The Growing Divide Inequality and the Roots of Economic Insecurity United for a Fair Economy Phone: (617) 423-2148 Fax: (617) 423-0191 E-mail: info@faireconomy.org Web: www.faireconomy.org February 2009
The Nation at a Crossroads What is the Current Situation? H Growing Insecurity Layoffs & job instability Stagnant wages Insecure pensions Roller-coaster stock market H Greater Burdens Longer work hours Loss of family time Rising costs of housing, health care, child care, education, utilities H Stress, Isolation and Scapegoating Endless war Anger at immigrants Fear of crime Gated communities; growing prison population Families hunkering down Web: www.faireconomy.org 2
The Trends Since 1980 H The Good News Inflation is moderate Interest rates are low H The Bad News Most growth in income has gone to the top 1%; the gap between highest and lowest paid workers has widened Real wages have dropped since the 1960s Wealth gap has widened and the racial wealth gap is growing Homeless & prison populations rising Poor families not lifted out of poverty For some, the U.S. economy has done well. But the rising tide lifted only a few boats; most of us are struggling to stay afloat. Web: www.faireconomy.org 3
Workers in the U.S. are Losing Ground H Household Income: Down since 2000 H Job Security: Layoffs, part-time, temporary H Health Benefits: Paying more for less coverage H Pensions: Fewer people covered H Cost of Living: Rising for health care, housing, utilities, education, child care H Working Conditions: deteriorating; exploitation of immigrant labor Still waiting for trickle-down... Web: www.faireconomy.org 4
Real Family Income Growth by Quintile & for Top 5%, 1979-2006 90% 80% We Grew Apart +87.5% 70% 60% +57% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% +1% up to $25,616 +9.5% $25,616 - $45,021 +15.5% $45,021 - $68,304 +27% $68,304 - $103,100 $103,100 - and up $184,500 - and up Bottom 20% Second 20% Middle 20% Fourth 20% Top 20% Top 5% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Historical Income Tables - Families, Table F-3: Mean income, Table F-1: Income Limits. Percentage change based on average income for each income group in 2006 dollars. Income ranges in 2007 dollars. Web: www.faireconomy.org 5
Real Family Income Growth by Quintile & for Top 5%, 1947-1979 We All Grew 120% +116% +111% +114% +99% 100% +100% +86% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% In 1979: up to $9,861 Bottom 20% $9,861 - $16,215 Second 20% $16,215 - $22,972 Middle 20% $22,972 - $31,632 Fourth 20% $31,632 - and up Top 20% $50,746 and up Top 5% Sources: Analysis of Census Bureau data from The State of Working America 1994-95, Mishel, Lawrence and Bernstein, Jared, p. 37. Income ranges in 1979 dollars, from March 2000 Census Current Population Survey, Table F-1. Web: www.faireconomy.org 6
Median Family Income by Race, 1947-2006 Racial Income Inequality Persists $70,000 $61,280 $60,000 $50,000 $40,000 White $34,545 Latino** $40,000 $38,269 $30,000 $24,407 $20,000 African American* $10,000 $12,478 $0 1947 1967 1973 1979 1989 1995 2000 2006 Source: Analysis of US Census Bureau data in Table 1.3 in The State of Working America 2008/2009 by Lawrence Mishel, Jared Bernstein, and Heidi Shierholz, Economic Policy Institute. All income in 2006 dollars. * Prior to 1967, data for African Americans included all non-whites. ** The Census Bureau uses the term Hispanic. We prefer Latino. Persons of Latino origin may be of any race. Web: www.faireconomy.org 7
Median Hourly Wage for Women & Men, 1979-2004 $16.00 A Gender Income Gap Persists $15.97 $15.00 $14.00 MEN $15.26 $13.00 $12.00 $12.49 $11.00 $10.00 $10.00 WOMEN $9.00 Hourly wage in 2004 dollars 1979 1984 1989 Source: 1994 1999 2004 Economic Policy Institute analysis of Current Population Survey data using the Consumer Price Index (CPI-U-RS) to adjust for inflation. Web: www.faireconomy.org 8
CEO Pay as a Multiple of Average Worker Pay, 1960-2007 516x 525x For large U.S. corporations surveyed by Business Week magazine 455x 428x 431x 411x Source: Business Week, annual executive pay surveys. Note: 1960-1980 based on BW calculations; 1990-2007 based on UFE & IPS calculations. 269x 348x 281x 301x 364x 344x 180x 79x 107x 41x 42x 1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Web: www.faireconomy.org 9
