupations, New Brunswick, 2001 and 2006 Designers 55.1 52.3 2001 Testing 52.9 88.9 2006 User Support 60.1 69.3 Operators/Technici 67.8 78.7 Web Design 71.1 59.6 Programmers 73.4 80.6 Software Engineers 73.7 67.3 Database Analysts 59.6 64.9 Systems Analysts 61.5 65.6 Comp. Engineers 86.0 90.7 Elec. Engineers 96.1 93.0 Managers 70.5 79.7 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 Education Census 2006 indicates that in almost every ICT occupation, one finds a high proportion of workers with post-secondary education overall 84.2, compared to 52.7 for the province s overall labour force. The lowest value was 66.8 for user support and the highest 97.2 for electrical engineers. In 2001, 84.5 in the sector, compared to 46.6 for the province s overall labour force had PSE. The lowest proportion was 37.5 for testing and the highest at 92.6 for computer engineers. One notable change observed in New Brunswick in this period was the remarkable increase in the proportion of testing job holders with PSE, soaring to 70.6 in 2006 from previously noted 37.5 in 2001. Page 51

New Brunswick Figure 55: Proportion of ICT Workers with Post-Secondary Education, New Brunswick, 2001 and 2006 Proportion of ICT Workers with Post-Secondary Education, New Brunswick, 2001 and 2006 Designers 67.9 83.6 2001 Testing 37.5 70.6 2006 User Support 66.8 82.8 Operators/Technici 79.5 74.5 Web Design 78.7 90.9 Programmers 91.0 90.7 Software Engineers 91.9 96.4 Database Analysts 80.8 86.1 Systems Analysts 85.6 83.3 Comp. Engineers 92.6 95.2 Elec. Engineers 86.1 97.2 Managers 87.2 81.7 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 Age The following two Figures show that ICT workers in 2006 were predominantly between 25 and 44 years old and accounted for 69.4 of the ICT labour force, while the same age group accounted for 44.0 of the provincial labour force. Figure 56: Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, New Brunswick, 2006 Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, New Brunswick, 2006 45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 Managers Elec. Engineers Comp & info sys pros Designers Page 52

New Brunswick ICT workers in 2001 were also predominantly between 25 and 44 years old and this cohort accounted for 65.2 of the ICT labour force and 49.4 of the overall labour force in New Brunswick. Figure 57: Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, New Brunswick, 2001 45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, New Brunswick, 2001 Managers Elec. Engineers Comp & info sys pros Designers Occupation and Industry ICT workers are present in nearly every sector of the economy, as evident from the following Figure. In 2006, the range in was from 0.3 for construction and accommodation sectors to 21.9 for the management services sector and 18.2 for the professional services sector. Range in 2001 was from 0.1 of the labour force in the accommodation sector to 22.8 in the professional services sector. Figure 58: Share of ICT Workers in Total Employment by Sector, New Brunswick, 2001 and 2006 Share of ICT Workers in Total Employment by Sector, New Brunswick, 2001 and 2006 3.0 0.5 0.3 2.3 0.4 2.3 5.2 21.9 18.2 1.1 2.9 14.6 Public Administration Other Services Accomodation Arts Health Educational Services Administrative Services Management Services Professional Services Real Estate Finance and Insurance Information and Culture Transportation Retail Trade Wholesale Trade Manufacturing Construction Utilities Mining Primary 0.5 0.4 0.3 2.2 4.5 5.7 5.1 0.5 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 2001 2006 Page 53

New Brunswick The Figure below indicates that ICT workers were concentrated in the services industry. Within that sector, 71.9 in 2001 and 56.2 in 2006 were in the professional, scientific, and technical services industry. Figure 59: Distribution of ICT Workers by Industry, New Brunswick, 2006 Distribution of ICT Workers by Industry, New Brunswick, 2006 Public Administration, 9.5 Primary and Secondary, 12.6 Wholesale and Retail Trade, 8.3 Transportation, Utilities and Information, 14.0 Services, 51.5 Financial Sector, 4.1 The type of ICT worker varies between sectors. For example, 51 of ICT workers in utilities in 2001 and 45.9 of them in 2006 were electrical engineers, while this occupation represented less than 0.1 of workers in the retail trade sector in both the years. Likewise, systems analysts represented a much larger share of the ICT labour force in finance and insurance (23.4 in 2001 and 36.9 in 2006) than in manufacturing (10.0 in 2001 and 16.1 in 2006). Figure 60: Distribution of ICT Workers by Industry, New Brunswick, 2001 Distribution of ICT Workers by Industry, New Brunswick, 2001 Public Administration, 12.2 Primary and Secondary, 10.2 Wholesale and Retail Trade, 4.6 Transportation, Utilities and Information, 18.3 Services, 51.3 Financial Sector, 3.4 Page 54

New Brunswick Wage Earners In 2001, the vast majority of ICT workers (95) were wage-earners like the typical worker in New Brunswick (91.3). In 2006 this proportion remained similar with 94.9 of ICT workers being wage-earners, much like the corresponding proportion for the provincial labour market (89.9). The highest numbers of selfemployed workers in 2001 were in testing occupations and in 2006 they were in designer occupations. Figure 61: Proportion of Wage Earners in ICT Occupations, New Brunswick, 2001 and 2006 Proportion of Wage Earners in ICT Occupations, New Brunswick, 2001 and 2006 Designers 85.0 83.6 2001 Testing 77.8 105.9 2006 User Support 99.1 97.0 Operators/Technici 98.6 95.2 Web Design 88.0 89.4 Programmers 97.0 95.3 Software Engineers 97.4 98.2 Database Analysts 100.0 100.0 Systems Analysts 93.4 94.1 Comp. Engineers 96.5 95.3 Elec. Engineers 97.4 93.0 Managers 91.4 98.6 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 Employment Income Average employment income in ICT occupations in the province was $44,565 in 2006, placing it in the 9 th position out of the ten provinces. This is slightly higher than the 2001 average employment income of $41,421 in ICT occupations, again placing it in the 9 th position out of the ten provinces that year. The average employment income of the ICT labour force in New Brunswick in 2001 was 48 higher than the average employment income for the overall labour force. By 2006, the average employment income of the ICT labour force in the province had considerably increased to 57 higher than average income for the overall labour force. In 2001, female ICT workers earned, on average, 79 of what their male coworkers made, while females in the overall labour force earned 63 of what male workers earned on average. In 2006, female ICT workers earned, on average, 84 of what their male coworkers made, while females in the overall labour force earned 69 of what the average male earned. Page 55

New Brunswick Table 17: Employment Income of Workers 17, New Brunswick (in 2005 dollars) ICT Labour Force Labour Force New Brunswick 2001 Income in $ s 2006 Income in $ s Change Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females 41,421 43,861 34,707 44,565 46,688 39,130 7.6 6.4 12.7 28,007 33,983 21,337 28,353 33,361 22,895 1.2-1.8 7.3 17 ICT workers are classified based on the 1991 definition. Page 56

Québec Table 18: Provincial Snapshot Québec Number of ICT Workers Male Proportion in Jobs Provincial Snapshot: Québec Item Category 2006 2001 Number of ICT Workers in Main ICT Hub (Share of Total) ICT's Share of Provincial Labour Force Major ICT Occupations Hub for Major ICT Occupations Workers with Post-Secondary Education ICT Occupations with Highest and Lowest Education Level Male 97,815 85,475 Female 30,060 30,845 Total 127,875 116,315 ICT Sector 76.5 73.5 All Sectors Combined 52.7 53.8 Montreal 83,670 (65.4) 76,490 (65.8) Québec City 17,560 (13.7) 15,665 (13.5) 4.8 3.2 System Analyst 25.7 19.6 Programmer 20.0 21.9 System Analyst Québec City Québec City Programmer Montreal; Québec Montreal; Québec City City ICT Sector 90.2 88.3 All Sectors Combined 63.0 50.7 Highest Software Electrical Engineers Engineers (97.0) (96.3) Lowest Operators / Technicians (74.2) Designers (75.4) Professional Services 21.3 21.5 ICT Occupations by Industry Information and Culture 13.8 13.6 Accommodation 0.1 0.1 Workforce in 25-44 Year Age ICT Sector 66.5 69.3 Group All Sectors Combined 44.9 49.6 Major Category for Self- Employed ICT Workers Designers; Web Design Designers; Web Design Share of Wage Earners in ICT 91.8 90.2 Average Earnings in ICT $54,600 $49,605 Province's Ranking in Average Earnings in ICT 4 th 4 th Average ICT earnings as Ratio of Provincial Average 167 : 100 151 : 100 Average Female Earnings in ICT as Proportion of Males in ICT 87 82 Page 57

Québec Provincial Highlight 127,875 ICT workers in the province in 2006, increasing from 116,315 in 2001. ICT workers represented 4.8 of the province s total labour force, increasing from 3.2 in 2001. 97,815 male and 30,060 female ICT workers in 2006, denoting a 76.5 male Proportion in ICT jobs, further increasing from 73.5 in 2001. 83,670 (65.4) worked in Montreal and 17,560 (13.7) worked in Québec City in 2006. System analysts (25.7) were the largest group of ICT workers in Québec in 2006 followed by programmers (20.0). Systems analysts were more concentrated in Québec City in 2006 90.2 of all ICT workers had post-secondary education in 2006, compared to 63.0 for the province s overall labour force. Operators/technicians had the lowest rate (74.2) and electrical engineers had the highest rate (97.0) of workers with PSE. 66.5 of the ICT labour force, compared to 44.9 for the overall labour force in QC, was between 25 and 44 years of age in 2006. ICT occupations by industry ranged from 0.1 for the accommodation sector to 13.8 for the information and culture sector and 21.3 for the professional services sector in 2006. Within the professional services sector, 82.0 worked in professional, scientific and technical, services. 91.8 of Québec s ICT workers were wage-earners. The highest numbers of self-employed workers in 2006 were designers and web designers. Average earnings in the province in ICT occupations were $54,600 in 2006, increasing considerably from $49,605 in 2001. Québec ranked 4 th in average earnings in ICT occupations in 2006, unchanged from 2001. ICT workers earned 67 higher average employment income than average for the overall labour force in the province in 2006, the difference increasing sharply from 51 higher in 2001. Female workers in ICT occupations in Québec earned, on average, 87 of what their male coworkers earned in 2006, further increasing from 82 in 2001. Page 58

