1 Chapter 1 (p. 26, 1-5) Associative Property Associative Property: The property that states that for three or more numbers, their sum or product is always the same, regardless of their grouping. 2 3 8 (2 3) 8 2 (3 8) 2 3 8 (2 3) 8 2 (3 8) Chapter 1 (p. 14, 1-3) base (in numeration) base (in numeration): when a number is raised to a power, the number that is used as a factor is the base. 3 5 3 3 3 3 3; 3 is the base. Chapter 1 (p. 26, 1-5) Commutative Property Chapter 1 (p. 27, 1-5) Distributive Property Commutative Property: The property that states that two or more numbers can be added (or multiplied) in any order without changing the sum (product). 8 + 20 = 20 + 8 6 12 = 12 6 Distributive Property: The property that states if you multiply a sum by a number, you will get the same result if you multiply each addend by that number and then add the products. 5(20 + 1) = 5 20 + 5 1 173
1 Chapter 1 (p. 14, 1-3) exponent: The number that indicates how many times the base is used as a factor. exponent 2 3 = 2 2 2 = 8; 3 is the exponent. Chapter 1 (p. 22, 1-4) order of operations order of operations: A rule for evaluating expressions: first perform the operations in parentheses, then compute powers and roots, then perform all multiplication and division from left to right, and then perform all addition and subtraction from left to right. 3 2 12 4 9 12 4 Evaluate the power. 9 3 Divide. 6 Subtract. 174
2 Chapter 2 (p. 46, 2-1) algebraic expression: An expression that contains at least one variable. algebraic expression x 8 4(m b) Chapter 2 (p. 46, 2-1) constant: A value that does not change. constant 3, 0, Chapter 2 (p. 62, 2-4) equation: A mathematical sentence that shows that two expressions are equivalent. Chapter 2 (p. 62, 2-4) equation solution of an equation x 4 7 6 1 10 3 solution of an equation: A value or values that make an equation true. Equation: x 2 6 Solution: x 4 175
2 Chapter 2 (p. 46, 2-1) Variable: A symbol used to represent a quantity that can change. variable In the expression 2x 3, x is the variable. 176
3 Chapter 3 (p. 98, 3-2) clustering: A method used to estimate a sum when all addends are close to the same value. clustering 27, 29, 24, and 23 all cluster around 25. Chapter 3 (p. 99, 3-2) front-end estimation front-end estimation: An estimating technique in which the front digits of the addends are added and then the sum is adjusted for a closer estimate. Estimate 25.05 14.671 with the sum 25 14 39. The actual value is 39 or greater. 177
4 Chapter 4 (p. 177, 4-7) common denominator: A denominator that is the same in two or more fractions. common denominator The common denominator of 5 8 and 2 8 is 8. Chapter 4 (p. 168, 4-5) equivalent fractions: Fractions that name the same amount or part. equivalent fractions 1 2 and 2 4 are equivalent fractions. Chapter 4 (p. 151, 4-2) greatest common factor (GCF): The largest common factor of two or more given numbers. greatest common factor (GCF) The GCF of 27 and 45 is 9. 178
4 Chapter 4 (p. 172, 4-6) Improper fraction improper fraction: A fraction in which the numerator is greater than or equal to the denominator. 5 5 7 3 Chapter 4 (p. 147, 4-2) prime factorization: A number written as the product of its prime factors. prime factorization 10 2 5 24 2 3 3 Chapter 4 (p. 164, 4-4) terminating decimal: A decimal number that ends, or terminates. terminating decimal 6.75 179
5 Chapter 5 (p. 198, 5-2) least common denominator (LCD): The least common multiple of two or more denominators. least common denominator (LCD) The LCD of 3 4 and 5 6 is 12. Chapter 5 (p. 194, 5-1) least common multiple (LCM) least common multiple (LCM): The smallest number, other than zero, that is a multiple of two or more given numbers. The LCM of 10 and 18 is 90. Chapter 5 (p. 220, 5-6) reciprocal: One of two numbers whose product is 1. reciprocal The reciprocal of 2 3 is 3 2. 180
6 Chapter 6 (p. 255, 6-3) interquartile range: the difference between the first and third quartiles 9 11 16 21 22 27 32 39 interquartile range lower quartile upper quartile IQR = 32 11 = 21 The interquartile range is 21. Chapter 6 (p. 246, 6-1) mean: The sum of the items in a set of data divided by the number of items in the set; also called average. mean Data set: 4, 6, 7, 8, 10 Mean: 4+6+7+8+10 5 35 5 7 Chapter 6 (p. 247, 6-1) median: The middle number or the mean (average) of the two middle numbers in an ordered set of data. median Data set: 4, 6, 7, 8, 10 Median: 7 181
6 Chapter 6 (p. 247, 6-1) mode mode: The number or numbers that occur most frequently in a set of data; when all numbers occur with the same frequency, we say there is no mode. Data set: 3, 5, 8, 8, 10 Mode: 8 Chapter 6 (p. 250, 6-2) outlier: A value much greater or much less than the others in a data set. outlier Chapter 6 (p. 254, 6-3) quartiles: three values, one of which is the median, that divide a data set into fourths quartiles Chapter 6 (p. 247, 6-1) range (in statistics) lower quartile 5 6 10 13 15 15 16 17 median The median is the mean of 13 and 15. range (in statistics): The difference between the greatest and least values in a data set. Data set: 3, 5, 7, 7, 12 Range: 12 3 9 upper quartile 182