The Wage Gap Around the World, 2003-2004 44x Ratio of CEO pay to manufacturing worker pay for medium-sized corporations surveyed by the Towers Perrin consulting firm. 28x 24x 21x 17x 9x U.S. Japan Germany U.K. Italy France (Countries are ranked by size of per capita GDP, largest left to right.) Source: Towers Perrin, 2003-2004 Worldwide Total Remuneration. The survey covers only industrial corporations with sales of approximately $500 million. Manufacturing workers in the U.S., as classified by this survey, make about 30% more than the average worker pay used in Chart 10. Web: www.faireconomy.org 10
The Economy since 1980 Who Really Benefited? Big investors and CEOs did very well...... and workers produced more per hour. 1211.92 $11.8 million 133 But worker pay hardly changed at all. UP 793% UP 743% 79.2 $15.68 $15.67 135.76 Stock Market (S&P 500) $1.4 million Average CEO Pay (in 2004 dollars) UP 68% Worker Productivity No change 80 04 80 04 80 04 80 04 Average Hourly Wage (in 2004 dollars) Sources: For the Stock Market: Standard & Poor s Corporation, S&P 500 Index at end of year. For CEO Pay: Business Week, May 1, 1989 and April 18, 2005. Adjusted for inflation by UFE. For Worker Productivity: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Business Output per Hour Index (1992=100) Series ID: PRS84006093. For Hourly Wage: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Average Earnings of Production Workers, Series ID:CEU0500000006. Adjusted for inflation by UFE. Web: www.faireconomy.org 11
Ownership of Household Wealth in the U.S. in 2004 Top 1% 34% 66% Bottom 99% The average wealth of the top 1% ($14.8 million) has grown from 125 times in 1962 to 190 times the median net worth in 2004 ($77,900)! Source: Edward Wolff (2006) cited in Table 5.1 and 5.4 in The State of Working America 2006/2007, Lawrence Mishel, Jared Berstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, Economic Policy Institute. Web: www.faireconomy.org 12
Family Median Net Worth by Race, 2004 $140,700 Net Worth is ASSETS minus DEBTS (What You OWN minus What You OWE) $20,600 $18,600 African American Latino White Source: Survey of Consumer Finances, Federal Reserve Board, 2006. Web: www.faireconomy.org 13
Ownership of Stocks and Mutual Funds, 2004 Who really wins when the stock market rises? Wealthiest 1% own 45% of all stocks and mutual funds Next 9% own 30% 45% 30% 25% Bottom 90% own 25% Sources: UFE analysis of Arthur B. Kennickell, Currents and Undercurrents: Changes in the Distribution of Wealth, 1989-2004, Survey of Consumer Finances, Federal Reserve Board. Web: www.faireconomy.org 14
Percentage of Families Whose Savings Would Run Out in 3 Months or Less Many families are forced to live on the edge. 80% 70% 79% 73% 60% 50% 40% 38% 30% 20% 10% 0% White Families African- American Families Latino Families Source: Oliver, Melvin and Shapiro, Thomas M., Black Wealth, White Wealth (1995), p. 87. Web: www.faireconomy.org 15
The Power Shift Since the 1970s Why has this happened? A power shift led to rule changes. On the Rise Big Campaign Contributors Corporate Lobbyists Corporations Big Asset Owners CEOs Wall Street In Decline Popular Political Movements Voters Labor Unions Wage Earners Employees Main Street Who sets the agenda for economic policies? Web: www.faireconomy.org 16
Rule Changes Since the 1970s What policy changes reflect and reinforce the power shift? Unions: Trade: Taxes: Budget: Minimum Wage: Privatization: Anti-union climate weakens the power and voice of workers. Global treaties benefit corporations, not workers or communities. Taxes have been shifted off investors and corporations and on to workers. Corporate welfare expands. Public services cut. Not raised to keep up with inflation. Government outsourcing plus no-bid contracts hurts taxpayers, workers, and public safety. Web: www.faireconomy.org 17
The Wheel of Misfortune Power shifts to corporations & big investors Decline in political participation Rule changes that favor the top 1% Scapegoating Divided communities Individualism Escapism Big money in politics Longer work hours Rising personal debt Greater economic inequality Web: www.faireconomy.org 18
RULE CHANGE Unions: Anti-union policies weaken the power and voice of workers Percentage of the Workforce in a Union - 1930-2006 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% Wagner Act (1937) 1936: Sit-Down Strike in Flint, MI Taft-Hartley Act (1947) 1941-1945 World War II Manufacturing Declines in U.S. 1981: Reagan Breaks PATCO 2006: 12% Unionized 10% 5% 0% 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Web: www.faireconomy.org 19