Québec Size, Evolution, and Location In 2001, the ICT labour market in Québec consisted of 116,315 workers 85,475 males and 30,845 females of which 15,665 (13.5) worked in Québec City and 76,490 (65.8) worked in Montreal. ICT workers represented 3.2 of the province s total labour force. 18 Using the 1991 occupations classification, the evolution of the ICT labour force over the 1991-2001 period is evident: Table 19: Evolution of Key ICT Occupations 1991 to 2001 No. of Workers Occupations 1991 2001 Change Information Systems and Data Processing Managers 5085 10,450 +205.5 Electrical and Electronics Engineers 7220 7545 +104.5 Computer and Information Systems Occupations 44,570 59,720 +134 Graphic Designers and Illustrating Artists 8005 10,595 +132.4 In 2006, the ICT labour force in Québec consisted of 127,875 workers 97,815 males and 30,060 females of which 17,560 (13.7) worked in Québec City and 83,670 (65.4) worked in Montreal. ICT workers represented 4.8 of the province s total labour force. Using the 1991 occupations classification, the evolution of the ICT labour force over the 2001-2006 period is evident: Table 20: Evolution of Key ICT Occupations 2001 to 2006 No. of Workers Occupations 2001 2006 Change Information Systems and Data Processing Managers 10,450 9260-11.4 Electrical and Electronics Engineers 7545 7805 +103.4 Computer and Information Systems Occupations 59,720 68930 +115.4 Graphic Designers and Illustrating Artists 10,595 10315-2.6 The following two Figures illustrate that the largest percentage of Québec ICT workers were system analysts (25.7 in 2006 and 19.6 in 2001) and programmers (20.0 in 2006 and 21.9 in 2001). The occupations with the largest shares were the same, but the order changed in that period. It is evident that the distribution of ICT workers between occupations for Québec City and Montreal roughly corresponds to that of the entire province. 18 Statistics Canada rounds each number made available to the public to either five or zero. This can sometimes lead to totals being different than the sum of their parts, and to percentages not strictly adding to 100, especially for small numbers of individuals. This applies throughout the report. Page 59

Québec Figure 62: Distribution of ICT Workers by Occupation, Quebec, Quebec City, and Montreal, 2006 Distribution of ICT Workers by Occupation, Quebec, Quebec City, and Montreal, 2006 45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 25.7 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 7.2 6.1 3.8 1.9 3.4 2.8 10.5 9.1 1.2 8.1 Quebec Quebec City Montreal The Figures suggest that system analysts were relatively more important to the labour market of Québec City in both 2001 and 2006. Figure 63: Distribution of IT Workers by Occupation, Quebec, Quebec City and Montreal, 2001 Distribution of IT Workers by Occupation, Quebec, Quebec City and Montreal, 2001 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 19.6 21.9 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 9.0 6.5 5.3 2.2 4.1 3.6 7.9 9.6 1.3 9.1 Quebec Quebec City Montreal Page 60

Québec Socio-Demographic Characteristics Gender In general, ICT occupations in the province were held by men in both 2001 and 2006. Notably, male dominance increased in the sector in this period, an alarming trend also observed in some other provinces. In 2006, 76.5of the ICT labour force was male, while the value was 52.7for the labour force as a whole. 73.5 of the ICT labour force in the province was male in 2001, while the value was 53.8 for the labour force as a whole. Figure 64: Proportion of Male Workers by ICT Occupations, Quebec, 2001 and 2006 Proportion of Male Workers by ICT Occupations, Quebec, 2001 and 2006 Designers 54.2 53.3 2001 Testing 66.2 66.2 2006 User Support 66.0 78.1 Operators/Technici 75.3 80.4 Web Design 70.8 67.9 Programmers 78.5 83.1 Software Engineers 83.3 85.8 Database Analysts 64.0 63.4 Systems Analysts 70.6 73.7 Comp. Engineers 84.5 87.1 Elec. Engineers 89.1 89.3 Managers 75.8 75.1 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 Education Census 2006 indicates that in almost every ICT occupation, one finds a high proportion of workers with post-secondary education 90.2 in the sector, compared to 63.0 for the province s overall labour force. The lowest value was 74.2 for operators/technicians and the highest 97.0 for electrical engineers. In 2001, 88.3 in the sector, compared to 50.7 for the province s overall labour force, had PSE. The lowest proportion was 75.4 for designers and the highest at 96.3 for software engineers. Page 61

Québec Figure 65: Proportion of ICT Workers with Post-Secondary Education, Quebec, 2001 and 2006 Proportion of ICT Workers with Post-Secondary Education, Quebec, 2001 and 2006 Designers Testing 75.4 79.3 84.8 75.0 2001 2006 User Support 78.1 74.6 Operators/Technici 79.2 74.2 Web Design 87.1 84.2 Programmers 93.2 89.6 Software Engineers 96.3 95.1 Database Analysts 87.6 84.2 Systems Analysts 91.7 87.5 Comp. Engineers 93.5 94.8 Elec. Engineers 95.8 97.0 Managers 90.1 85.3 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 Age The following two Figures show that ICT workers in 2006 were predominantly between 25 and 44 years old and accounted for 66.5 of the ICT labour force and 44.9 of the overall labour force. Figure 66: Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, Quebec, 2006 Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, Quebec, 2006 45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 Managers Elec. Engineers Comp & info sys pros Designers Page 62

Québec ICT workers in 2001 were also predominantly between 25 and 44 years old and this cohort accounted for 69.3 of the ICT labour force and 49.6 of the overall labour force in Québec. Figure 67: Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, Quebec, 2001 45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, Quebec, 2001 Managers Elec. Engineers Comp & info sys pros Designers Occupation and Industry ICT workers are present in nearly every sector of the economy and the Figure below confirms that. This ranged in Québec in 2006 from 0.1 for the accommodation sector to 13.8 for the information and culture sector and 21.3 for the professional services sector. In 2001, the range was between 0.1 of the labour force in the accommodation sector to 13.6 for the information and culture sector, and 21.5 for the professional services sector. Figure 68: Share of ICT Workers in Total Employment by Sector, Quebec, 2001 and 2006 Share of ICT Workers in Total Employment by Sector, Quebec, 2001 and 2006 5.6 Public administration Other services Accomodation Arts Health Educational services Administrative services Management services Professional services Real estate Finance and insurance Information and culture Transportation Retail trade Wholesale trade Manufacturing Construction Utilities Mining Primary 0.6 0.1 1.4 0.4 1.7 1.8 0.6 1.1 0.6 3.2 2.7 0.4 0.8 0.1 4.3 4.4 10.1 13.8 21.3 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 2001 2006 Page 63

Québec The Figure below indicates that ICT workers were concentrated in the services industry. Within that sector, 83.3 in 2001 and 82.0 in 2006 were in the professional, scientific, and technical services industry. Figure 69: Distribution of ICT Workers by Industry, Quebec, 2006 Distribution of ICT Workers by Industry, Quebec, 2006 Public Administration, 10.6 Primary and Secondary, 15.4 Wholesale and Retail Trade, 7.0 Services, 47.5 Transportation, Utilities and Information, 14.9 Financial Sector, 4.5 The type of ICT worker varies between sectors. For example, 54.9 of ICT workers in utilities in 2001 and 48.5 of them in 2006 were electrical engineers, while this occupation represented 0.2 (2001) and 0.3 (2006) of workers in the Finance and Insurance sector. Likewise, systems analysts represented a much larger share of the ICT labour force in finance and insurance (31.9 in 2001 and 39.7 in 2006) than in construction (10.3 in 2001 and 12.2 in 2006). Figure 70: Distribution of IT Workers by Industry, Quebec, 2001 Distribution of IT Workers by Industry, Quebec, 2001 Public Administration, 10.6 Primary and Secondary, 15.4 Wholesale and Retail Trade, 7.0 Services, 47.5 Transportation, Utilities and Information, 14.9 Financial Sector, 4.5 Page 64

Québec Wage Earners In 2001, the vast majority of ICT workers (90.2) were wage-earners like the typical worker in Québec (89.4). In 2006 this finding remained comparable with 91.8 of ICT workers being wage-earners, much like the corresponding proportion for the provincial labour market (88.7). The highest numbers of self-employed workers in both 2001 and 2006 were designers and web design workers. Figure 71: Proportion of Wage Earners in ICT Occupations, Quebec, 2001 and 2006 Proportion of Wage Earners in ICT Occupations, Quebec, 2001 and 2006 Designers 73.9 78.4 2001 Testing 95.6 95.6 2006 User Support 96.5 95.3 Operators/Technici 96.2 95.4 Web Design 79.6 78.9 Programmers 91.7 92.2 Software Engineers 93.1 92.9 Database Analysts 95.0 94.5 Systems Analysts 88.0 91.6 Comp. Engineers 94.5 95.7 Elec. Engineers 96.0 95.2 Managers 90.2 95.1 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 Employment Income Average employment income in ICT occupations in the province was $54,600 in 2006, placing it in the 4 th position out of the ten provinces. This is notably higher than the 2001 average employment income of $49,605 in ICT occupations in the province, again placing it in the 4 th position out of the ten provinces that year. The average employment income of the ICT labour force in Québec in 2001 was 51 higher than the average employment income for the overall labour force. By 2006, the average employment income of the ICT labour force in the province had increased to 67 higher than average income for the overall labour force. In 2001, female ICT workers earned, on average, 82 of what their male coworkers made, while females in the overall labour force earned 67 of what male workers earned on average. Gender-based income inequality decreased for both these groups, as female ICT workers earned, on average, 87 of what their male coworkers made in 2006, while females in the overall labour force earned 69 of what the average male earned. Page 65

Québec Table 21: ICT Labour Force Labour Force Employment Income of Workers 19, Québec (in 2005 dollars) Québec 2001 Income in $ s 2006 Income in $ s Change Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females 49,605 52,154 42,619 54,600 56,351 49,034 10.1 8.0 15.1 32,958 38,925 26,113 32,639 38,359 26,297-1.0-1.5 0.7 19 ICT workers are classified based on the 1991 definition. Page 66

Ontario Table 22: Provincial Snapshot Ontario Number of ICT Workers Male Proportion in Jobs Provincial Snapshot: Ontario Item Category 2006 2001 Number of ICT Workers in Main ICT Hub (Share of Total) ICT's Share of Provincial Labour Force Major ICT Occupations Hub for Major ICT Occupations Workers with Post-Secondary Education ICT Occupations with Highest and Lowest Education Level Male 205,745 189,880 Female 75,280 73,745 Total 281,025 263,620 ICT Sector 73.2 72.0 All Sectors Combined 52.4 53.0 Toronto 159,030 (56.6) 147,615 (56) Ottawa 54,975 (19.6) 50,880 (19.3) 6.2 4.4 System Analyst 24.9 20.9 Programmer 16.7 18.7 System Analyst Toronto Toronto Programmer Ottawa; Toronto Toronto ICT Sector 86.4 87.3 All Sectors Combined 58.6 55.1 Highest Software Electrical Engineers Engineers (95.5) (95.9) Lowest User Support (71.8) Operators / Technicians (78.4) Professional Services 23.2 25 ICT Occupations by Industry Information and Culture 17.2 16.1 Primary; Accommodation 0.1 0.1 Workforce in 25-44 Year Age ICT Sector 64.0 68.8 Group All Sectors Combined 45.1 49.9 Major Category for Self- Employed ICT Workers Designers; Web Design Designers; Web Design Share of Wage Earners in ICT 89.8 88.2 Average Earnings in ICT $63,371 $57,201 Province's Ranking in Average Earnings in ICT 1 st 1 st Average ICT earnings as Ratio of Provincial Average 145 : 100 151 : 100 Average Female Earnings in ICT as Proportion of Males in ICT 83 81 Page 67

