Digitized for FRASER Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Alexis M. Herman, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Katharine G. Abraham, Commissioner Employment & Earnings (ISSN 00136840; USPS 485010), is published monthly and prepared in the Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics in collaboration with the Office of Publications. The data are collected by the Bureau of the Census (Department of Commerce) and State employment security agencies, in cooperation with the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The State agencies are listed on the inside back cover. Employment & Earnings may be ordered from: New Orders, Superintendent of Documents, P.O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 152507954. Phone (202) 5121800. Subscription price per year $35 domestic and $45 foreign. Single copy $ 17 domestic and $21.25 foreign. Prices are subject to change by the U.S. Government Printing Office. Correspondence concerning subscriptions, including address changes and missing issues, should be sent to the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. Phone (202) 5122303. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Employment & Earnings, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. Communications on material in this publication should be addressed to: Editors, Employment & Earnings, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, DC 20212. Specific questions concerning the data in this publication, or their availability, should be directed as follows: Household data: Telephone: (202) 6066378 Email: CPSInfo@bls.gov Internet: http://stats.bls.gov/cpshome.htm National establishment data: Telephone: (202) 6066555 Email: CESInfo@bls.gov Internet: http://stats.bls.gov/ceshome.htm State and area establishment data: Telephone: (202) 6066559 Email: DataSA @bls.gov Internet: http://stats.bls.gov/790home.htm Region, State, and area labor force data: Telephone: (202) 6066392 Email: Lauslnfo@bls.gov Internet: http://stats.bls.gov/lauhome.htm Periodicals postage paid at Washington, DC, and at additional mailing addresses. Information in this publication will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone (202)6067828; Federal Relay Service: 18008778339. Material in this publication is in the public domain and, with appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission. August Vol. 46 No. 8 Calendar of Features In addition to the monthly data appearing regularly in Employment & Earnings, special features appear in most of the issues as shown below. Household data Annual averages Union affiliation Earnings by detailed occupation Employee absences Revised seasonally adjusted series Quarterly averages: Seasonally adjusted data, persons of Hispanic origin, Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans, and weekly earnings data Establishment data National annual averages: Industry divisions (preliminary) Industry detail Women employees National data revised to reflect new benchmarks and new seasonal adjustment factors State and area annual averages Area definitions Region, State, and area labor force data Annual averages Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan Jan. Jan., Apr.,, Oct. Jan. March, March, Cover Design: Keith Tapscott

Employment^Earninfls Editors Eugene H. Becker John F. Stinson Jr. Design and Layout Phyllis L. Lott Irma field Contents Page List of statistical tables ii Contents to the explanatory notes and estimates of error iv Employment and unemployment developments, 1 Summary tables and charts 3 Explanatory notes and estimates of error 136 Index to statistical tables 176 Statistical tables Source Historical Seasonally adjusted Not seasonally adjusted Household data 18 Establishment data: Employment: National State Area Hours and earnings: National State and area 44 45 48 53 61 65 78 78 96 119 Local area labor force data: Region State Area 123 125 130 130

Monthly Household Data Historical Page Al. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over, 1965 to date 5 A2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 1987 to date 6 Seasonally Adjusted Data Employment Status A3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex and age 7 A4. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin 8 A5. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 years and over by educational attainment 10 A6. and unemployed full and parttime workers by sex and age 11 Characteristics of the A7. persons by marital status, occupation, class of worker, and parttime status 12 A8. persons by age and sex 13 Characteristics of the A9. persons by age and sex 14 A10. s by age and sex 15 Al 1. s by occupation, industry, and selected demographic characteristics 16 A12. persons by reason for unemployment 17 A13. persons by duration of unemployment 17 Not Seasonally Adjusted Data Employment Status A14. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race 18 A15. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, and age 21 A16. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 to 24 years of age by school enrollment, educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic origin 22 A17. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 years and over by educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic origin 24 A18. and unemployed full and parttime workers by age, sex, and race 25 Characteristics of the A19. persons by occupation, sex, and age 26 A20. persons by occupation, race, and sex 27 A21. persons by industry and occupation 28 A22. persons in agriculture and nonagricultural industries by age, sex, and class of worker 29 A23. Persons at work in agriculture and nonagricultural industries by hours of work 30 A24. Persons at work 1 to 34 hours in all and nonagricultural industries by reason for working less than 35 hours and usual full or parttime status 30 A25. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by class of worker and usual full or parttime status 31 A26. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by age, sex, race, marital status, and usual full or parttime status.. 32 A27. Persons at work in nonfarm occupations by sex and usual full or parttime status 33 Characteristics of the A28. persons by marital status, race, age, and sex 34 A29. persons by occupation and sex 35 A30. persons by industry and sex 36 A31. persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and race 37 A32. persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and duration of unemployment 38 A33. total and fulltime workers by duration of unemployment 38 A34. persons by age, sex, race, marital status, and duration of unemployment 39 A35. persons by occupation, industry, and duration of unemployment 40 Persons Not in the Labor Force A36. Persons not in the labor force by desire and availability for work, age, and sex 40 Multiple Jobholders A37. Multiple jobholders by selected demographic and economic characteristics 41 Vietnamera Veterans and Nonveterans A38. Employment status of male Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans by age 42

Monthly Establishment Data Historical Bl. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 1947 to date 44 B2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 1964 to date 45 Seasonally Adjusted Data Employment National States B3. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and selected component groups 48 B4. Women employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group 50 B5. Production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group 51 B6. Diffusion indexes of employment change 52 B7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry 53 Hours and Earnings National B8. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group 6! B9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group 62 B10. Hours of wage and salary workers on nonfarm payrolls by major industry 63 Bl 1. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry 64 Not Seasonally Adjusted Data Employment National Bl2. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry 65 Bl3. Women employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group 77 States and Areas Bl4. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry 78 Hours and Earnings National Bl5. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry 96 Bl5a. Average hourly earnings in aircraft (SIC 3721) and guided missiles and space vehicles (SIC 3761) manufacturing 116 Bl6. Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime, of production workers on manufacturing payrolls 117 B17. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, in current and constant (1982) dollars 118 States and Areas Bl8. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls in States and selected areas 119 Monthly Regional, State, and Area Labor Force Data Seasonally Adjusted Data Cl. Labor force status by census region and division 123 C2. Labor force status by State 125 Not Seasonally Adjusted Data C3. Labor force status by State and metropolitan area 130 Page iii

Employment and Unemployment Developments, Payroll employment rose in, and the unemployment rate was unchanged at percent. Nonfarm payroll employment increased by 310,000. Job gains continued in construction and throughout the serviceproducing sector. Manufacturing employment also rose, after seasonal adjustment. Average hourly earnings increased by 6 cents. Unemployment The number of unemployed persons (5.9 million) was about unchanged in, and the unemployment rate held at percent. The unemployment rate has been or percent each month since March. Over the month, the jobless rate for blacks increased to 8.8 percent. s for the other major demographic groups adult men ( percent), adult women ( percent), teenagers (1 percent), whites ( percent), and Hispanics (6.2 percent) were essentially unchanged. (See tables A3 and A4.) Total employment and the labor force The civilian labor force (139.3 million) and the labor force participation rate (67.0 percent) were about unchanged from. Both total employment (13 million) and the employmentpopulation ratio (6 percent) were little changed in. (See table A3.) About 7.6 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) held more than one job in. These multiple jobholders represented percent of the total employed, about the same as in. (See table A37.) Persons not in the labor force About 1 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally attached to the labor force in, down from 1.3 million a year earlier. These were people who wanted and were available to work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers a subset of the marginally attached who were not currently looking for work specifically because they believed no jobs were available for them was 290,000 in. (See table A36.) Industry payroll employment Total nonfarm employment rose by 310,000 in to 128.7 million, after seasonal adjustment. Monthly gains had averaged 208,000 during the first half of the year. (See table B3.) Manufacturing added 31,000 jobs in, after seasonal adjustment. This was only the second increase in factory employment since March ; the other gain occurred last August when a large number of workers returned to their jobs from strikes and related shutdowns. The increase was concentrated in durable goods manufacturing, where seasonal declines in several industries were not as large as usual, resulting in employment gains after seasonal adjustment. Manufacturing industries with employment increases in included fabricated metals, electrical equipment, instruments, industrial machinery, motor vehicles, furniture, and stone, clay, and glass products. Despite the increase in, overall manufacturing employment remains 459,000 lower than its most recent peak in March. Elsewhere in the goodsproducing sector, construction added 22,000 jobs in, following a similar gain in. Employment in special trades grew by 15,000, with the largest gains in concrete work and painting. Growth also continued in the residential component of general building construction. Mining lost 3,000 jobs in, about the same number as in. During the first 5 months of, losses in the industry had averaged nearly 8,000 a month. job losses were concentrated in oil and gas extraction, where employment has declined by 71,000, or 20 percent, since its most recent peak in February. In the serviceproducing sector, the services industry added 110,000 jobs in, slightly below the average growth for the prior 12 months. Help supply services employment grew by 31,000 in, the largest monthly gain in over a year and a half. Both computer services (13,000) and engineering and management services (26,000) continued their robust growth in. Following 2 months of sluggish growth, health services had a substantial job gain (19,000), with the largest increases in doctors' offices and clinics. Retail trade employment grew by 91,000 in. Thus far in, job growth in this industry has averaged about 51,000 a month, approximately twice the monthly average for the same period in. Within retail trade, employment in eating and drinking places increased by 61,000 in, almost double the gain in. Employment also rose over the month in car dealerships and in building materials and garden supply stores. In contrast, furniture and home furnishings stores (which include computer stores) did not

add employment for the first time in over a year. Finance, insurance, and real estate added 13,000 jobs in. Within finance, employment in securities brokerages increased by 7,000, the largest job increase of the year for this industry. In contrast, employment in mortgage banks declined for the second straight month, following 4 years of steady growth. Employment in wholesale trade grew by 16,000, with most of the increase occurring in durable goods. Transportation and public utilities added 14,000 jobs, with the largest gain occurring in trucking. Weekly hours The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls was unchanged in, at 3 hours, seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing workweek rose by 0.2 hour to 4 hours; factory overtime was up 0 hour to hours. (See table B8.) The index of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 0.3 percent to 148.2 (1982=100), seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing index rose by 0.8 percent to 107.0 in. (See table B9.) Hourly and weekly earnings Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 6 cents in to $19, seasonally adjusted. Average weekly earnings rose by 0.5 percent, to $458.51, seasonally adjusted. Over the year, average hourly earnings rose by percent and average weekly earnings increased by percent. (See table B11.) Scheduled Release Dates Employment and unemployment data are scheduled for initial release on the following dates: Reference month Release date Reference month Release date August September 3 November December 3 September October 8 December January 7 October November 5 January February 4

Summary table A. Major labor force status categories, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Category Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Percent of population Not in labor force Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 205,270 137,407 66.9 131,176 6 6,231 67,863 205,479 137,481 66.9 131,264 6 6,217 67,998 205,699 138,081 67 131,818 6 6,263 67,618 205,919 138,116 67 131,858 6 6,258 67,803 206,104 138,193 67 132,113 6 6,080 67,911 206,270 138,547 67.2 132,526 6 6,021 67,723 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Labor force status 206,719 139,347 67.4 133,396 6 5,950 67,372 206,873 139,271 67.3 133,144 6 6,127 67,602 207,036 138,816 67.0 133,033 6 5,783 68,220 207,236 139,091 67 133,069 6 6,022 68,145 207,427 139,019 67.0 133,224 6 5,795 68,408 207,632 139,408 67 133,432 6 5,975 68.225 207,828 139,254 67.0 133,307 6 5,947 68,574 s All workers Men, 20 years and over Women, 20 years and over.. Both sexes, 16 to 19 years... White Black Hispanic origin 1 9.6 7.2 1 8.9 7.4 1 9.0 7.4 1 8.6 7.3 1 8.6 7.3 1 7.9 7.6 1 7.8 6.6 1 8.3 6.7 1 8 5.8 1 7.7 6.9 1 7.5 6.7 1 7.3 6.8 1 8.8 6.2 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Summary table B. Employment, hours, and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Industry Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. P? Employment Total Totalprivate. Goodsproducing industries Mining Construction Manufacturing Serviceproducing industries Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Government 125.808 1009 240 588 5.990 18.662 100.568 6.606 6.836 221 7.430 37.576 19.799 12670 1001 244 585 05 18.754 100.826 6.625 6.846 253 7.445 37.688 19.869 126,361 106,470 25,333 583 09 18,741 101,028 6,637 6.871 282 7.467 37,780 19,891 126.567 106,654 25,306 578 6,042 18,686 101,261 6,657 6,876 292 7.494 37^929 19.913 126,841 106.893 298 574 6,085 18,639 101,543 6,671 6.891 243 7,520 38,070 19.948 127,186 107,213 25,354 570 6,173 18,611 101,832 6,684 6.901 22,525 7,542 38.207 19,973 127,378 107,386 25,315 560 6,170 18,585 102,063 6.708 6,924 22,556 7,570 38,313 19,992 127,730 107,676 25,329 553 6,238 18.538 102,401 6,723 6.937 22,648 7.581 38,458 20,054 127.813 107,726 25,285 550 6,232 18.503 102,528 6,732 6.947 22,611 7.595 38,556 20,087 128,134 108,035 25,288 538 6,277 18,473 102,846 6,750 6,965 22,724 7.611 38,697 20,099 128,162 108,085 25,199 531 6,239 18,429 102,963 6,758 6,977 22,748 7,621 38,782 20,077 128,435 108,324 25,180 527 6,260 18,393 103,255 6,778 6,989 22,792 7,639 38,946 20,111 128,745 108,618 25,230 524 6,282 18,424 103,515 6,792 7,005 283 7.652 39,056 20,127 Overthemonth change Total Totalprivate Goodsproducing industries Mining Construction Manufacturing Serviceproducing industries Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retailtrade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Government 119 96 141 5 28 164 260 17 10 64 30 116 23 362 292 104 3 15 92 258 19 10 32 15 112 70 191 169 11 2 4 13 202 12 25 29 22 92 22 206 184 27 5 33 55 233 20 5 10 27 149 22 274 239 8 4 43 47 282 14 15 51 26 141 35 345 320 56 4 88 28 289 13 10 82 22 137 25 192 173 39 10 3 26 231 24 23 31 28 106 19 352 290 14 7 68 47 338 15 13 92 11 145 62 83 50 44 3 6 35 127 9 10 37 14 98 33 321 309 3 12 45 30 318 18 18 113 16 141 12 28 50 89 7 38 44 117 8 12 24 10 85 22 273 239 19 4 21 36 292 20 12 44 18 164 34 310 294 50 3 22 31 260 14 16 91 13 110 16 Hours of work 1 Totalprivate Manufacturing Overtime 346 3 3 41.6 3 3 3 3 41.6 3 41.6 3 4 3 41.6 3 3 3 4 Indexes of aggregate weekly hours (1982=100)' Totalprivate Manufacturing 1452 107.8 14 108 5 145 108.3 14 108 146 107.7 146.6 107.5 146.8 107 147.3 106.8 146.8 106.5 147.0 106.5 147.2 106.5 147.7 106.2 148.2 107.0 Earnings Average hourly earnings, total private: Current dollars Constant (1982) dollars Average weekly earnings, total private $10 7.76 44288 $15 7.78 441 $18 7.80 446 $11 7.80 446.69 $14 7.80 447.72 $18 7.81 4491 $14 7.83 4518 $16 7.84 458 $11 7.86 450 $14 7.83 452 $18 7.85 459 $13 7.88 456.44 $19 N.A. 458.51 1 Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers N.A. = not available. k The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPIW) is used p = preliminary. to deflate these series

Chart 1. Nonfarm payroll employment, seasonally adjusted, 199599 Thousands 130,000 Thousands 130,000 127,500 127,500 125,000 125,000 122,500 120,000 117,500 1995 1996 1997 115,000 Chart 2., seasonally adjusted, 199599 Percent Percent 1995 1996 1997 ^ NOTE: Beginning in 1997, data incorporate revisions in the population controls. Beginning in, data incorporate new composite estimation procedures and updated population controls. Beginning in, data incorporate revisions in the population controls. These changes affect comparability with data for prior periods.

HOUSEHOLD DATA HISTORICAL A1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutionai population 16 years and over, 1965 to date (Numbers in thousands) Year and month Civilian noninstitutionai population Number Percent of population Number Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Number Percent of labor force Not in labor force Annual averages 1965. 1966. 1967. 1968. 1969. 126,513 128,058 129,874 132,028 134,335 74,455 75,770 77,347 78,737 80,734 58.9 59.2 59.6 59.6 60 71,088 72,895 74,372 75,920 77,902 56.2 56.9 57.3 57.5 58.0 4,361 3,979 3,844 3,817 3,606 66,726 68,915 70,527 72,103 74,296 3,366 2,875 2,975 2,817 2,832 52,058 52,288 52,527 53,291 53,602 1970. 1971. 1972 1 1973 1 1974. 1975. 1976. 1977. 1978 1 1979. 137,085 140,216 144,126 147,096 150,120 153,153 156,150 159,033 161,910 164,863 82,771 84,382 87,034 89,429 91,949 93,775 96,158 99,009 102,251 104,962 60.4 60.2 60.4 60.8 61.3 61.2 61.6 6 6 6 78,678 79,367 82,153 85,064 86,794 85,846 88,752 92,017 96,048 98,824 57.4 56.6 57.0 57.8 57.8 56 56.8 57.9 59.3 59.9 3,463 3,394 3,484 3,470 3,515 3,408 3,331 3,283 3,387 3,347 75,215 75,972 78,669 81,594 83,279 82,438 85,421 88,734 92,661 95,477 4,093 5,016 4,882 4,365 5,156 7,929 7,406 6,991 6,202 6,137 5.9 8.5 7.7 7 6 5.8 54,315 55,834 57,091 57,667 58,171 59,377 59,991 60,025 59,659 59,900 1980. 1981. 1982. 1983. 1984. 1985. 1986 1 1987. 1988. 1989. 167,745 170,130 172,271 174,215 176,383 178,206 180,587 182,753 184,613 186,393 106,940 108,670 110,204 111,550 113,544 115,461 117,834 119,865 121,669 123,869 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 65.9 66.5 99,303 100,397 99,526 100,834 105,005 107,150 109,597 112,440 114,968 117,342 59.2 59.0 57.8 57.9 59.5 60 60.7 6 6 6 3,364 3,368 3,401 3,383 3,321 3,179 3,163 3,208 3,169 3,199 95,938 97,030 96,125 97,450 101,685 103,971 106,434 109,232 111,800 114,142 7,637 8,273 10,678 10,717 8,539 8,312 8,237 7,425 6,701 6,528 7 7.6 9.7 9.6 7.5 7.2 7.0 6.2 60,806 61,460 62,067 62,665 62,839 62,744 62,752 62,888 62,944 62,523 1990 1 1991. 1992. 1993. 1994 1 1995. 1996. 1997 1 1 189,164 190,925 192,805 194,838 196,814 198,584 200,591 203,133 205,220 125,840 126,346 128,105 129,200 131,056 132,304 133,943 136,297 137,673 66.5 66.2 66.4 6 66.6 66.6 66.8 67 67 118,793 117,718 118,492 120,259 123,060 124,900 126,708 129,558 131,463 6 61.7 6 61.7 6 6 6 6 6 3,223 3,269 3,247 3,115 3,409 3,440 3,443 3,399 3,378 115,570 114,449 115,245 117,144 119,651 121,460 123,264 126,159 128,085 7,047 8,628 9,613 8,940 7,996 7,404 7,236 6,739 6,210 6.8 7.5 6.9 6 63,324 64,578 64,700 65,638 65,758 66,280 66,647 66,837 67,547 Monthly data, seasonally adjusted 2 : August September. October November.. December.. 205,270 205,479 205,699 205,919 206,104 206,270 137,407 137,481 138,081 138,116 138,193 138,547 66.9 66.9 67 67 67 67.2 131,176 131,264 131,818 131,858 132,113 132,526 6 6 6 6 6 6 3,423 3,492 3,470 3,558 3,348 3,222 127,753 127,772 128,348 128,300 128,765 129,304 6,231 6,217 6,263 6,258 6,080 6,021 67,863 67,998 67,618 67,803 67,911 67,723 : January 3 February March... April 206,719 206,873 207,036 207,236 207,427 207,632 207,828 139,347 139,271 138,816 139,091 139,019 139,408 139,254 67.4 67.3 67.0 67 67.0 67 67.0 133,396 133,144 133,033 133,069 133,224 133,432 133,307 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 3,299 3,328 3,281 3,384 3,295 3,354 3,292 130,097 129,817 129,752 129,685 129,929 130,078 130,015 5,950 6,127 5,783 6,022 5,795 5,975 5,947 67,372 67,602 68,220 68,145 68,408 68,225 68,574 1 Not strictly comparable with prior years. For an explanation, see "Historical Comparability" under the Household Data section of the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error. * The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. 3 Beginning in January, data are not strictly comparable with data for and earlier years because of revisions in the population controls used in the household survey. For additional information, see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January " in the February issue of this publication.

HOUSEHOLD DATA HISTORICAL A2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 1987 to date (Numbers in thousands) Sex, year, and month Civilian noninstitutional population Number Percent of population Number Percent of population Agriculture Annual averages Nonagricultural industries Number Percent of labor force Not in labor force 1987 1988 1989 MEN 86,899 87,857 88,762 66,207 66,927 67,840 76.2 76.2 76.4 62,107 673 64,315 7 7 7 2,543 2,493 2,513 59,564 60.780 61,802 4,101 3,655 3,525 6.2 20,692 20,930 20,923 19901 1991 1992 1993 19941 1995 1996 19971 1 90,377 91,278 92,270 93,332 94,355 95,178 96,206 97,715 98,758 69,011 69,168 69,964 70,404 70,817 71,360 72,087 73,261 73,959 76.4 75.8 75.8 7 75 7 7 7 7 65,104 64,223 64,440 65,349 66,450 67,377 68,207 69,685 70,693 7 70.4 69.8 70.0 70.4 70.8 70.9 71.3 71.6 2,546 2,589 2,575 2,478 2,554 2,559 2,573 2,552 2,553 62,559 61,634 61,866 62,871 63,896 64,818 65,634 6733 68,140 3,906 4,946 5,523 5,055 4,367 3,983 3,880 3,577 3,266 7.2 7.9 7.2 6.2 21,367 22,110 22,306 22,927 23,538 23,818 24,119 24,454 24,799 Monthly data, seasonally adjusted 2 : August September... October November... December... 98,785 98,892 99,006 99,121 99,217 99,309 73,989 73,754 74,202 74,189 74,345 74,437 7 7 7 7 7 7 70.629 70,503 70,841 70.925 71,182 71,204 7 71.3 71.6 71.6 71.7 71.7 2,589 2,631 2,644 2,734 2,578 2,414 68,040 67,872 68,197 68,191 68,604 68,790 3,360 3,251 3,361 3,264 63 3,233 24,796 25,138 24,804 24,932 24,872 24,872 : January 3 February March April 99,198 99,279 99,362 99,465 99,563 99,668 99,761 74,599 74,504 74,234 74,234 74,316 74,420 74,500 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 71,459 71,276 71.352 71,225 71,198 71,321 71,444 7 7 7 71.6 7 71.6 71.6 2,456 2,424 2,406 2,534 2,413 2,434 2,450 69,003 68,851 68,946 68,691 68,786 68,887 68,995 3,140 3,228 2,881 3,010 3,118 3,099 3,056 24,599 24,776 2528 25,230 25,247 25,248 25,261 Annual averages 1987 1988 1989 WOMEN 95,853 96,756 97,630 53,658 54,742 56,030 5 56.6 57.4 50.334 51.696 527 5 5 5 676 687 49,668 51,020 52,341 3,324 3,046 3,003 6.2 42,195 42,014 41,601 1990^ 1991 1992 1993 19941 1995 1996 19971 1 98,787 99,646 100,535 101,506 102,460 103,406 104,385 1018 106,462 56,829 57,178 58,141 58,795 60,239 60,944 61,857 63,036 63,714 57.5 57.4 57.8 57.9 58.8 58.9 59.3 59.8 59.8 53,689 596 54,052 54,910 56,610 57.523 58,501 59,873 60.771 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 56.8 57 678 680 672 637 855 881 871 847 825 53,011 52,815 53,380 54,273 555 56.642 57,630 59,026 59,945 40 3,683 4,090 85 29 3,421 3,356 3,162 2,944 6.4 7.0 6.6 41,957 42,468 494 42,711 42,221 462 428 482 42,748 Monthly data, seasonally adjusted? : August September October... November December 106,484 106,587 106,693 106,798 106,887 106.960 63,418 63,727 63,879 63,927 63,848 64,110 59.6 59.8 59.9 59.9 59.7 59.9 60,547 60,761 60,977 60,933 60,931 61,322 56.9 57.0 57.2 57 57.0 57.3 834 861 826 824 770 808 59,713 59,900 60,151 60,109 60,161 60,514 2,871 2,966 2,902 2,994 2,917 2,788 43,066 42,860 42,814 42,871 43,039 42,850 : January3.. February.. March April 107,521 107.593 107,674 107,771 107,864 107,964 108,067 64,748 64,767 64,582 64,857 64,704 64,988 64,754 60.2 60.2 60.0 60.2 60.0 60.2 59.9 61,937 61,869 61,680 61,845 62,026 62,112 663 57.6 57.5 57.3 57.4 57.5 57.5 57.2 843 903 874 850 883 920 843 61,095 60,965 60,806 60,994 61,143 61,191 61,020 2,810 2,899 2,902 3,012 2,677 2,876 91 42,773 42,826 43,092 42,914 43,160 42,977 413 1 Not strictly comparable with prior years. For an explanation, see "Historical Comparability" under the Household Data section of the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error. 2 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. 3 Beginning in January, data are not strictly comparable with data for and earlier years because of revisions in the population controls used in the household survey. For additional information, see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January " in the February issue of this publication.

HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex and age, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, sex, and age Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population 1.. Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 205,270 137,407 66.9 131,176 6 6,231 205,479 137,481 66.9 131,264 6 6,217 205,699 138,081 67 131,818 6 6,263 205,919 138,116 67 131,858 6 6,258 206,104 138,193 67 132,113 6 6,080 206,270 138,547 67.2 132,526 6 6,021 206,719 139,347 67.4 133,396 6 5,950 206,873 139,271 67.3 133,144 6 6,127 207,036 138,816 67.0 133,033 6 5,783 207,236 139,091 67 133,069 6 6,022 207,427 139,019 67.0 133,224 6 5,795 207,632 139,408 67 133,432 6 5,975 207,828 139,254 67.0 133,307 6 5,947 Men, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population 1.. Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Not in labor force 98,785 73,989 7 70,629 7 2,589 68,040 3,360 24,796 98,892 73,754 7 70,503 71.3 2,631 67,872 3,251 25,138 99,006 74,202 7 70,841 71.6 2,644 68,197 3,361 24,804 99,121 74,189 7 70,925 71.6 2,734 68,191 3,264 24,932 99,217 74,345 7 71,182 71.7 2,578 68,604 3,163 24,872 99,309 74,437 7 71,204 71.7 2,414 68,790 3,233 24,872 99,198 74,599 7 71,459 7 2,456 69,003 3,140 24,599 99,279 74,504 7 71,276 7 2,424 68,851 3,228 24,776 99,362 74,234 7 71,352 7 2,406 68,946 2,881 25,128 99,465 74,234 7 71,225 71.6 2,534 68,691 3,010 25,230 99,563 74,316 7 71,198 7 2,413 68,786 3,118 25,247 99,668 74,420 7 71,321 71.6 2,434 68,887 3,099 25,248 99,761 74,500 7 71,444 71.6 2,450 68,995 3,056 25,261 Men, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population 1.. Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Not in labor force 90,802 69,738 76.8 67,056 7 2,382 64,674 2,682 21,064 90,889 69,518 76.5 66,940 7 2,420 64,520 2,578 21,371 91,003 69,869 76.8 67,262 7 2,402 64,860 2,607 21,134 91,101 69,913 76.7 67,362 7 2,449 64,913 2,551 21,188 91,192 70,023 76.8 67,573 7 2,374 65,199 2,450 21,169 91,220 70,069 76.8 67,553 7 2,237 65,316 2,516 21,151 91,124 70,295 77 67,884 7 2,312 65,572 2,411. 20,829 91,189 70,174 77.0 67,577 7 2,212 65,365 2,598 21,014 91,215 69,951 76.7 67,713 7 2,222 65,492 2,238 21,263 91,302 69,991 76.7 67,608 7 2,353 65,255 2,383 21,312 91,368 69,932 76.5 67,399 7 2,212 65,186 2,534 21,436 91,487 70,127 76.7 67,633 7 2,248 65,385 2,494 21,360 91,561 70,164 76.6 67,687 7 2,271 65,416 2,477 21,397 Women, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population 1.. Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Not in labor force 106,484 63,418 59.6 60,547 56.9 834 59,713 2,871 43,066 106,587 63,727 59.8 60,761 57.0 861 59,900 2,966 42,860 106,693 63,879 59.9 60,977 57.2 826 60,151 2,902 42,814 106,798 63,927 59.9 60,933 57 824 60,109 2,994 42,871 106,887 63,848 59.7 60,931 57.0 770 60,161 2,917 43,039 106,960 64,110 59.9 61,322 57.3 808 60,514 2,788 42,850 107,521 64,748 60.2 61,937 57.6 843 61,095 2,810 42,773 107,593 64,767 60.2 61,869 57.5 903 60,965 2,899 42,826 107,674 64,582 60.0 61,680 57.3 874 60,806 2,902 43,092 107,771 64,857 60.2 61,845 57.4 850 60,994 3,012 42,914 107,864 64,704 60.0 62,026 57.5 883 61,143 2,677 43,160 107,964 64,988 60.2 62,112 57.5 920 61,191 2,876 42,977 108,067 64,754 59.9 61,863 57.2 843 61,020 2,891 43,313 Women, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population 1.. Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Not in labor force 98,778 59,465 60.2 57,078 57.8 781 56,297 2,387 39,313 98,901 59,708 60.4 57,295 57.9 806 56,489 2,413 39,193 98,994 59,804 60.4 57,426 58.0 767 56,659 2,378 39,190 99,037 59,826 60.4 57,437 58.0 771 56,666 2,389 39,211 99,135 59,896 60.4 57,503 58.0 734 56,769 2,393 39,239 99,181 60,078 60.6 57,745 58.2 753 56,992 2,333 39,103 99,686 60,718 60.9 58,466 58.7 808 57,659 2,251 38,968 99,746 60,622 60.8 58,291 58.4 839 57,452 2,330 39,124 99,833 60,533 60.6 58,183 58.3 834 57,349 2,350 39,300 99,923 60,788 60.8 58,320 58.4 801 57,519 2,468 39,135 100,008 60,729 60.7 58,520 58.5 831 57,689 2,209 39,279 100,131 61,092 61.0 58,719 58.6 869 57,849 2,373 39,039 100,203 60,791 60.7 58,373 58.3 797 57,576 2,418 39,412 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian noninstitutional population 1.. Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Not in labor force 15,690 8,204 5 7,042 4 260 6,782 1,162 1 7,486 15,689 8,255 5 7,029 4 266 6,763 1,226 1 7,434 15,702 8,408 5 7,130 4 301 6,829 1,278 1 7,294 15,781 8,377 5 7,059 4 338 6,721 1,318 1 7,404 15,777 8,274 5 7,037 4 240 6,797 1,237 1 7,503 15,868 8,400 5 7,228 4 232 6,996 1,172 1 7,468 15,909 8,334 5 7,046 4 179 6,867 1,288 1 7,575 15,939 8,475 5 7,276 4 277 6,999 1,199 1 7,464 15,988 8,331 52 7,136 4 224 6,912 1,195 1 7,657 16,011 8,312 5 7,141 4 230 6,911 1,171 1 7,698 16,051 8,358 52 7,306 4 252 7,054 1,052 1 7,693 16,014 8,189 51 7,081 4 237 6,843 1,108 1 7,825 16,065 8,300 51.7 7,247 45 225 7,023 1,053 1 7,765 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in tables A3 through A13 will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.

HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A4. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. WHITE Civilian noninstitutional population 1 Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio... 171,513 115,071 67 110,676 6 4,395 171,655 115,385 67.2 110,848 6 4,537 171,804 115,751 67.4 111,221 6 4,530 171,956 115,714 67.3 111,162 6 4,552 172,084 115,687 67.2 111,304 6 4,383 172,197 115,996 67.4 111,560 6 4,436 172,394 116,529 67.6 112,135 6 4,394 172,491 116,610 67.6 112,189 6 4,420 172,597 116,284 67.4 112,144 6 4,140 172,730 116,370 67.4 111,917 6 4,454 172,859 116,254 67.3 111,985 6 4,269 172,999 116,578 67.4 112,092 6 4,486 173,133 116,393 67.2 112,117 6 4,276 Men, 20 years and over Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio... 59,406 77.2 57,447 7 1,959 59,384 77 57,450 7 1,934 59,587 77.3 57,615 7 1,972 59,579 77.2 57,646 7 1,933 59,634 77.2 57,806 7 1,828 59,712 77.2 57,813 7 1,899 59,751 77.5 57,920 75 1,831 59,799 77.5 57,830 7 1,969 59,698 77.3 58,010 75 1,688 59,664 77.2 57,874 7 1,790 59,500 77.0 57,615 7 1,884 59,711 77.2 57,784 7 1,927 59,837 77.3 57,978 7 1,859 Women, 20 years and over Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio... 48,770 59.4 47,129 57.4 1,641 49,025 59.7 47,321 57.6 1,704 49,108 59.8 47,456 57.7 1,652 49,062 59.7 47,401 57.6 1,661 49,065 59.6 47,415 57.6 1,650 49,230 59.8 47,585 57.8 1,645 49,759 60.2 48,110 58.2 1,650 49,721 60 48,109 58.2 1,612 49,602 59.9 47,983 58.0 1,620 49,672 60.0 47,862 57.8 1,811 49,669 60.0 48,067 58.0 1,602 49,933 60.2 48,215 58.2 1,718 49,542 59.7 47,878 57.7 1,665 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio... Men Women 6,895 5 6,100 48.9 795 1 1 9.7 6,976 55.8 6,077 48.6 899 1 1 1 7,056 56.4 6,150 49 906 1 1 10.8 7,073 56.4 6,115 48.8 958 1 1 1 6,988 5 6,083 48.5 905 1 1 11.6 7,054 56 6,162 49.0 892 1 1 10.6 7,019 5 6,105 48.4 913 1 1 1 7,090 56 6,250 49.5 840 1 1 11.4 6,984 5 6,151 48.6 833 1 1 11 7,034 5 6,181 48.8 853 12 1 11.6 7,085 55.8 6,302 49.7 783 11.0 1 10 6,934 5 6,093 48.0 840 12 1 1 7,013 55 6,261 49.2 753 10.7 10.9 10.6 BLACK Civilian noninstitutional population 1 Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio... 24,381 16,045 65.8 14,511 59.5 1,534 9.6 24,418 15,937 6 14,517 59.5 1,420 8.9 24,458 16,027 6 14,584 59.6 1,443 9.0 24,496 16,163 6 14,776 60.3 1,387 8.6 24,529 16,201 6 14,804 60.4 1,397 8.6 24,561 16,157 65.8 14,884 60.6 1,273 7.9 24,665 16,356 6 15,085 61.2 1,271 7.8 24,697 16,242 65.8 14,900 60.3 1,342 8.3 24,729 16,212 6 14,904 60.3 1,308 8 24,765 16,286 65.8 15,029 60.7 1,257 7.7 24,798 16,303 6 15,079 60.8 1,224 7.5 24,833 16,300 6 15,103 60.8 1,197 7.3 24,867 16,384 65.9 14,949 60 1,434 8.8 Men, 20 years and over Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio... 7,111 7 6,491 66.7 620 8.7 7,021 72 6,487 66.6 534 7.6 6,999 71.7 6,499 66.6 500 7 7,144 7 6,653 68.0 491 6.9 7,086 7 6,590 67.3 496 7.0 7,063 7 6,588 67.2 475 6.7 7,210 7 6,782 68.9 428 5.9 7,160 7 6,682 67.8 477 6.7 7,065 71.6 6,656 67.4 409 5.8 7,118 7 6,681 67.6 437 6 7,206 7 6,727 68.0 479 6.6 7,152 72 6,712 67.7 440 6 7,132 7 6,601 66.5 531 7.4 Women, 20 years and over Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio... 7,916 6 7,294 59.8 622 7.9 7,903 6 7,302 59.7 601 7.6 7,948 6 7,320 59.8 628 7.9 7,992 6 7,391 60.3 601 7.5 8,051 6 7,443 60.6 608 7.6 8,035 6 7,474 60.8 561 7.0 8,114 6 7,579 61.3 535 6.6 8,082 6 7,509 60.7 573 7 8,129 6 7,545 60.9 584 7.2 8,241 66.4 7,681 6 560 6.8 8,177 65.8 7,653 61.6 524 6.4 8,214 6 7,671 61.7 544 6.6 8,318 66.8 7,663 6 654 7.9 See footnotes at end of table.

HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A4. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted Continued (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. BLACKContinued Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio... Men Women 1,018 4 726 29.6 292 28.7 30.2 27.0 1,013 41.3 728 29.7 285 28 29.7 26.8 1,080 4 765 31 315 29.2 3 2 1,027 4 732 29.8 295 28.7 3 2 1,064 4 771 31.4 293 27.5 3 22 1,059 4 822 3 237 2 27.3 17.6 1,032 4 725 29.3 307 29.8 3 2 1,000 40.5 708 28.6 293 29.2 31.6 27.0 1,018 41.2 702 28.4 316 31.0 3 29 927 37.5 667 26.9 260 28 3 2 920 37 699 28.2 222 2 26.2 2 934 37.7 721 29.0 214 2 26.7 19.6 934 37.6 685 27.6 249 26.7 30.8 2 HISPANIC ORIGIN Civilian noninstitutional population 1 Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio... 21,097 14,267 67.6 13,245 6 1,022 7.2 21,159 14,316 67.7 13,257 6 1,059 7.4 21,224 14,457 68 13,394 6 1,063 7.4 21,286 14,437 67.8 13,382 6 1,055 7.3 21,349 14,389 67.4 13,345 6 1,044 7.3 21,405 14,488 67.7 13,383 6 1,105 7.6 21,296 14,511 68 13,550 6 960 6.6 21,355 14,591 68.3 13,610 6 980 6.7 21,414 14,570 68.0 13,732 6 838 5.8 21,483 14,543 67.7 13,541 6 1,002 6.9 21,548 14,535 67.5 13,558 6 977 6.7 21,618 14,643 67.7 13,654 6 989 6.8 21,684 14,592 67.3 13,685 6 907 6.2 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.

HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A5. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 years and over by educational attainment, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Educational attainment Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Less than a high school diploma Civilian noninstitutional population 1 Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 29,027 12,561 4 11,665 40.2 896 7 29,204 12,496 4 11,612 39.8 884 7 29,290 12,563 4 11,692 39.9 871 6.9 28,713 12,408 4 11,556 40.2 852 6.9 29,084 12,463 4 11,574 39.8 889 7 29,094 12,500 4 11,626 40.0 874 7.0 28,901 12,379 4 11,459 39.7 920 7.4 28,112 12,164 4 11,257 40.0 907 7.5 28,442 12,094 4 11,356 39.9 739 6 27,991 11,753 4 10,972 39.2 781 6.6 28,298 11,743 4 10,959 38.7 784 6.7 28,515 12,047 4 11,238 39.4 810 6.7 28,015 12,069 4 11,244 40 825 6.8 High school graduates, no college 2 Civilian noninstitutional population 1 Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 57,374 37,290 6 35,779 6 1,511 57,729 37,367 6 35,883 6 1,484 57,589 37,289 6 35,783 62 1,506 57,666 37,540 65 36,056 6 1,484 57,273 37,408 6 35,947 6 1,461 57,115 37,296 6 35,873 6 1,423 57,477 37,590 6 36,291 6 1,299 57,062 37,261 6 35,979 6 1,282 57,805 37,740 6 36,448 6 1,292 57,945 37,577 6 36,253 6 1,324 57,931 37,416 6 36,058 6 1,359 57,963 37,403 6 35,961 6 1,442 57,162 36,941 6 35,629 6 1,313 Less than a bachelor's degree 3 Civilian noninstitutional population 1 Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 42,293 31,220 7 30,274 71.6 946 41,842 31,117 7 30,231 7 886 41,769 31,271 7 30,343 7 928 42,573 31,349 7 30,423 7 926 42,863 31,727 7 30,825 7 902 43,022 31,800 7 30,911 7 889 43,154 32,399 75 31,470 7 929 43,911 32,465 7 31,462 71.6 1,003 43,028 31,892 7 30,989 7 903 43,059 32,160 7 31,202 7 958 42,742 31,930 7 31,043 7 886 42,780 31,937 7 31,130 7 806 43,610 32,102 7 31,097 71.3 1,005 College graduates Civilian noninstitutional population 1 Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 43,309 34,637 80.0 34,051 78.6 586 1.7 43,431 34,739 80.0 34,129 78.6 610 43,669 34,914 80.0 34,335 78.6 579 1.7 43,520 34,779 79.9 34,108 78.4 671 43,408 34,554 79.6 33,922 78 632 43,484 34,838 80 34,205 78.7 633 43,516 34,950 80.3 34,325 78.9 624 43,949 35,040 79.7 34,368 78.2 673 43,859 34,997 79.8 34,345 78.3 652 44,289 35,493 80 34,742 78.4 752 2 44,442 35,771 80.5 35,107 79.0 664 44,464 35,856 80.6 35,128 79.0 727 45,042 35,981 79.9 35,317 78.4 664 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. 2 Includes high school diploma or equivalent. 3 Includes the categories, some college, no degree; and associate degree. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 10

HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A6. and unemployed full and parttime workers by sex and age, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Full and parttime status, sex, and age Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec, Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. EMPLOYED Fulltime workers Men, 16 years and over Men, 20 years and over Women, 16 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 16 to 19 years 107,856 63,138 61,729 44,845 43,819 2,308 108,150 63,202 61,808 45,097 44,019 2,323 108,512 63,216 61,911 45,344 44,265 2,336 108,561 63,417 62,039 45,154 44,231 2,291 109,016 63,726 62,312 45,289 44,387 2,317 109,483 63,829 62,375 45,604 44,675 2,433 110,307 64,138 62,795 46,042 45,148 2,364 109,985 63,857 62,493 46,013 45,169 2,324 110,104 64,047 62,660 45,957 45,105 2,339 109,668 63,650 62,326 45,955 45,052 2,290 109,990 63,624 62,197 46,271 45,299 2,494 110,313 63,758 62,332 46,612 45,595 2,386 109,640 63,800 62,312 45,950 44,979 2,349 Parttime workers Men, 16 years and over Men, 20 years and over Women, 16 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 16 to 19 years 23,231 7,496 5,322 15,732 13,258 4,651 22,975 7,332 5,181 15,638 13,230 4,564 23,284 7,644 5,364 15,682 13,154 4,766 23,281 7,490 5,295 15,797 13,197 4,789 23,249 7,554 5,332 15,690 13,125 4,792 23,258 7,490 5,272 15,770 13,134 4,852 23,198 7,236 5,070 15,862 13,348 4,780 23,157 7,376 5,058 15,780 13,131 4,967 23,160 7,365 5,145 15,776 13,160 4,854 23,351 7,500 5,219 15,880 13,295 4,836 23,261 7,505 5,163 15,757 13,227 4,871 22,989 7,535 5,272 15,505 13,110 4,607 23,562 7,620 5,391 15,932 13,388 4,783 UNEMPLOYED Looking for fulltime work Men, 16 years and over Men, 20 years and over Women, 16 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 16 to 19 years 4,943 2,823 2,461 2,077 1,918 564 4,919 2,739 2,364 2,209 1,959 596 4,916 2,788 2,383 2,159 1,924 609 4,871 2,698 2,324 2,215 1,944 603 4,736 2,611 2,235 2,179 1,918 583 4,781 2,675 2,319 2,131 1,891 571 4,708 2,529 2,235 2,063 1,802 671 4,929 2,691 2,384 2,167 1,933 612 4,617 2,283 2,058 2,230 1,973 585 4,805 2,498 2,196 2,325 2,063 546 4,592 2,532 2,272 2,057 1,836 484 4,628 2,574 2,234 2,132 1,918 476 4,732 2,558 2,251 2,155 1,974 506 Looking for parttime work Men, 16 years and over Men, 20 years and over Women, 16 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 16 to 19 years 1,283 551 221 749 482 580 1,298 539 205 744 459 634 1,298 571 213 708 424 661 1,362 594 223 748 442 697 1,340 577 219 757 464 657 1,263 581 209 663 412 642 1,272 489 180 752 447 645 1,196 472 208 735 429 560 1,191 485 178 698 397 615 1,214 552 186 710 408 621 1,247 608 285 651 370 592 1,317 586 265 748 452 600 1,216 515 225 714 448 543 UNEMPLOYMENT RATES 1 Fulltime workers Men, 16 years and over Men, 20 years and over Women, 16 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 16 to 19 years 19.6 20.4 20.7 20.8 20 19.0 22 20.8 20.0 19.3 16.2 16.6 17.7 Parttime workers Men, 16 years and over Men, 20 years and over Women, 16 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 16 to 19 years 6.8 11 6.8 1 7.0 1 7.3 1 7 12 7.2 11.7 1 10 6.2 11.2 6.9 11.4 5 7.5 10.8 7.2 1 10.2 1 These rates reflect a refined definition of the full and parttime labor force and differ from the rates published elsewhere in this publication prior to 1994. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 11

HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A7. persons by marital status, occupation, class of worker, and parttime status, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Category Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. MARITAL STATUS Total Married men, spouse present Married women, spouse present Women who maintain families 131,176 42,850 32,719 7,875 131,264 42,874 32,670 7,928 131,818 43,170 32,891 7,984 131,858 43,090 33,037 7,940 132,113 43,209 32,953 7,969 132,526 43,227 33,093 8,087 133,396 43,542 33,652 8,076 133,144 43,016 33,092 8,113 133,033 43,114 33,134 8,148 133,069 43,190 33,285 8,050 133,224 42,882 33,487 8,039 133,432 43,291 33,802 7,991 133,307 43,353 33,302 8,289 OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Service occupations Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 39,020 38,513 17,683 14,334 18,157 3,519 38,942 38,843 17,770 14,158 17,968 3,590 39,553 38,478 17,926 14,045 18,118 3,585 39,679 38,431 17,692 14,192 18,168 3,604 39,459 38,430 18,024 14,552 18,067 3,538 39,729 38,307 17,976 14,685 18,480 3,396 39,836 38,846 18,070 14,751 18,476 3,422 39,531 39,254 18,163 14,742 18,021 3,490 39,900 38,893 18,074 14,661 18,177 3,417 40,504 38,866 17,868 14,518 17,656 3,539 40,500 39,103 18,111 14,432 17,813 3,441 40,946 38,729 18,020 14,084 18,190 3,504 40,901 38,573 18,035 14,405 17,985 3,423 CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers Private industries Private households Other industries Government Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers 2,010 1,374 32 118,647 100,273 966 99,307 18,374 9,060 91 2,111 1,342 31 118,840 100,508 871 99,637 18,332 8,955 88 2,145 1,290 40 119,148 100,700 918 99,782 18,448 9,096 88 2,247 1,282 33 119,275 100,728 946 99,782 18,547 9,030 95 2,005 1,304 40 119,718 101,111 969 100,142 18,607 8,929 112 1,912 1,304 34 120,380 101,694 943 100,751 18,686 8,814 122 1,987 1,298 30 121,115 102,202 881 101,321 18,913 8,830 121 1,895 1,381 44 121,066 102,283 849 101,434 18,782 8,658 114 1,893 1,376 39 121,005 102,306 917 101,389 18,699 8,650 125 1,908 1,439 31 120,785 102,076 941 101,135 18,709 8,813 63 1,919 1,348 33 121,168 102,496 910 101,586 18,672 8,687 60 1,911 1,369 37 121,005 101,895 1,001 100,894 19,110 8,857 87 1,938 1,300 47 121,157 102,089 943 101,146 19,068 8,837 74 PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME 1 All industries: Part time for economic reasons Slack work or business conditions Could only find parttime work Part time for noneconomic reasons 3,757 2,299 1,213 18,589 3,503 2,019 1,188 18,653 3,419 1,913 1,168 18,687 3,404 2,031 1,136 18,667 3,340 1,910 1,157 18,634 3,417 1,927 1,148 18,674 3,562 2,093 1,115 18,485 3,426 1,984 1,141 18,642 3,564 2,045 1,208 18,545 3,408 1,920 1,124 18,882 3,422 1,946 1,137 18,632 3,418 2,092 1,014 18,666 3,299 1,983 1,044 19,122 Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic reasons Slack work or business conditions Could only find parttime work Part time for noneconomic reasons 3,606 2,193 1,182 17,982 3,339 1,926 1,155 18.031 3,191 1,800 1,132 18,161 3,253 1,927 1,110 18,107 3,191 1,824 1,130 18,110 3,257 1,841 1,116 18,155 3,413 1,989 1,094 17,921 3,298 1,906 1,108 18,061 3,374 1,955 1,159 17,944 3,224 1,831 1,092 18,320 3,247 1,838 1,111 18,098 3,232 1,944 1,010 18,016 3,130 1,846 1,028 18,618 1 Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad weather. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 12

HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A8. persons by age and sex, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Age and sex Aug. Sept. Oct Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Total, 16 years and over... 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Men, 16 years and over 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Women, 16 years and over 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 131,176 19,471 7,042 2,752 4,302 12,429 111,679 95,102 16,647 70,629 10,118 3,573 1,396 2,180 6,545 60,508 51,205 9,327 60,547 9,353 3,469 1,356 2,122 5,884 51,171 43,897 7,320 131,264 19,490 7,029 2,730 4,286 12,461 111,820 95,212 16,607 70,503 10,141 3,563 1,377 2,177 6,578 60,444 51,167 9,238 60,761 9,349 3,466 1,353 2,109 5,883 51,376 44,045 7,369 131,818 19,676 7,130 2,788 4,339 12,546 112,115 95,364 16,783 70,841 10,206 3,579 1,393 2,172 6,627 60,617 51,232 9,386 60,977 9,470 3,551 1,395 2,167 5,919 51,498 44,132 7,397 131,858 19,757 7,059 2,721 4,332 12,698 112,126 95,309 16,771 70,925 10,246 3,563 1,348 2,213 6,683 60,680 51,299 9,340 60,933 9,511 3,496 1,373 2,119 6,015 51,446 44,010 7,431 132,113 19,705 7,037 2,709 4,340 12,668 112,409 95,623 16,781 71,182 10,332 3,609 1,380 2,218 6,723 60,840 51,606 9,311 60,931 9,373 3,428 1,329 2,122 5,945 51,569 44,017 7,470 132,526 19,859 7,228 2,808 4,419 12,631 112,654 95,822 16,871 71,204 10,347 3,651 1,405 2,243 6,696 60,843 51,502 9,374 61,322 9,512 3,577 1,403 2,176 5,935 51,811 44,320 7,497 133,396 19,891 7,046 2,751 4,313 12,846 113,557 96,713 16,836 71,459 10,320 3,574 1,427 2,170 6,745 61,148 51,811 9,362 61,937 9,572 3,471 1,324 2,142 6,101 52,410 44,902 7,474 133,144 20,081 7,276 2,841 4,413 12,804 113,068 96,146 16,972 71,276 10,435 3,699 1,453 2,238 6,736 60,843 51,430 9,465 61,869 9,646 3,578 1,388 2,175 6,068 52,226 44,715 7,508 133,033 20,063 7,136 2,786 4,361 12,926 112,985 95,968 17,053 71,352 10,425 3,639 1,404 2,242 6,786 60,905 51,435 9,495 61,680 9,637 3,497 1,382 2,119 6,140 52,080 44,534 7,558 133,069 19,940 7,141 2,818 4,319 12,799 113,124 95,967 17,136 71,225 10,158 3,617 1,398 2,223 6,541 61,026 51,446 9,536 61,845 9,782 3,524 1,420 2,096 6,258 52,099 44,521 7,600 133,224 20,087 7,306 2,815 4,494 12,781 113,219 96,047 17,071 71,198 10,427 3,800 1,461 2,341 6,627 60,801 51,356 9,417 62,026 9,661 3,507 1,355 2,153 6,154 52,417 44,690 7,654 133,432 19,896 7,081 2,726 4,373 12,816 113,519 96,161 17,287 71,321 10,291 3,688 1,433 2,275 6,603 61,012 51,381 9,566 62,112 9,606 3,393 1,294 2,097 6,213 52,507 44,781 7,722 133,307 20,081 7,247 2,878 4,357 12,834 113,207 95,882 17,376 71,444 10,411 3,757 1,487 2,255 6,654 61,015 51,455 9.597 61,863 9,670 3,490 1,390 2,102 6,180 52,192 44,427 7,779 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 13

HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A9. persons by age and sex, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Age and sex Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Total, 16 years and over... 6,231 6,217 6,263 6,258 6,080 6,021 5,950 6,127 5,783 6,022 5,795 5,975 5,947 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Men, 16 years and over 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Women, 16 years and over 2,267 1,162 513 646 1,105 3,930 3,437 483 3,360 1,289 678 307 365 611 2,068 1,777 288 2,871 2,366 1,226 565 669 1,140 3,865 3,419 449 3,251 1,286 673 320 360 613 1,983 1,739 247 2,966 2,400 1,278 596 679 1,122 3,894 3,416 464 3,361 1,374 754 352 386 620 1,994 1,711 286 2,902 2,320 1,318 607 704 1,002 3,931 3,475 466 3,264 1,255 713 357 351 542 2,006 1,739 276 2,994 2,171 1,237 595 646 934 3,879 3,377 516 3,163 1,190 713 344 373 477 1,952 1,652 296 2,917 2,153 1,172 573 611 981 3,864 3,340 517 3,233 1,247 717 349 364 530 1,987 1,688 300 2,788 2,240 1,288 619 653 952 3,743 3,257 509 3,140 1,241 729 349 375 512 1,900 1,646 273 2,810 2,274 1,199 520 666 1,075 3,835 3,359 501 3,228 1,179 630 262 368 548 2,036 1,750 295 2,899 2,223 1,195 554 640 1,028 3,573 3,087 504 2,881 1,151 643 286 354 508 1,721 1,481 252 2,902 2,217 1,171 572 608 1,046 3,792 3,271 513 3,010 1,192 627 332 310 565 1,827 1,562 258 3,012 2,092 1,052 531 531 1,040 3,718 3,218 462 3,118 1,180 584 313 277 597 1,958 1,662 261 2,677 2,181 1,108 524 586 1,073 3,788 3,242 537 3,099 1,231 605 282 333 626 1,861 1,601 258 2,876 2,128 1,053 493 563 1,075 3,792 3,242 544 3,056 1,180 579 271 303 601 1,866 1,559 316 91 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 978 484 206 281 494 1,862 1,660 195 1,080 553 245 309 527 1,882 1,680 202 1,026 524 244 293 502 1,900 1,705 178 1,065 605 250 353 460 1,925 1,736 190 981 524 251 273 457 1,927 1,725 220 906 455 224 247 451 1,877 1,652 217 999 559 270 278 440 1,842 1,611 236 1,095 568 259 298 527 1,799 1,609 206 1,071 551 267 286 520 1,852 1,606 251 1,025 544 240 298 481 1,965 1,709 256 912 468 217 255 444 1,760 1,556 201 950 503 241 253 447 1,927 1,641 279 948 473 222 260 475 1,926 1,683 228 N O T E: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 14

HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A10. s by age and sex, seasonally adjusted (Percent) Age and sex Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Total, 16 years and over 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 10.4 1 1 1 8.2 10.8 1 17 1 8.4 10.9 1 17.6 1 8.2 10.5 1 18.2 1 7.3 9.9 1 18.0 1 6.9 9.8 1 16.9 12 7.2 10 1 18.4 1 6.9 10.2 1 1 1 7.7 10.0 1 16.6 1 7.4 10.0 1 16.9 1 7.6 9.4 1 15.9 10.6 7.5 9.9 1 16 1 7.7 9.6 1 1 11.4 7.7 Men, 16 years and over 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 11.3 15.9 18.0 1 8.5 11.3 15.9 18.9 1 8.5 1 17.4 20.2 15 8.6 10.9 16.7 20.9 1 7.5 10.3 16.5 20.0 1 6.6 10.8 16.4 19.9 1 7.3 10.7 16.9 19.7 1 7 10 1 1 1 7.5 9.9 1 16.9 1 7.0 10.5 1 19.2 1 8.0 10.2 1 17.7 10.6 8.3 10.7 1 16.5 1 8.7 10.2 134 1 1 8.3 Women, 16 years and over... 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 9.5 1 1 11.7 7.7 10.4 1 1 1 8.2 9.8 1 1 1 7.8 10 1 1 1 7 9.5 1 15.9 11.4 7 8.7 11.3 1 10.2 7 9.5 1 16.9 1 6.7 10.2 1 1 12 8.0 10.0 1 16.2 1 7.8 9.5 1 1 1 7 8.6 1 1 10.6 6.7 9.0 1 1 10.7 6.7 8.9 1 1 11.0 7 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 15

HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A11. s by occupation, industry, and selected demographic characteristics, seasonally adjusted (Percent) Category Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. CHARACTERISTIC Total Men. 20 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 16 to 19 years 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 White Black and other Black Hispanic origin 8 9.6 7.2 7.6 8.9 7.4 7.9 9.0 7.4 7.6 8.6 7.3 7.5 8.6 7.3 7.0 7.9 7.6 6.9 7.8 6.6 7.4 8.3 6.7 7.2 8 5.8 6.9 7.7 6.9 6.7 7.5 6.7 6.6 7.3 6.8 7.3 8.8 6.2 Married men, spouse present Married women, spouse present Women who maintain families 6.9 6.8 7.6 6.9 6.9 6 6.5 2 6.7 7.2 6.6 6.4 OCCUPATION 1 Managerial and professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 1.7 6.9 6.6 6.6 5.9 7.0 7.0 6.8 6.7 6.7 7.5 5.9 7.7 7.8 5.9 6.9 6.5 7.3 6.5 8.0 7.5 6.4 INDUSTRY Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers Goodsproducing industries Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Serviceproducing industries Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Government workers Agricultural wage and salary workers 6.8 2 8.2 7.4 7.4 5 8.6 7.9 6.7 5 6.7 7.0 2 7.6 6.4 8.3 7.4 7.3 9.6 7.7 7.5 11.3 6.7 2 9.5 9.3 7.4 9.7 5.9 7.2 2 10.7 7.5 9.6 6.4 6.7 8.9 1 Seasonally adjusted data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trendcycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 16

HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A12. persons by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Reason Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs... On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 2,865 931 1,934 770 2,072 474 2,834 937 1,897 734 2,124 507 2,865 909 1,956 727 2,161 501 2,813 857 1,956 730 2,142 577 2,758 850 1,908 677 2,130 534 2,754 841 1,913 709 2,031 504 2,696 864 1,832 699 1,993 537 2,738 849 1,889 751 2,110 509 2,563 812 1,751 780 1,988 431 2,700 838 1,862 841 2,044 469 2,663 821 1,842 789 2,040 415 2,683 2,740 892 850 1,791 j 1,890 864 I 755 2,057! 11 349 j 402 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs... On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 46.4 15 31.3 1 3 7.7 4 15 30.6 1 3 8.2 45.8 1 31.3 11.6 3 8.0 4 1 31.2 11.7 3 9.2 4 1 31.3 11 3 8.8 45.9 1 3 1 3 8.4 4 1 30.9 1 3 9 4 1 30.9 1 3 8.3 4 1 30.4 1 3 7.5 4 1 30.8 1 3 7.7 45 1 31.2 1 3 7.0 45 1 30 1 3 5.9 46.4 1 3 1 3 6.8 UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs... Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 2.6.3 2.5.4 2.5 1.6.4.5 1.6.4.5.4.5.4.5 1.4.4.5.4.6 1.4.3.6.3.6.3,6 1 I NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. A13. persons by duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Duration Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Less than 5 weeks 5 to 14 weeks 15 weeks and over 15 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over Average (mean) duration, in weeks... Median duration, in weeks 2,626 1,975 1,606 783 823 1 6.7 2,652 1,956 1,644 810 834 1 6.8 2,638 1,968 1,636 732 904 1 6.6 2,754 1,896 1,598 732 866 1 5.9 2,546 1,983 1,611 752 859 1 6.7 2,614 1,839 1,578 754 824 1 6.7 2,353 2,071 1,469 753 716 1 6.9 2,601 1,944 1,550 766 784 1 7.0 2,478 1,891 1,434 736 697 1 6.9 2,788 1,867 1,446 773 673 1 6 2,467 1,816 1,523 794 729 1 6.7 2,529 1,736 1,668 824 844 1 6.2 2,680 1,766 1,505 787 718 1 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed Less than 5 weeks 5 to 14 weeks 15 weeks and over 15 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over 100.0 4 3 25.9 1 1 100.0 4 31.3 2 1 1 100.0 4 3 26.2 11.7 1 100.0 4 30.3 2 11.7 1 100.0 4 3 26.2 1 1 100.0 4 30.5 26.2 1 1 100.0 39.9 35 2 1 12 100.0 4 3 2 1 1 100.0 4 3 2 1 1 100.0 4 30.6 2 1 11.0 100.0 4 31.3 26.2 1 1 100.0 4 29.3 28 1 1 100.0 4 29.7 2 1 12 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 17

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A14. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race (Numbers in thousands) Age, sex, and race Civilian noninstitutional population Total Percent of population Total Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Number Percent of labor force Not labor force TOTAL 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16to 17years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 207,828 16,065 8.073 7,992 17,935 118,266 37,863 18,347 19,515 44,804 22,472 22,332 35,600 19,359 16,241 23,035 12,700 10,335 32,527 9,296 8,600 14,631 141,119 10,098 4,309 5,789 14,574 98,830 32,032 15,524 16,508 37.710 18,922 18,788 29,088 16,196 12,892 13,596 8,819 4,777 4,021 2,108 1,105 808 67.9 6 5 7 81.3 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 81.7 8 79.4 59.0 69.4 46.2 1 2 1 134,800 8,752 3,640 5,112 13,426 95,570 30,690 14,813 15,877 36,560 18,273 18,287 28,320 15,771 12,550 13,175 8,582 4,593 3,877 2,028 1,063 787 6 5 45 6 7 80.8 81 80.7 81.4 81.6 81.3 8 79.6 8 77.3 57.2 67.6 4 1 2 1 3,718 355 182 173 408 2,207 747 416 330 819 401 418 642 393 248 443 260 183 304 108 88 107 131,083 8,397 3,458 4,939 13,018 93,363 29,943 14,396 15,547 341 17.872 17,869 27,679 15,377 12,301 12,732 8,322 4,410 3,573 1,920 974 679 6,319 1,347 670 677 1,148 3,260 1,343 712 631 1,150 649 501 768 425 343 421 237 184 143 80 43 21 1 1 11.7 7.9 66,709 5,967 3,764 2,203 3,361 19,437 5.830 2,823 3,007 7,095 3,550 3,545 6,512 3,163 49 9,439 3,880 5,558 28,507 7,189 7,495 13,823 Men 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 99,761 8,200 4,163 4,037 8,876 57,923 18,515 8,912 9,603 22,033 11,058 10,975 17,376 9,499 7,876 10,974 6,091 4,883 13,787 4,272 3,839 77 75,940 5,328 2,298 30 7.647 53,151 17,378 8,356 9,022 20.423 10,327 10,096 15,350 8,541 6,809 7,434 4,768 2,666 80 1.229 666 485 76 6 5 75 86.2 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 88.3 89.9 86.4 67.7 78.3 5 17.3 28.8 17.3 8.5 72,803 4,591 1,929 2,662 7,047 51,651 16,794 8,032 8,763 19,865 9,994 9,871 14,992 8,334 6,657 7,220 4,654 2,566 2,293 1,186 638 469 7 5 4 65.9 79.4 89.2 90.7 90 91.2 90.2 90.4 89.9 8 87.7 8 65.8 76.4 5 16.6 27.8 16.6 8.3 53 285 145 139 320 98 541 309 232 613 315 298 444 286 158 322 186 136 228 82 67 79 70,050 4,306 1,784 22 6.727 50.053 16,254 7.723 8,531 19,252 9,679 9,573 14,548 8,048 6,500 6,898 4,469 2,429 2,065 1,104 572 390 3,137 737 369 369 600 1,500 583 324 259 558 334 225 358 206 152 214 113 100 86 43 28 16 1 1 1 7.8 23,821 2,872 1,865 1,007 1.229 4,772 1,137 556 581 1.609 730 879 2,026 959 1,067 3,540 1,323 2,217 11,408 3,042 3,173 5,192 Women 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 108,067 7,865 3,910 3,954 9,059 60,343 19,348 9,436 9.912 272 11,414 11,357 18,224 9,859 8,365 12,060 6,608 5,452 18,740 5,025 4,761 8,955 65,179 4,770 2,012 2,759 6,927 45,679 14,655 7,168 7,486 17,286 8,595 8,691 13,738 7,655 6,083 6,162 4,051 2,111 1,641 878 439 323 60.3 60.7 51.4 69.8 76.5 7 7 7 7 75.9 7 76.5 7 77.6 7 51 61.3 38.7 8.8 17.5 9.2 61,997 61 1,710 2,450 6,379 43,919 13,895 6,781 7,115 16,695 8,279 8,416 13,329 7,436 5,892 5,955 3,928 2,027 1,584 842 424 318 57.4 5 4 6 70.4 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 70.4 49.4 59.4 37.2 8.5 16.8 8.9 964 70 36 34 88 609 206 107 98 206 86 120 198 107 91 121 74 47 76 26 22 28 61,033 4,090 1.674 2,416 6,291 43,310 13,690 6,673 7,016 16,489 8,193 8,296 13,131 7,329 5,802 5,834 3,853 1,980 1,508 816 403 289 3,182 609 301 308 548 1,760 759 388 372 591 316 276 409 218 191 208 124 84 57 36 156 1 1 11.2 7.9 1.7 42,888 3,094 1,899 1,196 2,131 14,665 4,693 2,267 2,426 5,485 2,819 2,666 4,486 2,205 81 5.898 2,557 3,341 17,099 4,146 4,321 8,631 See footnotes at end of table. 18

A14. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race Continued (Numbers in thousands) HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Age, sex, and race Civilian noninstitutional population Total Percent of population Total Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Number Percent of labor force Not labor force WHITE 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 173,133 12,732 6,366 6,366 14,406 97,326 30,484 14,618 15,867 36,771 18,387 18,385 30,070 16,177 13,893 19,855 10,942 8,912 28,814 8,030 7,601 13,183 117,853 8,472 3,634 4,838 11,952 81,817 25,869 12,433 13,435 31,100 15,531 15,569 24,848 13,683 11,165 11,979 7,769 4,211 3,633 1,850 1,032 751 68 66.5 57 7 8 8 8 85 8 8 8 8 8 8 80.4 60.3 71.0 47.2 1 2 1 113,425 7,536 3,155 4,381 11,227 79,497 24,991 11,965 13,026 30,257 15,042 15,215 24,250 173 10,877 11,642 7,572 4,070 3,523 1,797 991 735 6 59.2 49.6 68.8 77.9 81.7 8 8 82 8 8 8 80.6 8 78.3 58.6 69.2 4 1 2 1 3,481 335 170 166 393 2,032 709 399 310 742 371 371 582 349 232 429 249 179 292 102 88 102 109,944 7,200 2,985 4,215 10,834 77.465 282 166 12,716 29.515 14,671 14,844 23,668 13,023 10,645 11,213 7,322 3,891 3,231 1,695 903 633 29 937 479 458 725 2,319 878 468 410 843 489 354 598 310 288 338 197 141 110 53 40 16 11 1 9.5 6 55,279 4,259 2,732 1,528 2,454 15,509 4,616 2,184 2,431 5,672 2,856 2,816 5,222 2,494 2,728 7,875 3,173 4,702 25,181 6,180 6,569 132 Men 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 83,956 6,517 3,279 3,239 7,249 48,326 15,134 7,240 7,894 18,347 9,174 9,173 14,845 8,019 6,826 9,582 5,314 4,268 12,281 3,733 3,401 5,147 64,648 4,470 1,915 2,555 6,451 44,915 14,382 6,886 7,496 17,190 8,648 8,542 13,343 7,337 6,006 6,635 4,266 2,369 2,177 1,100 625 453 77.0 68.6 58.4 78.9 89.0 9 9 95 9 9 9 9 89.9 9 88.0 69.2 80.3 5 17.7 29.5 18.4 8.8 62,413 3,971 1,662 2,309 6,061 43,812 13,991 6,668 7,323 16,761 8,393 8,368 13,060 7,189 5,871 6,460 4,164 2,296 2,108 1,068 598 442 7 60.9 50.7 71.3 8 90.7 9 92 9 91.4 9 91.2 88.0 89.6 8 67.4 78.4 5 17.2 28.6 17.6 8.6 2,563 268 134 134 305 1,462 515 295 220 546 286 259 401 258 143 311 178 134 217 76 67 75 59,850 3,703 1,528 2,175 5,756 42,351 13,476 6,373 702 16.216 8,107 8,108 12,659 6,931 5,728 649 3,986 2,163 91 992 531 367 2,235 499 253 246 389 1,102 391 218 173 429 254 174 282 148 135 175 102 73 69 31 27 11 11.2 1 9.6 2 19,308 2,047 1,364 684 798 3,412 752 354 398 1,157 526 631 1,503 682 820 2,947 1.048 1,899 10,104 33 2,776 4,694 Women 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 89,177 6,214 3,087 3,127 7,158 49,000 15,351 7,378 7,973 18,424 9,213 9,211 125 8,158 7,067 10,272 5,628 4,645 16,533 4,297 4,200 8,036 53,205 4,002 1,719 2,283 5,502 36,902 11,487 5,547 5,940 13,910 6,883 7,027 11,505 6,346 5,159 5,344 3,503 1,842 1.455 750 407 298 59.7 6 5 7 76.9 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 77.8 7 5 6 39.7 8.8 17.5 9.7 51,012 65 1,493 2,072 566 35,685 11,000 5,297 5,703 13,495 6,648 6,847 11,189 6,184 5,005 5,181 3,408 1,774 1,415 728 394 293 57.2 57.4 48.4 66.2 7 7 71.7 7 7 7 7 7 7 75.8 70.8 50.4 60.5 38.2 8.6 17.0 9.4 918 67 36 31 88 570 194 104 90 196 85 111 181 92 89 117 71 46 75 26 22 27 50,094 3,497 1,457 2,040 5,078 35,115 10,806 5,193 5,613 13,299 6,564 6,736 11.009 92 4,917 64 3,336 1.728 1,340 702 372 265 2,194 437 226 212 336 1,217 487 250 236 415 235 180 316 162 154 163 95 68 40 22 13 6 10.9 1 9.3 6 35,972 2,212 1,368 844 1,656 12,098 3,864 31 2,034 4,514 2,330 2,184 3,720 12 08 28 2,125 2,803 15,078 3,547 3,793 7,738 See footnotes at end of table. 19

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A14. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race Continued (Numbers in thousands) Age, sex, and race Civilian noninstitutional population Total Percent of population Total Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Number Percent of labor force Not labor force BLACK 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16to 17years 18 to 19years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 24,867 2,485 1,257 1,228 2,617 14,725 5,195 2,555 2,640 5,613 2,864 2,749 3,918 2,262 1,656 2,323 1,267 1,056 2,717 945 708 1,064 16,747 1,238 508 731 2,003 12,082 4,452 2,181 2,271 4,680 2,392 2,288 2,950 1,778 1,172 1,148 739 410 275 174 52 49 67.3 49.8 40.4 59.5 76.5 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 78.6 70.8 49.4 58.3 38.8 10 18.5 7.3 15,146 889 341 549 1,643 11,287 4,048 1,972 2,076 4,423 2,258 2,165 2,815 1,686 1,129 1,080 707 373 247 153 49 44 60.9 35.8 27 4 6 76.6 77.9 77.2 78.7 78.8 78.9 78.8 7 7 68.2 46.5 55.8 3 9 16.2 7.0 139 93 5 7 103 20 128 50 25 24 34 28 6 11 11 9 6 15,007 881 337 544 1,636 11,184 4,029 1,960 2,068 4,374 2,233 2,141 81 1,658 1,123 1.069 696 373 238 148 49 41 1,601 349 167 182 360 795 403 209 194 257 134 123 135 92 43 68 32 37 28 2125 9.6 28.2 3 2 18.0 6.6 9 9.6 8.6 5 8.9 10.2 12 820 1.247 749 497 614 43 743 374 369 933 471 461 968 484 484 1,174 528 646 2,442 770 657 1,015 Men 16 years and over 16to 19years 16to 17years 18to 19years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 11,149 1,222 631 590 1,198 6,650 2,319 1,127 1,193 2,567 1,303 1,264 1,764 1,027 737 997 552 445 1.083 399 309 375 7,821 627 274 353 902 27 54 992 1,062 2,218 1,143 1,075 1,355 825 531 533 332 201 132 81 25 26 70 51.4 4 59.8 7 8 88.6 88 89.0 86.4 87.7 85 76.8 80.3 7 5 60.2 45 1 20.2 8.2 6.9 7,072 425 173 252 720 5,305 1,892 900 992 216 1,080 1,037 1,297 779 518 507 328 179 115 69 25 21 6 3 27.4 4 60 79.8 81.6 79.9 8 8 8 8 7 75.8 70.3 50.8 59.4 40.2 10.6 17.2 8 122 63 3 7 92 1688 47 25 21 29 23 4788 9 6 6,950 419 170 249 713 13 76 892 984 2,069 1,054 1,015 1,267 755 512 499 320 179 106 63 25 18 749 202 101 101 182 322 162 92 69 102 63 38 59 46 13 26 5 22 17 12 9.6 3 36.9 28.6 20 7.9 9.3 6.5 1.4 10.7 1 1! 3,328 594 357 237 296 1,023 265 134 131 349 161 189 408 202 206 464 219 244 951 318 283 349 Women 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18to 19years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 13,717 1,263 626 637 1,419 8,075 75 1,428 1,447 3,046 60 1,485 2,154 1,235 919 1,326 715 611 1,634 546 400 689 8.926 611 234 378 1,101 6.455 2,397 188 1,209 2,462 1,250 1,213 1,595 953 641 615 406 209 143 94 26 23 65 48.4 37.3 59.2 77.6 79.9 8 8 8 80.8 80 81.7 7 77.2 69.8 46.4 56.9 3 8.8 17.2 6.6 1 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in 8,074 464 167 297 923 5,981 2,156 1,072 1,084 2,307 1,179 1,128 1,518 907 611 573 379 194 132 84 25 23 58.9 36.7 26.7 46.6 6 7 7 75 7 7 7 7 70.5 7 66.5 4 5 31.7 8 1 6.2 the household survey. 17 3 11 44 8,057 462 167 294 923 5,971 252 1,068 1,084 2,304 1,179 1,126 14 903 611 570 376 194 132 84 25 23 852 147 66 81 179 473 241 116 125 155 71 85 76 46 30 42 27 15 1192 9.5 2 28.3 21.4 16.2 7.3 10 9.8 10.3 7.0 6.8 6.7 7.2 7.7 10.0 (M 4,792 652 392 260 318 1,620 478 240 238 583 311 273 559 281 278 710 308 402 1,491 452 373 666 20

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A15. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, and age (Numbers in thousands) Employment status and race Total Men, 20 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 16 to 19 years TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Not in labor force 205,270 139,336 67.9 132,769 3,866 128,903 6,567 65,934 207,828 141,119 67.9 134,800 3,718 131,083 6,319 66,709 90,802 70,202 77.3 67,619 2,586 65,034 2,582 20,600 91,561 70,612 77 68,212 2,468 65,743 2,400 20,949 98,778 59,101 59.8 56,569 868 55,701 2,532 39,677 100,203 60,409 60.3 57,837 894 56,943 2,573 39,793 15,690 10,033 6 8,580 412 8,168 1,453 1 5,657 16,065 10,098 6 8,752 355 8,397 1,347 1 5,967 White Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Not in labor force 171,513 116,570 68.0 112,047 3,566 108,481 4,523 54,943 173,133 117,853 68 113,425 3,481 109,944 4,429 55,279 76,966 59,768 77.7 57,953 2,358 55,595 1,816 17,197 77,439 60,178 77.7 58,442 2,295 56,147 1,736 17,261 82,075 48,445 59.0 46,711 819 45,891 1,734 33,630 82,963 49,203 59.3 47,447 850 46,597 1,756 33,760 12,472 8,356 67.0 7,384 390 6,994 972 11.6 4,116 12,732 8,472 66.5 7,536 335 7,200 937 11 4,259 Black Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Not in labor force 24,381 16,413 67.3 14,708 199 14,509 1,706 10.4 7,967 24,867 16,747 67.3 15,146 139 15,007 1,601 9.6 8,120 9,726 7,173 7 6,537 164 6,373 636 8.9 2,553 9,928 7,194 7 6,647 116 6,531 547 7.6 2,734 12,204 7,910 6 7,238 19 7,218 673 8.5 4,294 12,454 8,315 66.8 7,610 14 7,596 705 8.5 4,140 2,450 1,330 5 933 16 917 397 29.9 1,120 2,485 1,238 49.8 889 9 881 349 28.2 1,247 N O T E: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 21

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A16. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 to 24 years of age by school enrollment, educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Enrollment status, educational attainment, race, and Hispanic origin Civilian noninstitutional population Total Percent of population Total Full time Part time Total Looking for fulltime work Looking for parttime work Percent of labor force TOTAL ENROLLED Total, 16 to 24 years 16to 19years 20 to 24 years 7,315 4,309 3,006 3,967 2,030 1,937 5 47 6 13 1,778 1,834 1,494 571 923 2,119 1,207 912 354 252 102 171 110 61 183 142 41 8.9 1 High school College Fulltime students Parttime students 2,918 98 23 1.275 1,135 2,832 1,750 1,082 38.9 6 5 8 957 2,656 1,610 1,045 275 1.219 675 544 682 1,437 935 502 178 177 140 37 75 96 77 19 103 80 63 18 1 6.2 8.0 Men, 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 80 2,160 1,420 1,926 1,036 890 5 47.9 6 1,739 907 833 760 340 420 979 567 413 186 129 57 98 68 30 88 61 27 9.7 1 6.4 High school College Fulltime students Parttime students 70 10 1.479 531 653 1.273 799 474 41.6 6 5 89.2 571 1,168 717 451 179 581 331 250 392 587 386 200 82 105 82 23 46 52 43 9 36 53 38 14 1 8.2 10.2 Women, 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 36 2,149 1,586 2,042 995 1.047 5 4 6 1,874 872 1.002 734 231 503 1,140 640 499 168 123 45 73 42 31 95 81 14 8.2 1 High school College Fulltime students Parttime students 1.348 2,388 1,644 744 482 1,559 951 609 35.8 6 57.8 8 386 1,488 893 595 96 638 344 293 290 850 549 301 96 72 58 14 29 44 33 11 67 28 25 3 19.9 6 White Total. 16to 24years 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 90 16 2,374 67 1,659 1,607 58.4 51.6 67.7 3,029 1,505 24 1,254 482 772 1,775 1,023 752 238 155 83 131 82 49 107 73 34 7.3 9.3 Men Women 57 2,833 1,610 1,657 58.4 58.5 1,493 1,535 675 579 818 957 116 122 72 59 44 63 7.2 7.3 High school College Fulltime students Parttime students 2,145 3,445 2,426 1,019 928 2,339 1,452 887 4 67.9 59.8 87 818 2,211 1,347 864 235 1,019 565 454 583 1,192 782 410 110 128 105 23 53 77 62 15 56 51 43 8 1 7.2 Black Total, 16 to 24 years 16to 19years 20 to 24 years 1,158 751 407 504 267 237 4 3 58 419 193 226 178 59 119 241 135 106 85 74 11 34 26 8 51 48 3 16.8 27.6 Men Women 521 637 207 296 39.8 46.5 158 261 51 127 107 134 49 35 24 10 26 25 2 1 High school : College Fulltime students Parttime students 571 587 407 180 171 333 197 136 29.9 56.7 48.4 7 111 307 178 130 30 148 75 73 82 159 102 57 59 25 19 6 21 12 12 38 13 7 6 3 7.6 9.8 Hispanic origin Total. 16 to 24 years 16to 19years 20 to 24 years 916 615 302 423 225 198 46 36.5 65.8 374 183 192 144 52 92 231 131 100 48 42 7 26 23 3 23 19 4 1 18.6 Men Women 460 456 214 209 46.5 4 188 186 73 71 115 116 26 22 12 13 14 9 1 10.7 High school College Fulltime students Parttime students 521 396 277 118 173 250 152 97 3 6 5 8 137 238 143 95 42 102 47 55 95 136 96 40 36 12 10 3 20 5 3 3 16 7 7 20.9 6.2 See footnotes at end of table. 22

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A16. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 to 24 years of age by school enrollment, educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Continued (Numbers in thousands) Enrollment status, educational attainment, race, and Hispanic origin Civilian noninstitutional population Total Percent of population Total Full time Part time Total Looking for fulltime work Looking for parttime work Percent of labor force TOTAL NOT ENROLLED Total, 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 26,684 11,755 14,929 20,705 8,068 12,637 77.6 68.6 8 18,565 6,973 11,592 13,109 3,474 9,635 5,456 3,499 1,957 2,140 1,095 1,045 1,716 741 976 423 354 69 10.3 1 8.3 Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Less than a bachelor's degree College graduates 9,266 8,891 6,739 1,788 5,853 7,208 6,029 1,616 6 81 89.5 90.4 4,931 6,434 5,715 1,485 2,562 4,879 4,345 1,323 2,369 1,556 1,370 162 922 774 314 131 653 662 271 131 269 112 43 15.8 10.7 8 Men, 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 13,497 6,040 7,457 11,049 4,292 6,757 8 71 90.6 9,899 3,684 6,215 7,536 2,059 5,476 2,363 1,625 739 1,150 608 542 955 425 530 195 183 12 10.4 1 8.0 Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Less than a bachelor's degree College graduates 4,988 4,596 3,185 729 3,454 3,985 2,928 682 69.2 86.7 9 9 2,923 3,581 2,773 622 1,745 2,948 2,261 582 1,177 634 512 40 531 404 155 61 396 357 141 61 135 47 14 1 10 8.9 Women, 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 13,188 5,715 7,472 9,656 3,776 5,880 7 66 78.7 8,666 3,289 5,377 5,573 1,414 4,159 3,093 1,875 1,218 990 487 503 761 316 446 228 171 57 10.2 1 8.6 Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Less than a bachelor's degree College graduates 4,278 4,295 3,555 1,059 2,399 3,223 3,100 933 56 7 87.2 88 2,008 2,853 2,942 863 816 1,931 2,084 741 1,192 922 858 122 391 370 158 70 257 305 130 70 134 65 29 1 1 5 7.5 White Total, 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 21,548 9,515 12,032 17,158 6,813 10,345 79.6 71.6 8 15,734 6,031 9,703 11,086 2,990 8,096 4,648 3,041 1,606 1,424 782 642 1,114 515 599 310 267 43 8.3 1 6.2 Men Women 11,009 10,539 9,311 7,847 8 7 8,539 7,195 6,545 4,541 1,993 2,654 772 652 632 481 140 170 8.3 8.3 Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Less than a bachelor's degree College graduates 7,442 7,066 5,531 1,508 4,910 5,854 5,011 1,383 6 8 90.6 91.7 4,275 5,364 4,814 1,281 2,231 4,028 3,688 1,139 2,044 1,336 1,125 142 635 490 198 102 439 408 165 102 196 82 32 1 8.4 7.4 Black Total, 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 3,944 1,734 2,210 2,738 972 1,766 69.4 5 79.9 2,113 696 1,417 1,498 333 1,165 616 363 253 625 276 349 547 211 336 77 64 13 2 28.4 19.8 Men ". Women 45 1,322 1,416 69.6 69.2 988 1,126 715 783 272 343 334 290 297 250 37 40 2 20.5 Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Less than a bachelor's degree College graduates 1,453 1,482 870 140 750 1,117 749 122 51.6 7 86 87.4 484 870 657 102 228 694 485 91 256 176 173 11 265 248 91 20 203 233 91 20 63 15 3 2 1 16.6 Hispanic origin Total, 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 4,118 1,698 2,420 2,878 966 1,913 69.9 56.9 79.0 2,514 778 1,736 1,931 468 1,464 582 310 272 365 188 177 316 146 170 49 42 7 1 19.4 9.3 Men Women 2,118 2,000 1,719 1,159 81.2 58.0 1,507 1,006 1,252 679 255 327 212 153 186 130 26 23 1 1 Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Less than a bachelor's degree College graduates 2,159 1,260 645 54 1,304 968 561 46 60.4 76.8 87.0 1 1,091 857 519 46 850 641 397 42 241 216 122 4 213 110 42 182 92 42 31 18 1 11.4 7.5 1 1 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: In the summer months, the educational attainment levels of youth not enrolled in school are increased by the temporary movement of high school and college students into that group. Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 23

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A17. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 years and over by educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Educational attainment Total Men Women White Black Hispanic origin TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population... Civilian iabor force Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 172,003 115,110 66.9 111,170 6 3,941 173,829 116,447 67.0 112,622 6 3,825 82,006 62,660 76.4 60,678 7 1,982 82,685 62,965 76.2 61,164 7 1,800 89,997 52,450 58.3 50,491 56 1,959 91,144 53,482 58.7 51,458 56.5 2,024 144,907 96,542 66.6 93,704 6 2,838 145,995 97,429 66.7 94,662 6 2,767 19,388 13,198 68 12,289 6 909 6.9 19,765 13,505 68.3 12,614 6 892 6.6 16,125 11,229 69.6 10,581 6 648 5.8 16,650 11,436 68.7 10,879 6 557 Less than a high school diploma Civilian noninstitutional population... Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 29,027 12,269 4 11,426 39.4 842 6.9 28,015 11,766 4 10,997 39.3 769 6.5 13,854 7,659 5 7,208 5 451 5.9 13,134 7,163 5 6,771 51.6 392 15,173 4,610 30.4 4,219 27.8 392 8.5 14,881 4,603 30.9 4,226 28.4 377 8.2 23,278 9,982 4 9,359 40.2 623 6.2 22,495 9,625 4 9,079 40.4 546 4,271 1,608 37.6 1,435 3 173 10.7 4,128 1,579 38.3 1,376 3 203 1 7,156 4,199 58.7 3,870 5 328 7.8 7,206 4,225 58.6 3,928 5 297 7.0 High school graduates, no college Civilian noninstitutional population... Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 57,374 36,912 6 35,408 61.7 1,504 57,162 36,555 6 35,237 61.6 1,318 26,213 19,905 75.9 19,162 7 743 26,042 19,616 7 19,002 7 615 31,161 17,007 5 16,246 52 761 31,119 16,938 5 16,235 5 703 48,570 30,752 6 29,723 61.2 1,029 48,258 30,412 6 29,530 61.2 883 6,959 4,946 71 4,514 6 432 8.7 7,058 4,984 70.6 4,601 6 383 7.7 4,189 3,058 7 2,872 68.5 186 6 4,511 3,257 7 3,127 69.3 131 Less than a bachelor's degree 1 Civilian noninstitutionai population... Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 42,293 31,448 7 30,496 72 952 43,610 32,289 7 31,284 71.7 1,005 19,344 15,896 8 15,425 79.7 471 20,091 16,380 8 15,964 79.5 416 22,949 15,553 67.8 15,072 6 481 23,519 15,909 67.6 15,320 65 589 35,569 26,146 7 25,472 71.6 674 36,551 26,718 7 25,983 71 734 5,119 4,047 79 3,827 7 220 5,319 4,216 79.3 3,993 75 223 3,031 2,498 8 2,421 79.9 77 3,106 2,432 78.3 2,337 7 95 Some college, no degree Civilian noninstitutional population... Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 29,654 21,450 7 20,748 70.0 702 30,150 21,800 7 21,095 70.0 705 13,754 10,976 79.8 10,627 77.3 349 14,143 11,252 79.6 10,959 77.5 293 15,901 10,474 65.9 10,122 6 352 16,007 10,548 65.9 10,137 6 412 24,750 17,631 71.2 17,137 69.2 494 25,164 17,884 71 17,394 69 490 3,844 3,002 78 2,835 7 167 3,855 3,034 78.7 2,856 7 178 5.9 2,193 1,796 8 1,741 79.4 56 2,196 1,707 77.8 1,636 7 72 Associate degree Civilian noninstitutional population... Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 12,639 9,998 79 9,748 77 250 13,460 10,489 77.9 10,189 7 300 5,591 4,920 88.0 4,798 85.8 122 5,948 5,128 86.2 5,005 8 123 7,048 5,078 7 4,950 70.2 128 7,512 5,361 71.4 5,184 69.0 177 10,820 8,515 78.7 8,334 77.0 180 2 11,387 8,834 77.6 8,589 7 245 1,274 1,045 8 992 77.8 53 1,464 1,183 80.8 1,138 77.7 45 838 702 8 681 81.2 21 910 724 79.6 701 77.0 23 College graduates Civilian noninstitutional population... Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 43,309 34,481 79.6 33,839 78 643 45,042 35,837 79.6 35,105 77.9 733 22,595 19,201 8 18,884 8 317 1.7 23,418 19,806 8 19,428 8 377 20,714 15,280 7 14,955 7 325 2 21,624 16,032 7 15,676 7 355 37,490 29,663 79 29,150 77.8 512 1.7 38,691 30,674 79.3 30,070 77.7 603 3,039 2,597 8 2,512 8 84 3,259 2,726 8 2,643 81 83 1,748 1,475 8 1,418 81 56 1,827 1,523 8 1,488 8 34 1 Includes the categories, some college, no degree; and associate degree. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 24