RULE CHANGE Trade: Global treaties help corporations, not workers or communities Treaties such as CAFTA & NAFTA reduce barriers to trade. The worldwide result: Jobs shifted to low-wage countries Lower wages and living standards Weakened worker rights Environmental damage Economies collapse in developing nations Rise in poverty Cuts in social safety nets FOR SALE Proposed trade & investment treaties such as the Peru Free Trade Agreement... will allow multinational corporations to overturn local laws as barriers to free trade. will threaten laws that protect community lending, health and safety, pay equity, pro-human rights government purchasing rules, public control of water and education, etc. Web: www.faireconomy.org 20
RULE CHANGE Taxes: Big Tax Breaks for the Wealthy - No Tax Relief for Working Families 90% Effective federal tax rates (income tax + payroll tax) for the top 1% and the middle quintile of households, 1948-2005 86% 80% 70% Top 1% Household 69% 60% 50% 40% 35.5% 31.2% 30% 20% 10% 0% 5% 20% Middle Quintile Household 14.2% 1948 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Sources: For the Top 1%: 1948-77: Kevin Phillips, Boiling Point (Random House: 1993) p. 110, citing Statistical History of the United States, (U.S. Government Printing Office: 1976) p. 1112; For 1979-2003: Congressional Budget Office, Effective Federal Tax Rates: 1979-2003, December 2005. For the Middle Quintile Family: 1948: Phillips (1993) p. 110, citing Statistical History of the United States (1976), p. 1112, figure is for median family; For 1955-75: Phillips (1993) p. 110, citing Alan Lerman, U.S. Department of the Treasury Office of Tax Analysis, figures are for median family; For 1979-2005: Congressional Budget Office (op cit). Web: www.faireconomy.org 21
RULE CHANGE Taxes: Change in Top Federal Tax Rates on Wealth and Work since 1980 People with investment income and large amounts of inherited wealth have received a multitude of tax breaks in recent years + 25% + 25% 0% Payroll Tax 25% 50% 46% Estate Tax 31% Capital Gains Tax Top Tax Rates on Wealth & Investment Income Top Tax Rate on Work Source: UFE calculations from Tax Policy Center data (www.taxpolicycenter.org) for Payroll Tax (through 2005 and Capital Gains Tax (through 2002) and the Heritage Foundation for the Estate Tax (through 2005). Web: www.faireconomy.org 22
RULE CHANGE Taxes: Percent of Federal Tax Collections from Individuals & Corporations 90% 80% 77% 80% 84% 87% 87% 87% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 21% 17% 12% 9% 10% 10% 0% 1962 1970 1980 1990 2000 2004 Corporations Individuals Source: Congressional Budget Office, Revenues by Major Source, 1962 to 2004. Web: www.faireconomy.org 23
RULE CHANGE Taxes: Payroll Tax Rates on Workers Have Risen The Social Security Tax rate has risen sharply since 1950. In 2005, only the first $90,000 in earned income is taxed for Social Security at 6.2%. The effective Social Security tax rate drops as income rises. 7% 6% 2005 Effective Rates 6.2% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0% 3.7% 1950 Effective Rates 1%.4%.03%.1% $0-3,000 $7,000 $100,000 $0-90,000 $150,000 $5 million Annual Earned Income (from wages & salaries only) Web: www.faireconomy.org 24
RULE CHANGE Corporate Welfare Expands While Human Services are Cut In recent years, the U.S. government has given corporations $125 billion a year in economic incentives. New York State gave $24 million in tax exemptions, grants, and bargain borrowing rates to General Motors to help them retool a plant to generate jobs. But GM cut 200 jobs. Archer Daniels Midland, the world s largest agricultural commodity firm, has received more than $3 billion to subsidize production of the gasoline additive ethanol. TURKEY McDonald s got a $466,000 check to market Chicken McNuggets in Turkey. Web: www.faireconomy.org 25
RULE CHANGE Minimum Wage: Not raised to keep up with inflation The Minimum Wage and the Living Wage, 1968-2007 $11.00 Living Wage $11.39 $10.00 $9.00 $8.00 $7.00 The Living Wage is the amount needed to bring a family of four to the federal poverty line. $6.00 $5.00 Minimum Wage $5.85 $4.00 $3.00 $2.00 $1.00 $0 Living Wage $1.71 Minimum Wage $1.60 Living Wage $3.56 Minimum Wage $2.90 94% of the living wage 81% of the living wage 51% of the living wage 1968 1979 2007 Sources: Living wage is calculated by dividing that year s poverty threshhold for a family of four by 2080 hours (52 weeks x 40 hours). Poverty threshholds from U.S. Census Bureau, Historical Poverty Tables, Table 1. Web: www.faireconomy.org 26