Ontario Provincial Highlight 281,025 ICT workers in the province in 2006, increasing from 263,620 in 2001. ICT workers represented 6.2 of the province s total labour force in 2006, increasing from 4.4 in 2001. 205,745 male and 75,280 female ICT workers in 2006, denoting a 73.2 male Proportion in ICT jobs, further increasing from 72 in 2001. 159,030 (56.6) worked in Toronto and 54,975 (19.6) worked in Ottawa in 2001. System analysts (24.9) were the largest group of ICT workers in Ontario in 2006, followed by programmers (16.7). Systems analysts were concentrated in Toronto and programmers were more concentrated in Ottawa that year. 86.4 of all ICT workers had post-secondary education in 2006, compared to 58.6 for the province s overall labour force. User support had the lowest rate (71.8) and electrical engineers had the highest rate (95.5) of workers with PSE. 64.0 of the ICT labour force, compared to 45.1 for the overall labour force in ON, was between 25 and 44 years of age in 2006. ICT occupations by industry ranged from 0.1 for the primary and accommodation sectors to 17.2 for the information and culture sector and 23.2 for the professional services sector in 2006. Within the professional services sector, 79.0 worked in professional, scientific and technical services. 89.8 of Ontario s ICT workers were wage-earners. The highest numbers of self-employed workers in 2006 were designers and web-design workers. Average earnings in the province in ICT occupations were $63,371 in 2006, increasing considerably from $57,201 in 2001. Ontario ranked 1 st in average earnings in ICT occupations in 2006, unchanged from 2001. ICT workers earned 51 higher average employment income than average for the overall labour force in the province in 2006, the difference increasing somewhat from 45 higher in 2001. Female workers in ICT occupations in Ontario earned, on average, 83 of what their male coworkers earned in 2006. Gender-based income inequality in the sector decreased in this period, as female to male earnings ratio in the sector increased to abovementioned 83 in 2006 from 81 in 2001. Page 68

Ontario Part 1: Size, Evolution and Location In 2001, the ICT labour market in Ontario consisted of 263,620 workers 189,880 males and 73,745 females of which 147,615 (56) worked in Toronto and 50,880 (19.3) in Ottawa-Hull (of which 7,900 worked in Hull). ICT workers represented 4.4 of the province s total labour force that year. 20 Using the 1991 occupations classification, the evolution of the ICT labour force over the 1991-2001 period is evident: Table 23: Evolution of Key ICT Occupations 1991 to 2001 No. of Workers Occupations 1991 2001 Change Information Systems and Data Processing Managers 14,375 24,540 +170.7 Electrical and Electronics Engineers 15,730 15,415-2 Computer and Information Systems Occupations 87,765 138,930 +158.3 Graphic Designers and Illustrating Artists 12,880 20,230 +157.1 In 2006, the ICT labour force in Ontario consisted of 281,025 workers 205,745 males and 75,280 females of which 159,030 (56.6) worked in Toronto and 54,975 (19.6) in Ottawa. ICT workers represented 6.2 of the province s total labour force in 2006. Using the 1991 occupations classification, the evolution of the ICT labour force over the 2001-2006 period is evident: Table 24: Evolution of Key ICT Occupations 2001 to 2006 No. of Workers Occupations 2001 2006 Change Information Systems and Data Processing Managers 24,540 22915-6.6 Electrical and Electronics Engineers 15,415 14255-7.5 Computer and Information Systems Occupations 138,930 150985 +108.7 Graphic Designers and Illustrating Artists 20,230 24290 +120.1 The following two Figures illustrate that the largest percentage of Ontario ICT workers were system analyst (24.9 in 2006 and 20.9 in 2001) followed by programmers (16.7 in 2006 and 18.7 in 2001). The occupations with the largest shares were the same, as were the order of their share. It is also evident that the distribution of ICT workers between occupations for Toronto and Ottawa-Hull roughly corresponds to that of the entire province. Notably, Toronto s ICT labour market in both 2001 and 2006 had a higher share of system analysts. 20 Statistics Canada rounds each number made available to the public to either five or zero. This can sometimes lead to totals being different than the sum of their parts, and to percentages not strictly adding to 100, especially for small numbers of individuals. This applies throughout the report. Page 69

Ontario Figure 72: Distribution of ICT Workers by Occupation, Ontario, Toronto, and, Ottawa, 2006 Distribution of ICT Workers by Occupation, Ontario, Toronto, and, Ottawa, 2006 30.0 25.0 24.9 20.0 16.7 15.0 10.0 5.0 8.2 5.1 4.9 2.5 6.1 3.5 7.1 10.8 1.6 8.6 0.0 Ontario Toronto Ottawa These Figures also illustrate that programmers had particular importance in Ottawa s ICT labour market, particularly in 2006. Figure 73: Distribution of ICT Workers by Occupation, Ontario, Toronto, and Ottawa, 2001 Distribution of ICT Workers by Occupation, Ontario, Toronto, and Ottawa, 2001 25.0 20.0 20.9 18.7 15.0 10.0 5.0 9.3 5.8 5.7 2.7 5.9 4.4 8.5 8.9 1.5 7.7 0.0 Ontario Toronto Ottawa Page 70

Ontario Socio-Demographic Characteristics Gender In general, ICT occupations in the province were held by men in both 2001 and 2006. Provincial combined labour market male Proportion of 52.4 in 2006 and 53.0 in 2001 were surpassed by every single ICT occupation in the corresponding year. Notably, male dominance increased in the sector in this period, an alarming trend also observed in some other provinces. In 2006, 73.2 of the ICT labour force was male workers, increasing from 72 in 2001. Figure 74: Proportion of Male Workers by ICT Occupations, Ontario, 2001 and 2006 Proportion of Male Workers by ICT Occupations, Ontario, 2001 and 2006 Designers 56.6 57.9 2001 Testing 56.7 59.3 2006 User Support 69.7 72.7 Operators/Technici 74.6 78.5 Web Design 64.8 64.6 Programmers 75.0 78.1 Software Engineers 81.2 79.5 Database Analysts 57.1 57.0 Systems Analysts 68.1 70.0 Comp. Engineers 84.7 86.3 Elec. Engineers 90.1 89.9 Managers 72.6 74.7 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 Education Census 2006 indicates that in almost every ICT occupation, one finds a high proportion of workers with post-secondary education 86.4 in the sector, compared to 58.6 for the province s overall labour force. The lowest value was 71.8 for user support and the highest was 95.5 for electrical engineers. In 2001, 87.3 in the sector, compared to 55.1 for the province s overall labour force, had PSE. The lowest proportion was 78.4 for operators/technicians and the highest at 95.9 for software engineers. Page 71

Ontario Figure 75: Proportion of ICT Workers with Post-Secondary Education, Ontario, 2001 and 2006 Proportion of ICT Workers with Post-Secondary Education, Ontario, 2001 and 2006 Designers Testing 79.2 80.3 81.7 79.8 2001 2006 User Support 80.5 71.8 Operators/Technici 78.4 75.6 Web Design 74.3 86.3 Programmers 91.7 88.6 Software Engineers 95.9 94.4 Database Analysts 87.2 83.2 Systems Analysts 88.3 86.2 Comp. Engineers 91.3 92.0 Elec. Engineers 90.2 95.5 Managers 88.7 84.8 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 Age The following two Figures show that ICT workers in 2006 were predominantly between 25 and 44 years old and accounted for 64.0 of the ICT labour force and 45.1 of the overall labour force. Figure 76: Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, Ontario, 2006 Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, Ontario, 2006 45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 Managers Elec. Engineers Comp & info sys pros Designers Page 72

Ontario ICT workers in 2001 were also predominantly between 25 and 44 years old and this cohort accounted for 68.8 of the ICT labour force and 49.9 of the overall labour force Ontario. Figure 77: Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, Ontario, 2001 45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, Ontario, 2001 Managers Elec. Engineers Comp & info sys pros Designers Occupation and Industry ICT workers are present in nearly every sector of the economy and the Figure below confirms that. This ranged in Ontario in 2006 from 0.1 for the primary and accommodation sectors to 17.2 for the information and culture sector and 23.2 for the professional services sector. In 2001, the range was between 0.1 of the labour force in the primary and accommodation sectors to 16.1 for the information and culture sector, and 25 for the professional services sector. Figure 78: Share of ICT Workers in Total Employment by Sector, Ontario, 2001 and 2006 Share of ICT Workers in Total Employment by Sector, Ontario, 2001 and 2006 Other services 6.5 1.1 2001 Arts 0.2 1.3 2006 Educational services 0.8 1.8 Management services 3.4 7.3 Real estate 23.2 1.1 Information and 8.4 17.2 Retail trade 1.0 0.9 5.9 Manufacturing 3.4 0.4 Utilities 6.5 2.7 Primary 0.1 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 Page 73

Ontario The Figure below indicates that ICT workers were concentrated in the services industry. Within that sector, 83.6 in 2001 and 79.0 in 2006 were in the professional, scientific and technical services industry. Figure 79: Distribution of ICT Workers by Industry, Ontario, 2006 Distribution of ICT Workers by Industry, Ontario, 2006 Public Administration, 8.2 Primary and Secondary, 11.4 Wholesale and Retail Trade, 8.8 Services, 49.0 Transportation, Utilities and Information, 12.7 Financial Sector, 10.0 The type of ICT worker varies between sectors. For example, 55.2 of ICT workers in utilities in 2001 and 42.6 of them in 2006 were electrical engineers while this occupation represented 1.3 (2001) and 1.4 (2006) of workers in the retail trade sector. Likewise, system analysts represented a much larger share of the ICT labour force in finance and insurance (42.2 in 2006 and 34.2 in 2001) than in construction (10.3 in 2006 and 9.1 in 2001). Figure 80: Distribution of ICT Workers by Industry, Ontario, 2001 Distribution of ICT Workers by Industry, Ontario, 2001 Public Administration, 7.0 Primary and Secondary, 13.9 Wholesale and Retail Trade, 8.4 Services, 48.8 Transportation, Utilities and Information, 12.9 Financial Sector, 9.1 Page 74