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A18. and unemployed full and parttime workers by age, sex, and race (In thousands) 1 Fulltime workers Parttime workers Age, sex, and race Total 35 hours or more At work 1 to 34 hours for economic or noneconomic reasons Not at work Total Part time for economic reasons At work 2 Part time for noneconomic reasons Not at work Looking for fulltime work Looking for parttime work TOTAL Total, 16 years and over... 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 112,540 4,045 1,062 2,983 108,495 10,558 97,938 85,232 12,706 94,549 3,448 865 2,583 91,101 9,246 81,855 71,593 10,263 9,693 485 164 321 9,208 937 8,271 7,062 1,209 8,298 112 33 79 8,185 375 7,811 6,577 1,234 22,260 4,706 2,578 2,129 17,553 2,869 14,684 10,338 4,347 2,407 528 192 336 1,880 503 1,376 1,199 177 17,425 3,895 2,214 1,680 13,530 2,196 11,334 7,684 3,651 2,428 284 172 112 2,143 170 1,974 1,455 519 5,192 850 346 504 4,341 1,037 3,304 2,909 395 1,127 496 323 173 631 110 520 351 169 Men, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 65,646 2,400 63,247 5,896 57,350 49,657 7,693 57,156 2,060 55,095 5,276 49,819 43,377 6,442 4,881 280 4,601 450 4,151 3,503 648 3,609 59 3,550 170 3,381 2,778 603 7,157 2,191 4,965 1,151 3,814 1,994 1,820 1,063 280 783 254 530 447 82 5,565 1,796 3,769 836 2,933 1,391 1,542 529 115 413 62 352 155 196 2,694 493 2,202 561 1,641 1,416 225 443 245 198 39 159 84 75 Women, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 46,894 1,646 45,249 4,661 40,587 35,575 5,012 37,394 1,388 36,006 3,970 32,037 28,216 3,821 4,812 205 4,607 487 4,120 3,559 561 4,688 53 4,635 205 4,430 3,799 631 15,103 2,515 12,588 1,718 10,870 8,344 2,526 1,344 248 1,096 250 847 752 95 11,860 2,098 9,762 1,360 8,402 6,293 2,109 1,899 169 1,730 108 1,622 1,299 323 2,498 358 2,140 477 1,663 1,492 171 684 252 433 71 361 267 94 White Men, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 56,356 2,093 54,263 5,128 49,135 42,239 6,896 49,036 1,799 47,237 4,591 42,647 36,875 5,771 4,205 246 3,959 385 3,574 2,978 596 3,114 48 3,066 152 2,914 2,385 529 6,057 1,878 4,180 934 3,246 1,574 1,672 832 241 592 213 379 311 68 4,773 1,534 3,239 673 2,566 1,136 1,430 452 103 348 47 301 126 175 1,937 344 1,593 360 1,233 1,048 185 298 155 143 29 114 55 59 Women, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 37,754 1,378 36,375 3,741 32,634 28,333 4,302 29,799 1,147 28,652 3,184 25,468 22,215 3,253 3,920 180 3,740 372 3,368 2,865 503 4,035 51 3,984 186 3,798 3,252 546 13,258 2,186 11,072 1,425 9,647 7,352 2,295 1,035 197 838 199 639 557 82 10,499 1,840 8,659 1,135 7,524 5,615 1,910 1,724 150 1,574 91 1,483 1,180 303 1,690 253 1,437 287 1,150 1,018 132 504 185 319 49 271 199 72 Black Men, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 6,309 198 6,111 568 5,543 5,015 528 5,504 169 5,335 510 4,825 4,375 450 467 20 447 42 405 376 29 338 9 329 16 313 264 49 763 227 536 153 383 290 94 177 35 141 29 112 109 3 532 185 347 113 234 159 75 55 7 48 10 37 21 16 646 140 506 181 325 298 27 103 62 41 1 40 24 16 Women, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 6,742 193 6,549 716 5,833 5,312 521 5,561 176 5,385 603 4,782 4,378 404 670 15 655 103 552 509 43 511 2 509 10 499 425 74 1,332 271 1,061 206 854 670 185 236 41 195 41 153 141 12 976 218 759 157 601 445 156 119 12 108 8 100 83 17 714 97 617 163 454 418 36 137 50 88 16 72 55 17 1 persons are classified as full or parttime workers based on their usual weekly hours at all jobs regardless of the number of hours they are at work during the reference week. Persons absent from work also are classified according to their usual status. 2 Includes some persons at work 35 hours or more classified by their reason for working part time. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 25

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A19. persons by occupation, sex, and age (In thousands) Total Men Women Occupation 16 years and over 16 years and over 20 years and over 16 years and over 20 years and over Total 132,769 134,800 72,049 72,803 67,619 68,212 60,720 61,997 56,569 57,837 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Officials and administrators, public administration Other executive, administrative, and managerial Managementrelated occupations Professional specialty Engineers Mathematical and computer scientists Natural scientists Health diagnosing occupations Health assessment and treating occupations Teachers, college and university Teachers, except college and university Lawyers and judges Other professional specialty occupations 38,620 19,400 703 13,988 4,710 19,220 2,029 1,751 528 1,103 2,768 818 4,416 1,037 4,770 40,536 19,738 687 14,132 4,918 20,798 2,115 1,892 590 1,108 3,111 823 4,857 1,017 5,286 19,927 10,971 377 8,516 2,078 8,957 1,770 1,228 368 791 364 497 1,047 715 2,177 20,825 11,061 337 8,580 2,143 9,764 1,878 1,303 424 848 445 505 1,228 740 2,392 19,725 10,925 377 8,482 2,065 8,800 1,768 1,211 367 786 364 487 1,008 710 2,099 20,590 10,959 337 8,488 2,134 9,630 1,878 1,296 424 848 445 505 1,202 740 2,292 18,693 8,430 326 5,473 2,631 10,263 259 523 160 313 2,404 321 3,369 322 2,593 19,711 8,677 350 5,552 2,774 11,034 236 589 166 259 2,665 317 3,630 278 2,894 18,415 8,354 324 5,422 2,609 10,061 259 516 160 313 2,399 315 3,275 322 2,503 19,454 8,601 346 5,508 2,747 10,854 234 588 166 259 2,655 312 3,553 274 2,814 Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Health technologists and technicians Engineering and science technicians Technicians, except health, engineering, and science Sales occupations Supervisors and proprietors Sales representatives, finance and business services Sales representatives, commodities, except retail Sales workers, retail and personal services Salesrelated occupations Administrative support, including clerical Supervisors Computer equipment operators Secretaries, stenographers, and typists Financial records processing Mail and message distributing Other administrative support, including clerical 38,923 4,356 1,724 1,297 1,336 16,080 4,695 2,802 1,599 6,883 101 18,487 744 366 3,763 2,191 990 10,433 38,959 4,552 1,781 1,311 1,459 16,127 4,849 2,699 1,529 6,959 90 18,280 656 351 3,565 2,242 1,027 10,439 14,085 2,019 308 942 768 8,089 2,870 1,573 1,170 2,453 23 3,977 287 177 73 162 631 2,646 14,001 2,166 347 1,001 818 7,966 2,905 1,425 1,138 2,469 29 3,868 293 150 95 226 597 2,509 13,200 1,982 304 921 757 7,494 2,855 1,515 1,164 1,940 20 3,725 287 171 73 150 613 2,430 12,949 2,102 336 971 795 7,305 2,889 1,396 1,135 1,856 29 3,541 293 131 89 209 563 2,256 24,838 2,338 1,416 354 568 7,991 1,825 1,229 429 4,429 78 14,510 457 189 3,690 2,029 359 7,786 24,958 2,386 1,435 310 641 8,160 1,945 1,274 391 4,490 61 14,412 363 201 3,470 2,016 430 7,930 22,814 2,295 1,400 338 556 6,729 1,782 1,181 417 3,272 78 13,791 456 188 3,590 1,984 344 7,228 22,939 2,325 1,405 291 628 6,921 15 1,234 376 3,341 56 13,693 363 200 3,368 1,986 410 7,367 Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Food service Health service Cleaning and building service Personal service 18,111 896 2,532 14,684 6,066 2,560 3,087 2,971 18,450 910 2,576 14,964 6,163 2,480 3,169 3,151 7,401 40 2,063 5,299 2,639 302 1,739 619 7,449 42 2,091 5,317 2,579 306 1,748 684 6,244 30 2,003 4,211 1,911 279 1,532 490 6,282 39 1,971 4,272 1,843 289 1,594 546 10,710 856 469 9,385 3,427 2,259 1,348 2,352 11,000 868 486 9,647 3,584 2,174 1,421 2,467 9,272 698 368 8,206 2,638 2,173 1,254 2,140 9,502 728 387 8,387 2,732 2,055 1,347 2,253 Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair 14,584 4,887 5,636 4,062 14,578 4,970 5,793 3,815 13,355 4,674 5,506 3,175 13,338 4,756 5,628 2,954 12,950 4,539 5,282 3,129 12,900 4,620 5,383 2,896 1,229 212 129 887 1,239 213 165 861 1,186 210 116 860 1,195 210 146 838 Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Motor vehicle operators Other transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Construction laborers Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 18,431 7,667 5,306 3,951 1,355 5,458 928 4,530 18,287 7,376 5,530 4,129 1,400 5,382 949 4,433 13,985 4,832 4,813 3,542 1,272 4,340 879 3,461 13,978 4,634 5,075 3,722 1,353 4,269 897 3,372 12,650 4,603 4,683 3,459 1,225 3,364 746 2,617 12,690 4,438 4,940 3,615 1,325 3,312 751 2,562 4,446 2,835 493 409 84 1,118 50 1,069 4,310 2,742 454 407 47 1,113 52 1,061 4,178 2,747 472 393 79 959 44 915 4,038 2,628 438 391 47 973 46 926 Farming, forestry, and fishing Farm operators and managers Other farming, forestry, and fishing occupations 4,098 1,318 2,780 3,991 1,216 2,775 3,295 997 2,298 3,211 893 2,319 2,850 984 1,866 2,802 888 1,914 803 322 481 779 324 456 704 315 389 708 321 387 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 26

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A20. persons by occupation, race, and sex (Percent distribution) Occupation and race Total Men Women TOTAL Total, 16 years and over (thousands) Percent 132,769 100.0 134,800 100.0 72,049 100.0 72,803 100.0 60,720 100.0 61,997 100.0 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 29 1 1 29.3 12 1 1.7 11 11.0 1 5.8 30 1 1 28.9 1 1 1.7 11 10.8 1 27.7 1 1 19.5 11.2 10.3 7.4 18.5 19.4 6.7 6.7 28.6 1 1 19.2 10.9 10.2 7.3 18.3 19.2 6.4 7.0 5.9 30.8 1 16.9 40.9 1 2 17.6 1.4.8 1 7.3.8 1.3 3 1 17.8 40.3 1 2 17.7 1.4.8 1 7.0.7 1.3 White Total, 16 years and over (thousands) Percent 112,047 100.0 113,425 100.0 61,755 100.0 62,413 100.0 50,292 100.0 51,012 100.0 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 30.3 1 1 29.3 1 1 1.7 10.0 1 1 31.0 1 1 28.9 1 1 1.6 1.7 10 11.3 1 5 28.8 1 1 19.5 11.6 9.2 6.5 19.3 18.4 6.4 29.5 1 1 19.4 1 9.2 6.5 18.9 18.4 6.8 32 1 17.7 41.4 1 2 16.5.6 1 6.6.7 3 1 18.4 40.6 1 2 16.6 1.4.7 1 2 6.4.7 Black Total, 16 years and over (thousands) Percent 14,708 100.0 15,146 100.0 7,023 100.0 7,072 100.0 7,685 100.0 8,074 100.0 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 19.6 9.9 9.7 28.6 9.5 16.2 2.7 18.3 7.9 19.9 8.0 1.6 21.6 9.7 1 28.9 8.6 17.0 2 1.0 17.6 8.0 18.3 8 1.2 15.8 8.6 7.2 17.5 7.8 7.3 19.0 1 1 30.2 9.2 11.6 9.4 18.3 8.5 9.8 17.2 6.7 7.8 18.2 1 1 28.5 10.2 10 8.2 2 11 1 38.7 10.9 2 2 1.3 1.7 2 10.5 6.9 2.3 2 10.7 1 39 10.2 2 2 1.7 1.7 2 9.3 1.2 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 27

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A21. persons by industry and occupation (In thousands) Industry Total employed Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Other service 1 Private household Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, ana fishing Agriculture Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Private households Other service industries. Professional services... Public administration 3,718 609 9,203 20,077 12,172 7,905 9,604 27,641 91 22,550 8,893 49,069 1,013 48,057 31,637 5,987 118 84 1,397 3,042 1,831 1,210 1,415 2,553 619 1,934 2,729 7,071 2 7,069 4,177 1,329 108 100 161 1,952 1,236 716 574 595 135 461 388 15,874 4 15,870 13,398 1,045 57 29 54 621 397 223 341 255 43 212 196 2,757 5 2,752 2,242 243 16 5 70 719 323 395 249 11562 1,974 9,588 2,187 1,285 1,285 216 34 174 42 411 1,849 1,052 797 2,386 2,306 827 1,479 2,809 7,062 7 7,055 5,207 1,241 910 910 16 3 45 252 145 107 330 5,283 65 5,217 313 9,543 57 9,486 5,338 1,757 47 199 5,288 3,802 2,647 1,154 1,346 1,406 293 1,113 177 2,104 4 2,100 441 210 5 15 84 5,902 3,468 2,433 141 338 113 224 7 868 868 159 17 60 108 625 755 411 345 2,231 1,195 562 633 15 508 4 504 244 33 21 22 1,037 1,056 538 518 583 2,035 395 1,641 21 565 7 557 98 41 3,097 3 31 129 123 6 114 66 48 51 522 13 508 118 37 1 Includes protective service, not shown separately. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 28

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A22. persons in agriculture and nonagricultural industries by age, sex, and class of worker (In thousands) Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Age and sex Wage and salary workers Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers Total Total Wage and salary workers Private industries Private household workers Other private industries Government Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers Total, 16 years and over... 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 2,201 283 142 140 361 553 476 309 153 66 1,460 47 26 21 42 193 326 330 287 235 56 26 14 12 6 17 2 3 3 122,062 8,299 3,407 4,892 12,724 28,411 33,052 25,361 11,294 2,920 103,471 7,796 3,186 4,609 11,702 24,743 27,753 19,720 9,249 2,508 1,007 162 94 67 106 175 216 173 107 68 102,464 7,634 3,092 4,542 11,596 24,568 27,537 19,548 9,142 2,440 18,591 503 221 283 1,022 3,668 5,299 5,641 2,045 412 8,943 83 43 40 286 1,525 2,671 2,302 1,431 644 78 15 8 7 8 6 18 15 7 9 Men, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 1,651 219 112 108 282 416 365 201 110 58 1,072 46 26 20 35 125 244 242 210 170 30 20 8 12 3 4 1 3 64,679 4,252 1,758 2,494 6,558 15,427 17,669 13,162 5,964 1,647 56,341 4,016 1,653 2,364 6,105 13,752 15,343 10,701 5,009 1,414 78 16 8 8 10 11 31 4 2 4 56,263 4,000 1,645 2,356 6,095 13,741 15,312 10,697 5,007 1,410 8,337 236 105 130 453 1,675 2,325 2,461 956 233 5,336 42 20 22 163 825 1,583 1,379 934 410 35 12 5 7 6 2 Women, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 550 64 31 33 79 138 111 108 43 8 388 1 1 6 68 82 88 78 65 27 6 6 13 2 57,383 4,047 1,649 2,398 6,166 12,985 15,383 12,199 5,330 1,273 47,129 3,779 1,533 2,246 5,597 10,991 12,409 9,019 4,240 1,094 928 146 86 60 96 164 185 169 104 64 46,201 3,634 1,447 2,186 5,501 10,827 12,225 8,850 4,136 1,029 10,254 268 115 153 570 1,994 2,974 3,180 1,090 179 3,607 41 23 18 123 700 1,088 923 497 235 43 3 3 2 4 18 8 7 1 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 29

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A23. Persons at work in agriculture and nonagricultural industries by hours of work Hours of work Thousands of persons Percent distribution All industries Agriculture Nonagricultural industries All industries Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Total, 16 years and over 124,075 3,562 120,512 100.0 100.0 100.0 1 to 34 hours 1 to 4 hours 5 to 14 hours 15 to 29 hours 30 to 34 hours 28,566 1,453 3,895 14,327 8,891 933 66 182 468 217 27,633 1,387 3,713 13,859 8,673 2 1.2 1 7.2 26.2 5 1 6 2 1.2 1 7.2 35 hours and over 35 to 39 hours 40 hours 41 hours and over 41 to 48 hours 49 to 59 hours 60 hours and over 95,509 8,498 47,579 39,432 14,157 14,560 10,715 2,629 186 937 1,506 262 451 792 92,879 8,312 46,641 37,926 13,895 14,109 9,922 77.0 6.8 38.3 3 11.4 11.7 8.6 7 2 4 7.4 1 2 77 6.9 38.7 3 1 11.7 8.2 Average hours, total at work Average hours, persons who usually work full time 39.8 4 4 49.0 39.7 4 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. A24. Persons at work 1 to 34 hours in all and nonagricultural industries by reason for working less than 35 hours and usual full or parttime status (Numbers in thousands) Reason for working less than 35 hours Total All industries Usually work full time Usually work part time Total Nonagricultural industries Usually work full time Usually work part time Total, 16 years and over 28,566 9,693 18,873 27,633 9,428 18,205 Economic reasons Slack work or business conditions Could only find parttime work Seasonal work Job started or ended during week 3,537 2,031 1,185 201 120 1,282 1,028 133 120 2,255 1,002 1,185 68 3,368 1,905 1,159 185 118 1,211 972 121 118 2,156 934 1,159 63 Noneconomic reasons Childcare problems Other family or personal obligations Health or medical limitations In school or training Retired or Social Security limit on earnings Vacation or personal day Holiday, legal or religious Weatherrelated curtailment All other reasons 25,029 833 5,104 688 4,456 1,887 4,805 81 214 6,962 8,412 66 678 99 4,805 81 214 2,468 16,617 767 4,425 688 4,357 1,887 4,493 24,265 819 4,943 654 4,339 1,758 4,730 75 190 6,759 8,216 63 658 99 4,730 75 190 2,403 16,049 756 4,285 654 4,240 1,758 4,357 Average hours: Economic reasons Other reasons 2 21.6 2 2 2 20.4 2 21.7 2 2 2 20.6 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 30

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A25. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by class of worker and usual full or parttime status (Numbers in thousands) Worked 1 to 34 hours Average hours industry and class of worker Total at work Total For economic reasons For noneconomic reasons Usually work full time Usually work part time Worked 35 hours or more Total at work Persons who usually work full time Total, 16 years and over 120,512 27,633 3,368 8,216 16,049 92,879 39.7 4 Wage and salary workers 112,133 25,042 3,024 7,692 14,325 87,092 39.7 4 Mining 562 29 3 18 8 533 49.5 50.0 Construction 7,344 1,205 237 547 421 6,139 41.6 4 Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods 18,461 11,203 7,259 2,153 1,265 888 262 148 114 1,284 825 459 607 292 315 16,308 9,937 6,371 4 4 4 4 4 4 Transportation and public utilities... Wholesale and retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate 8,644 24,800 7,763 1,249 7,593 1,239 165 1,054 62 584 1,193 539 500 5,346 638 7,396 17,207 6,524 4 38.0 40.8 4 4 4 Service industries Private households All other industries Public administration 38,976 920 38,057 5,581 10,749 474 10,275 824 1,202 63 1,138 40 3,009 56 2,953 518 6,539 354 6,184 267 28,227 446 27,781 4,757 37.9 31 38 41.0 4 41.6 4 42 Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers 8,301 78 2,555 37 340 3 520 4 1,695 29 5,746 42 40.3 3 46.8 4 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 31

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A26. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by age, sex, race, marital status, and usual full or parttime status (Numbers in thousands) Worked 1 to 34 hours Average hours Age, sex, race, and marital status Total at work Total For economic reasons For noneconomic reasons Usually work full time Usually work part time Worked 35 hours or more Total at work Persons who usually work full time TOTAL Total, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 120,512 8,012 3,263 4,749 112,500 12,491 100,009 85,422 14,587 27,633 4,607 2,425 2,183 23,026 3,396 19,630 15,013 4,617 3,368 563 200 363 2,804 578 2,227 1,913 314 8,216 357 122 234 7,859 790 7,070 6,100 969 16,049 3,687 2,102 1,585 12,362 2,028 10,334 7,000 3,334 92,879 3,405 839 2,566 89,474 9,095 80,379 70,409 9,970 39.7 30.0 2 3 40.4 37.7 40.8 41.4 37.2 4 39.9 38.7 40.3 4 41.6 4 4 4 Men, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 66,002 4,141 1,697 2,443 61,861 6,508 55,353 47,170 8,183 10,583 2,167 1,213 954 8,416 1,400 7,016 4,992 2,024 1,566 298 109 189 1,268 288 980 826 154 4,047 197 86 112 3,849 365 3,484 2,987 497 4,970 1,671 1,018 653 3,299 747 2,551 1,179 1,373 55,420 1,974 484 1,490 53,446 5,108 48,337 42,178 6,159 4 31.6 26.6 35 4 39.6 4 4 39.8 4 40.5 39.0 40.9 4 4 45 45 4 Women, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 54,510 3,872 1,566 2,306 50,639 5,983 44,656 38,252 6,404 17,050 2,440 1,212 1,229 14,610 1,996 12,614 10,021 2,593 1,802 265 91 174 1,537 290 1,246 1,087 160 4,169 160 37 123 4,010 425 3,585 3,113 472 11,079 2,016 1,083 933 9,063 1,281 7,782 5,821 1,961 37,460 1,431 355 1,077 36,029 3,987 32,042 28,231 3,811 36.4 28.3 2 31 37.0 3 37.2 37.7 3 40.9 39.0 38.2 39.3 41.0 40.2 41 41 40.8 Race White, 16 years and over Men Women 100,765 56,366 44,399 23,580 8,998 14,582 2,605 1,218 1,387 6,937 3,529 3,409 14,038 4,252 9,786 77,185 47,368 29,817 39.8 4 3 4 4 41.0 Black, 16 years and over Men Women 13,990 6,563 7,427 2,922 1,094 1,828 582 277 304 932 344 588 1,408 473 936 11,068 5,469 5,599 38.9 40.8 37.3 41.6 4 40.2 Marital status Men, 16 years and over: Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 38,946 7,530 19,526 4,729 1,069 4,784 544 207 814 2,517 446 1,085 1,669 417 2,885 34,216 6,461 14,742 4 4 39.3 4 4 4 Women, 16 years and over: Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 27,729 10,873 15,909 8,751 2,781 5,518 660 386 755 2,163 915 1,091 5,928 1,480 3,672 18,978 8,092 10,390 36 38.2 3 40.7 4 40.9 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 32

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A27. Persons at work in nonfarm occupations by sex and usual full or parttime status (Numbers in thousands) Worked 1 to 34 hours Average hours Occupation and sex Total at work Total For economic reasons For noneconomic reasons Usually work full time Usually work part time Worked 35 hours or more Total at work Persons who usually work full time Total, 16 years and over 1 120,257 27,589 3,347 8,209 16,034 92,667 39.7 4 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 35,710 18,634 17,076 36,473 4,309 15,256 16,908 17,072 840 2,389 13,844 13,768 17,232 6,898 5,180 5,154 6,829 2,656 4,173 9,631 881 4,409 4,341 6,208 440 356 5,412 1,798 3,124 963 756 1,405 511 150 361 964 74 546 344 869 61 34 774 340 663 216 174 273 2,876 1,346 1,530 2,317 296 827 1,194 983 50 121 813 942 1,090 484 268 338 3,442 1,160 2,282 6,350 511 3,036 2,803 4,355 329 200 3,826 516 1,371 263 314 793 28,881 15,978 12,903 26,842 3,428 10,846 12,567 10,865 400 2,033 8,432 11,971 14,109 5,936 4,424 3,749 4 39.4 38 39.5 39.2 36.8 3 30.7 4 3 4 41.0 41.0 4 37.9 4 4 4 4 42 4 40.5 41.4 4 41 4 4 42 46 4 Men, 16 years and over 1 65,563 10,452 1,548 4,030 4,875 55,111 4 4 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 19,261 10,524 8,737 13,315 2,067 7,596 3,652 7,075 41 1,945 5,088 12,633 13,280 4,362 4,820 4,098 2,494 1,108 1,385 2,318 285 1,374 658 1,932 19 264 1,650 1,581 2,128 460 627 1,041 206 63 142 233 25 150 58 338 7 23 308 316 455 105 140 211 1,327 676 652 728 131 374 222 359 4 98 256 836 780 281 237 263 961 369 591 1,358 130 850 379 1,235 8 142 1,085 428 893 74 251 568 16,767 9,416 7,351 10,997 1,781 6,222 2,993 5,143 22 1,682 3,439 11,052 11,151 3,902 4,193 3,057 4 46 4 42 42 4 39.6 38.5 ( 2 ) 4 36.6 4 4 4 4 38.6 46 47.2 4 4 4 46.6 4 4 ( 2 ) 4 4 4 4 4 46.5 4 Women, 16 years and over 1 54,693 17,137 1,799 4,179 11,159 37,556 3 40.9 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 16,450 8,110 8,340 23,158 2,242 7,660 13,256 9,998 799 443 8,756 1,135 3,953 2,537 360 1,056 4,335 1,548 2,788 7,313 596 3,035 3,682 4,276 421 92 3,763 217 995 503 129 363 306 86 219 731 49 396 286 531 54 12 465 24 208 112 34 62 1,549 671 878 1,590 165 453 972 625 46 22 556 106 310 203 31 76 2,481 791 1,691 4,992 382 2,186 2,424 3,120 321 58 2,741 88 477 189 63 225 12,114 6,562 5,552 15,845 1,647 4,624 9,574 5,722 378 351 4,993 918 2,957 2,034 232 692 38.2 40.7 3 35.8 37.2 35 3 3 30.6 38.9 3 39.5 37.7 39.0 35.9 3 41.6 4 40 40.5 40.6 41.6 39.9 40.7 4 42 40.5 41.4 40.4 40.7 39.8 39.8 1 Excludes farming, forestry, and fishing occupations. 2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 33

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A28. persons by marital status, race, age, and sex Men Women Marital status, race, and age Thousands of persons Unemployment rates Thousands of persons Unemployment rates Total, 16 years and over Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 3,418 943 472 2,003 3,137 940 393 1,803 8.8 2 7.8 3,149 1,024 602 1,523 3,182 1,064 588 1,530 8.5 8.2 White, 16 years and over Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 2,381 742 350 1,288 2,235 756 276 1,203 7.0 6.4 2,142 847 408 888 2,194 847 421 926 6.6 6.7 Black, 16 years and over Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 862 150 95 616 749 134 104 512 10.9 7.5 19 9.6 9 1 844 121 175 548 852 180 144 528 9.9 7.7 15 9.5 6.5 1 Total, 25 years and over Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 1,982 894 450 637 1,800 869 385 546 2 5 1,959 923 558 478 2,024 950 547 528 6 White, 25 years and over Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 1,452 708 331 413 1,347 703 268 375 1,386 760 371 255 1,420 761 390 269 Black, 25 years and over Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 427 135 95 197 365 117 104 145 6.8 7.6 11.3 5.8 9.2 7.8 482 113 168 201 526 158 133 235 7.0 7.5 9.2 7.3 5.8 6.2 10 NOTE: Beginning in, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 34

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A29. persons by occupation and sex Thousands of persons s Occupation Total Total Men Women Total, 16 years and over 1 6,567 6,319 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty 773 338 435 893 423 470 1.7 2 1.7 1.4 1.7 2 Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical 1,567 84 757 727 1,618 130 742 746 1.6 5.9 Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective 1,287 86 70 1,131 1,166 68 79 1,019 6.6 8.7 7.2 5.9 6.9 6.4 6.5 ( 2 ) 8 5.8 2 ) 2 7.3 6.7 8.9 6.6 7.2 6.6 5.9 Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair 613 181 297 135 549 152 255 142 1 6.6 6.8 1 Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Construction laborers Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 1,365 603 260 503 112 391 1,210 408 265 536 99 437 6.9 7.3 8.4 10.7 8.0 6.2 9 9.4 9.0 6.4 6.2 8.8 10.7 8.3 9.0 8.8 9.0 8.5 9 8.5 7.0 ( 2 ) 6.8 7.8 7.0 9.2 9.3 ( 2 ) 8.8 Farming, forestry, and fishing 208 196 7.3 No previous work experience 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 731 508 117 106 672 516 82 75 1 Includes a small number of persons whose last job was in the Armed Forces. 2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 35

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A30. persons by industry and sex Thousands of persons s Industry Total Total Men Women Total, 16 years and over 6,567 6,319 Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers 4,886 4,726 Mining Construction 17 366 28 391 5 6.9 Manufacturing Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Fabricated metal products Machinery and computing equipment Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies Transportation equipment Automobiles Other transportation equipment Professional and photographic equipment Other durable goods industries 952 551 35 27 15 21 61 94 46 197 165 32 18 36 757 507 51 37 9 16 59 85 70 96 67 29 37 46 8.2 1 5 1.4 2.6 7.7 1.2 5 5 6.4 8.7 9.8 1 6.5 10.7 6.2 6.6 5 7.5 6.5 Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Other nondurable goods industries 401 82 38 75 21 78 34 48 25 250 57 28 55 8 40 11 35 16 9.6 7.3 7.6 1.2.8 8.9 8.4 2 1.6 1.7.6 5.9 5.8 7.7 10.3 9.0 1.7 6 7.6 9.0 1.3 6 9.2 Transportation and public utilities Transportation Communications and other public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Service industries Professional services Other service industries 265 205 60 1,527 176 1,350 164 1,596 565 1,031 294 195 99 1,430 150 1,280 196 1,629 662 967 2 6 2 7.0 5.8 1.6 6.2 2 1.2 6.4 7.8 7.2 Agricultural wage and salary workers Government, selfemployed, and unpaid family workers No previous work experience 139 811 731 147 774 672 7.9 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 36