RULE CHANGE Privatization: Dismantling gov t helps investors, hurts consumers, workers H H H H The 1996 Welfare Reform Act slashed benefits for low-income families... but defense contractor Lockheed Martin took over the welfare program in Texas. Social Security can remain solvent well into this century with only minor changes... but Wall Street firms are actively lobbying for the chance to manage our public pension system and pocket $125 billion a year in fees. The U.S. public school system suffers from disinvestment and unequal funding... but Lehman Brothers investment firm views schools as a local industry that over time will become a global business. A prison industrial complex is opening up to private investment and control... Investment firm Smith Barney is a part owner of a prison in Florida. American Express and GE have invested in private prison construction in Oklahoma and Tennessee. Correctional Corporation of America, operates more than 48 facilities in 11 states, Puerto Rico, the UK, and Australia. Sources: For Education: Phyllis Vine, To Market, to Market, The Nation, Sept. 8-15, 1997. For Prisons: The Prison Industrial Complex and the Global Economy by Eve Goldberg and Linda Evans, published by the Prison Activist Resource Center, 1999. For Social Security: Edward Wyatt, For Mutual Funds, New Political Muscle, NY Times, Sept. 8, 1996, pp. F1, 7. Web: www.faireconomy.org 27
The Wheel of Shared Prosperity Political Participation Rises Power shifts to ordinary people Meaningful elections Strong unions More time for democracy Cooperation Social cohesion Interdependence Celebration of diversity Rule changes that benefit everyone Broadlyshared prosperity Web: www.faireconomy.org 28
We Need New Rules to Reduce Wealth & Income Inequality Lift the Floor for Lower Income People H Higher minimum wage H Adequate incomes so families can save H Greater access to homeownership H Expansion of Earned Income Tax Credits Level the Playing Field for Everyone H Equal access to education and training H Publicly-funded asset accounts at birth H Fair trade policies that benefit wage-earners, consumers, communities, and the environment as well as investors H Fair taxes that treat income from investments and work the same H Expansion of business and corporate ownership Address Concentration of Wealth and Power H Reduced subsidies for excessive CEO pay H Progressive taxation of wealth and income H Campaign finance reform to get big money out of politics H Accountability for corporations receiving public subsidies Web: www.faireconomy.org 29
How Do We Get There? Expand power of working people through unions Change the rules of the economy to benefit the whole community rather than mainly corporations and investors Build assets & security for all Greater employee ownership & control of companies Educate ourselves about how the economy works Write Fair Trade rules for a sustainable global economy Get big money out of politics Assert democratic control over corporate behavior Web: www.faireconomy.org 30
Program for a Fair Economy Make Taxes Fair Play Defense: Prevent repeal of the Estate Tax Play Offense: Support a progressive tax program Change the Rules of the Global Economy Oppose the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) Cancel the Global South s debt Support Fair Trade businesses Challenge Corporate Rule Support shareholder resolutions on the wage gap within companies Support straight-forward disclosure of corporate governance issues Oppose predatory lending Close the Wealth Gaps Support asset development to close the racial wealth divide Join local Living Wage campaigns Support a Federal Minimum Wage increase Pass the Income Equity Act (limits tax-deductibility of CEO pay) Support Other Economic Fairness Issues Protect Social Security Adequately fund essential services Advocate for economic rights as human rights Support fair elections get big money out of politics Web: www.faireconomy.org 31