Ontario Wage Earners In 2001, the vast majority of ICT workers (88.2) were wage-earners, identical to the percentage for the overall workforce in Ontario. In 2006, this finding remained comparable with 89.8 of ICT workers being wage-earners, much like the corresponding proportion for the provincial labour market (87.2). The highest numbers of self-employed workers in both 2001 and 2006 were designers and web design workers. Figure 81: Proportion of Wage Earners in ICT Occupations, Ontario, 2001 and 2006 Proportion of Wage Earners in ICT Occupations, Ontario, 2001 and 2006 Designers 69.5 74.1 2001 Testing 94.9 92.1 2006 User Support 97.4 94.6 Operators/Technici 95.0 94.3 Web Design 76.3 76.3 Programmers 88.6 89.9 Software Engineers 93.7 93.4 Database Analysts 93.7 93.4 Systems Analysts 83.0 90.1 Comp. Engineers 94.2 92.3 Elec. Engineers 94.0 90.5 Managers 91.9 94.8 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 Employment Income Average employment income in ICT occupations in the province was $63,371 in 2006, placing it in the 1 st position out of the ten provinces. This average was notably higher than the 2001 average employment income of $57,201 in ICT occupations in the province, again placing it in the 1 st position out of the ten provinces that year. The average employment income of the ICT labour force in Ontario in 2001 was 45 higher than the average employment income for the overall labour force. By 2006, the average employment income of the ICT labour force in the province had increased to 51 higher than average income for the overall labour force. In 2001, female ICT workers earned, on average, 81 of what their male coworkers made, while females in the overall labour force earned 63 of what male workers earned on average. Gender-based income inequality decreased for both these groups, as female ICT workers earned, on average, 83 of what their male coworkers made in 2006, while females in the overall labour force earned 65 of what the average male earned. Page 75

Ontario Table 25: Employment Income of Workers 21, Ontario (2005 dollars) ICT Labour Force Labour Force Ontario 2001 Income in $ s 2006 Income in $ s Change Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females 57,201 60,533 48,703 63,371 66,534 54,937 10.8 9.9 12.8 39,464 47,914 30,164 39,386 47,513 30,653-0.2-0.8 1.6 21 ICT workers are classified based on the 1991 definition. Page 76

Manitoba Table 26: Provincial Snapshot Manitoba Number of ICT Workers Male Proportion in Jobs Provincial Snapshot: Manitoba Item Category 2006 2001 Number of ICT Workers in Main ICT Hub (Share of Total) ICT's Share of Provincial Labour Force Major ICT Occupations Hub for Major ICT Occupations Workers with Post-Secondary Education ICT Occupations with Highest and Lowest Education Level ICT Occupations by Industry Male 10,410 8,990 Female 3,770 3,020 Total 14,180 12,005 ICT Sector 73.4 74.9 All Sectors Combined 52.6 53.3 Winnipeg 12,535 (88.4) 10,730 (89.4) 3.3 2.1 System Analyst 20.9 16.5 Programmer 18.3 20.4 System Analyst Winnipeg Winnipeg Programmer Winnipeg Winnipeg ICT Sector 80.5 81.5 All Sectors Combined 50.5 47.6 Software Software Highest Engineers Engineers (94.8) (97.1) Lowest Testing Designers (46.2) (73.8) Professional Services 15.4 15.8 Accommodation < 0.1 < 0.1 Workforce in 25-44 Year Age ICT Sector 62.1 64.1 Group All Sectors Combined 42.1 47 Major Category for Self- Employed ICT Workers Web Design Designers Share of Wage Earners in ICT 93.0 92.3 Average Earnings in ICT $49,338 $45,926 Province's Ranking in Average Earnings in ICT 6 th 5 th Average ICT earnings as Ratio of Provincial Average 158 : 100 151 : 100 Average Female Earnings in ICT as Proportion of Males in ICT 86 80 Page 77

Manitoba Provincial Highlight 14,180 ICT workers in the province in 2006, increasing from 12,005 in 2001. ICT workers represented 3.3 of the province s total labour force in 2006, increasing from 2.1 in 2001. 10,410 male and 3,770 female ICT workers in 2006, denoting a 73.4 male Proportion in ICT jobs, marginally decreasing from 74.9 in 2001. Women outnumbered men in testing occupations. 12,535 (88.4) ICT workers worked in Winnipeg in 2006. System analysts (20.9) were the largest group of ICT workers in Manitoba in 2006, followed by programmers (18.3). The order changed since 2001. Nearly all (93.2) of software engineers were concentrated in Winnipeg. 80.5 of all ICT workers had post-secondary education in 2006, compared to 50.5 for the province s overall labour force. Testing had the lowest rate (46.2) and software engineers had the highest rate (94.8) of workers with PSE. 62.1 of the ICT labour force, compared to 42.1 for the overall labour force in MB, was between 25 and 44 years of age in 2006. ICT occupations by industry ranged from less than 0.1 for the accommodation sector to 15.4 for the professional services sector in 2006. Within the professional services sector, 60.7 worked in professional, scientific, and technical services. 93.0 of Manitoba s ICT workers were wage-earners. The highest numbers of self-employed workers in 2006 were web designers. Average earnings in the province in ICT occupations were $49,338 in 2006, increasing from $45,926 in 2001. Manitoba ranked 6 th in average earnings in ICT occupations in 2006, moving one rank below from 5 th in 2001, essentially trading spot with Saskatchewan. ICT workers earned 58 higher average employment income than average for the overall labour force in the province in 2006, the difference increasing from 51 higher in 2001. Female workers in ICT occupations in Manitoba earned, on average, 86 of what their male coworkers earned in 2006. Gender-based income inequality in the sector decreased in this period, as female to male earnings ratio in the sector increased to abovementioned 86 in 2006 from 80 in 2001. Page 78

Manitoba Size, Evolution, and Location In 2001, the ICT labour market in Manitoba consisted of 12,005 workers 8,990 males and 3,020 females of which 10,730 (89.4) worked in Winnipeg. ICT workers represented 2.1 of the province s total labour force that year. 22 Using the 1991 occupations classification, the evolution of the ICT labour force over the 1991-2001 period is evident: Table 27: Evolution of Key ICT Occupations 1991 to 2001 No. of Workers Occupations 1991 2001 Change Information Systems and Data Processing Managers 750 795 +106 Electrical and Electronics Engineers 875 855-2.3 Computer and Information Systems Occupations 4865 5385 +110.7 Graphic Designers and Illustrating Artists 665 1070 +160.9 In 2006, the ICT labour force in Manitoba consisted of 14,180 workers 10,410 males and 3,770 females of which 12,535 (88.4) worked in Winnipeg. ICT workers represented 3.3 of the province s total labour force that year. Using the 1991 occupations classification, the evolution of the ICT labour force over the 2001-2006 period is evident: Table 28: Evolution of Key ICT Occupations 2001 to 2006 No. of Workers Occupations 2001 2006 Change Information Systems and Data Processing Managers 795 935 +117.6 Electrical and Electronics Engineers 855 695-18.7 Computer and Information Systems Occupations 5385 6610 +122.7 Graphic Designers and Illustrating Artists 1070 1420 +132.7 The following two Figures illustrate that the largest proportion of Manitoba ICT workers were system analysts and programmers, respectively accounting for 20.9 and 18.3 in 2006 and 16.5 and 20.4 in 2001. The occupations with the largest shares were the same, but the order changed in that period. It is also evident that the distribution of ICT workers across occupations in Winnipeg roughly corresponds to that of the entire province. 22 Statistics Canada rounds each number made available to the public to either five or zero. This can sometimes lead to totals being different than the sum of their parts, and to percentages not strictly adding to 100, especially for small numbers of individuals. This applies throughout the report. Page 79

Manitoba Figure 82: Distribution of ICT Workers by Occupation, Manitoba and Winnipeg, 2006 Distribution of ICT Workers by Occupation, Manitoba and Winnipeg, 2006 25.0 20.9 20.0 18.3 17.1 15.0 10.0 6.6 11.1 10.0 5.0 0.0 4.9 3.3 1.9 2.1 3.5 0.5 Manitoba Winnipeg Notably, most software engineers in the province were based in Winnipeg (100 in 2001 and 93.2 in 2006). Figure 83: Distribution of ICT Workers by Occupation, Manitoba and Winnipeg, 2001 Distribution of ICT Workers by Occupation, Manitoba and Winnipeg, 2001 25.0 20.0 15.0 16.5 20.4 13.3 15.4 10.0 6.6 7.1 8.9 5.0 0.0 3.0 2.6 1.5 3.9 0.8 Manitoba Winnipeg Page 80

Manitoba Socio-Demographic Characteristics Gender In general, ICT occupations in the province were held by men in both 2001 and 2006. Notably, male dominance decreased in the sector in this period, a positive trend not observed in too many provinces. In 2006, 73.4 of the ICT labour force was male, while the value was 52.6 for the labour force as a whole. 74.9 of the ICT labour force in the province was male in 2001, while the value was 53.3 for the labour force as a whole. Figure 84: Proportion of Male Workers by IT Occupations, Manitoba, 2001 and 2006 Proportion of Male Workers by IT Occupations, Manitoba, 2001 and 2006 Designers 57.3 55.7 2001 Testing 45.0 38.5 2006 User Support 75.7 77.0 Operators/Technici 74.1 72.4 Web Design 74.7 63.7 Programmers 79.1 77.1 Software Engineers 91.2 91.2 Database Analysts 55.6 60.0 Systems Analysts 72.5 70.9 Comp. Engineers 81.4 95.7 Elec. Engineers 94.2 89.1 Managers 77.2 71.9 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 Testing occupations were notable exceptions in both 2001 and 2006, when more women were employed in these jobs than men. Education Census 2006 indicates that in almost every ICT occupation, one finds a high proportion of workers with post-secondary education 80.5 in the sector, compared to 50.5 for the province s overall labour force. The lowest value was 46.2 for testing and the highest 94.8 for software engineers. In 2001, 81.5 in the sector, compared to 47.6 for the province s overall labour force, had PSE. The lowest proportion was 73.8 for designers and the highest at 97.1 for software engineers. Page 81

Manitoba Figure 85: Proportion of ICT Workers with Post-Secondary Education, Manitoba, 2001 and 2006 Proportion of ICT Workers with Post-Secondary Education, Manitoba, 2001 and 2006 Designers 73.8 68.1 2001 Testing 46.2 88.9 2006 User Support 56.6 76.4 Operators/Technici 75.5 67.4 Web Design 77.2 71.4 Programmers 86.6 92.0 Software Engineers 97.1 94.8 Database Analysts 91.7 80.4 Systems Analysts 81.4 81.4 Comp. Engineers 87.9 85.9 Elec. Engineers 88.2 92.0 Managers 85.1 76.8 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 Age The following two Figures show that ICT workers in 2006 were predominantly between 25 and 44 years old and accounted for 62.1 of the ICT labour force and 42.1 of the overall labour force. Figure 86: Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, Manitoba, 2006 Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, Manitoba, 2006 45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 Managers Elec. Engineers Comp & info sys pros Designers Page 82