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A31. persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and race (Numbers in thousands) Reason Total, 16 years and over Men, 20 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 16 to 19 years White Black NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Total unemployed Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Permanent job losers Persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 6,567 2,847 935 1,912 1,316 596 817 2,173 731 6,319 2,729 862 1,867 1,267 600 817 2,101 672 2,582 1,518 444 1,073 740 334 351 617 96 2,400 1,408 397 1,010 717 293 358 596 38 2,532 1,127 428 699 495 204 353 925 127 2,573 1,172 428 744 502 243 350 932 118 1,453 202 62 140 81 59 113 630 508 1,347 149 36 113 49 64 109 573 516 4,523 2,065 738 1,327 935 392 597 1,400 461 4,429 1,964 680 1,284 915 369 637 1,418 410 1,706 653 166 487 306 181 185 655 213 1,601 635 130 504 300 205 160 593 213 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 4 1 29 1 3 11 4 1 29.5 1 3 10.6 58.8 17.2 41.6 1 2 58.7 16.6 42 1 2 1.6 4 16.9 27.6 1 36.5 4 16.6 28.9 1 36.2 1 9.6 7.8 4 3 11 8.4 8 4 38.3 4 1 29.3 1 31.0 10.2 4 1 29.0 1 3 9.3 38.3 9.7 28.6 10.8 38.4 1 39.6 8 3 10.0 37 1 UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants.6 1.6.5.6.5.5.9.5.8.6 1.6.2.6.2 1 5 1 5.5 1.2.4 1.7.5 1.2.3 1 1.3 1.0 1.3 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 37

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A32. persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and duration of unemployment (Percent distribution) Reason, sex, and age Total unemployed Thousands of persons Percent Less than 5 weeks 5 to 14 weeks Duration of unemployment Total 15 weeks and over 15 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over Total, 16 years and over Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Permanent job losers Persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 6,319 2,729 862 1,867 1,267 600 817 2,101 672 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 46 4 59.5 37.5 3 47 59.7 4 48.9 30.6 30.3 30.8 30 3 2 2 32 3 2 2 9.7 3 3 27.5 16.5 2 1 11.3 1 6.5 17.5 20.0 1 8.8 10.5 1 11.3 1 1 1 7.6 1 9.6 Men, 20 years and over Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Permanent job losers Persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 2,400 1,408 397 1,010 717 293 358 596 38 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 4 4 67.2 3 31.7 4 5 3 1 26.9 27 2 28.5 29.2 26.8 2 27.6 1 30.6 29.0 9.4 36.7 39.0 31.2 21.7 39.2 1 1 1 6.2 16.6 18.9 10.8 1 10.9 1 17.9 1 20.2 20 20.3 9.8 28.2 1 Women, 20 years and over Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Permanent job losers Persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 2,573 1,172 428 744 502 243 350 932 118 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 4 42 5 36.4 31.0 47.4 60.4 40.4 4 3 3 37.7 3 37.5 27.5 2 3 2 2 2 10.3 29.4 3 2 1 26.6 3 1 1 6.7 20.4 2 1 7.9 1 1 10.0 7 9 7.9 11.4 6 1 21 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Permanent job losers Persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 1,347 149 36 113 49 64 109 573 516 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 56.4 68.9 70.7 78.2 5 5 3 19.8 1 1 35 39.0 10.3 11.3 1 7.2 1 9.5 6.2 6.2 1.6 6 5 6.8 ) 5.8 1 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. A33. total and fulltime workers by duration of unemployment Total Fulltime workers Duration of unemployment Thousands of persons Percent distribution Thousands of persons Percent distribution Total, 16 years and over Less than 5 weeks 5 to 14 weeks 5 to 10 weeks 11 to 14 weeks 15 weeks and over 15 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over 27 to 51 weeks 52 weeks and over 6,567 2,845 2,179 1,626 553 1,543 685 858 369 489 6,319 2,910 1,934 1,434 500 1,475 714 761 311 450 100.0 4 3 2 8.4 2 10.4 1 7.4 100.0 46 30.6 2 7.9 2 11.3 1 7 5,375 2,203 1,790 1,337 453 1,382 625 757 329 428 5,192 2,260 1,608 1,167 441 1,324 643 680 296 385 100.0 41.0 3 2 8.4 2 11.6 1 6 8.0 100.0 4 31.0 2 8.5 2 1 1 7.4 Average (mean) duration, in weeks Median duration, in weeks 1 1 1 6.9 1 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 38

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A34. persons by age, sex, race, marital status, and duration of unemployment Sex, age, race, and marital status Total Less than 5 weeks Thousands of persons 5 to 14 weeks Total 15 weeks and over 15 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over Average (mean) duration Weeks Median duration TOTAL Total, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 6,319 1,347 1,148 1,343 1,150 768 421 143 2,910 759 602 589 429 311 170 49 1,934 448 349 424 350 224 99 40 1,475 139 197 329 370 233 152 54 714 65 102 177 174 125 52 19 761 74 95 152 196 108 101 35 1 7.9 10.9 1 17.3 15.8 19 19.4 8 7.7 8.2 6.4 Men, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 3,137 737 600 583 558 358 214 86 1,426 406 324 240 198 150 84 23 891 246 165 179 151 96 36 17 821 85 110 164 209 113 94 46 342 36 54 80 78 54 24 16 479 49 56 84 130 59 70 30 1 8.4 11 1 20.6 16 2 26 7.3 8.6 8.2 10 17.7 Women, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over Race 3,182 609 548 759 591 409 208 57 1,485 354 278 349 231 161 86 26 1,043 202 183 245 199 128 63 23 654 54 87 166 162 120 59 8 372 29 48 97 96 71 28 3 282 25 39 68 65 49 31 5 11.6 7.2 10.7 11 1 1 1 (M 7.7 7.4 7.4 White, 16 years and over Men Women 4,429 2,235 2,194 2,154 1,065 1,088 1,329 607 722 946 563 383 469 245 224 477 318 159 1 1 10.0 5 Black, 16 years and over Men Women 1,601 749 852 600 281 319 529 247 281 472 221 252 221 83 138 251 137 114 17 18.2 16 7.2 7.9 Marital status Men, 16 years and over: Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated... Single (never married) 940 393 1,803 392 138 895 251 79 561 297 176 347 140 64 137 157 112 210 16.5 21.3 1 7.2 10.8 Women, 16 years and over: Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated... Single (never married) 1,064 588 1,530 516 218 751 319 231 493 229 138 287 139 70 162 89 68 125 11 1 11.0 7.3 1 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 39

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A35. persons by occupation, industry, and duration of unemployment Occupation and industry Total Less than 5 weeks Thousands of persons 5 to 14 weeks Total 15 weeks and over 15 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over Average (mean) duration Weeks Median duration OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Service occupations Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 893 1,618 1,166 549 1,210 196 385 821 544 213 511 99 275 468 343 184 380 45 233 330 280 152 318 52 115 193 113 73 149 32 118 137 167 80 169 20 1 11.3 1 1 15 1 7.7 6 INDUSTRY 1 Agriculture Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Public administration 147 399 772 517 255 976 4,328 595 3,584 438 76 155 294 200 93 122 729 89 955 56 36 126 244 146 99 101 425 42 614 47 36 118 234 171 63 115 283 67 386 43 19 66 131 95 35 53 122 43 186 16 17 52 103 76 27 62 162 24 200 27 1 1 1 1 1 17.5 12 1 1 21.6 8.3 7.8 7.9 7.8 8.3 6.2 7.7 No previous work experience 672 329 239 105 40 65 11.6 1 Includes wage and salary workers only. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. A36. Persons not in the labor force by desire and availability for work, age, and sex (In thousands) Total Age Sex Category 16 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Men Women Total not in the labor force Do not want a job now 1 Want a job 1 Did not search for work in previous year Searched for work in previous year* Not available to work now Available to work now Reason not currently looking: Discouragement over job prospects 3 Reasons other than discouragement Family responsibilities In school or training Ill health or disability Other 4 65,934 61,172 4,763 2,835 1,927 600 1,328 374 953 148 114 115 575 66,709 62,220 4,490 2,757 1,732 599 1,133 290 843 138 92 122 490 9,041 7,372 1,669 894 775 240 535 167 368 46 84 22 216 9,327 7,705 1,622 924 698 255 443 113 330 40 59 15 216 19,101 16,835 2,267 1,307 960 316 644 161 483 88 31 84 279 19,437 17,423 2,013 1,199 815 302 513 133 380 84 33 70 194 37,792 36,964 827 635 193 44 149 46 102 14 9 79 37,945 37,091 854 634 220 43 177 44 132 14 38 80 23,319 21,506 1,813 974 838 203 635 225 410 32 46 75 258 23,821 22,106 1,715 1,040 676 182 493 159 334 15 35 50 234 42,616 39,666 2,950 1,861 1,089 397 692 149 543 116 69 41 317 42,888 40,113 2,774 1,718 1,057 417 640 131 509 122 58 72 256 1 Includes some persons who are not asked if they want a job. 2 Persons who had a job in the prior 12 months must have searched since the end of that job. 3 Includes believes no work available, could not find work, lacks necessary schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. 4 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as childcare and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not ascertained. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 40

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A37. Multiple jobholders by selected demographic and economic characteristics (Numbers in thousands) Both sexes Men Women Characteristic Number Rate 1 Number Rate 1 Number Rate 1 AGE Total, 16 years and over 2 16 to 19 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 7,643 535 7,108 823 6,285 5,599 686 591 95 7,636 566 7,070 778 6,291 5,515 776 641 136 5.8 6.2 5.9 6.5 5.8 5.8 4,099 245 3,854 368 3,486 3,085 401 339 62 4,155 276 3,879 367 3,512 3,057 455 360 95 5.9 3,544 289 3,254 455 2,799 2,514 285 252 33 3,481 290 3,191 411 2,780 2,459 321 281 40 5.8 7.0 5.8 7.5 5.8 7.0 6.4 RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN White Black Hispanic origin 6,595 775 446 6,632 715 513 5.9 5.8 3,580 382 278 3,623 377 308 5.8 5.8 3,015 393 168 3,009 338 205 5 5.9 MARITAL STATUS Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 4,190 1,300 2,154 4,066 1,245 2,324 5.8 6 6 2,596 468 1,035 2,492 484 1,180 6 5.8 5.9 1,594 831 1,119 1,574 762 1,145 6.9 6.8 6.7 FULL OR PARTTIME STATUS Primary job full time, secondary job part time... Primary and secondary jobs both part time Primary and secondary jobs both full time Hours vary on primary or secondary job 4,253 1,563 308 1,456 4,101 1,735 300 1,459 2,485 539 223 821 2,439 604 206 890 1,769 1,024 86 636 1,662 1,131 95 569 1 Multiple jobholders as a percent of all employed persons in specified group. 2 Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary jobs(s), not shown separately. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 41

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A38. Employment status of male Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans by age (Numbers in thousands) Civilian noninstitutional population Veteran status and age Total Number Percent of labor force VIETNAMERA VETERANS Total, 40 years and over 40 to 54 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 years and over 7,799 5,922 741 2,228 2,953 1,877 7,758 5,479 502 1,853 3,124 2,279 6,543 5,269 656 1,971 2,642 1,274 6,312 4,763 439 1,591 2,734 1,549 6,352 5,102 626 1,913 2,564 1,249 6,174 4,652 435 1,540 2,678 1,521 191 166 30 58 78 25 139 111 4 51 56 28.8 NONVETERANS Total, 40 to 54 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 20,365 9,220 6,852 4,294 21,383 9,460 7,393 4,529 18,474 8,533 6,234 3,708 19,336 8,717 6,715 3,904 17,953 8,285 6,077 3,591 18,900 8,516 6,570 3,814 522 248 157 117 436 201 146 90 NOTE: Male Vietnamera veterans are men who served in the Armed : orces between August 5, 1964 and 7, 1975. Nonveterans are men who have never served in the Armed Forces. Beginning in January, aata reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 42

Need information from the Bureau of Labor Statistics? You can get it now on the WEB. Here are the Bureau's addresses. Bureau of Labor Statistics Division of Information Services BLS Regional Offices Employment and Unemployment: Employment, hours, and earnings by industry National State and area National labor force statistics Region, State, and metropolitan area labor force data Longitudinal research Covered employment and wages Occupational employment statistics Mass layoff statistics Prices and Living Conditions: Consumer price indexes Producer price indexes Consumer Expenditure Survey Compensation and Working Conditions: National Compensation Survey Collective bargaining Employment cost trends Employee Benefits Survey Occupational Compensation Survey Safety and health Productivity: Quarterly labor productivity Industry productivity Multifactor productivity Employment Projections International data: Foreign labor statistics U.S. import and export price indexes http://stats.bls.gov http://stats.bls.gov/opbinfo.htm http://stats.bls.gov/regnhome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/ceshome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/790home.htm http://stats.bls.gov/cpshome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/lauhome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/nlshome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/cewhome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/oeshome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/lauhome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/cpihome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/ppihome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/csxhome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/comhome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/cbahome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/ecthome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/ebshome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/ocshome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/oshhome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/lprhome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/iprhome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/mprhome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/emphome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/flshome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/ipphome.htm

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HISTORICAL EMPLOYMENT B1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 1947 to date (In thousands) Year and month 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 2 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 : August September October November December : January February March April P P Total Total private Goodsproducing Total Mining Construction Manufacturing Serviceproducing Total Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail i j trace Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Governmen Federa State t Local Annual averages 43,857 44,866 43,754 45,197 47,819 48.793 50.202 48,990 50.641 52,369 555 51,322 53,270 54,189 53,999 55,549 56,653 58,283 60,763 63,901 65.803 67,897 70,384 70,880 71,211 73,675 76.790 78,265 76,945 79,382 82,471 86,697 89,823 90,406 91,152 89,544 90,152 94,408 97,387 99.344 101,958 1009 107,884 109,403 108,249 108,601 110.713 1163 117,191 119.608 122,690 125.826 38,382 39,216 37.897 39,170 41,430 42,185 456 42,238 427 45,091 439 43,483 45,186 45,836 45,404 46,660 47,429 46,686 50,689 53,116 513 56,058 58,189 58,325 58.331 60,341 658 64,095 62,259 64,511 67,344 71,026 73,876 74,166 75,121 73,707 74,282 78,384 80,992 851 84,948 87.823 90,105 91.098 89.847 89,956 972 95,036 97,885 100,189 103,133 1007 18,509 18,774 17,565 18,506 19,959 2098 21,074 19,751 20.513 21,104 20.967 19,513 20,411 20,434 19,857 20 451 20,640 21,005 21,926 23,158 23,308 23,737 24,361 278 22,935 23,668 293 24,794 22,600 252 24,346 25,585 26,461 25,658 25,497 23,812 23,330 24,718 24,842 233 24,674 2525 25,254 24,905 245 23,231 252 208 24,265 24,493 24,962 25,347 955 994 930 901 929 898 866 791 792 822 828 751 732 712 672 650 635 634 632 627 613 606 619 623 609 628 642 697 752 779 813 851 958 1,027 1,139 128 952 966 927 777 717 713 692 709 689 635 610 601 581 580 596 590 2,009 2,198 294 2,364 2,637 68 59 46 39 3,039 2,962 2,817 3,004 2,926 2,859 2,948 3,010 3,097 32 3,317 3,248 3,350 3,575 3,588 3,704 3,889 97 4,020 3,525 3,576 3,851 4,229 63 4,346 4,188 3,904 3,946 80 4,668 4,810 4,958 5,098 5,171 520 50 4,492 4,668 86 560 18 5,691 5.985 15,545 182 14,441 15,241 193 16,632 17,549 16,314 16,882 17,243 17,176 15,945 16,675 16,796 126 16,853 16,995 17.274 18.062 19,214 19,447 19,781 20,167 19,367 18,623 19,151 2054 20.077 18,323 18,997 19,682 20,505 21,040 20,285 20,170 18,780 18,432 19,372 19,248 18.947 18,999 19,314 19,391 19,076 18.406 1804 18,075 18.321 18,524 18,495 18,675 18,772 25,348 26,092 26,189 26,691 27,860 28,595 29,128 29,239 3028 31,264 31,889 31,811 32,857 33,755 34,142 398 313 37.278 38.839 40,743 42,495 44,158 46,023 47,302 48.276 50,007 51,897 53,471 545 56,030 5825 6113 63,363 64,748 655 65,732 66,821 69,690 72,544 711 77,284 80,084 82,630 84,497 84,504 85,370 87,361 90,256 925 95,115 97,727 100.480 4,166 4,189 4,001 4,034 4,226 4,248 4,290 4,084 4,141 4,244 41 76 4,011 4,004 3,903 3,906 3,903 3,951 4,036 4,158 4,268 4,318 4,442 4,515 4,476 4,541 56 4,725 4,542 4,582 4,713 4,923 5,136 5,146 5,165 5,081 4,952 5,156 5,233 47 5,362 5,512 5,614 5,777 5,755 5,718 5,811 5,984 6,132 6,253 6,408 6,600 2,478 2,612 2,610 2,643 2,735 21 2,862 2,875 2,934 3,027 3,037 89 3,092 3,153 3,142 3,207 3,258 3,347 3,477 3,608 00 3,791 3,919 4,006 4,014 27 91 4,447 4,430 4,562 4,723 4,985 5,221 5,292 75 5,295 5,283 5,568 5,727 5,761 5,848 6,030 6,187 6,173 6,081 5,997 5.981 6,162 6,378 6,482 6,648 6,831 6,477 6,659 6,654 6,743 7.007 7,184 7,385 7,360 7.601 7,831 7,848 7,761 8,035 8,238 895 8,359 8,520 8,812 9,239 9,637 9,906 10,308 10785 11,034 11.338 11,822 12315 12,539 130 13,193 13,792 156 14,972 15,018 15,171 15,158 15,587 16,512 17,315 17.880 18,422 19.023 19,475 19,601 19,284 19,356 19.773 20,507 21,187 21,597 21,966 22,296 1,728 1,800 28 1,888 1,956 2,035 2,111 2,200 2,298 89 2,438 2,481 2,549 2,628 2,688 2,754 2,830 2,911 2,977 3,058 85 3,337 3,512 3,645 3,772 08 4,046 4,148 4,165 4,271 67 4,724 4,975 5,160 5,298 5,340 5,466 5,684 5,948 6.273 6,533 6,630 6,668 6,709 6,646 6,602 6,757 6,896 6,806 6,911 7,109 7,407 5,025 5,181 5,239 5,356 5,547 99 5,835 5,969 6,240 6,497 6,708 6,765 7,087 7,378 7,619 7,982 8,277 8,660 9,036 9,498 10,045 10,567 11,169 11,548 11.797 12,276 157 13,441 13,892 14,551 15,302 16,252 17,112 17,890 18,615 19,021 19,664 20,746 21,927 22,957 24,110 25,504 26,907 27,934 28,336 29,052 30,197 31,579 33,117 34,454 36,040 37,526 1,892 1,863 1,908 1,928 2,302 2,420 2,305 2,188 2,187 2,209 2,217 2,191 2,233 2,270 2,279 2,340 2,358 2,348 2,378 2,564 2,719 2,737 58 2,731 96 2,684 2 663 2,724 2,748 2,733 2,727 2,753 2,773 2,866 2,772 2,739 2,774 2,807 2,875 2,899 2,943 2,971 2,988 3,085 2,966 2,969 2,915 2,870 2,822 2,757 2,699 2,686 (D (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 0) 1,168 1,250 1,328 1,415 1,484 1,536 1,607 1,668 1,747 1,856 1,996 241 2,302 2,442 2,533 64 2,747 2,859 2,923 3,039 3,179 3,273 3,377 3,474 3,541 3,610 3,640 3,640 3,662 3,734 32 3,893 3,967 4,076 4,162 4,305 4,355 4,408 4,488 4,576 4,635 4,606 4,582 4,612 (D (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 3,558 3,819 4,071 4,230 4,366 4,547 4,708 4,881 5,121 5,392 5,700 6,080 6,371 6,660 6,904 7,158 7,437 7,790 8,146 8,407 8,758 8,865 9,023 9,446 9,633 9,765 9,619 9,458 9,434 9.482 9,687 9,901 10,100 10,339 10,609 10,914 11,081 11,267 11,438 11,682 11,849 12,056 12,276 12,521 Monthly data, seasonally adjusted 125.808 12670 126,361 126,567 126,841 127,186 127.378 127,730 127.813 12834 12862 128,435 128.745 1009 106,301 106.470 106,654 106.893 107,213 107.386 107.676 107,726 108,035 108,085 108,324 108.618 240 25,344 233 25,306 25,298 25,354 215 25,329 25,285 25,288 25,199 25,180 230 588 585 583 578 574 570 560 553 550 538 531 527 524 5,990 6,005 09 6,042 6,085 6,173 6,170 6.238 6.232 6,277 6,239 6.260 6.282 18,662 18,754 18,741 18,686 18,639 18,611 18,585 18,538 18,503 18,473 18,429 18,393 18.424 100,568 100,826 101,028 101,261 101,543 101,832 102,063 1001 1028 102,846 102,963 103,255 1015 6.606 6,625 6,637 6,657 6,671 6,684 6,708 6,723 6,732 6,750 6,758 6.778 6.792 6.836 6,846 6.871 6,876 6,891 6,901 6,924 6,937 6,947 6,965 6,977 6,989 7,005 22,321 22,353 22,382 22,392 22,443 22,525 22,556 22,648 22,611 22,724 22,748 22,792 22,883 7,430 7,445 7,467 7,494 7,520 7,542 7,570 7,581 7,595 7,611 7,621 7,639 7,652 37.576 37,688 37,780 37,929 38,070 38,207 38,313 38,458 38.556 38.697 38,782 38,946 39,056 2,675 2,688 2,689 2,711 2,723 2,701 2,702 2,713 2,710 2,688 2,666 2,663 2,663 4,612 4,633 4,647 4,633 4,637 4,652 4,644 4,670 4,680 4,688 4,677 4,679 4,681 12,512 12,548 12,555 12,569 12,588 12,620 12,646 12,671 12,697 12,723 12,734 12,769 12,783 1 Not available 2 Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959. This inclusion resulted in an increase of 2100 (0.4 percent) in the nonfarm total for the March 1959 benchmark month. P = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data (beginning April ) and all seasonally adjusted data (beginning January 1995) are subject to revision. 44 Digitized for FRASER

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HISTORICAL HOURS AND EARNINGS B2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 1964 to date Year and month Total private 1 Weekly hours Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Mining Weekly hours Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Construction Weekly hours Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Annual averages 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1963 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 : August September... October November December : January February March April P P 38.7 38.8 38.6 38.0 37.8 37.7 37 36.9 37.0 36.9 36.5 36 36 3 35.8 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 $6 6 6 8 5 4 3 5 0 4 4 3 6 5 9 66 6.66 7.25 7.68 8.02 8.32 8.57 8.76 8.98 9.28 9.66 10.01 10.32 10.57 10.83 112 11.43 12 18 18 $91.33 95 98.82 104 107.73 111 119.83 127.31 136.90 149 156 163 175 189.00 200 219.91 2350 250 267.26 280.70 296 299.09 305 310 322 334 345 358 361 374 385.86 394 406.61 429 4429 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 $1 2 5 9 5 0 5 6 4 5 3 5.95 6.46 6.94 7.67 8.49 97 10.04 10.77 11.28 11.63 18 16 14 10 16 18 19 14 10 18 10 12 16,15 16,90 $117.74 122 130.24 135.89 141 150 160 1724 1894 201.40 2194 249.31 270 301.20 338 367 397.06 438.75 459.88 479.40 508 519.93 525.81 531.70 541.44 5708 609 630.04 638.31 646.78 666.62 681 707.59 731 741 37.2 37.4 37.6 37.7 37.3 37.9 37.3 37.2 36.5 36.8 36.6 36.4 36.8 36.5 36.8 37.0 37.0 36.9 36.7 37 37.8 37.7 37.4 37.8 37.9 37.9 38.2 38 38.0 38.5 38.9 38.9 39.0 39.0 38.8 $5 0 9 1 1 9 4 9 6 6.41 6.81 7.31 7.71 80 8.66 9.27 9.94 10.82 11.63 14 123 12 18 11 18 14 17 10 15 18 13 19 17 14 16.59 Monthly data, not seasonally adjusted 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 $18 16 10 13 10 10 11 10 12 16 19 14 16 $441.26 4495 447 447.38 4510 4510 444 449.33 448.70 451.39 457 454 456.65 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 $16.76 16.88 171 17.07 17.29 17.29 17.23 17.08 17.01 16.93 17.00 16.95 173 $736 742 732 751.08 757.30 757 728.83 729.32 717.82 737 751.40 7499 7575 40.2 40.2 37.5 40.0 38.6 39 37.9 38.0 37.7 38.6 39.3 39.8 39.9 $16.66 16.77 16.79 16.89 16.82 16.87 16.74 16.66 16.79 16.85 17.02 17.07 17.26 $136 138.38 146.26 155 169 184 195 211.67 2219 235.89 249.25 268 283 295 318.69 349 367.78 399.26 426.82 447 458.51 466 466.75 480.44 493 517 521 530 537.70 553 570 587.00 603 626 649 $669.73 675 629.63 670 649.25 659.62 635 638 638 650.41 668.89 679.39 688.67 S e e footnotes at end of table. 45 Digitized for FRASER

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HISTORICAL HOURS AND EARNINGS B2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 1964 to datecontinued Manufacturing Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Year and month Weekly hours Hourly earnings Hourly earnings, excluding overtime Weekly earnings Weekly hours Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Weekly hours Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Annual averages 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969. 40.7 41.2 41 4 40.6 40.7 40 6 $3 1 2 71 2 1 9 $3 0 9 1 8 5 $107 107.53 1129 119 121 129.51 41 41.3 41.2 40.5 40.6 40.7 $9 3 1 3 2 3 $118.78 1254 1283 130.82 138.85 147.74 40.7 40.8 40.7 40.3 40 40.2 $2 0 3 7 4 3 $106 108 111 11 116 120 129.85 1970 1971 1972... 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 39.8 39 9 40.5 40 7 40.0 39.5 40 40.3 40.4 40 2 5 7 2 9 2 3 2 8 67 6.70 3 5 6 1 5 7 2 4 5.91 6.43 133 144 151 166.46 176.80 190.79 209.32 228.90 249.27 269,34 40.5 40 40.4 40.5 40.2 39.7 39.8 39.9 40.0 39.9 5 1 5 2 1 5.88 6.45 6.99 7.57 86 155.93 168.82 187.86 201 217.48 234 256.71 278.90 300 328 39.9 39.4 39.4 39.2 38.8 38.6 38.7 38.8 38.8 38.8 3 4 5 7 8 2 2 9 5.88 9 136.86 142 151.69 159.54 169.94 1829 197 2093 2284 247.93 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 39.7 39.8 38.9 40 40.7. 40.5 40.7 41.0 41 41.0 7.27 7.99 8.49 8.83 99 9.54 9.73 9.91 109 10.48 7.02 7.72 8.25 8.52 8.82 96 9.34 9.48 9.73 10.02 288.62 318.00 330.26 358 373 387 391 401 418.81 429.68 39.6 39.4 39.0 39.0 39.4 39.5 39.2 39.2 38.2 38.3 8.87 9.70 10.32 10.79 112 11.40 11.70 13 14 17 351.25 3828 408 420.81 4383 450.30 458.64 478 467.57 481.43 38.4 38.5 38.3 38.5 38.5 38.4 38.3 38 38 38.0 6.95 7.55 8.08 8.54 8.88 95 9.34 9.59 9.98 10.39 266.88 290.68 309.46 328.79 348 351.36 357.72 368 380.24 392 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 40.8 40.7 41.0 41.4 4 41.6 41.6 4 10.83 118 11.46 11.74 17 17 17 17 19 10.37 10.71 10.95 118 11.43 11.74 122 15 19 446 453 469.86 484 506.94 519 531.23 554 563 38.4 38 38.3 39.3 39.7 39.4 39.6 39.7 39.5 12 10 13 15 18 13 15 12 11 4963 502 517 532 547.07 556.72 572 592 605 38 38 38.2 38.2 38.4 38.3 38.3 38.4 38.4 10.79 115 11.39 11.74 16 13 17 15 16 4110 422 4350 448.47 460 477 492 516.48 539.90 Monthly data, not seasonally adjusted : August September... October November December : January February March April P P 41 4 41 9 4 4 41.3 41.3 41.4 41.6 4 41.2 $18 15 10 15 10 19 16 16 13 10 15 10 14 $10 14 18 13 17 14 18 10 14 10 14 17 11 $549.92 560.87 560 567.75 572 589 566 566 568.42 578 577.55 581.02 573 39.7 39.9 39.3 39.3 39.7 39 38.7 39.0 38.8 38.6 38.8 39.0 38.9 $17 10 11 19 18 10 17 16 11 17 15 13 18 $606.22 610.47 601 603 616 605 606 606.84 601.79 601.00 604 607 609.95 38.3 38.7 38 38.3 38.7 38.4 38.0 38.3 38.2 38.3 38.6 38.4 38.4 $14 18 16 19 14 12 12 18 14 18 13 13 14 $537.73 548.77 539.50 548 556 549.89 547.96 550.75 547.79 558 560.86 551 558.34 See footnotes at end of table. 46