What You Can Do Today Educate Yourself and Others H Host a UFE Popular Economics Education workshop. H Learn to lead UFE Economics Education workshops. H Educate yourself look at the resources on our list. Influence the Media H Monitor inequality issues and respond in the media. H Write articles or letters to the editor. H Organize a writers group. Join Legislative Campaigns H Support progressive tax proposals. H Support Local living wage campaigns. H Lobby for the Income Equity Act (limits tax deductibility of CEO pay). Build Power H Use your religious congregation as an organizing base. H Join or support a labor union. H Get involved in coalitions, political parties, or civic groups. Support United for a Fair Economy H Make a donation and become a UFE member. H Encourage friends and colleagues to join. H Organize a house party. H Help us reach out to a specific constituency. Web: www.faireconomy.org 32
United for a Fair Economy Suggested Economic Justice Reading List GENERAL The Conservative Nanny State: How the Wealthy Use the Government to Stay Rich and Get Richer by Dean Baker (Lulu.com, 2006). * Economic Apartheid in America: A Primer on Economic Inequality and Insecurity by Chuck Collins and Felice Yeskel (New Press, 2005). Economic Justice for All, 10th Anniversary Edition, by the National Conference of Catholic Bishops (US Catholic Conference, 1997). The Great Unraveling: Losing Our Way in the New Century by Paul Krugman (W.W. Norton & Company, 2003). Greed and Good by Sam Pizzigati (Apex Press, 2003). The Missing Class: Portraits of the Near Poor in America by Katherine Newman and Victor Tan Chen (Beacon Press, 2007). Keeping Up with the Dow Joneses: Debt, Prison, Workfare by Vijay Prashad (South End Press, 2004). Making a Place for Community: Local Democracy in a Global Era by Thad Williamson, David Imbroscio and Gar Alperovitz (Routledge Press, 2002). The Moral Measure of the Economy by Chuck Collins and Mary Wright (Orbis Books, 2008). The Overspent American: Upscaling, Downshifting, and the New Consumer by Juliet Schor (Basic Books, 1998). The Shock Doctrine - The Rise of Disaster Capitalism by Naomi Klein (Metropolitan Books, 2008). * Teaching Economics As If People Mattered by Tamara Giecek (UFE, 2000). Who Rules America: Power and Politics in the Year 2000 by William Domhoff (Mayfield Publishing, 1998). The Winner Take All Society: Why the Few at the Top Get so Much More than the Rest of Us by by Robert H. Frank and Philip J. Cook (The Free Press, 1995). The Ultimate Field Guide to the U.S. Economy by James Heintz and Nancy Folbre (New Press, 2000). You Call this a Democracy? Who Benefits, Who Pays and Who Really Decides? by Paul Kivel (The Apex Press, 2004). February 2009 CORPORATE ACCOUNTABILITY Divine Right of Capital Dethroning the Corporate Aristocracy by Marjorie Kelley (Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2001). The Fox in the Henhouse: How Privatization Undermines Democracy by Si Kahn and Elizabeth Minnich (Berrett- Koehler, 2005. Free Lunch: How the Wealthiest Americans Enrich Themselves at Government Expense (and Stick You With the Bill) by David Cay Johnston (Portfolio, 2007). Take the Rich Off Welfare by Mark Zepezauer (South End Press, 2004). Other People s Money: The Corporate Mugging of America by Nomi Prins (The New Press, 2004). When Corporations Rule the World David Korten (Kumarian Press, 2001). GLOBALIZATION Alternatives to Economic Globalization by John Cavanagh (Berrett-Koehler, 2002) Does Globalization Help the Poor? Edited by Debi Barker and Jerry Mander (International Forum on Globalization, 2001). Field Guide to the Global Economy by Sarah Anderson and John Cavanagh (New Press, 2000). Globalization and Its Discontents by Joseph E. Stiglitz (William Norton, 2002). Globalization from Below: The Power of Solidarity by Jeremy Brecher, Tim Costello and Brendan Smith (South End Press, 2000). The Accidental American - Immigration and Citizenship in the Age of Globalization by Rinku Sen with Ferrak Mamdouh (Berret-Koehler, 2008). * Real World Globalization - A Reader in Economics, Business and Politics edited by the Dollars & Sense Collective (Dollars & Sense, 2005). Rethinking Globalization - Teaching for Justice in an Unjust World edited by Bill Bigelow and Bob Peterson (Rethinking Schools Press, 2002). The Global Activist s Manual: Local Ways to Change the World edited by Mike Prokosch and Laura Raymond (Nation Books, 2002).