Manitoba ICT workers in 2001 were also predominantly between 25 and 44 years old and this cohort accounted for 64.1 of the ICT labour force and 47 of the overall labour force Manitoba. Figure 87: Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, Manitoba, 2001 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, Manitoba, 2001 Managers Elec. Engineers Comp & info sys pros Designers Occupation and Industry ICT workers are present in nearly every sector of the economy and the Figure below confirms that. This ranged in Manitoba in 2006 from less than 0.1 for the accommodation sector to 15.4 for the professional services sector. In 2001, the range was between less than 0.1 in the accommodation sector to 15.8 for the professional services sector. Figure 88: Share of ICT Workers in Total Employment by Sector, Manitoba, 2001 and 2006 Share of ICT Workers in Total Employment by Sector, Manitoba, 2001 and 2006 Other Services 2.7 0.6 2001 Arts 0.0 2.3 2006 0.5 Educational Services 1.3 5.1 Management 3.9 15.4 Real Estate 0.6 6.2 Information and 13.4 0.5 Retail Trade 0.7 3.0 Manufacturing 2.2 0.2 Utilities 7.5 0.2 Primary 0.2 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 Page 83

Manitoba The Figure below indicates that ICT workers were concentrated in the services industry. Within that sector, 66.1 in 2001 and 60.7 in 2006 were in the professional, scientific, and technical services industry. Figure 89: Distribution of ICT Workers by Industry, Manitoba, 2006 Distribution of ICT Workers by Industry, Manitoba, 2006 Public Administration, 8.0 Primary and Secondary, 10.6 Wholesale and Retail Trade, 7.8 Services, 45.8 Transportation, Utilities and Information, 17.0 Financial Sector, 10.7 The type of ICT worker varies between sectors. For example, 49.1 of ICT workers in utilities in 2001 and 36.3 of them in 2006 were electrical engineers, while this occupation represented 4.1 (2001) and less than 0.1 (2006) of workers in the retail trade sector. Likewise, system analysts represented a much larger share of the ICT labour force in finance and insurance (29.8 in 2006 and 26.5 in 2001) than in manufacturing (9.4 in 2006 and 5.9 in 2001). Figure 90: Distribution of ICT Workers by Industry, Manitoba, 2001 Distribution of ICT Workers by Industry, Manitoba, 2001 Public Administration, 9.9 Primary and Secondary, 10.8 Wholesale and Retail Trade, 8.5 Services, 43.8 Transportation, Utilities and Information, 18.8 Financial Sector, 8.2 Page 84

Manitoba Wage Earners In 2006, the vast majority of ICT workers (93) were wage-earners in Manitoba, much like the corresponding proportion for the provincial labour market at 87.3. Equivalent proportions in 2001 were comparable to these 2006 levels, when 92.3 of ICT workers were wage-earners in the province, compared to 87 wageearners in the provincial overall labour force. The highest numbers of self-employed workers in 2006 were web designers and in 2001 were designers. Figure 91: Proportion of Wage earners in ICT Occupations, Manitoba, 2001 and 2006 Proportion of Wage earners in ICT Occupations, Manitoba, 2001 and 2006 Designers Testing 72.8 83.8 95.0 92.3 2001 2006 User Support 95.1 95.8 Operators/Technici 94.4 94.7 Web Design 85.3 75.8 Programmers 95.7 93.4 Software Engineers 100.0 100.0 Database Analysts 100.0 98.0 Systems Analysts 89.9 94.2 Comp. Engineers 95.7 89.1 Elec. Engineers 95.9 96.4 Managers 96.8 95.7 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 Employment Income Average employment income in ICT occupations in the province was $49,338 in 2006, placing it in the 6 th position out of the ten provinces. Even though this 2006 average was higher than the 2001 average income of $45,926 in ICT occupations in the province, Manitoba moved down a place from its 5th position in 2001. The average employment income of the ICT labour force in Manitoba in 2001 was 51 higher than the average employment income for the overall labour force. By 2006, the average employment income of the ICT labour force in the province had increased to 58 higher than average income for the overall labour force. In 2001, female ICT workers earned, on average, 80 of what their male coworkers made, while females in the overall labour force earned 67 of what male workers earned on average. Gender-based income inequality decreased for both these groups, as female ICT workers earned, on average, 86 of what their male coworkers made in 2006, while females in the overall labour force earned 69 of what the average male earned. Page 85

Manitoba Table 29: ICT Labour Force Labour Force Employment Income of Workers 23, Manitoba (in 2005 dollars) Manitoba 2001 Income in $ s 2006 Income in $ s Change Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females 45,926 48,041 38,528 49,338 51,244 44,276 7.4 6.7 14.9 30,483 36,241 24,092 31,318 36,837 25,356 2.7 1.6 5.2 23 ICT workers are classified based on the 1991 definition. Page 86

Saskatchewan Table 30: Provincial Snapshot Saskatchewan Number of ICT Workers Male Proportion in Jobs Provincial Snapshot: Saskatchewan Item Category 2006 2001 Number of ICT Workers in Main ICT Hub (Share of Total) ICT's Share of Provincial Labour Force Major ICT Occupations Hub for Major ICT Occupations Workers with Post-Secondary Education ICT Occupations with Highest and Lowest Education Level ICT Occupations by Industry Workforce in 25-44 Year Age Group Major Category for Self- Employed ICT Workers Male 6,395 5,330 Female 2,525 2,395 Total 8,920 7,720 ICT Sector 71.7 69 All Sectors Combined 52.8 53.5 Regina 4,570 (51.2) 3,930 (50.9) Saskatoon 2,755 (30.9) 2,550 (33) 2.4 1.5 System Analyst 24.6 25.9 Programmer 15.3 16.3 System Analyst Regina Regina Programmer Saskatoon Saskatoon ICT Sector 82.0 78.7 All Sectors Combined 49.2 44.1 Electrical Computer Highest Engineers Engineers (97.1) (91.9) Lowest User Support (55.5) Designers (63.8) Information and Cultural 13.4 10.0 Professional Services 13.3 15.1 Accommodation < 0.1 < 0.1 ICT Sector 63.3 64.0 All Sectors Combined 39.4 44.5 Designers Web Design Share of Wage Earners in ICT 94.1 89.3 Average Earnings in ICT $51,323 $45,694 Province's Ranking in Average Earnings in ICT 5 th 6 th Average ICT earnings as Ratio of Provincial Average 166 : 100 159 : 100 Average Female Earnings in ICT as Proportion of Males in ICT 83 77 Page 87

Saskatchewan Provincial Highlight 8,920 ICT workers in the province in 2006, increasing from 7,720 in 2001. ICT workers represented 2.4 of the province s total labour force in 2006, increasing from 1.5 in 2001. 6,395 male and 2,525 female ICT workers in 2006, denoting a 71.7 male Proportion in ICT jobs, further increasing from 69 in 2001. Designer was the only occupation where more women than men worked in 2006. 4,570 (51.2) ICT workers worked in Regina and 2,755 (30.9) worked in Saskatoon in 2006. System analysts (24.6) were the largest group of ICT workers in Saskatchewan in 2006, followed by programmers (15.3). System analysts were more concentrated in Regina, while programmers in Saskatoon. 82.0 of all ICT workers had post-secondary education in 2006, compared to 49.2 for the province s overall labour force. User support had the lowest rate (55.5 ) and electrical engineers had the highest rate (97.1) of workers with PSE. 63.3 of the ICT labour force, compared to 39.4 for the overall labour force in SK, was between 25 and 44 years of age in 2006. ICT occupations by industry ranged from less than 0.1 for the accommodation sector to 13.4 for the information and cultural sector, with the professional services sector slightly behind at 13.3 in 2006. Within the professional services sector, 64.5 worked in professional, scientific, and technical services. 94.1 of Saskatchewan s ICT workers were wage-earners. The highest numbers of self-employed workers in 2006 were designers. Average earnings in the province in ICT occupations were $51,323 in 2006, increasing considerably from $45,694 in 2001. Saskatchewan ranked 5 th in average earnings in ICT occupations in 2006, moving one rank above from 6 th in 2001, essentially trading spot with neighbour Manitoba. ICT workers earned 66 higher average employment income than average for the overall labour force in the province in 2006, the difference increasing from 59 higher in 2001. Female workers in ICT occupations in Saskatchewan earned, on average, 83 of what their male coworkers earned in 2006. Gender-based income inequality in the sector decreased, as female to male earnings ratio in the sector increased to abovementioned 83 in 2006 from 77 in 2001. Page 88

Saskatchewan Size, Evolution, and Location In 2001, the ICT labour market in Saskatchewan consisted of 7,720 workers 5,330 males and 2,395 females of which 3,930 (50.9) worked in Regina and 2,550 (33) in Saskatoon. ICT workers represented 1.5 of the province s total labour force that year. 24 Using the 1991 occupations classification, the evolution of the ICT labour force over the 1991-2001 period is evident: Table 31: Evolution of Key ICT Occupations 1991 to 2001 No. of Workers Occupations 1991 2001 Change Information Systems and Data Processing Managers 495 485-2 Electrical and Electronics Engineers 685 370-46 Computer and Information Systems Occupations 3130 3960 +126.5 Graphic Designers and Illustrating Artists 395 730 +184.4 In 2006, the ICT labour force in Saskatchewan consisted of 8,920 workers 6,395 males and 2,525 females of which 4,570 (51.2) worked in Regina and 2,755 (30.9) in Saskatoon. ICT workers represented 2.4 of the province s total labour force that year. Using the 1991 occupations classification, the evolution of the ICT labour force over the 2001-2006 period is evident: Table 32: Evolution of Key ICT Occupations 2001 to 2006 No. of Workers Occupations 2001 2006 Change Information Systems and Data Processing Managers 485 680 +140.2 Electrical and Electronics Engineers 370 510 +137.8 Computer and Information Systems Occupations 3960 4295 +108.5 Graphic Designers and Illustrating Artists 730 935 +128.1 The following two Figures illustrate that the largest percentage of Saskatchewan ICT workers were system analysts accounting for 24.6 in 2006 and 25.9 in 2001, followed by programmers, accounting for 15.3 in 2006 and 16.3 in 2001. The occupations with the largest shares and their respective orders remained the same in that period. It is evident that the distribution of ICT workers between occupations for Regina and Saskatoon roughly corresponds to that of the entire province. 24 Statistics Canada rounds each number made available to the public to either five or zero. This can sometimes lead to totals being different than the sum of their parts, and to percentages not strictly adding to 100, especially for small numbers of individuals. This applies throughout the report. Page 89

Saskatchewan Figure 92: Distribution of ICT Workers by Occupation, Saskatchewan, Regina, and Saskatoon, 2006 Distribution of ICT Workers by Occupation, Saskatchewan, Regina, and Saskatoon, 2006 35.0 30.0 25.0 24.6 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 7.6 5.7 2.8 3.1 1.6 15.3 3.6 9.2 15.0 1.0 10.5 Saskatchewan Regina Saskatoon The Figures suggest that system analysts were relatively more important to the labour market of Regina in both 2001 and 2006, while programmers were more important to the labour market of Saskatoon in both the years. Figure 93: Distribution of ICT Workers by Occupation, Saskatchewan, Regina, and Saskatoon, 2001 Distribution of ICT Workers by Occupation, Saskatchewan, Regina, and Saskatoon, 2001 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 25.9 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 6.3 4.8 4.3 2.5 1.4 16.3 5.2 13.0 10.1 0.8 9.5 Saskatchewan Regina Saskatoon Page 90