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HISTORICAL HOURS AND EARNINGS B2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 1964 to date Continued Year and month Weekly hours Retail trade Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Weekly hours Finance, insurance, and real estate Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Weekly hours Services Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Annual averages 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 37.0 36.6 35.9 3 3 3 $1.75 2 1 1 26 0 $65 66.61 68.57 70.95 75 78.66 37.3 37.2 37.3 37 37.0 37 $0 9 7 8 5 3 $89 88.91 923 92 101.75 108.70 36 35.9 3 35 3 3 $4 5 27 9 2 1 $70.03 70 77.04 80.38 87 90.57 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 3 3 3 3 3 3 32 31.6 31.0 30.6 4 0 5 1 4 6 7 5 0 3 87 87.62 95 92 108 108.86 110 121.66 130.20 138.62 36.7 36.6 36.6 36.6 36.5 36.5 36.4 36.4 36.4 36.2 7 2 6 3 7 6 7 4 9 7 117 117.85 128 129.20 137.61 1489 153 166 178.00 190.77 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 4 7 7 5 2 1 5 9 6 96.66 106 110.85 117.29 120 137 142 155 167 177 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 30.2 30 29.9 29.8 29.8 29.4 29.2 29.2 29 28.9 8 5 8 4 5.85 5.94 3 62 1 6.53 147.38 158.03 165 171.05 173 174 178 178.70 182 188.72 36.2 3 36.2 36.2 36.5 36.4 36.4 3 35.9 35.8 9 1 6.78 7.29 7.63 7.94 8.36 8.73 9.06 9.53 209.60 229.05 244 260 278.50 289.02 300 316.90 325 3417 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5.85 6.41 6.92 7.31 7.59 7.90 88 8.49 8.88 9.38 190.71 208.97 229 239.04 247.43 256.75 265.85 275.93 289.49 309 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 28.8 28.6 28.8 28.8 28.9 28.8 28.8 28.9 29.0 6.75 6.94 72 7.29 7.49 7.69 7.99 8.33 8.73 190 198.48 206 209.95 216.46 221.47 2301 240.74 257 35.8 3 35.8 35.8 35.8 35.9 35.9 36 36.4 9.97 10.39 10.82 11.35 13 12 10 14 16 356.93 370.92 387.36 403 421 449 459.52 487 511.78 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 9.83 10.23 10.54 10.78 11.04 11.39 11.79 18 15 319.48 331.45 345 350.35 358.80 369.04 380 400.33 418.91 Monthly data, not seasonally adjusted : August September October... November December : January... February.. March April P P 29.8 29.9 29 28.9 28.9 29.2 28 28.6 28.6 28.7 29 29.4 29.8 $8.69 8.72 8.88 8.84 8.86 8.88 9.00 8.98 9.00 9.03 9.03 9.02 9.02 $258.96 260.73 258.41 258 255 259.30 250 256.83 257.40 2596 267 2659 268.80 36 36.9 35.9 36 36.9 36.2 3 3 3 35.9 36.4 35.9 3 $14 12 10 10 13 10 18 15 13 11 12 11 14 $503 521.03 5069 512 537 521.28 521.28 5287 528 520 535.81 520.91 524 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 $18 15 17 11 15 18 10 12 13 12 14 12 11 $4177 420 418.93 423 431.32 429.67 429.59 430 439 437 436.22 430.97 439 1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance and real estate; and services. p = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 47

ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B3. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and selected component groups, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Industry Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr, P P Total 125,808 126,170 126,361 126,567 126,841 127,186 127,378 127,730 127,813 12834 128,162 128,435 128,745 Total private 106,009 106,301 106,470 106,654 106,893 107,213 107,386 107,676 107,726 108.035 108,085 108,324 108,618 Goodsproducing 25,240 25,344 25,333 206 25,298 25,354 25,315 229 25,285 25,288 25,199 25,180 25,230 Mining Metal mining Coal mining Oil and gas extraction Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels... 588 50 90 339 109 585 50 90 336 109 583 50 90 334 109 578 50 90 329 109 574 50 90 325 109 570 50 90 320 110 560 50 89 312 109 553 50 88 306 109 550 50 87 305 108 538 49 86 294 109 531 49 86 287 109 527 48 85 285 109 524 48 84 282 110 Construction General building contractors Heavy construction, except building. Special trade contractors 5,990 1,377 842 3,771 6,005 1,381 842 3,782 6,009 1,382 837 3,790 6,042 1,389 843 3,810 6,085 1,394 850 3,841 6,173 1,404 876 3,893 6,170 1,410 871 3,889 6,238 1,426 869 3,943 6,232 1,429 864 3,939 6,277 1,428 874 3,975 6,239 1,427 854 3,958 6,260 1.433 857 3,970 6,282 1,437 860 3,985 Manufacturing 18,662 18,754 18,741 18,686 18,639 18,611 18,585 18,538 18,503 18,473 18,429 18,393 18,424 Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Computer and office equipment... Electronic and other electrical equipment Electronic components and accessories Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Aircraft and parts Instruments and related products... Miscellaneous manufacturing 11,066 812 532 563 705 1,491 2,208 379 1,705 659 1,788 887 526 869 393 11,177 813 532 564 713 1,502 2,203 378 1,698 655 1,894 997 526 866 392 11,159 815 532 565 712 1,500 297 377 1,692 651 1,891 996 525 863 392 11,128 817 532 566 705 1,498 2,188 374 1,683 647 1,892 998 523 859 388 11,092 820 532 568 700 1,494 2,177 373 1,673 643 1,887 996 520 855 386 11,074 823 534 570 699 1,493 267 370 1,669 640 1,882 994 518 851 386 11,050 826 534 569 696 1,495 2,148 362 1,663 637 1,884 996 517 849 386 11,027 827 535 571 695 1,491 2,146 362 1,659 636 1,871 989 510 847 385 11,014 827 535 569 693 1,490 239 360 1,659 636 1,873 992 511 844 385 10,993 824 536 570 691 1,489 2,132 361 1,658 635 1,864 996 503 842 387 10,971 824 537 569 689 1.487 2,129 362 1,658 635 1,853 996 498 839 386 10,959 823 537 568 687 1,486 2,127 363 1,657 638 1,850 998 491 837 387 10,998 822 545 571 689 1,495 2,133 362 1,663 636 1,852 1,003 489 842 386 Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products.. Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products 7,596 1,684 40 597 764 674 1,567 1,044 140 1,004 82 7,577 1,675 40 594 755 673 1,566 1,044 140 1,009 81 7,582 1,687 40 593 751 672 1,565 1,043 140 1,010 81 7,558 1,685 40 590 738 669 1,565 1,042 140 1,009 80 7,547 1,690 40 586 729 666 1,564 1,043 140 1,010 79 7,537 1,693 40 582 724 666 60 1,042 140 1,012 78 7,535 1,699 40 579 718 664 1,561 1,041 139 1,016 78 7,511 1,695 40 575 707 664 1,559 1,041 139 1,015 76 7,489 1,693 39 571 702 662 1,557 1,037 139 1,014 75 7,480 1,689 38 567 698 662 1,555 1,038 139 1,019 75 7,458 1,688 38 563 691 661 1,551 1,036 138 1,018 74 7,434 1,680 39 560 685 659 1,551 1,033 137 1,016 74 7,426 1,675 39 559 681 659 1,552 1,032 137 1,020 72 Serviceproducing 100,568 100,826 101,028 101,261 101,543 101,832 102,063 102,401 102,528 102,846 102,963 103,255 103,515 Transportation and public utilities.. Transportation Railroad transportation Local and interurban passenger transit Trucking and warehousing Water transportation Transportation by air Pipelines, except natural gas Transportation services Communications and public utilities. Communications Electric, gas, and sanitary services 6,606 4,281 231 469 1,749 181 1,183 14 454 2,325 1,472 853 6,625 4,305 232 475 1,755 184 1,190 14 455 2,320 1,467 853 6,637 4,313 233 471 1,759 183 1,196 14 457 2,324 1,472 852 6,657 4,327 232 473 1,766 183 1,199 14 460 2,330 1,480 850 6,671 4,335 230 474 1,770 184 1,201 14 462 2,336 1,484 852 6,684 4,340 231 474 1,769 183 1,205 14 464 2,344 1,492 852 6,708 4,356 233 474 1,786 182 1,204 14 463 2,352 1,502 850 6,723 4,367 233 475 1,789 181 1.213 14 462 2,356 1,507 849 6,732 4,378 235 476 1,796 177 1.218 14 462 2,354 1,506 848 6,750 4,397 234 483 1,800 180 1.220 14 466 2,353 1,508 845 6,758 4,402 233 480 1,802 180 1,226 13 468 2,356 1,513 843 6,778 4,418 234 483 1,809 180 1,230 13 469 2,360 1,514 846 6,792 4,432 235 484 1,815 181 1,233 13 471 60 1,516 844 Wholesale trade Durable goods Nondurable goods 6,836 4,046 2,790 6,846 4,055 2,791 6,871 4,066 2,805 6,876 4,068 2,808 6,891 4,074 2,817 6,901 4,077 2,824 6,924 4,088 2,836 6,937 4,100 2,837 6,947 4,103 2,844 6,965 4,113 2,852 6,977 4,124 2,853 6,989 4,135 2,854 7,005 4,147 2,858 See footnotes at end of table. 48

B3. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and selected component groups, seasonally adjusted Continued (In thousands) ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Industry Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr P P Retail trade Building materials and garden supplies General merchandise stores Department stores Food stores Automotive dealers and service stations New and used car dealers Apparel and accessory stores Furniture and home furnishings stores Eating and drinking places Miscellaneous retail establishments 22,321 947 2,728 2,426 3,484 2,343 1,048 1,148 1,026 7.767 2,878 253 950 33 2,429 83 2,345 1.048 149 1.031 7,779 2,883 22,382 954 2,745 37 3,486 2,349 1,050 150 1.033 7,782 2,883 292 957 44 41 3,485 2,356 1,052 1,144 1,038 7,787 2,881 22,443 961 50 2,447 3,488 2,361 1,055 1,148 1.042 7.808 2,885 225 967 2,758 2,456 3,487 2,370 1.059 147 1.048 7,857 91 22,556 972 73 70 3,481 2,377 1.061 152 1.055 7.843 2,903 22,648 979 2,781 2,475 3,492 2,390 1.065 167 1.064 7.855 2,920 211 982 2,794 89 90 2,392 1,069 1,167 1.070 7,785 31 22,724 982 2,799 99 3,492 2,399 1.074 1,163 1,081 7,863 2,945 248 979 84 2,486 3,487 2,400 1,077 1,172 1,084 7.880 2,962 22,792 981 84 2,485 3,476 2,402 1.080 177 1.091 7,913 2,968 22,883 986 2,783 2,482 3,476 2,412 1,086 1,181 1.091 7,974 2,980 Finance, insurance, and real estate... Finance Depository institutions Commercial banks Savings institutions Nondepository institutions Mortgage bankers and brokers Security and commodity brokers Holding and other investment offices Insurance Insurance carriers Insurance agents, brokers, and service Real estate 7,430 06 2,043 1,468 258 663 331 650 250 2,349 1,602 747 1,475 7,445 16 2,043 1,467 258 669 337 653 251 2,355 1,607 748 1,474 7.467 3,623 2,040 1,465 258 673 342 656 254 2,362 1.611 751 1,482 7.494 3,642 2,044 1,466 258 684 350 660 254 2,367 1,614 753 1.485 7,520 51 2,044 1,466 258 693 355 658 256 75 1.619 756 1,494 7.542 63 2,047 1,467 257 698 360 661 257 79 1.624 755 00 7,570 75 2,049 1,469 258 705 362 663 258 2,383 1,627 756 1,512 7.581 81 2,051 1,470 258 708 365 661 261 2,386 1.628 758 14 7,595 90 51 1,469 258 712 368 664 263 92 1.632 760 1,513 7,611 3,697 50 1,467 257 716 370 668 263 2,395 1,631 764 1,519 7,621 3,706 2,047 1,465 256 720 374 672 267 99 1,635 764 1,516 7,639 13 2,048 1,466 256 721 373 676 268 02 1,638 764 24 7,652 20 2,049 1,468 256 721 371 683 267 2,404 1,635 769 1,528 Services 1 Agricultrual services Hotels and other lodging places Personal services Business services Services to buildings Personnel supply services Help supply services Computer and data processing services Auto repair, services, and parking Miscellaneous repair services Motion pictures Amusement and recreation services... Health services Offices and clinics of medical doctors Nursing and personal care facilities... Hospitals Home health care services Legal services Educational services Social services Child day care services Residential cate Museums and botanical and zoological gardens Membership organizations Engineering and management services Engineering arid architectural services Management and public relations 37,576 704 1,782 1,197 8,601 952 3,234 73 1.613 1,146 381 573 1,599 9,847 1,803 1,762 3,931 665 974 2,177 50 607 746 92 62 3,201 910 1.037 37.688 709 1,784 1,197 8,649 952 3,249 2,887 1,626 1,150 382 575 1.608 9,859 1,811 1,760 3,937 661 977 2,176 60 610 749 93 65 3,214 912 1,046 37.780 712 1,785 195 8,654 956 3,230 2,874 1.639 1,153 384 577 1.622 9,873 1,818 1,761 3,943 658 980 2,189 72 610 753 93 69 3,231 913 1.058 37,929 716 1,784 1,194 8,729 959 3,254 2,891 1,658 1,155 386 577 1,626 9.883 1,825 1,759 3,948 654 985 2,206 2,682 612 757 93 74 3,248 915 1,068 38,070 726 1,782 198 8,779 962 3,267 2,903 1.675 160 388 575 1,641 9.892 1,831 1,757 3,950 651 986 2,214 2,695 615 760 94 75 3,273 919 1,081 38.207 739 1,783 1,202 8,829 964 3,292 2,922 1.691 1,163 390 577 1,647 9.899 1,833 1,756 3,952 651 988 2,223 2,708 618 762 94 80 3,292 922 1,090 38,313 747 1,785 1.205 8,869 971 3,308 2,933 1.708 1,168 392 573 1,653 9,905 40 1,756 3,954 645 989 2,218 2,721 621 765 94 2,385 3,316 926 103 38.458 751 1,786 1.201 8,922 971 3,331 2,954 1.724 1,175 392 582 1.656 9,919 1,844 1,755 3,959 651 992 2,237 2,734 625 768 94 2,389 3,335 930 1,111 38.556 747 1,789 1.200 8.963 973 3,343 67 1.734 1,176 393 580 1,660 9,932 1,850 1,754 3,963 653 995 2,243 2,744 627 769 95 92 54 933 1,123 38.697 755 1,791 1.204 9,010 978 3,350 2,975 1.749 1,178 396 587 1,668 9,951 1,856 1,753 3,966 656 998 2,254 55 628 772 94 92 3,370 939 1,133 38.782 751 1,786 1,189 9,047 979 3,366 2,986 1.765 1,182 398 604 1,675 9.954 1,860 1,755 3,966 653 QQQ 2,265 2,760 629 775 93 2,394 3,391 940 143 38,946 758 1,799 1.200 9,088 987 3,383 2,998 1.780 1,182 396 608 1,688 9,963 1,864 1,754 3,971 653 1,001 2,278 2,773 635 776 94 2,409 3,414 944 1,154 39,056 758 1,807 1,205 9,154 992 3,424 29 1.793 1,184 396 604 1,695 9,982 1,872 1,754 3,973 654 1,002 2,271 2,759 635 781 94 09 3,440 950 1,162 Government Federal Federal, except Postal Service State Education Other State government Local Education Other local government 19.799 2,675 09 4,612 1,915 2,697 112 7,078 5,434 19,869 2,688 1,818 4,633 31 02 148 709 5,439 19.891 1,815 4,647 1,939 2,708 12,555 7,103 5,452 19.913 11 33 4,633 1,923 2,710 12,569 7,108 5,461 19.948 2,723 1,843 4,637 1,923 14 12,588 7,132 5,456 19.973 2,701 1,819 4,652 1,932 2,720 12,620 7,148 5,472 19.992 2,702 1,822 4,644 1,920 2,724 12,646 7,165 5,481 20.054 2,713 34 4,670 1,941 29 12,671 7,181 5,490 20,087 2,710 1,831 4,680 1,948 2,732 12,697 7,200 5,497 20.099 2,688 1,809 4,688 1,955 2,733 123 7,206 5,517 20,077 2,666 1,788 4,677 1,941 2,736 134 7,225 5,509 20,111 63 1,788 4,679 1,936 2,743 12,769 7,242 5,527 20,127 2,663 1,787 4,681 1,938 2,743 12,783 7,247 5,536 1 Includes other industries, not shown separately. P = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March 49 benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 1995 forward are subject to revision.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA WOMEN EMPLOYEES SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B4. Women employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Industry Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec, Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Total 60,661 60,781 60.848 60,990 61,146 61,221 61,315 61.464 61,599 61,767 61,852 62,008 62,035 Total private 49,631 49,731 49,819 49,910 50,006 50,074 50,160 50,275 50,394 50,524 50,591 50,734 50,771 Goodsproducing 6,765 6,760 6,720 6,734 6,731 6,700 6,680 6,675 6,674 6,658 6,647 6,643 6,630 Mining 84 84 84 84 83 83 82 82 82 82 82 79 78 Construction 658 663 667 670 673 674 677 679 682 687 689 695 695 Manufacturing 6,023 6,013 5.969 5,980 5,975 5,943 5,921 5,914 5,910 5,889 5,876 5,869 5,857 Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing 2,993 142 168 106 104 337 486 711 408 (1) 173 2,987 143 168 105 105 337 485 708 407 d) 172 2,956 144 169 105 102 338 481 704 384 (1) 172 2,974 144 169 105 105 338 480 700 405 (D 172 69 145 169 105 105 339 477 696 406 (1) 171 2,956 145 168 105 105 338 475 689 408 (1) 169 2,943 146 168 105 104 337 472 684 406 d) 169 2,939 147 169 104 103 337 472 682 405 (1) 169 2,936 147 169 104 103 338 467 679 408 0) 169 2,930 148 170 104 102 338 466 677 405 (1) 168 2,924 149 169 104 102 336 464 675 407 (1) 168 2,926 148 170 103 101 339 464 676 405 (1) 169 2,922 149 171 102 101 339 464 675 404 (1) 168 Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products 3,030 555 13 279 566 165 705 334 24 345 44 3,026 554 13 278 562 164 707 334 25 345 44 3,013 554 13 277 558 163 706 335 24 340 43 3,006 553 13 275 550 163 705 335 24 345 43 3,006 555 13 276 548 162 705 336 24 345 42 2,987 551 13 274 536 162 705 335 24 345 42 2,978 555 13 271 529 161 703 335 24 345 42 2,975 558 13 270 525 161 702 335 24 345 42 2,974 560 13 269 521 161 702 335 24 348 41 2,959 557 13 267 513 161 701 335 25 346 41 2,952 557 12 266 508 161 701 336 25 346 40 2,943 554 12 263 503 161 700 336 25 349 40 2,935 556 12 261 498 160 698 337 25 349 39 Serviceproducing Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Government Federal State Local 53,896 1,970 2,095 11,717 4,633 22,451 11,030 1,139 2,355 7,536 54,021 1,976 2,099 11,739 4,647 210 11,050 1,142 2,359 7,549 54,128 1,983 2,102 11,777 4,662 22,575 11,029 1,128 2,365 7.536 54,256 1,993 2,105 11,786 4,670 22,622 11,080 1,132 2,372 7,576 54,415 2,004 2,106 11,806 4,678 22,681 11,140 1,138 2,384 7,618 54,521 2,016 2,110 11,804 4,697 22,747 11,147 1,148 2,382 7,617 54,635 2,015 2,115 11,813 4,712 22,825 11,155 1,151 2,385 7,619 54,789 2,025 2,118 11,842 4,726 22,889 11,189 1,141 2,394 7,654 54,925 2,032 2,121 11,874 4,743 22,950 11,205 1,141 2,390 7,674 55,109 2,048 2,127 11,923 4,751 23,017 11,243 1,148 2,403 7,692 55,205 2,049 2,132 11,937 4,753 23,073 11,261 1,149 2,407 7,705 55,365 2,054 2,140 11,974 4,752 23,171 11,274 1,133 2,414 7,727 55,405 2,059 2,140 11,998 4,753 23,191 11,264 1,124 2,413 7,727 1 This series is not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trendcycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 1995 forward are subject to revision. 50

ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B5. Production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Industry Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. P P Total private 86,744 86,973 87,106 87,253 87,448 87,702 87,855 88,077 88,170 88,358 88,428 88,574 88,830 Goodsproducing 17,885 17,982 17,976 17,962 17,959 18,014 17,988 17,976 17,963 17,926 17,872 17,847 17,908 Mining 447 444 442 438 435 432 423 416 413 403 398 395 395 Construction 4,637 4,647 4,641 4,675 4,716 87 4,792 4,830 4,836 4,827 4,812 4,829 4,842 Manufacturing 12,801 12,891 12,893 12,849 12,808 12,795 173 12,730 12,714 12,696 12,662 12,623 12,671 Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing 7,521 668 423 439 550 1,124 1,392 1,067 1,150 648 (2) 275 7,634 668 424 440 558 1,129 1,391 1,061 1,257 758 (2) 274 7,628 669 424 441 557 1,130 1,389 1,059 1,255 759 (2) 273 7,605 670 423 442 552 1,127 1,383 1,051 1,258 760 (2) 269 7,577 673 424 443 547 1,125 1,376 1,042 1,250 757 (2) 269 7,568 675 426 446 546 1,123 1,369 1,040 1,247 755 (2) 269 7,548 678 426 445 543 1,126 1,357 1,037 1,243 753 (2) 267 7,529 679 426 446 542 1,121 1,355 1,031 1,236 749 (2) 267 7,527 679 427 445 541 1,119 1,351 1,035 1,239 754 (2) 267 7,519 677 427 446 539 1,119 1,347 1,037 1,232 757 (2) 269 7,504 676 428 446 538 1,118 1,346 1,033 1,226 758 (2) 268 7,490 675 429 445 535 1,117 1,344 1,031 1,222 758 (2) 268 7,535 672 434 448 537 1,127 1,347 1,044 1,235 773 (2) 268 Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products 5,280 1,252 31 505 614 513 846 587 92 778 62 5,257 1,240 31 503 606 512 844 586 92 782 61 5,265 1,253 31 502 603 511 844 586 92 783 60 5,244 1,252 31 499 591 509 843 585 92 782 60 5,231 1,257 31 495 581 507 840 585 93 783 59 5,227 1,261 31 492 579 506 836 586 94 784 58 5,225 1,266 31 490 574 505 837 584 93 788 57 5,201 1,264 30 486 564 503 835 583 93 786 57 5,187 1,264 29 483 560 502 833 582 92 786 56 5,177 1,259 29 479 558 502 829 583 92 790 56 5,158 1,258 28 476 553 501 827 582 90 788 55 5,133 1,251 29 472 545 499 827 580 90 785 55 5,136 1,251 28 474 543 500 826 580 90 791 53 Serviceproducing 68,859 68,991 69,130 69,291 69,489 69,688 69,867 70,101 70,207 70,432 70,556 70,727 70,922 Transportation and public utilities 5,474 5,502 5,509 5,527 5,540 5,561 5,579 5,592 5,595 5,600 5,602 5,619 5,631 Wholesale trade 5,482 5,488 5,507 5,510 5,523 5,534 5,551 5,565 5,579 5,592 5,600 5,599 5,603 Retail trade 19,623 19,633 19,651 19,657 19,699 19,750 19,798 19,888 19,888 19,976 20,009 20,048 20,142 Finance, insurance, and real estate 5,462 5,473 5,484 5,508 5,528 5,542 5,565 5,569 5,571 5,580 5,583 5,591 5,597 Services 32,818 32,895 32,979 33,089 33,199 33,301 33,374 33,487 33,574 33,684 33,762 33,870 33,949 1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance and real estate; and services. 2 This series is not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trendcycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. p = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 1995 forward are subject to revision. 51

ESTABLISHMENT DATA DIFFUSION INDEXES SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B6. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted (Percent) Time span Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries 1 Over 1month span: 1995 1996 1997 6 49.6 56.2 6 5 58.0 6 61.0 57.9 58.3 5 59.4 6 58.8 52 56.5 55 6 60.5 58.8 47.5 6 58.8 55.9 5 5 60.8 5 57.9 P55.8 5 57.0 60.7 58.0 P59.0 59 6 61.0 55.8 57.9 57.3 59.4 5 56.9 6 6 5 5 59.7 6 59 57.7 61.2 62 58.6 Over 3month span: 1995 1996 1997 6 6 6 66.7 60.7 6 6 6 66.2 55.9 58.0 6 67.7 6 59.6 5 6 67.3 6 5 5 6 6 61.4 P5 5 6 61.7 58.7 P57.0 59.3 6 61.4 60.0 61.0 6 66.2 58.4 59.4 6 67.3 57.6 58.6 6 69.9 57.6 57.3 66.2 70.8 59.0 5 6 71.2 60.4 Over 6month span: 1995 1996 1997 66.7 6 67.4 70.6 61 59.7 6 68.3 66.9 58.8 58.6 6 6 65.9 P5 56.5 6 67.0 6 P57.7 59.0 6 6 6 60.0 6 6 61 57.7 67.0 6 58.0 61.0 6 68.4 59.8 60.5 65.9 69.7 60.0 59.3 66.7 71.3 60.8 61.7 66.9 71.3 60.8 6 66.7 7 58.0 Over 12month span: 1995 1996 1997 6 6 69.0 70.4 P59.8 6 66.7 67.3 68.3 6 6 68.3 67 6 6 69.7 6 61.7 68.5 69.5 62 6 67.3 70 61.7 58.7 67.7 70 6 6 66.4 70.4 6 6 68.0 70.5 59.8 6 69.9 69.7 59.0 6 68.7 69.8 59.3 6 66.9 71.3 P58.4 Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries' Over 1month span: 1995 1996 1997 57.2 4 50.0 58.6 40.3 50.4 5 5 5 4 47 46.8 5 50.4 39.6 5 41.0 56 50.4 4 41.4 55.8 5 40.6 3 4 51.4 5 46.8 P4 4 47 51 40.3 P5 51 56.5 5 4 48.6 48.9 5 42 51 5 6 3 4 50.7 61.2 39.9 48.2 5 5 4 Over 3month span: 1995 1996 1997 5 46.8 5 59.4 37.4 51.4 4 51.4 57.9 31.7 4 4 57.6 5 37 4 56.8 4 30.2 4 48.2 5 P3 37.4 51 5 3 P 42 5 5 37.4 4 49.6 5 37 48.2 5 59.7 38 46.8 5 68.3 3 4 5 65.8 3 41.4 50.7 6 3 Over 6month span: 1995 1996 1997 5 41.4 5 59.7 3 4 4 5 49.3 29 4 4 51.4 48.2 P27.3 38 47 5 36.7 P3 4 5 36.7 4 48.6 5 36.7 41.0 5 5 28.4 42 50.4 61.2 31.3 4 5 6 3 4 51.4 6 3 4 5 66.2 3 4 5 65 28 Over 12month span 1 1995 1996 1997 4 4 5 5 P30.9 4 47.5 5 49.3 4 4 5 4 47.8 4 5 40.6 41.0 50.4 5 3 49.6 56.8 3 38.5 50.4 57.2 30.9 38.8 48.6 57.9 3 3 51 58.3 26.6 38.5 5 56.5 26.6 39.9 5 5 2 4 50.7 57.2 P2 1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1, 3, and 6month spans and unadjusted data for the 12month span. Data are centered within the span. P = preliminary. NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus onehalf of the industries with unchanged employment. where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment. Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data (beginning April ) and all seasonally adjusted data (beginning January 1995) are subject to revision. 52