INCOME The Trap - Selling Out to Stay Afloat in Winner-Take-All America by Daniel Brook (Times Books, 2007). The Living Wage: Building a Fair Economy by Robert Pollin and Stephanie Luce (New Press, 1998). Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in Boom-Time America by Barbara Ehrenreich (Metropolitan Books, 2001). The State of Working America: 2008/2009 by Lawrence Mishel, Jared Bernstein and Heidi Shierholz (Cornel University Press, 2008). Raise the Floor: Wages and Policies that Work for All of Us by Holly Sklar, Laryssa Mykyta, and Susan Wefald (MS Foundation for Women, 2001). RACE & GENDER Being Black, Living in the Red: Race, Wealth, and Social Policy in America by Dalton Conley (University of California, 1999). * The Color of Wealth - The Story of the U.S. Racial Wealth Divide by Meizhu Lui et al (The New Press, 2007). Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy by Barbara Ehrenreich and Arlie Hochschild (Metropolitan Books, 2003). The Hidden Cost of Being African American - How Wealth perpetuates inequality by Thomas Shapiro (Oxford University Press, 2004). Policing The National Body: Race, Gender, And Criminalization by Anannya Bhattacharjee and Jael Silliman (South End Press, 2002). Sweatshop Warriors - Immigrant Women Workers Take on the Global Factory by Miriam Ching Louie (South End Press, 2000). * Unlevel Playing Fields: Understanding Wage Inequality and Discrimination by Randy Albelda, Robert W. Drago, and Steven Shulman (Dollars and Sense, 2004). The Wealth of Races: The Present Value of Benefits from Past Injustices, edited by Richard F. America (Greenwood Press, 1990). Women s Education in the Global Economy by Miriam Ching Louie and Linda Burnham (Women of Color Resource Center, 2000). TAXES American Taxation, American Slavery by Robin Einhorn (University of Chcago Press, 2006). The Cheating of America: How Tax Avoidance and Evasion by the Super Rich Are Costing the Country Billions and What You Can Do About It by Charles Lewis and Bill Allison and the Center for Public Integrity, (HarperCollins, 2001). Fuzzy Math: The Essential Guide to the Bush Tax Plan by Paul Krugman (WW Norton, 2001). Perfectly Legal: The Covert Campaign to Rig Our Tax System to Benefit the Super Rich and Cheat Everybody Else by David Cay Johnston (Portfolio, 2003). WEALTH * Robin Hood Was Right: A Guide to Giving Your Money for Social Change by Chuck Collins and Pam Rogers (Norton, 2000). Securing the Fruits of Labor: The American Concept of Wealth Distribution, 1765-1900 by James L. Huston (University of Louisiana Press, 1998). Sharing the Pie: A Citizens Guide to Wealth and Power in America, by Steve Brouwer (Henry Holt and Company, 1998). Top Heavy: The Increasing Inequality of Wealth In America and What Can Be Done About It by Edward Wolff (New Press, 2002). * The Wealth Inequality Reader edited by Chuck Collins, Amy Gluckman, Betsy Leondar-Wright, Meizhu Lui, Amy Offner, Adria Scharf. (Dollars & Sense and United for a Fair Economy, 2004). * Wealth and Our Commonwealth - Why America Should Tax Accumulated Fortunes by William H. Gates Sr. and Chuck Collins (Beacon Press, 2003). * These titles may be ordered from Dollars & Sense <www.dollarsandsense.org>. Other titles are available at Powells, the independent on-line bookstore. Order from the UFE web site at http://www. faireconomy.org/order/index.html and UFE gets a percentage from each sale.