Saskatchewan Socio-Demographic Characteristics Gender In general, ICT occupations in the province were held by men in both 2001 and 2006. Notably, male dominance increased in the sector in this period, an alarming trend also observed in some other provinces. In 2006, 71.7 of the ICT labour force was male, while the value was 52.8 for the labour force as a whole. Designers were the only group of ICT workers in which more women than men worked. 69 of the ICT labour force in the province was male in 2001, while the value was 53.5 for the provincial labour force as a whole. More women than men worked in testing jobs that year. Figure 94: Proportion of Male Workers by ICT Occupations, Saskatchewan, 2001 and 2006 Proportion of Male Workers by ICT Occupations, Saskatchewan, 2001 and 2006 Designers 41.8 49.7 2001 Testing 38.5 62.5 2006 User Support 59.6 64.6 Operators/Technici 79.0 79.0 Web Design 62.5 69.8 Programmers 77.8 76.9 Software Engineers 81.0 93.1 Database Analysts 63.2 64.8 Systems Analysts 65.0 70.5 Comp. Engineers 92.5 89.6 Elec. Engineers 94.6 90.2 Managers 71.4 77.8 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 Education Census 2006 indicates that in almost every ICT occupation, one finds a high proportion of workers with post-secondary education 82.0 in the sector, compared to 49.2 for the province s overall labour force. The lowest value was 55.5 for user support and the highest at 97.1 for electrical engineers. In 2001, 78.7 in the sector, compared to 44.1 for the province s overall labour force, had PSE. The lowest proportion was 63.8, for designers and the highest at 91.9 for computer engineers. Page 91

Saskatchewan Figure 95: Proportion of ICT Workers with Post-Secondary Education, Saskatchewan, 2001 and 2006 Designers Testing User Support Operators/Technici Web Design Programmers Software Engineers Database Analysts Systems Analysts Comp. Engineers Elec. Engineers Managers Proportion of ICT Workers with Post-Secondary Education, Saskatchewan, 2001 and 2006 56.5 63.8 74.1 83.3 75.0 74.5 73.3 70.6 72.0 71.4 71.1 82.3 88.8 78.9 84.1 79.4 91.9 83.3 78.4 77.8 90.9 96.4 88.2 97.1 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 2001 2006 Age The following two Figures show that ICT workers in 2006 were predominantly between 25 and 44 years old and accounted for 63.3 of the ICT labour force and 39.4 of the overall labour force. Figure 96: Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, Saskatchewan, 2006 Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, Saskatchewan, 2006 45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 Managers Elec. Engineers Comp & info sys pros Designers Page 92

Saskatchewan ICT workers in 2001 were also predominantly between 25 and 44 years old and this cohort accounted for 64.0 of the ICT labour force and 44.5 of the overall labour force Saskatchewan. Figure 97: Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, Saskatchewan, 2001 50.0 Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, Saskatchewan, 2001 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Managers Elec. Engineers Comp & info sys pros Designers Occupation and Industry ICT workers are present in nearly every sector of the economy and the Figure below confirms that. This ranged in Saskatchewan in 2006 from less than 0.1 for the accommodation sector to 13.4 for the information and culture sector that was 0.1 greater than the professional services sector. In 2001, the range was between less than 0.1 of the labour force in the accommodation, primary, and management services sectors to 15.1 for the professional services sector. Figure 98: Share of ICT Workers in Total Employment by Sector, Saskatchewan, 2001 and 2006 Share of ICT Workers in Total Employment by Sector, Saskatchewan, 2001 and 2006 2.8 0.4 0.0 1.4 0.4 1.6 1.7 4.0 13.3 1.0 4.2 13.4 0.5 0.3 1.5 2.4 0.1 4.5 Public administration Other services Accomodation Arts Health Educational services Administrative services Management services Professional services Real estate Finance and insurance Information and culture Transportation Retail trade Wholesale trade Manufacturing Construction Utilities Mining Primary 1.0 0.1 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 2001 2006 Page 93

Saskatchewan The Figure below indicates that ICT workers were concentrated in the services industry. Within that sector, 73.4 in 2001 and 64.5 in 2006 were in the professional, scientific, and technical services industry. Figure 99: Distribution of ICT Workers by Industry, Saskatchewan, 2006 Distribution of ICT Workers by Industry, Saskatchewan, 2006 Public Administration, 10.2 Primary and Secondary, 10.4 Wholesale and Retail Trade, 4.9 Transportation, Utilities and Information, 21.7 Services, 43.2 Financial Sector, 9.6 The type of ICT worker varies between sectors. For example, 57.5 of ICT workers in utilities in 2001 and 73.3 of them in 2006 were electrical engineers, while this occupation represented less than 0.1 of workers in the retail and wholesale trade sectors in both those years. Likewise, system analysts represented a larger share of the ICT labour force in finance and insurance (37.0 in 2006 and 47.3 in 2001) than in retail trade (16.7 in 2006 and 12.5 in 2001). Figure 100: Distribution of ICT Workers by Industry, Saskatchewan, 2001 Distribution of IT Workers by Industry, Saskatchewan, 2001 Public Administration, 10.9 Primary and Secondary, 11.8 Wholesale and Retail Trade, 4.2 Transportation, Utilities and Information, 18.5 Services, 42.8 Financial Sector, 11.8 Page 94

Saskatchewan Wage Earners In 2006, the vast majority of ICT workers (94.1) were wage-earners in Saskatchewan, much like the corresponding proportion for the provincial labour market (83.9). Equivalent proportions in 2001 were comparable to these 2006 levels, when 89.3 of ICT workers were wage-earners in the province, compared to 80.2 wage-earners in the provincial overall labour force. The highest numbers of self-employed workers in 2006 were designers and in 2001 were web designers. Figure 101: Proportion of Wage Earners in ICT Occupations, Saskatchewan, 2001 and 2006 Proportion of Wage Earners in ICT Occupations, Saskatchewan, 2001 and 2006 Designers 80.1 Testing 100.0 User Support 97.3 Operators/Technici 93.8 Web Design 90.5 Programmers 94.8 Software Engineers 96.6 Database Analysts 100.0 Systems Analysts 95.8 Comp. Engineers 97.9 Elec. Engineers 96.1 Managers 95.6 2001 2006 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 Employment Income Average employment income in ICT occupations in the province was $51,323 in 2006, placing it in the 5 th position out of the ten provinces. This average was notably higher than the 2001 average employment income of $45,694 in ICT occupations in the province, placing it in the 6 th position out of the ten provinces. The average employment income of the ICT labour force in Saskatchewan in 2001 was 59 higher than the average income for the overall labour force. By 2006, the average employment income of the ICT labour force in the province had increased to 66 higher than average income for the overall labour force. In 2001, female ICT workers earned, on average, 77 of what their male coworkers made, while females in the overall labour force earned 66 of what male workers earned on average. Gender-based income inequality decreased for both these groups, as female ICT workers earned, on average, 83 of what their male coworkers made in 2006, while females in the overall labour force earned 67 of what the average male earned. Page 95

Saskatchewan Table 33: Employment Income of Workers 25, Saskatchewan (in 2005 dollars) ICT labour force Labour Force Saskatchewan 2001 Income in $ s 2006 Income in $ s Change Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females 45,694 48,900 37,588 51,323 54,048 44,753 12.3 10.5 19.1 28,815 34,330 22,640 30,773 36,495 24,534 6.8 6.3 8.4 25 ICT workers are classified based on the 1991 definition. Page 96

Alberta Table 34: Provincial Snapshot Alberta Number of ICT Workers Male Proportion in Jobs Provincial Snapshot: Alberta Item Category 2006 2001 Number of ICT Workers in Main ICT Hub (Share of Total) ICT's Share of Provincial Labour Force Major ICT Occupations Hub for Major ICT Occupations Workers with Post-Secondary Education ICT Occupations with Highest and Lowest Education Level Male 41,830 34,535 Female 14,670 13,105 Total 56,500 47,640 ICT Sector 74.0 72.5 All Sectors Combined 54.1 54.3 Calgary 31,400 (55.6) 26,745 (56.1) Edmonton 19,230 (34.0) 16,105 (33.8) 4.1 2.8 System Analyst 26.4 23.3 Programmer 13.6 16.7 System Analyst Edmonton Edmonton Programmer Calgary Calgary ICT Sector 82.9 82.8 All Sectors Combined 44.1 50.4 Highest Software Electrical Engineers Engineers (93.3) (95.5) Lowest Operators / Technicians (71.5) Operators / Technicians (70.8) Professional Services 16.4 17.9 ICT Occupations by Industry Information and Culture 15.4 15.5 Primary; Accommodation 0.1 0.1 Workforce in 25-44 Year Age ICT Sector 61.1 67.3 Group All Sectors Combined 43.9 48.7 Major Category for Self- Employed ICT Workers Designers; Web Design Web Design; Designers Share of Wage Earners in ICT 91.5 86.1 Average Earnings in ICT $62,970 $53,629 Province's Ranking in Average Earnings in ICT 2 nd 2 nd Average ICT earnings as Ratio of Provincial Average 148 : 100 147 : 100 Average Female Earnings in ICT as Proportion of Males in ICT 79 78 Page 97

Alberta Provincial Highlight 56,500 ICT workers in the province in 2006, increasing from 47,640 in 2001. ICT workers represented 4.1 of the province s total labour force in 2006, increasing from 2.8 in 2001. 41,830 male and 14,670 female ICT workers in 2006, denoting a 74 male Proportion in ICT jobs, further increasing from 72.5 in 2001. In 2006, more women than men worked in testing and database analyst occupations. 31,400 (55.6) worked in Calgary and 19,230 (34.0) worked in Edmonton in 2006. System analysts (26.4) were the largest group of ICT workers in Alberta in 2006, followed by programmers (13.6). 82.9 of all ICT workers had post-secondary education in 2006, compared to 44.1 for the province s overall labour force. Operators/technicians had the lowest rate (71.5) and electrical engineers had the highest rate (93.3) of workers with PSE. 61.1 of the ICT labour force, compared to 43.9 for the overall labour force in AB, was between 25 and 44 years of age in 2006. ICT occupations by industry ranged from 0.1 for the primary and accommodation sectors to 16.4 for the professional services sector, with 15.4 for the information and culture sector. Within the professional services sector, 79.5 worked in professional, scientific, and technical services. 91.5 of Alberta s ICT workers were wage-earners. The highest numbers of self-employed workers in 2006 were Web designers. Average earnings in the province in ICT occupations were $62,970 in 2006, increasing significantly from $53,629 in 2001. Alberta ranked 2 nd in average earnings in ICT occupations in 2006, unchanged from 2001. ICT workers earned 48 higher average employment income than average for the overall labour force in the province in 2006, the difference increasing marginally from 47 higher in 2001. Female workers in ICT occupations in Alberta earned, on average, 79 of what their male coworkers earned in 2006. Gender-based income inequality in the sector decreased slightly in this period, as female to male earnings ratio in the sector increased to abovementioned 79 in 2006 from 78 in 2001. Page 98