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) State Aug. Sept. Oct Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. P Total 1 1,911.3 27 2,080.0 1 122 1 13,55 2,050.6 1,64 398.6 616.9 6,675.9 3,73 530.3 520.4 5,886.2 2,921.0 1,44 1,31 1,75 1,89 569.8 2,315.9 3,172 4,520.8 2,56 1,13 2,69 37 87 92 586.9 3,796.4 720.3 8,231.0 3,758.0 315.9 5,478.9 1,44 1,55 5,487.2 456.8 1,786 361.0 2,641.3 8,926.6 1,02 285.9 3,31 2,59 717.4 2,717.9 227.3 1,916.6 27 2,08 1 124 3 13,606.4 2,06 1,649.3 398.5 610.8 6,698.5 3,74 529.3 521 5,918 2,906.5 1,457.3 1,31 1,757.5 1,90 570.0 2,329.5 3,18 4,466.8 2,56 1,141.4 2,688.4 37 88 927.7 586.5 3,800.9 72 8,21 3,795.8 316 5,44 1,440.8 1,557.4 5,50 459.9 1,789.2 361.7 2,646.5 8,95 1,02 28 3,309.3 2,60 717.4 2,712 228.6 1,918ft 27 2,091.0 1,12 13,648.4 2,06 1,651.3 401.3 618.7 6,72 3,761.4 531.2 52 5,921.4 2,926.6 1,45 1,316.8 1,76 1,905 570.2 2,33 3,185.8 4,52 2,568.8 1,13 2,69 37 880 93 586.7 3,808.7 72 8,239.6 3,816.9 31 5,48 1,447.0 1,559.5 5,508.2 459.9 1,79 361.2 2,657.0 8,978.9 1,027.9 286.8 3,321.3 2,61 718.9 2,72 227.5 1,917.3 27 2,099.6 1,12 13,679.8 2,070.0 1,645.8 401.7 617.8 6,75 3,77 536.2 52 5,921.4 2,937.6 1,457 1,31 1,760.6 1,907.9 57 2,339.7 3,187.9 4,53 2,559.4 1,13 2,698.6 375 881.3 93 587.8 3,821.0 72 8,258.3 3,80 317.0 5,489.0 1,447.0 1,561 5,516.8 462 1,800.0 362 2,64 9,00 1,03 287.0 3,329.0 2,608.7 721.3 2,718.3 226.6 1,916.4 276.8 2,101.3 1,129.8 117.2 2,07 1,651.4 40 61 6.757.8 3,77 530.7 525.9 5,929.0 2,93 1.460 1,32 1,76 1,908.2 57 2,34 3,189.9 4,540 2,578.4 1,13 2,70 37 88 94 590.7 3,817.3 72 8,27 3,811.0 317 5,497.2 1,449.7 1,56 5,508.7 46 1,80 36 2,650.5 9,026.8 1.030.6 286 37.8 2,61 72 2,720.0 227.3 1,916.8 276.6 2,11 1,13 148.8 2,07 1.65 40 616.4 6,77 3,78 528.3 527 1 5,937.5 2,93 1,460.8 1,328.4 1,76 1 576 2,346.6 3,191.6 4,54 2,58 1,13 2,708.5 376.4 88 94 591.2 3,821 72 8,289 3,81 317.5 5,498.2 1,451.6 1,571.2 5,51 460.9 1,80 36 2,65 9,046.6 1.03 287 3,3 2,619.0 72 25 227.4 1,92 276 2,117.7 1,131.4 13,78 76.2 1,660.3 406 61 6,791.4 9 527.2 53 5,947 2,940.7 1,466.9 1,330.6 1,76 1,918.3 577 2,34 3,198.5 4,547 2,59 1,13 2,717.6 376.8 886.7 946.7 59 3,83 725.8 8,311.4 3,82 319.3 5,501.3 1,45 1,57 5,526.4 461.0 1,81 36 2,655.8 9,06 1,036.9 288.6 3,348.8 2,62 72 3 228.0 1,927.3 277.8 2,11 1,131.4 13,827.9 2,085 1,660.5 408 615 6,809.6 3,800.7 526.5 536.8 5,94 2,940.5 1.459.7 1,33 1,77 1,910.8 578.6 2,35 9 4,5 2,59 1,135.9 2,71 378.2 880.5 949.9 59 3,83 726.4 8,30 3,83 319.9 5,489.4 1,455.8 1,578.7 5,518.8 458.3 1,818.8 36 2,65 9,077.0 1,037.7 288.9 3,347.2 2,628.6 726.5 2,727.9 229 29.8 277.5 2,117.3 1,13 13,83 2,08 1.66 408.8 61 6,825 3,81 527.5 537.2 5,94 2,95 1,467.2 1,33 1,77 1,909.7 579.9 2,361.3 0 4,537.4 2,589.9 1,13 2,706.4 378.2 879.6 949.9 59 3,840.3 726.7 8,328.0 3,830.3 319.4 5,499.2 1,459.9 1,580 5,532 459.9 1,821 366.4 2,65 9,099.4 1.040 288.8 3,358.3 2,631.6 728.9 2,730.9 230.3 1,929.4 278.0 2,12 1,13 13,85 2,08 1,66 408.7 61 6,839.6 3,831.6 527.6 536.5 5,94 2,956.8 1,466.7 1,33 1,77 1,908 580.8 2,359.3 3,209.9 4,551.7 2,590.7 13 0 379.4 875.9 95 597.5 3,846.7 729 8,336.5 3,82 319.7 5,498.4 1,46 1,58 5,528 461 1,82 366.2 2,650.7 9,118.6 1,04 290 3,36 2,639.9 725.8 2,73 229.6 1,93 277.5 2,13 1 13 13,881.7 2,07 1,66 409.4 615 6,867.3 3,83 528.9 536.4 5,967.9 2,960.9 1,47 1,34 1,78 1,91 581.4 2,36 3,217.5 4,557.2 2,60 1,13 2,70 380.2 876.9 95 597.8 3,85 729.3 8,34 3,83 321.4 5,510.5 1,470.9 1,587.0 5,541 46 1,825 367.7 2,657.3 9,137.7 1,04 291 3,36 2,64 72 2,740.7 23 1,93 277.3 2,138.5 1,13 13,938.9 2,089.6 1,66 411.4 61 6,888.7 3,84 529.9 53 5,971.0 2,945.9 1,479.6 1,340.3 1,788.7 1,91 581.6 2,365 3,217.7 4,557.9 2,60 1,13 2,70 379.7 876.7 960.6 596.5 3,861 729.7 8,35 3,820.2 320.7 5,510.5 1,47 1,58 5,53 461.3 1,829.3 36 2,66 9,155.9 1,046.5 291.2 3,368.9 2,64 721.2 2,74 23 1,935.9 276 2,150.5 1,13 13,967.3 2,09 1,66 41 616 6,91 3,86 531.2 53 5,989.3 2,95 1.48 1.34 1,788.0 1,920 58 2,37 3,221.0 4,56 2,610.0 1,13 2,705.8 378 879.8 959.6 597.5 6 730.8 8,359.0 3,821 317.9 5,517.2 1,47 1,58 5,517.0 46 1,838 366.2 2,67 9,177.2 1,049.3 291 3,382 2,64 72 2,740 227.8 Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming See footnotes at end of table. 53 Digitized for FRASER

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted Continued (In thousands) State Aug. Sept. I Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. P Construction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii 2 Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming See footnotes at end of table. 10 1 14. 48.0 600 131.6 57.7 2 9.2 35 18 21.7 3 23 14 6 6 8 128.9 2 139.7 106.2 185.8 100.9 5 12 18.8 40.3 8 2 13 4 281.3 21 1 226.7 5 8 219.0 1 10 16 12 49 67.7 1 189 14 3 111.7 15.8 10 1 14 47.7 608.7 13 57.6 2 9.0 35 18 21.4 3 240.0 14 6 6 8 130.3 2 14 108.0 18 101.0 5 13 18.8 85.8 2 135 4 281 216.2 15 227.7 5 8 219.8 1 10 16 12 501.6 68.0 1 188.8 14 3 11 15.9 10 1 14 47.6 61 13 57.8 2 9.0 355 18 21.3 3 239.4 14 6 6 8 129.4 2 14 108.3 18 101.3 55 128.7 18.7 4 86.6 2 13 4 28 216 1 226.8 5 8 220.6 1 106.8 1 12 50 68.7 1 189.7 14 3 11 1 10 1 147.0 47.6 61 136.2 58.3 2 9.0 35 186 21.0 3 239.3 14 6 6 8 128.8 25 14 108.5 18 10 5 128.8 18.5 4 86 2 13 4 28 21 1 22 5 81.6 220.6 15.8 107.9 15.9 12 50 69.3 1 190.4 14 3 11 1 10 1 147.3 48 62 137.3 58.4 2 8.8 357.9 187.8 20.5 3 240.2 14 6 6 8 129.9 25 14 109.0 186.8 10 5 129.4 18.5 4 8 2 13 4 28 217.5 1 226.5 5 8 220.6 15.9 108.6 16.2 12 507 70 1 192 14 3 11 1 10 1 148.9 48.4 62 136.7 58.8 2 8.8 358.4 189.0 20 3 240.7 14 62 6 8 130.7 2 14 109.2 188.3 10 56.7 13 18.6 41.0 86.6 2 13 4 287.9 218.4 1 226.8 55 8 22 1 108.8 16.2 12 508.2 70.7 1 19 14 3 11 1 106.2 1 150 48.4 627 135.9 60.5 2 8.7 359.7 192 20.2 3 24 145.9 6 6 8 130.6 25 14 110.6 189.6 106.5 56.8 13 18.9 4 87.0 2 136.7 4 290 219.3 1 227.6 5 8 22 15.8 109.6 16.4 126.8 508.8 7 1 19 14 3 116.7 15.9 107 1 15 49.3 6 138.8 61.0 2 8.9 361.6 19 20.7 3 24 14 6 6 86.2 13 26.2 14 11 18 107.7 58 130.0 18.9 4 88.6 2 137.4 4 29 220.5 1 228.7 5 8 22 1 109.8 16.4 128.8 51 71.6 15 19 14 3 116.2 16.6 106.9 1 15 49.5 632 137.4 61 2 8.9 360.9 191.0 20.7 3 24 14 6 65 87 131.7 26.6 146.2 11 190.4 109.0 58.5 13 19.3 42 87 2 138.2 4 296.8 220.9 1 23 5 85 230.7 1 110.2 16.6 128.0 518.0 71.2 1 19 146.6 36.9 117.7 16.7 106.6 1 15 49.4 63 138.5 61.0 2 8.9 36 191.6 20.6 3 241.2 14 6 6 8 13 26.7 14 116 190.6 109.2 58.2 131.7 19.4 40.7 86.6 2 137.9 4 296.5 218.7 1 227.4 5 8 228.8 15.8 111.0 16.7 126.2 518.7 70.9 15 19 147.3 3 118.5 16.5 106.7 1 15 49.4 636.6 136.9 61.2 2 9.2 365.8 19 20.6 3 247.5 14 6 66.2 87 13 27.4 14 11 19 11 57.3 13 19.6 40.9 86.8 2 137 4 297.3 219.7 15 228.4 5 8 230.2 16.4 111.6 16.7 128 52 71.6 1 196.8 147.8 3 121.3 17.0 106.4 1 155 49.7 650 138.5 60.6 2 9.2 367.0 19 20.7 3 246.6 14 6 66 87.4 13 27.3 14 11 19 110.3 55.9 13 19.8 40.8 86 2 136.8 4 298.2 217.4 1 229 5 8 228.3 15.8 111.6 16.8 128.0 52 7 1 196.4 148.4 3 118.3 17.0 106.8 1 155.9 49.7 656.5 137.7 59.9 2 8.9 369.2 197 20.3 3 247.4 14 6 66.9 88.2 13 26.9 14 11 19 108.4 5 13 19.6 4 8 2 136.9 4 299.8 216.8 1 229.3 5 8 22 16.2 11 16.7 128.6 52 7 1 197 149.4 3 115.9 1 54 Digitized for FRASER

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted Continued (In thousands) State Aug.. I Sept Oct. Nov. I Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. P Manufacturing Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming See footnotes at end of table. 380 1 217.3 25 1,96 208.9 277.7 60.2 1 497.2 59 1 76.5 979.2 68 261.4 21 321.6 190.6 87.2 178.7 449.5 969.9 44 24 42 2 119.7 4 108.7 478.6 4 917.5 825.8 2 1,096.9 186.9 245.9 947.3 78.9 36 49.4 516.6 1,108.2 13 48.4 40 38 8 619.0 10.9 380.6 1 217.0 25 1,96 208.3 279.2 58.0 1 498.9 589.6 1 76.6 979.6 675 26 211 321.2 190.9 86.5 176.4 450 91 44 24 41 2 119.4 4 107.7 47 4 906.4 82 2 1,059.4 18 24 947.2 78.7 36 49.6 51 1,107.5 13 48.4 40 38 8 611.3 10.9 379.6 1 2174 25 1,96 207.3 279.3 59.9 1 499 595 16.2 75.9 978.0 685 26 21 321.6 19 86.2 176 447 97 44 24 42 2 118.7 4 107.2 476.9 4 918.8 82 2 1,095.8 18 24 94 78.5 36 49.7 51 1,108.5 13 48.5 40 380.4 8 618.4 n.o 379.6 1 217.8 25 1,96 20 278.0 59.8 1 499.6 59 16.5 7 978.4 684 1 26 21 321.4 19 86.9 176,7 44 97 44 24 42 2 118.6 4 107.3 476.2 4 917.7 82 2 1,09 185.9 24 94 78.6 36 49.8 51 1,107.7 13 48.5 40 378.7 8 616.5 10.9 377.6 15 1 218 1 25 1,96 20 2774 60 1 497.8 59 16.2 75.9 975.8 685 26 21 32 191.2 85.9 177.2 44 970.6 445 24 421.6 2 118.3 4 107.3 47 4 916.8 821.7 2 1,097.7 186.2 24 939.8 78.4 36 49.8 511.2 1,107.2 13 48.5 40 376.4 8 61 10.8 37 15 218.2 2538 1,960.6 206 0 276.4 60.5 1 498.0 59 16.2 76.2 97 68 26 21 32 19 85.9 176.6 44 966.9 445 24 419.6 2 117.8 4 107.3 47 4 91 820.4 2 1,09 18 2 939.7 78 36 49.8 510.0 1,106.5 13 48.5 40 37 8 616 10.8 37 1 218.6 25 1,959.5 20 27 60.6 1 498.5 597.0 16.2 76 97 68 26 21 321.4 19 8 176.7 440.2 966.7 44 24 420.0 2 118.0 4 107.3 47 4 91 818.4 2 1,09 186 24 938 77.9 36 50.0 509.7 1,106.7 13 48.8 40 37 82 615.8 10.9 37 1 2174 25 1,959.0 20 27 59.8 12 497.5 59 16.2 75.9 97 686.5 26 21 321.2 19 86.6 176.5 438.4 96 44 24 420.6 2 118.3 42 107 47 4 91 817.7 2 1.09 186.7 24 93 77.9 36 50.2 509.8 1,10 13 48.5 40 37 80.5 616.5 10.9 37 1 217.5 25 1,95 20 27 59.7 1 498.0 596.2 16.2 76.4 97 686.9 26 21 320.3 19 86.4 177.0 436.4 957.9 44 241.4 417.0 2 117.9 4 106.8 470.7 4 91 81 2 1,088.9 186.2 24 93 78.4 36 50 508 1,102 13 48.3 40 37 80.9 61 11 37 1 218.0 25 1,948.9 206.5 276.7 59.7 12 496.9 59 16 7 97 68 26 21 320.2 191 8 177.0 43 96 441.0 240.6 416.8 2 117.7 4 106.8 469.0 4 909.3 811.6 2 1,086 186.5 24 93 78.3 36 49.9 505.8 1,100.3 13 48.5 401.0 37 8 61 10.8 370.9 1 218.4 25 1,950.0 206.2 27 59 12 498.6 59 16.2 76.7 97 686.9 26 21 319.2 190.6 8 177.5 43 961.7 44 240 41 2 117.6 4 106.2 469 4 906.6 811.0 2 1,086.8 186.2 2 93 78.6 36 49.7 50 1,099.4 13 48.7 392 369.5 81.7 61 11.0 371.6 1 218.4 25 1,950.9 206.4 275.8 59.8 12 498 59 16.2 7 969.4 68 266.6 21 317.6 190.0 8 176.8 43 96 44 239.3 41 2 116.9 4 105.8 467.5 4 90 809.3 2 1,08 186.2 240.9 930.6 77.5 361.4 49.3 507 1,098.5 13 48.9 39 368.2 8 61 11.4 369.9 1 219 25 1,950.9 206.2 27 59.9 1 497.9 59 16 76.6 971.7 68 267.3 21 316.4 191.7 8 176.7 43 96 441.4 240 41 2 116.6 4 105.9 46 4 906.6 808.2 2 1,086 186.9 238.9 930.7 77.9 361.4 49.2 50 1,098.6 13 48.7 395 36 81 610.8 11.3 55 Digitized for FRASER

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted Continued (In thousands) State Aug. I Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. P Transportation and public utilities Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming See footnotes at end of table. 9 2 100.6 67.6 69 129.0 7 1 16 33 241 41 2 347.4 14 68.9 7 10 11 2 108.2 136.4 178.4 128.7 5 16 21.6 5 47.9 20.3 260.8 3 41 17 17.9 24 8 76.9 286.2 16.2 76.8 16.5 158.6 539.6 58.3 1 17 13 38.8 127.7 1 9 2 101.0 68.0 69 129.6 77.0 16 16 336.5 24 41.4 2 346.4 14 69.8 7 10 11 2 108.8 137.0 178 128.9 5 165 21.6 5 47.8 20.6 261.2 3 41 17 17.8 2 8 76.4 28 16 76.8 16.7 158.9 54 58.6 1 17 136.4 39.0 128.0 1 9 25.9 101.4 68.2 69 130.4 76.8 1 16 339.2 24 41 25.9 347.6 14 69.8 7 10 11 2 109.7 136.2 178 128.9 5 16 21.4 56.6 47.9 20.9 261.7 3 41 17 17.5 24 8 76 286.4 16 76.8 16.7 158.3 545.9 59 1 17 137 38.9 128.0 1 9 2 10 68.3 696.2 131 70.5 16.5 15.8 341.4 24 41.2 25.9 348.0 14 70.0 7 10 11 2 109.5 136.2 177.8 11 5 16 21.4 57 48.0 20.8 26 3 41 17 17.6 24 8 77.0 286.8 16.2 77.3 16.9 158.6 547.5 59.2 1 17 137.4 39.3 128.2 1 9 25.8 10 69.0 697.3 131.4 76.4 16.5 15.8 34 24 40.7 2 349.4 14 70.4 76.2 10 11 2 109.8 13 178.4 129.2 5 16 21.7 57.4 48.2 21.0 26 3 41 17 17.7 24 8 76.7 287 16 77.5 16.7 158.6 549 59.3 1 17 137.6 39.4 128.2 1 9 25.8 10 69 699.2 13 76.2 16.8 15.8 34 246.2 40.4 25.8 350.4 14 70.5 76.5 10 11 2 109.9 13 178.5 129.6 5 166 21.7 57.8 48.2 21 26 3 41 17 17.6 24 8 76.8 287.5 16 77.6 16.8 158.2 550.5 59.3 1 17 138.4 39.3 128.4 1 9 25.9 10 69.2 70 13 76.2 16.9 15.8 34 247.2 40 25.9 35 145.8 70.8 77.2 10 11 2 110.0 13 178.2 130.3 5 166.9 2 58.2 48.3 21 261.6 3 41 17 17.7 24 8 77.0 287.3 1 78.0 16.9 158.2 551.6 59.5 1 17 138.8 39.2 128.9 1 9 25.8 10 68.4 70 132 76.2 17.3 16 347.4 247.7 40.2 26.4 350.8 146.4 70.3 76.9 10 11 2 110.8 137.4 180.4 130.5 5 167.3 2 58 48.7 21.3 26 3 41 17 17.8 24 8 77.6 288.2 16.2 79.0 16.6 159.9 556.2 59.5 1 176.2 138.6 39.4 128.8 1 9 25.8 10 68.6 706.9 13 76.6 17.3 1 347.3 249.8 40.2 2 350.4 14 70.6 77.0 10 11 2 110.6 137.7 179 130.4 5 166.9 2 58.7 48.7 21.0 26 3 415.8 17 17.7 24 8 77.9 288.8 1 79.6 16.8 159.7 557.4 59.8 1 176.2 139.4 39.6 128.4 1 9 25.8 10 68.5 707.5 13 76.5 17.3 15.8 347.2 251.4 40 26.4 35 146.4 71.0 76.7 10 11 2 111.3 137.2 180 130.5 5 16 22 58.6 48.7 20.9 26 3 41 17 17.7 24 8 78.4 288.8 16.2 79 17.0 159.9 557.5 59.8 1 17 139.3 39.5 128.6 1 9 25.8 105.8 68.7 710.2 13 75.9 17.4 15.8 348.9 25 40.4 2 35 145.9 71.7 76.6 10 11 2 11 138 180.4 131.6 5 165.9 2 58.8 48.7 21.2 26 3 417.0 17 18.0 24 8 78.3 289.7 1 79.6 16.9 160.4 559.3 59.8 1 178.2 139.7 39.0 128.6 1 9 2 10 68.9 71 13 7 17.7 15.8 350.8 25 40.4 26.2 35 14 7 76.5 10 11 2 11 137.7 178.8 13 5 16 2 58.8 49.2 21.2 26 3 41 17 18.0 24 8 78.9 288.9 16 80.0 16.9 161.6 560.3 60.2 1 179 139.6 39 127.6 1 9 26.2 10 69.2 71 13 75 17.9 1 350.9 255.8 40.5 2 35 14 7 7 10 11 2 11 138.8 179 130.7 5 16 2 59.5 49.3 21.4 26 3 41 17 17.9 24 8 79.7 289.3 16 80 17.0 16 561.6 60.4 1 180.2 139.6 39 127.8 1 56 Digitized for FRASER

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted Continued (In thousands) State Aug. Sept. Oct. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. P Trade Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming See footnotes at end of table. 440.5 56.9 500.3 256.4 3,117.4 49 355.8 8 48.5 1,68 930 13 13 1,330.9 689.7 35 319.7 417.2 44 14 538.9 717.9 1,06 61 24 63 100.2 21 188.8 152 88 170.7 1,659.2 849.9 80.7 1,32 332 38 1,228.7 98 429 90.0 62 2,108.0 24 6 73 62 16 61 5 44 56.9 500.0 256.2 27.6 49 355 86.7 48.9 1,687.0 93 131.0 13 1,338 69 35 319.0 417.7 44 14 540.2 72 1,066.5 617.5 24 63 100.6 21 190.2 15 88 170.8 1,66 858.2 81.0 1,326.5 331.2 38 1,23 99.5 430.4 89.3 626 2,108.5 24 6 731.7 62 16 610.2 5 44 57.0 50 256.6 3,13 497.2 35 87 48.7 1,69 93 13 13 1,337.2 690.5 355 319 418.2 44 14 539 72 1,067.7 617.6 24 63 100.9 21 190.5 15 88 170.6 1,66 859.9 81.0 1,328.0 33 38 1,23 99.7 431.6 89 62 2,11 24 6 73 627.8 16 610.7 5 44 57.4 50 257.3 38.4 498.9 35 87.8 49.3 1.697.2 93 131.7 13 1,337.9 690.5 35 319 417.6 44 14 538.7 726.2 1,071.2 617.9 24 636.4 100.7 21 191 15 889.0 171.2 1,668.9 862 81 1,328.4 331.7 38 1,23 100 43 89.2 626.8 2,117.9 24 65.8 73 629.4 16 609.6 5 44 57.0 50 257.9 3,141.4 499.3 35 87.8 48.5 1.699 93 131.7 13 1,34 689.9 356 319.0 418.7 445.8 14 538.4 725.8 1,07 618.8 24 636 100.4 21 192 15 888.4 17 1,671.2 86 81.0 1,328.6 33 38 1,23 99.7 435 89 627.8 2,121.3 24 65.8 739.5 631.4 16 610.5 5 44 56.6 50 258.2 3,148.8 500 356.9 88.0 48.5 1,700.5 93 131 13 1,34 686.2 357.0 321.0 418.8 447.5 146.2 539.3 726.7 1,07 620 24 63 100.6 21 19 15 890.5 17 1,67 86 80.6 1,332 33 386.5 1,235.8 99.9 437.4 89.3 629.4 2,12 24 6 739 63 16 609.6 5 44 57.3 506 258.3 3,158.5 500.8 358.9 88.4 48.5 1,70 936.4 130.7 13 1,347.4 688.7 358.2 32 419.8 448.8 146 537.4 727.2 1,076 621.3 24 638.3 100.8 21 19 15 89 17 1,678.4 867.2 80.7 1,33 33 387.7 1,238.7 100.2 440.2 89.8 629.8 2,128.4 24 6 739.9 63 16 612 5 446.4 56.9 509.7 258.4 3,15 50 357.8 88.6 47.4 1,709.0 93 130.7 13 1,35 698.9 358.7 32 421.2 446.2 14 540.7 722 1,079.3 62 24 637.2 101.2 21 19 15 896.2 17 1,675.8 87 81.3 1,33 33 386.6 1,23 99.8 438.0 91 627.0 2,12 24 6 739.9 63 16 609.6 5 448.5 57.2 510.6 258.0 3,15 50 359.5 88.8 48.0 1.707 940 130.6 135.8 1,35 699.5 360.8 32 420.7 44 14 540.5 728.0 1,078.4 620.5 247.3 640.2 101.4 21 19 15 898.2 17 1,676.7 87 81.2 1,33 33 386.5 1,239.3 99.8 440.4 90.6 627.7 2,13 24 6 74 63 166.8 61 5 450.7 57.7 51 259.9 3,157.4 50 359 89.0 47.8 1,71 947.8 130.7 135 1,35 699.9 360.5 32 42 44 145.8 541 730.3 1,08 620.5 248.3 640 10 211.6 19 155.8 900.0 17 1,678.2 87 8 1.336.7 337.2 387.8 1,24 99.6 440.0 89.8 628.7 2,142 246.6 6 74 639.5 166.9 61 5 450.9 57.9 51 259.4 3,15 507.2 358.4 89.3 48.3 1,719.7 948 130.7 13 1,358.2 69 36 325.8 425.9 446.8 14 54 73 1,086.7 62 246.8 639.8 101.6 21 196.9 15 90 17 1,67 878.6 82 1,33 338.6 389.9 1,241.2 100.5 441.0 91 63 2,14 247.0 6 74 641.3 166.7 61 5 45 57.6 51 259.2 3,158.4 507.2 358.3 89.6 48.6 1.720.5 949 130.7 13 1,35 69 36 326.6 427.7 448.4 145.9 54 73 1,08 62 247.0 638.6 10 21 197.4 15 90 17 1,678 87 81.3 1,33 339.2 387.7 1,24 100.6 44 90.9 637.4 2,150 247.2 6 745 641.6 166 61 5 45 58 51 260 3,168.3 508.4 358.8 89.9 48.8 1.729.2 95 130.8 13 1,35 69 36 327.2 427.9 449.9 146 54 73 1,086.2 629.7 245.9 637.0 10 21 198.4 15 90 17 1,680.2 87 81.0 1,335 339.4 389.9 1,24 100.9 44 90.2 637.5 2,155.9 247.4 65.8 745.8 641.6 166.6 615 5 57 Digitized for FRASER

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted Continued (In thousands) State Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Feb. Mar. Apr. P Finance, insurance, and real estate Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire... New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming See footnotes at end of table. 87.5 1 140.4 4 798.5 13 13 48.7 29 430.8 199.3 3 2 40 140.4 8 6 69.9 86.7 29.8 13 216.2 209.4 155.9 4 161.6 16.9 57.4 4 31.3 248 3 73 177.5 1 298.8 7 9 317.6 28.5 79.9 2 12 49 5 1 17 13 28.4 14 8.6 87.3 1 140.9 4 80 136.5 137.2 48.8 29 43 200.6 3 2 40 141.2 8 6 70 87 30.0 13 217.4 209.3 157.3 4 161.3 17.0 57.9 4 31.3 247.4 3 735.9 178.8 1 299 7 9 318.6 28.7 80.0 2 125.9 497.5 5 1 175.8 13 28.6 14 8.6 87.6 1 141.4 4 80 137.0 137.5 48.9 29.2 43 20 3 2 406.5 14 8 6 70 87 29.7 13 217.6 208.7 157.9 4 16 17 58 4 31.3 248.5 3 737.3 180.2 1 299.9 7 9 319.3 28.9 80.5 2 126 499.3 56.2 1 176.2 136.6 28.6 14 8.6 87.7 1 14 4 80 137 137.5 49 28.9 43 202 3 2 406.6 14 8 6 70.2 87 29.7 13 218.3 209.2 158.2 4 16 17.3 58 4 31.4 249.2 3 737.7 181.6 1 300 7 9 319.2 29.0 80.8 2 126.9 500.8 5 1 176.8 136.7 28.7 14 8.7 87.8 1 142 4 808.3 137 137.6 48.9 28.9 436.4 20 3 2 406.7 14 8 6 70.3 86.8 30.0 13 218.6 209.3 158.7 4 16 17.2 58.2 4 31.3 249.9 32 739.2 18 15.8 301.4 7 9 319.4 29.3 81 2 127 50 56.6 1 177.4 137.2 28.9 14 8.6 87.9 1 14 4 807.6 137 137.8 49.2 29.0 437.7 20 3 2 406.6 14 8 6 70.4 86.8 30.2 13 219.2 209.5 159.5 4 16 17.3 58.5 4 3 249.8 32 739.7 18 15.9 301.7 7 9 319.7 29.4 81.2 2 127.3 50 56.5 1 177.6 137.5 28.9 14 8.7 88 1 14 4 808.2 137.8 138.5 49.6 29 438.9 20 3 2 408.0 14 8 6 70.5 87.0 30.3 13 220.0 209 160.0 4 16 17.3 58.6 4 3 250.7 3 74 18 1 30 7 9 320.0 29.3 81.7 2 127 507 5 1 177 138.2 29.0 145.8 8.6 88.4 1 14 45 809 138.3 138.8 50 29.0 439.2 20 3 2 408.8 146.2 8 6 70.9 86.5 30.7 13 219.3 210.0 159.3 4 165 17.4 58.7 4 31.4 25 32 740.8 18 16 30 7 96 320.0 29.0 82 2 127.4 509.3 56.4 1 177.7 139.3 29.7 14 8.7 88.5 1 14 4 808.7 138.3 138.8 50.0 29.0 439.0 20 3 2 407.9 146.5 8 6 71.0 86.6 30.8 137 220.2 209.0 159.3 4 16 17.4 58.8 45 3 25 3 740 18 15.9 30 7 96.6 321 29 8 2 127.4 510.2 56.8 1 179.0 139.0 29.7 146.6 8.7 88.5 1 14 4 808.0 138.4 139 50.2 28.9 44 206.7 3 2 408.6 146.9 8 6 70.9 86.5 30.7 137 220.6 209.9 159.5 42 165 17.3 58.6 4 3 25 32 739.2 18 15.8 30 7 96.9 321.4 29.5 8 2 12 510.6 57.0 1 179.2 139.6 29.5 146.9 8.7 88.8 1 14 4 811.2 138.6 138.7 49.9 28.9 44 207.2 3 2 409.7 146.6 8 6 70.9 86.8 31.0 137.4 22 209.2 159.4 4 16 17.5 58.4 45 31.6 256.6 3 739.8 18 15.9 30 7 97 32 29.5 8 2 126.7 51 57.2 1 179 140.3 29.2 147.0 8.8 88.9 1 14 4 81 138.9 138.7 50 28.8 44 207.7 3 2 410 14 8 6 71.3 87.0 31 137.9 221.6 209 159.4 4 16 17.5 58.9 4 3 256.5 3 740.2 18 1 30 75.8 96.9 32 29.3 8 2 127 51 57.7 1 179.5 14 29.2 147.7 8.9 89 1 14 4 81 139 139.2 50.6 28.9 446.8 208.9 35 2 41 146.6 85 6 7 87.4 31 137 221.6 209.6 159.2 4 16 17.5 59.0 4 3 256.9 3 740.8 18 1 30 75.9 96.8 32 29.4 8 2 127.7 51 58.3 1 179.6 141.3 29 147.7 8.7 58 Digitized for FRASER