Alberta Size, Evolution, and Location In 2001, the ICT labour market in Alberta consisted of 47,640 workers 34,535 males and 13,105 females of which 26,745 (56.1) worked in Calgary and 16,105 (33.8) worked in Edmonton. 26 ICT workers represented 2.8 of the province s total labour force that year. Using the 1991 occupations classification, the evolution of the ICT labour force over the 1991-2001 period is evident: Table 35: Evolution of Key ICT Occupations 1991 to 2001 No. of Workers Occupations 1991 2001 Change Information Systems and Data Processing Managers 2080 3525 +169.5 Electrical and Electronics Engineers 3220 3215-0.2 Computer and Information Systems Occupations 15,925 24,330 +152.8 Graphic Designers and Illustrating Artists 2095 3825 +182.6 In 2006, the ICT labour force in Alberta consisted of 56,500 workers 41,830 males and 14,670 females of which 31,400 (55.6) worked in Calgary and 19,230 (34.0) worked in Edmonton. ICT workers represented 4.1 of the province s total labour force. Using the 1991 occupations classification, the evolution of the ICT labour force over the 2001-2006 period is evident: Table 36: Evolution of Key ICT Occupations 2001 to 2006 No. of Workers Occupations 2001 2006 Change Information Systems and Data Processing Managers 3525 4295 +121.8 Electrical and Electronics Engineers 3215 4365 +135.8 Computer and Information Systems Occupations 24,330 28310 +116.4 Graphic Designers and Illustrating Artists 3825 5060 +132.3 The following two Figures illustrate that the largest percentage of Alberta ICT workers were system analysts (26.4 in 2006 and 23.3 in 2001) and programmers (13.6 in 2006 and 16.7 in 2001). The occupations with the largest shares and their order remained the same in this period. It is evident that the distribution of ICT workers across occupations for Calgary and Edmonton roughly corresponds to that of the entire province. 26 Statistics Canada rounds each number made available to the public to either five or zero. This can sometimes lead to totals being different than the sum of their parts, and to percentages not strictly adding to 100, especially for small numbers of individuals. This applies throughout the report. Page 99

Alberta Figure 102: Distribution of ICT Workers by Occupation, Alberta, Edmonton, and Calgary, 2006 Distribution of ICT Workers by Occupation, Alberta, Edmonton, and Calgary, 2006 30.0 26.4 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 7.6 7.7 13.6 8.7 11.7 9.0 5.0 0.0 4.2 2.8 4.4 2.9 1.0 Alberta Edmonton Calgary The Figures suggest that system analysts were relatively more important to the labour market of Edmonton in both 2001 and 2006, while programmers had a larger presence in the Calgary ICT labour market in both the years. Figure 103: Distribution of ICT Workers by Occupation, Alberta, Edmonton, and Calgary, 2001 30.0 Distribution of ICT Workers by Occupation, Alberta, Edmonton, and Calgary, 2001 25.0 23.3 20.0 16.7 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 7.4 6.7 5.2 3.4 3.4 4.3 11.0 9.4 1.1 8.0 Alberta Edmonton Calgary Page 100

Alberta Socio-Demographic Characteristics Gender In general, ICT occupations in the province were held by men in both 2001 and 2006. Notably, male dominance increased in the sector in this period, an alarming trend also observed in some other provinces. In 2006, 74.0 of the ICT labour force was male, while the value was 54.1 for the labour force as a whole. Designer, testing, and database analyst were the only three occupations in 2006 where male Proportion was less than the provincial average (54.1) for all sectors combined. 72.5 of the ICT labour force was male in 2001, while the value was 54.3 for the labour force as a whole. Figure 104: Proportion of Male Workers by IT Occupations, Alberta, 2001 and 2006 Proportion of Male Workers by ICT Occupations, Alberta, 2001 and 2006 Designers 51.8 51.8 2001 Testing 48.5 63.2 2006 User Support 68.9 75.2 Operators/Technici 73.3 76.1 Web Design 65.2 66.2 Programmers 78.4 82.4 Software Engineers 81.5 81.6 Database Analysts 56.4 49.5 Systems Analysts 69.0 72.1 Comp. Engineers 88.8 87.4 Elec. Engineers 92.2 89.8 Managers 74.8 76.5 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 Education Census 2006 indicates that in almost every ICT occupation, one finds a high proportion of workers with post-secondary education 82.9 in the sector, compared to 44.1 for the province s overall labour force. The lowest value was 71.5 for operators/technicians and the highest at 93.3 for electrical engineers. In 2001, 82.8 in the sector, compared to 50.4 for the province s overall labour force, had PSE. The lowest percent was 70.8 for operators/technicians and the highest at 95.5 for software engineers. Page 101

Alberta Figure 105: Proportion of ICT Workers with Post-Secondary Education, Alberta, 2001 and 2006 Proportion of ICT Workers with Post-Secondary Education, Alberta, 2001 and 2006 Designers Testing 73.4 75.4 77.0 78.6 2001 2006 User Support 77.6 71.7 Operators/Technici 70.9 71.5 Web Design 82.0 77.7 Programmers 88.7 89.9 Software Engineers 95.5 90.0 Database Analysts 79.8 82.6 Systems Analysts 87.5 84.8 Comp. Engineers 83.7 88.7 Elec. Engineers 82.3 93.3 Managers 85.9 82.4 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 Age The following two Figures show that ICT workers in 2006 were predominantly between 25 and 44 years old and accounted for 61.1 of the ICT labour force and 43.9 of the overall labour force. Figure 106: Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, Alberta, 2006 Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, Alberta, 2006 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 Managers Elec. Engineers Comp & info sys pros Designers Page 102

Alberta ICT workers in 2001 were also predominantly between 25 and 44 years of age accounted for 67.3 of the ICT labour force and 48.7 of the overall labour force in Alberta. Figure 107: Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, Alberta, 2001 45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, Alberta, 2001 Managers Elec. Engineers Comp & info sys pros Designers Occupation and Industry ICT workers are present in nearly every sector of the economy and the Figure below confirms that. This ranged in Alberta in 2006 from 0.1 for primary and accommodation sectors to 16.4 for the professional services sector, with 15.4 for the information and culture sector. In 2001, the range was between 0.1 of the labour force in the primary and accommodation sectors to 17.9 for the professional services sector, with 15.5 for the information and culture sector. Figure 108: Share of ICT Workers in Total Employment by Sector, Alberta, 2001 and 2006 Share of ICT Workers in Total Employment by Sector, Alberta, 2001 and 2006 Public Administration 3.2 0.6 3.7 2001 Other Services 0.7 Accomodation 0.1 2006 Arts 0.6 1.0 Health 0.5 0.6 Educational Services 2.0 Administrative Services 1.6 2.0 Management Services 2.4 5.1 Professional Services 0.7 16.4 17.9 Real Estate 0.9 Finance and Insurance 1.9 2.3 Information and Culture 15.4 15.5 Transportation 1.3 Retail Trade 0.6 Wholesale Trade 3.0 4.6 Manufacturing 2.6 Construction 0.5 Utilities 5.2 7.0 Mining 2.7 3.0 Primary 0.1 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 Page 103

Alberta The Figure below indicates that ICT workers were concentrated in the services industry. Within that sector, 81.4 in 2001 and 79.5 in 2006 were in the professional, scientific, and technical services industry. Figure 109: Distribution of ICT Workers by Industry, Alberta, 2006 Distribution of ICT Workers by Industry, Alberta, 2006 Public Administration, 5.9 Primary and Secondary, 14.9 Wholesale and Retail Trade, 9.1 Services, 52.9 Transportation, Utilities and Information, 14.2 Financial Sector, 3.1 The type of ICT worker varies between sectors. For example, 43.8 of ICT workers in utilities in 2001 and 33.2 of them in 2006 were electrical engineers, while this occupation represented less than 0.1 of workers in the management of companies and enterprises sectors in both those years. Likewise, system analysts represented a much larger share of the ICT labour force in mining and oil and gas extraction (37.5 in 2006 and 29.7 in 2001) than in manufacturing (11.8 in 2006 and 9.7 in 2001). Figure 110: Distribution of ICT Workers by Industry, Alberta, 2001 Distribution of ICT Workers by Industry, Alberta, 2001 Public Administration, 5.2 Primary and Secondary, 13.5 Wholesale and Retail Trade, 7.0 Services, 54.9 Transportation, Utilities and Information, 16.8 Financial Sector, 2.6 Page 104

Alberta Wage Earners In 2006, the vast majority of ICT workers (91.5) were wage-earners in Alberta, much like the corresponding proportion for the provincial labour market (87.9). Equivalent proportions in 2001 were comparable to these 2006 levels, when 86.1 of ICT workers were wage-earners in the province, compared to 85.3 wage-earners in the provincial overall labour force. The highest numbers of selfemployed workers in 2006 were designers, followed by web designers, and this order was reversed from 2001. Figure 111: Proportion of Wage Earners in ICT Occupations, Alberta, 2001 and 2006 Proportion of Wage Earners in ICT Occupations, Alberta, 2001 and 2006 Designers Testing User Support Operators/Technici Web Design Programmers Software Engineers Database Analysts Systems Analysts Comp. Engineers Elec. Engineers Managers 69.9 69.6 80.7 96.2 90.3 97.6 96.0 93.7 94.5 80.9 84.5 90.3 88.0 92.8 91.3 95.0 83.4 92.2 90.2 91.5 89.1 91.2 89.2 95.2 2001 2006 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 Employment Income Average employment income in ICT occupations in the province was $62,970 in 2006, placing it in the 2 nd position out of the ten provinces. This average was notably higher than the 2001 average employment income of $53,629 in ICT occupations in the province, again placing it in the 2 nd position out of the ten provinces that year. The average employment income of the ICT labour force in Alberta in 2001 was 47 higher than the average employment income for the overall labour force. By 2006, the average employment income of the ICT labour force in the province had marginally increased to 48 higher than average income for the overall labour force. Gender-based income inequality decreased for female workers working in ICT occupations during this period, but regrettably increased for combined female Page 105

Alberta workers in the province. In 2001, female ICT workers earned, on average, 78 of what their male coworkers made, while females in the overall labour force earned 57 of what male workers earned on average. By 2006, ICT workers earned, on average, 79 of what their male coworkers made, while females in the overall labour force earned 54 of what the average male earned. Table 37: ICT labour force Labour Force Employment Income of Workers, Alberta (in 2005 dollars) Alberta 2001 Income in $ s 2006 Income in $ s Change Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females 53,629 57,044 44,751 62,970 66,681 52,631 17.4 16.9 17.6 36,568 45,758 26,041 42,439 54,323 29,138 16.1 18.7 11.9 Page 106

British Columbia Table 38: Provincial Snapshot British Columbia Number of ICT Workers Male Proportion in Jobs Provincial Snapshot: British Columbia Item Category 2006 2001 Number of ICT Workers in Main ICT Hub (Share of Total) ICT's Share of Provincial Labour Force Major ICT Occupations Hub for Major ICT Occupations Workers with Post-Secondary Education ICT Occupations with Highest and Lowest Education Level ICT Occupations by Industry Workforce in 25-44 Year Age Group Major Category for Self- Employed ICT Workers Male 52,835 44,060 Female 17,540 15,080 Total 70,375 59,125 ICT Sector 75.1 74.5 All Sectors Combined 52.5 53.0 Vancouver 51,160 (72.7) 44,180 (74.7) Victoria 7,640 (10.9) 6,520 (11) 4.5 2.9 System Analyst 19.5 16.4 Programmer 17.9 19.2 System Analyst Victoria Victoria Programmer Victoria; Vancouver; Vancouver Victoria ICT Sector 85.7 86.1 All Sectors Combined 58.4 55.8 Software Software Highest Engineers Engineers (94.7) (95.4) Lowest User Support Designers (65.5) (76.1) Professional Services 18.8 19.6 Information and Culture 17.3 14.5 Accommodation 0.2 0.1 Management Service 3.9 < 0.1 ICT Sector 65.5 66.9 All Sectors Combined 43.1 48.1 Web Designers Web Designers; Designers Share of Wage Earners in ICT 86.7 82.4 Average Earnings in ICT $57,134 $50,156 Province's Ranking in Average Earnings in ICT 3 rd 3 rd Average ICT earnings as Ratio of Provincial Average 163 : 100 142 : 100 Average Female Earnings in ICT as Proportion of Males in ICT 79 81 Page 107

British Columbia Provincial 27 Highlight 70,375 ICT workers in the province in 2006, increasing from 59,125 in 2001. ICT workers represented 4.5 of the province s total labour force in 2006, increasing from 2.9 in 2001. 52,835 male and 17,540 female ICT workers in 2006, denoting a 75.1 male Proportion in ICT jobs, further increasing from 74.5 in 2001. 51,160 (72.7) ICT workers worked in Vancouver and 7,640 (10.9) worked in Victoria in 2006. Systems analysts (19.5) were the largest group of ICT workers in British Columbia in 2006, followed by programmers (17.9). 85.7 of all ICT workers had post-secondary education in 2006, compared to 58.4 for the province s overall labour force. The lowest rate for workers with PSE was for user support at 65.5 and the highest at 94.7 was for software engineers. 65.5 of the ICT labour force, compared to 43.1 for the overall labour force in BC, was between 25 and 44 years of age in 2006. ICT occupations by industry ranged from 0.2 for construction and accommodation sectors to 18.8 for the professional services sector. Within the professional services sector, 79.1 worked in professional, scientific, and technical services. 86.7 of BC s ICT workers were wage-earners. The highest numbers of self-employed workers were web designers in 2006. Average earnings in the province in ICT occupations were $57,134 in 2006, increasing considerably from $50,156 in 2001. British Columbia ranked 3 rd in average earnings in ICT occupations in 2006, unchanged from 2001. ICT workers earned 63 higher average employment income than average for the overall labour force in the province in 2006, the difference increasing extraordinarily from 42 higher in 2001. Female workers in ICT occupations in British Columbia earned, on average, 79 of what their male coworkers earned in 2006. Gender-based income inequality in the sector increased in this period, as female to male earnings ratio in the sector decreased to abovementioned 79 in 2006 from 81 in 2001. 27 For this report, the numbers for the Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut ICT Labour Market are included in the numbers for British Columbia. The above information has been kept to illustrate the 2001 calculations. Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut are also presented separately in the next section. Page 108

British Columbia Size, Evolution, and Location In 2001, the ICT labour market in British Columbia consisted of 59,125 workers 44,060 males and 15,080 females of which 6,520 (11) worked in Victoria and 44,180 (74.7) worked in Vancouver. 28 ICT workers represented 2.9 of the province s total labour force that year. Using the 1991 occupations classification, the evolution of the ICT labour force over the 1991-2001 period is evident: Table 39: Evolution of Key ICT Occupations 1991 to 2001 No. of Workers Occupations 1991 2001 Change Information Systems and Data Processing Managers 2615 4430 +169.4 Electrical and Electronics Engineers 3265 3010-7.8 Computer and Information Systems Occupations 15,760 31,035 +197 Graphic Designers and Illustrating Artists 3300 6115 +185.3 In 2006, the ICT labour force in British Columbia consisted of 70,375 workers 52,835 males and 17,540 females of which 7,640 (10.9) worked in Victoria and 51,160 (72.7) worked in Vancouver. ICT workers represented 4.5 of the province s total labour force. Using the 1991 occupations classification, the evolution of the ICT labour force over the 2001-2006 period is evident: Table 40: Evolution of Key ICT Occupations 2001 to 2006 No. of Workers Occupations 2001 2006 Change Information Systems and Data Processing Managers 4430 5205 + 117.5 Electrical and Electronics Engineers 3010 3635 + 120.8 Computer and Information Systems Occupations 31,035 36985 + 119.1 Graphic Designers and Illustrating Artists 6115 7790 + 127.4 The following two Figures illustrate that system analyst was the occupation for the largest group of ICT workers in British Columbia (19.5) in 2006, followed by Programmers (17.9). The largest percentage of British Columbia ICT workers in 2001 were programmers (19.2), followed by system analysts. The two occupations with the largest shares were the same, but the order changed in that period. It is evident that the distribution of ICT workers across occupations for Victoria and Vancouver roughly corresponds to that of the entire province. 28 Statistics Canada rounds each number made available to the public to either five or zero. This can sometimes lead to totals being different than the sum of their parts, and to percentages not strictly adding to 100, especially for small numbers of individuals. This applies throughout the report. Page 109

British Columbia Figure 112: Distribution of ICT Workers by Occupation, British Columbia, Victoria, and Vancouver, 2006 35.0 30.0 Distribution of ICT Workers by Occupation, British Columbia, Victoria, and Vancouver, 2006 25.0 20.0 19.5 17.9 15.0 10.0 5.0 7.4 5.2 4.5 2.1 7.7 5.4 7.7 10.1 1.5 11.1 0.0 British Columbia Victoria Vancouver The Figures suggest that system analysts were relatively more important to the labour market of Victoria in both 2001 and 2006. Figure 113: Distribution of ICT Workers by Occupation, British Columbia, Victoria, and Vancouver, 2001 30.0 25.0 Distribution of ICT Workers by Occupation, British Columbia, Victoria, and Vancouver, 2001 20.0 16.4 19.2 15.0 10.0 5.0 7.5 5.1 4.8 2.8 7.1 7.1 10.4 7.7 1.6 10.3 0.0 British Columbia Victoria Vancouver Page 110

British Columbia Socio-Demographic Characteristics Gender In general, ICT occupations in the province were held by men in both 2001 and 2006. Notably, male dominance increased in the sector in this period, an alarming trend also observed in some other provinces. In 2006, 75.1 of the ICT labour force was male, while the value was 52.5 for the labour force as a whole. 74.5 of the ICT labour force in the province was male in 2001, while the value was 53 for the labour force as a whole. Figure 114: Proportion of Male Workers by ICT Occupations, British Columbia, 2001 and 2006 Proportion of Male Workers by ICT Occupations, British Columbia, 2001 and 2006 Designers 59.0 58.7 2001 Testing 62.3 69.7 2006 User Support 74.7 71.5 Operators/Technici 77.7 79.4 Web Design 66.5 67.0 Programmers 80.2 82.0 Software Engineers 84.0 84.1 Database Analysts 54.1 61.8 Systems Analysts 69.2 71.0 Comp. Engineers 87.7 89.8 Elec. Engineers 92.7 91.8 Managers 76.1 76.9 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 Education Census 2006 indicates that in almost every ICT occupation, one finds a high proportion of workers with post-secondary education 85.7 in the sector, compared to 58.4 for the province s overall labour force. The lowest value was 65.5 for user support and the highest at 94.7 for software engineers. In 2001, 86.1 in the sector, compared to 55.8 for the province s overall labour force, had PSE. The lowest proportion of workers with PSE was 76.1 for designers and the highest at 95.4 for software engineers. Page 111

British Columbia Figure 115: Proportion of ICT Workers with Post-Secondary Education, British Columbia, 2001 and 2006 Designers Testing User Support Operators/Technici Web Design Programmers Software Engineers Database Analysts Systems Analysts Comp. Engineers Elec. Engineers Managers Proportion of ICT Workers with Post-Secondary Education, British Columbia, 2001 and 2006 65.5 76.1 77.6 80.7 72.8 80.5 77.3 72.8 81.4 74.6 90.0 86.9 88.9 86.8 89.3 85.3 91.4 91.0 90.8 93.8 89.0 80.9 95.4 94.7 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 2001 2006 Age The following two Figures show that ICT workers in 2006 were predominantly between 25 and 44 years old and accounted for 65.5 of the ICT labour force and 43.1 of the overall labour force. Figure 116: Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, British Columbia, 2006 Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, British Columbia, 2006 45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 Managers Elec. Engineers Comp & info sys pros Designers Page 112

British Columbia ICT workers in 2001 were also predominantly between 25 and 44 years old and this cohort accounted for 66.9 of the ICT labour force and 48.1 of the overall labour force British Columbia. Figure 117: Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, British Columbia, 2001 45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 Distribution of ICT Workers by Age Group, British Columbia, 2001 Managers Elec. Engineers Comp & info sys pros Designers Occupation and Industry ICT workers are present in nearly every sector of the economy and the Figure below confirms that. This ranged in British Columbia in 2006 from 0.2 for the accommodation sector to 18.8 for the professional services sector, 17.3 for the information and culture sector. In 2001, the range in British Columbia was from less than 0.1 in management services sector to 19.6 in professional services sector, with 14.5 for the information and culture sector. Figure 118: Share of ICT Workers in Total Employment by Sector, British Columbia, 2001 and 2006 Share of ICT Workers in Total Employment by Sector, British Columbia, 2001 and 2006 3.5 0.9 0.2 1.5 0.7 1.7 1.8 3.9 18.8 0.5 3.8 17.3 Public Administration Other Services Accomodation Arts Health Educational Services Administrative Services Management Services Professional Services Real Estate Finance and Insurance Information and Culture Transportation Retail Trade Wholesale Trade Manufacturing Construction Utilities Mining Primary 0.8 0.7 0.2 1.3 0.3 3.3 3.0 5.9 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 2001 2006 Page 113