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted Continued (In thousands) State Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. P Services Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming See footnotes at end of table. 451.0 68.7 627.6 26 4,19 618.3 51 111.0 27 2,416 99 17 12 1,76 710.8 379.0 335 44 509.5 166.9 78 1,13 1,241.4 729.5 26 758.6 106.7 237.2 390.3 17 1,220.2 20 2,797.4 93 89.7 1,51 40 41 1,777.2 156.7 419.4 9 706.2 2,510 280.2 86.5 1,02 708.5 206.8 708.3 50.3 45 68.7 630.9 26 4,228.5 62 51 11 27 2,428.2 1.000.6 17 12 1,775.9 71 38 33 44 51 169.0 790.4 1,13 1,24 729.9 26 759.7 107.6 240.6 39 172 1,227.6 20 2,806.8 939.9 89.6 1,51 40 416.7 1,78 157.7 420.5 9 707.7 2,52 280.4 86.6 1,02 711.3 208.5 709.7 50.5 45 68.8 63 26 4 62 51 11 27 2,440.2 1,006.2 17 126.9 1,777.7 71 38 33 445 512 169 79 1,137 1,247.8 731.4 26 759.5 108 240.6 39 17 1,231.2 20 2,81 938.6 89.5 1,51 406.9 420.2 1,78 157.7 42 9 708.3 2,53 281.4 86.9 1,028.7 71 208.5 711.2 50.5 45 68.8 637 26 4,260.7 62 51 112 27 2,45 1,007.8 17 126.4 1,778 718.8 38 33 44 51 170.4 79 1,138.4 1,250.5 731.7 26 758.5 108.3 239.5 39 17 1,23 20 2,817.5 94 89.7 1,516 407.2 421.3 1.78 158.3 42 9 707 2,540.6 28 86.7 1,03 71 208.9 711.0 50.4 45 69.4 637.5 26 4,27 62 51 11 27 2,457.5 1,01 17 127.4 1,787.3 71 38 337.4 445.8 51 171.4 798.5 1,1 1,25 73 261 76 108.2 240.7 40 17 1,23 206.6 2,828 946.9 89.9 1,521.6 407.4 42 1,78 158.4 42 95.8 71 2,549.7 28 85.9 1,036.7 718.2 209.8 711.3 50.7 45 69.3 640.7 266.4 4,289.9 62 517.0 11 275.8 2,46 1,017.6 17 127.3 1,79 71 38 340.3 447 516.4 17 800.4 1,14 1,257.4 73 26 767.0 108.5 241.6 40 17 1,238 207.7 2,837.2 951 89.9 1,52 408 42 1.78 158.0 42 9 71 2,559.7 28 86.6 1,042 720.7 210.2 71 51.0 456.2 69.4 64 267.0 4,30 626.9 520 11 27 2,47 1.022 17 13 1,801.4 718.6 386.7 340.8 447.7 519.2 17 80 1,147.2 1,259.6 73 26 766.9 108.6 24 40 17 1,24 207.9 2,848.5 956.7 90.6 1,52 409 425.9 1,789.9 157.9 427.2 95.9 715.9 2,569.3 28 87.2 1,04 72 211 71 51.2 457.0 69.5 63 26 4,33 629 520.0 11 27 2,48 1.02 17 13 1,790.9 708.9 381.3 34 450.7 517.2 172 80 14 1,258.2 73 261.4 767.5 109.2 240.0 40 176.2 1,236.7 207 2,848.4 960.9 90.6 1,518.6 411 428.4 1,787.2 156.2 431.6 9 71 2,577.0 287.3 87.9 1,04 721 212 710.3 51.6 458.5 69.2 63 267 5 627.5 521.4 11 27 98.7 1,031 17 13 1.79 71 38 34 45 517.9 17 808.3 149.2 1,256.7 73 259.9 761.0 109.4 239.3 40 176.9 1,24 207.8 2,857.3 960.5 90.4 1,520.2 41 430.0 1.788.4 158 43 95.9 71 2,58 288.9 87.8 1,048.3 72 21 71 5 456.8 69.2 636.2 266.8 4,36 626.5 520.5 11 275.8 99 1,037 17 13 1,79 718.5 385 34 45 517.2 17 807 1,151.7 1,259.0 73 260.0 758.5 109.7 238 40 178.0 1,249.9 208.5 2,867.5 959.2 90.7 1,521.2 41 431.3 1,78 158.0 43 96.7 715.8 2,59 288.8 88.4 1,050.7 727.5 211.4 71 51.7 460 70 640.8 267.9 4,379.9 611.4 52 11 27 2,51 1,039.2 17 13 1,808.5 72 388.4 34 45 521.3 17 808.4 1,157.5 1,259.5 74 260.4 759.5 110.5 237.8 40 180 1,25 209.4 2,879.0 96 91 1,531.4 419.6 431.2 1.796.5 159 43 97.5 715.8 0 290.9 88.6 1,05 728.9 210.2 717.5 5 461.6 69.6 64 268.4 4,411.3 626.8 52 11 27 2,527.5 1,04 176.2 131.6 1,818.5 72 390 34 456.7 521.0 17 806.7 1,159.6 1,26 74 26 759.2 110.6 237.3 409.0 178.6 1,261.2 210.2 2,88 962 91.2 1,53 42 431.7 1,79 158.0 435.8 96.4 715.8 2,61 290.3 89.4 1,057.4 730.6 209.9 72 51.2 46 70 647.2 269.2 4,417.5 630.4 52 11 277.5 2,540.3 1,049.7 176.6 131 2 727.0 39 34 459 52 176 81 160.6 1,26 747.4 261.7 757.6 110.8 239.0 409.7 179.5 1,26 209.5 2,889.8 965.9 90.2 1,538.3 421.0 429.6 1,789.6 158 437.9 96 718.8 2,630.0 290.7 89.2 1,06 73 21 72 50.5 59 Digitized for FRASER

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted Continued (In thousands) State Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. P Government Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire... New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming 347.2 7 337.4 18 2,159.4 321.4 226.8 5 22 95 58 111.2 10 81 398.9 23 241.3 29 366.5 9 43 410.7 66 38 222 42 78.2 151.3 111.2 79.7 568.6 177.6 1,42 58 68.5 76 277.6 25 690.4 6 310.4 70.9 38 1,50 176.4 45.9 60 465.8 138.8 39 57.9 346.5 7 337.6 186.7 2,15 32 227.8 5 220.8 957.0 58 111.7 10 82 387.4 235.9 240.4 29 367.0 9 43 41 66 377.0 229.3 41 79.3 15 11 79.3 568.0 178.4 1,402 600.5 69.0 76 278.0 25 69 6 309.0 7 38 1,506.5 177.4 4 60 469.0 138.3 39 59.4 346.7 7 335.8 18 2,166.8 321.7 228.4 5 228.2 95 589.0 11 10 82 398.2 23 24 296.5 366.5 9 437.0 41 659.7 379.0 22 41 78.9 149.7 11 78.9 568.0 178.7 1,40 620.2 68.3 76 279.4 25 69 6 311.3 71 39 1,510.9 177.5 46.2 60 469.5 140.7 39 58.7 347.8 7 337 186 2,17 32 230.5 5 226.7 959.9 596.9 117.8 10 82 405.8 237.5 240.8 29 368.4 9 440.5 41 66 381 22 418 79.2 150.5 11 79.3 57 177.2 1,41 60 70 766 278.8 257.0 706.4 6 311.2 71.4 38 1,519.0 180.9 46.4 60 46 141.2 39 58.4 348.0 7 336.8 187.0 2,18 32 229 5 22 960.5 588 11 10 816.6 40 236.9 24 29 368.3 9 440 41 660.0 38 225 417.9 79.3 150.3 11 79.6 570.3 177.4 1,417.4 60 70.0 76 279.5 257.6 70 6 311.7 71.3 38 1,525.8 177.9 46.5 60 46 140.0 39 58.6 348.6 7 34 187.9 2,19 32 228.6 5 225.9 96 588.2 112 10 816.5 40 23 24 29 368.0 9 440.9 41 660.5 38 22 418.8 79.5 149.8 11 79.5 569.9 177.5 1,417.0 600.7 70.4 765.8 278.9 260.9 70 6 310 71.2 38 1,529.9 179 46.4 60 466.2 139.7 39 58.3 349.4 7 339.6 186.2 2,199.0 32 229.7 5 22 96 589.7 11 10 81 40 238.2 24 29 368 9 439.3 416.6 660.0 38 22 420.9 79.4 150.4 11 78.9 570.8 177.5 1,420.3 601.2 70.6 766.9 279.3 259.5 707.0 6 310.3 71.0 38 1,529.9 179.9 46.5 60 466.8 140.0 39 58.2 348.7 7 34 186.2 2,198.8 32 229.6 5 225.9 96 591.3 110.8 10 81 402 237.9 24 296.6 367.0 9 440.8 41 659.2 38 225 419.0 79.4 149.8 11 79.5 570.3 179 1,411.2 597.5 71.7 757.7 278.0 259.8 709.8 6 31 71 38 1,531.6 176.2 46.9 60 470.9 141.2 397.6 58.0 349.8 7 341.3 186.2 2,20 32 229.2 5 22 967.3 59 111.0 10 808.2 407.6 237.3 24 296 366.8 9 440.2 41 658.3 38 22 418.0 78.4 149.8 11 79.9 569.2 177.6 1,42 597 71 766.2 279 260.0 707.6 6 31 7 38 1,53 177 46.5 60 469.6 140 39 58 350.5 7 340.6 186 2,209 32 230.2 55 22 968.6 59 111 10 809.9 408.5 236.8 24 29 366.2 9 439.4 416.7 658.2 386.9 22 421.3 79.5 149.5 116.2 79.9 569.5 179.7 1,426.4 597.4 71.3 768 280.9 260.5 706 6 312 71 38 1,538.2 177.4 46.9 606.8 471.4 140 39 58 350.4 7 34 186.2 2,21 32 230.2 5 22 970.2 591.6 111.4 10 809.5 407.7 237.7 24 296.6 366.2 9 439.2 41 660.0 387.2 226 420.0 79.2 149.8 116.8 79.6 570 179.2 1,427 597.3 7 769.5 28 261.2 707.4 6 311.6 70.8 38 1,539.2 Ml.7 46.6 609.2 47 140.5 396 58.5 349.3 7 34 186 2,221.4 32 230.3 5 22 97 59 110.7 10 808.7 40 237.5 24 300.3 36 9 440.9 41 659.9 38 22 42 78 149.6 117.9 80.5 570.6 179.4 1,427.3 595 71.0 767.7 281.2 260.3 706 6 31 71 38 1,54 177.4 47.3 609 471.7 139.9 397.7 58.7 350.2 7 348.7 186.2 2,22 326.4 231.0 5 22 97 59 11 106 81 406.7 237.8 24 297.3 366.9 9 446 41 659.9 38 22 426.6 76.4 150.8 11 79.9 569.5 180.5 1,421 59 69.6 768.6 280 26 69 6 317.6 7 391.3 1,541.4 177.7 47 611.3 470.4 139.9 395 57.4 1 Includes mining, not shown separately. 2 Mining is combined with construction. p = preliminary. NOTE: All data have been adjusted to March benchmarks and incorporate updated seasonal adjustment factors. 60 Digitized for FRASER

B8. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Industry Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. P P Total private 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Goodsproducing 41.2 41 40.9 41 41.0 41 41 41.0 40.8 40.9 41.0 41 41 Mining 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Construction 39.2 39.2 38.6 39.2 39 39.4 39.5 39.2 38.5 38.6 38.9 39.4 38.9 Manufacturing Overtime hours 41.6 41.6 41.6 4 41.6 4 Durable goods Overtime hours Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures, Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manfacturing 4 41.2 40.7 4 4 4 4 4 41.4 4 4 41.4 40.0 4 41.2 40.6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 41.3 40.0 4 40.7 40.2 4 4 4 4 4 41.4 4 4 41 39.5 4 41 40.5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 41.2 39.7 4 41.2 40.3 4 4 4 4 4 41.4 4 4 41 39.4 4 4 40.2 4 4 4 4 42 41 4 4 41 39.6 4 40.4 4 4 4 42 42 41.2 4 4 41.2 39.6 4 41 40.3 4 4 4 42 42 41.2 4 4 41.3 39.7 4 41.2 40.3 4 4 4 42 4 41.0 4 4 41.2 39.8 42 41.2 40.4 4 4 4 4 4 41 4 45 41.6 39.6 4 41.2 40.4 4 4 4 42 42 4 4 4 41.6 40.2 4 41 40.4 4 4 45 42 4 41.4 4 4 4 40.0 4 41.2 40.3 4 4 4 4 4 41.3 4 46.2 41.6 39.8 Nondurable goods Overtime hours Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products 41.0 41,8 40 41.0 37.4 4 38.4 4 (2) 4 37.3 40.9 39.2 41.0 37.4 4 38.5 4 (2) 37.9 40.8 37.7 40.4 37.2 4 38.2 4 (2) 37.4 40.9 41.6 38.5 41 37.3 4 38.2 4 (2) 4 37.4 40.8 38.5 40.8 37.3 4 38 4 (2) 41.6 37.4 40.9 4 36.6 40.8 37.3 4 38 4 (2) 37.5 40.8 4 38 40.8 37.0 4 38.2 4 (2) 41.4 37.3 40.8 38.5 40.6 37.5 4 38 4 (2) 37.7 40.8 38.8 40.4 37.4 4 37.9 4 (2) 4 37.7 40.9 4 38.6 41.0 37.5 4 38 4 (2) 4 38 41.0 4 39.9 41.0 37.8 4 38.3 4 (2) 4 38.4 41.0 4 38.9 40.6 37.8 4 38.2 4 (2) 4 37.9 41 4 40.0 41.2 37.9 4 38.2 4 (2) 4 38.2 Serviceproducing 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Transportation and public utilities 39.5 39.4 39.3 39.3 39.2 39 39.3 39.2 39 39.0 38.8 38.9 38.7 Wholesale trade 38.4 38.4 38.3 38.3 38.4 38.4 38.4 38.5 38.4 38.4 38.3 38.4 38.4 Retail trade 29 29.0 29.0 29 29.0 29.0 29.0 29.2 29.0 29.0 29 29 29 Finance, insurance, and real estate (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Services 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance and real estate; and services. 2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal components, which are small relative to the trendcycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. P = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 1995 forward are subject to revision. 61

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted (1982=100) Industry Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec Jan. Feb. Mar, Apr. P P Total private 14 14 145 14 146 146.6 146.8 147.3 146.8 147.0 147.2 147.7 148.2 Goodsproducing 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 Mining 56.5 5 5 5 5 5 5 51.0 50.5 50.4 50 49.6 50.3 Construction 165 16 16 166.4 167.5 171.3 17 17 169 169.2 170.0 17 171 Manufacturing 107.8 108.5 108.3 108 107.7 107.5 107 106.8 106.5 106.5 106.5 106.2 107.0 Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manfacturing 110.9 14 13 11 91.7 71.7 118.4 110 109.4 11 13 76.6 10 11 14 13 11 9 71.3 118.6 110.0 109 125 157.3 7 10 11 14 13 11 9 70.6 118.4 109 108.6 127.2 16 7 10 11 14 13 116.5 91.4 69.0 118.4 108.6 108 127.8 16 7 100.5 11 146.6 13 116.8 90.8 68.3 117.9 107.6 106.9 127.6 16 7 99.8 11 148 13 118 90.4 68.0 117.7 10 105.9 127.3 16 7 100.3 111.0 149.5 13 117.8 89.9 68.0 117.7 10 105.9 125 161.0 7 99.5 110.8 147.6 13 117.0 90.0 68.0 117.2 10 10 125.9 16 7 99.8 110.4 147.9 13 11 90.0 68.2 117.0 10 105 12 16 7 100.0 110.4 147.5 13 116.2 89.9 69 116.2 10 10 12 16 75.8 100.3 110.5 147.3 135.9 117.0 90.3 69.2 116.9 10 106.2 12 16 7 101.4 110.4 146.7 136.2 116.8 89.6 68.8 116.8 10 105.8 12 166.5 7 100.9 11 146.4 137.5 117.3 90.6 69.3 118.7 10 106.8 127.2 17 7 100.4 Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products Serviceproducing Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services 10 117.9 61.6 8 67.4 109.0 12 10 77.7 147.6 3 158.9 13 129.0 140.5 136.9 19 10 116.5 60.2 8 66.5 108 12 10 76.6 147.7 3 159.0 13 129.2 140 137.2 19 10 117.7 57.9 8 65.8 108.6 12 10 7 147.9 3 158.8 13 129.3 140.2 137.5 19 10 117.4 59 8 6 108.0 12 10 7 148 3 159.8 13 129.3 140.8 138 196.6 10 118 59 8 6 107.5 12 10 77.3 147.5 3 160 13 130.0 140.6 138.6 197.2 102 119.3 56.2 8 6 107 12 10 79.4 148 3 160.5 13 130.2 140.9 138.9 197.8 10 119.3 58.5 8 6 107 12 10 76.2 147.8 3 161.0 13 130.6 141.3 139 198.3 10 118.8 57.2 8 62 106.7 12 10 77.4 148.5 3 16 13 131.3 14 139.6 198.9 101.2 118.8 5 81 6 107.0 12 10 76.4 148.8 3 16 13 131.3 14 139.3 198.8 101.2 118.9 5 81.6 61.4 106.7 12 10 7 148.5 3 161.6 13 131.6 14 139 198.9 101 118.5 5 81 61.4 10 12 10 7 149.5 3 16 13 13 14 138.8 199.3 100.5 118 55.9 79.6 60.5 105.8 12 101.7 7 148.6 3 16 13 13 14 139.4 200.6 100.9 118.4 5 81 60.4 105.8 12 10 7 150.5 31 16 13 13 14 140.3 201 1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance and real estate; and services. P = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 1995 forward are subject to revision. 62

ESTABLISHMENT DATA ALLEMPLOYEE HOURS SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B10. Hours of wage and salary workers on nonfarm payrolls by major industry, seasonally adjusted Millions of hours (annual rate) 1 Percent change Industry r r p to p to r To p Total 234,334 235,993 235,444 0.7 0.2 Private sector 196,476 197,320 197,790 2 Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities.. Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services 1,224 12,620 40,002 24,048 15,955 13,684 13,895 34,422 14,275 66,353 1,195 12,825 39,925 24,041 15,883 13,750 13,956 34,489 14,368 66,812 1,215 12,707 40,098 24,194 15,904 13,725 13,988 34,627 14,451 66,980 1.3 1.0.4 1.0 1.6 2.0.4.5.4.2 7.7 1.7.9.4.6.2.2.4.6.3 Government 37,858 38,673 37,654 1.3 1 Total hours paid for 1 week in the month, seasonally adjusted, multiplied by 52. p = preliminary. r = revised. NOTE: Data refer to hours of all employees production workers, nonsupervisory workers, and salaried workers and are based largely on establishment data. See BLS Handbook of Methods, BLS Bulletin 2490, chapter 10, "Productivity Measures: Business Sector and Major Subsectors". SOURCE: Office of Productivity and Technology (202 6065606). Historical data for this series also are available on the Internet at the following address: ft&//fjpj?jsa9oy/^^^^ 63

ESTABLISHMENT DATA EARNINGS SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B11. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, seasonally adjusted Industry Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. P P Average hourly earnings Total private (in current dollars) $10 $15 $18 $11 $14 $18 $14 $16 $11 $14 $18 $13 $19 Goodsproducing 13 19 11 14 17 11 13 16 11 17 15 14 13 Mining Construction Manufacturing Excluding overtime 2 16.87 16.63 16 15 17.00 16.67 13 12 17.06 16.60 18 16 175 16.72 17 17 17.27 16.76 18 18 178 16.80 10 10 17.07 16.80 14 13 16.97 16.83 17 17 17.00 16.92 11 10 16.87 16.97 19 19 17.05 17.08 15 13 16.98 175 14 10 17.24 17.22 14 17 Serviceproducing 10 15 18 11 15 19 16 18 13 15 18 12 17 Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services 11 19 8.76 18 19 13 17 8.80 14 14 17 18 8.84 16 18 18 13 8.83 13 12 11 17 8.85 12 15 17 10 8.89 10 18 19 16 8.93 16 17 11 16 8.95 19 12 13 12 8.98 11 17 10 14 9.03 18 18 15 18 9.04 10 13 12 15 9.06 13 17 12 10 90 19 13 Total private (in constant (1982) dollars) 3 Goodsproducing Serviceproducing 7.76 8.69 7.46 7.78 8.72 7.48 7.80 8.72 7.49 7.80 8.73 7.50 7.80 8.73 7.51 7.81 8.74 7.52 7.83 8.73 7.54 7.84 8.74 7.56 7.86 8.76 7.58 7.83 8.74 7.53 7.85 8.78 7.55 7.88 8.84 7.58 (4) (4) (4) Average weekly earnings Total private (in current dollars) Goodsproducing Mining Construction Manufacturing Serviceproducing Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade : Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate... Services Total private (in constant (1982) dollars) 3 Goodsproducing Serviceproducing 448 590.40 747.34 650 561.28 405.90 605 541.06 252 (5) 420 268.57 358.04 2465 441 591.43 740 656 560 402 600 543 250 (5) 424 269.30 358.23 2461 446 589.37 738.70 640.76 563 406 604 549 256 (5) 425 268.98 356.76 245.80 446.69 598 749.46 652 565.87 408.29 603 541 256.95 (5) 425 269.90 358.60 246.70 447.72 597 747.79 652 566.29 409.61 607 547.97 256.65 (5) 426.74 270.04 357.82 247.05 4491 596 749 662 5672 410.92 608 5492 257.81 (5) 427.72 270.39 359.04 247.39 4518 5978 730 660 567.42 412 608.76 551.42 258.97 (5) 430.66 270.98 358.67 2488 458 596.96 729.71 659.74 568.67 4154 607.99 556 261.34 (5) 439 271.40 358.53 249.33 450 599 729.30 651.42 568.97 416 607.22 553 260.42 (5) 430 271.33 357.58 248.51 452 600.00 738.91 654 576 412 608.40 550 267 (5) 431.60 269.22 357.36 2472 459 605 751 661 577.55 415.90 607.22 558 266 (5) 433 270.04 3608 247.71 456.44 609.92 7472 671 581.30 417.22 607.62 558.72 265 (5) 435.86 275 366 248.49 458.51 612 768.90 669.86 588.28 418.86 608.36 560.64 261 (5) 437.82 (4) (4) (4) 1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance and reai estate; and services. 2 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and onehalf. 3 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPIW) is used to deflate these series. 4 Not available. 5 This series is not computed because the average weekly hours' component is not available on a seasonally adjusted basis. p = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 1995 forward are subject to revision. 64

ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry (In thousands) Industry 1987 SIC Code All employees P P Production workers' P P Total 126,804 125,762 128,850 129,585 128,740 Total private 106,956 107,010 108,362 109,400 109,670 87,661 87,679 88,682 89,582 89,803 Mining 600 598 531 534 534 457 456 398 400 402 Metal mining Iron ores Copper ores 10 101 102 51.3 8.7 15 51 8.6 15 48.9 8.2 1 49.4 8.3 1 49.2 39.0 7.2 11.3 39 7 11.3 37 6.9 10.8 37.6 6.9 11 Coal mining Bituminous coal and lignite mining 12 122 91.6 8 90.0 8 85.8 79.8 8 79.5 8 75 69.9 7 68.7 71 65.9 70.8 6 Oil and gas extraction Crude petroleum and natural gas Oil and gas field services 13 131 138 34 140.2 199.5 34 140.2 199.3 28 12 15 28 12 157.3 286.6 256.6 8 169.5 25 8 169.2 20 7 128 205.9 7 128.8 Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels Crushed and broken stone Sand and gravel Chemical and fertilizer minerals 14 142 144 147 11 4 37.8 1 11 4 38.3 11.7 111.4 4 37.0 11.6 11 4 38 11.7 11 86 3 86 3 8 3 8 3 Construction 6,193 6,326 6,304 6,500 6,633 4,836 4,958 4,884 5,058 5,176 General building contractors Residential building construction Operative builders Nonresidentiai building construction 15 152 153 154 1.41 72 27.7 660.6 1,44 737.8 28.5 678.5 1,42 74 28 65 1,478.9 77 28.8 677.5 1,509.5 999 495.8 11 49 1,026.4 506.6 1 508.3 99 50 11.2 478.2 1,040.3 529.8 11.4 499 Heavy construction, except building Highway and street construction Heavy construction, except highway 16 161 162 89 290.6 60 91 301 610.8 887.6 28 601.3 917.0 30 61 931.7 75 24 51 77 25 519.2 74 237.2 507 77 25 519 Special trade contractors Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning Painting and paper hanging Electrical work Masonry, stonework, and plastering Carpentry and floor work Roofing, siding, and sheet metal work 17 171 172 173 174 175 176 3,886 83 216.6 728.6 509.3 27 260.4 3,969 851.6 22 74 519.9 286.7 271.2 3,99 857 21 752 537 287.6 261.6 4,10 878.6 227 771 547 29 27 4,19 3,080.9 61 18 577.5 44 209.5 208.2 3,159.6 630.9 187.2 592 45 220 218.9 3,146.7 631 180 590.0 466.6 215.8 205.8 3,245.8 648.2 189.8 606.7 47 219.9 217.5 Manufacturing 18,930 18,620 18,408 18,494 18,387 13,049 12,725 12,647 12,699 12,599 Durable goods 11,280 11,017 10,980 11,029 10,951 7,728 7,456 7,519 7,547 7,469 Lumber and wood products Logging Sawmills and planing mills Sawmills and planing mills, general Hardwood dimension and flooring mills... Mill work, plywood, and structural members Millwork Wood kitchen cabinets Hardwood veneer and plywood Softwood veneer and plywood Wood containers Wood buildings and mobile homes Mobile homes Miscellaneous wood products 24 241 242 2421 2426 243 2431 2434 2435 2436 244 245 2451 249 820.8 80.2 18 14 37.2 310.7 12 87.4 28.5 27.8 5 100.8 76.7 89 82 8 18 14 36.5 31 126.6 87.8 27.6 27.9 5 101 77.2 88.4 82 7 180.4 140 37.4 32 128.8 9 28.9 27.8 5 101.7 77.8 88.4 83 77.0 18 140.8 37.7 327.0 130.6 9 28.9 28.0 5 10 78 89.0 83 67 6 160.9 125.9 3 250.3 97.0 71.0 2 2 47.5 80.7 6 7 678.2 6 160.4 12 3 25 98.5 71.4 2 2 47.4 81.2 6 7 67 58 157.3 121.6 3 259.2 100.6 75 2 2 47.0 80.5 6 7 68 61.4 158.0 122 3 26 10 76 2 2 47.2 81 6 7 68 Furniture and fixtures Household furniture Wood household furniture Upholstered household furniture Metal household furniture Mattresses and bedsprings 25 251 2511 2512 2514 2515 53 28 129.5 88.8 18.9 3 526.7 277.8 127.4 87.5 16.7 3 537.4 28 129.6 91 18.9 3 539.8 28 129.7 91.0 18.0 3 539.4 42 239.6 11 7 1 26.6 418.2 23 110.2 7 1 26.5 429 24 11 111 1 26.7 430.7 24 11 78.0 1 26.6 428.9 See footnotes at end of table. 65

ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 1987 SIC Pnrio UUUc All employees P P Production workers' P P Durable goods Continued Furniture and fixtures Continued Office furniture Public building and related furniture Partitions and fixtures Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures 252 253 254 259 70.7 46.4 9 40.0 70.4 4 9 40.2 67.4 48.5 9 41 68.4 48.7 9 41.6 5 36.4 69.5 26.9 51.6 3 69.9 27.3 48.5 37.8 71.2 27.9 49.2 38 7 28.5 Stone, clay, and glass products Flat glass Glass and glassware, pressed or blown Glass containers Pressed and blown glass, nee Products of purchased glass Cement, hydraulic Structural clay products Pottery and related products Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products Concrete block and brick Concrete products, nee Readymixed concrete Misc. nonmetallic mineral products Abrasive products Asbestos products Mineral wool 32 321 322 3221 3229 323 324 325 326 327 3271 3272 3273 329 3291 3292 3296 57 16.8 71.4 2 45.8 6 17.9 3 38.6 236.7 19.4 77 12 79.6 19.8 2 569.7 16.5 70.3 2 4 6 17.9 3 37.5 238.4 19.8 77.9 12 78.5 19.8 2 57 16.8 69.3 2 4 6 17.3 3 37.5 24 20.4 8 121.3 78.4 18.8 2 579.4 16.9 70.0 2 4 6 17.9 3 37.5 246 20.8 8 12 78 18.7 25 578.6 448.3 1 58.6 2 35.9 48.9 1 2 30.2 18 1 59.3 97.5 6 15.8 2 44 1 57.7 2 3 47.0 1 26.2 29.0 18 1 60.3 97.8 60.6 1 449.6 1 57 20.9 36.2 All 1 2 29.4 190 1 6 97.6 60.9 1 45 1 57.6 21 36.5 48.5 1 26.2 29.4 19 1 65 99.9 60.6 1 45 Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Blast furnaces and steel mills Steel pipe and tubes Iron and steel foundries Gray and ductile iron foundries Malleable iron foundries Steel foundries, nee Primary nonferrous metals Primary aluminum Nonferrous rolling and drawing Copper rolling and drawing Aluminum sheet, plate, and foil Nonferrous wire drawing and insulating Nonferrous foundries (castings) Aluminum foundries 33 331 3312 3317 332 3321 3322 3325 333 3334 335 3351 3353 3357 336 3365 719.0 23 16 28.6 13 79.8 29.2 39.2 2 171.4 2 21.2 7 9 26.5 697.3 23 160.0 28.6 125.8 7 28.2 39 2 16 2 21 68.9 86.4 2 688.3 221.6 15 28.0 12 76.6 28 37.4 21.6 166.7 21.7 19.7 7 90.6 2 690.3 221.2 15 28 127.2 77.8 28.3 37.5 2 167.5 2 19.7 7 91.0 2 68 221 56 18 126.4 21.6 108.2 6 2 30.6 18.4 13 18.6 15.8 5 76 21.7 54 179.9 12 21.6 10 61.3 2 30.4 18.4 12 18.3 1 50.6 69.2 19.8 537.2 17 120.0 2 10 6 2 29.0 17.6 12 17.6 1 5 7 21.4 538.0 17 119.4 21.4 10 6 2 28.9 17.4 12 17.8 1 5 7 21.3 529.8 17 Fabricated metal products 34 Metal cans and shipping containers 341 Metal cans 3411 Cutlery, handtools, and hardware 342 Hand and edge tools, and blades and handsaws... 342 Hardware, nee 3429 Plumbing and heating, except electric 343 Plumbing fixture fittings and trim 3432 Heating equipment, except electric 3433 Fabricated structural metal products 344 Fabricated structural metal 3441 Metal doors, sash, and trim 3442 Fabricated plate work (boiler shops) 3443 Sheet metal work 3444 Architectural metal work 3446 Screw machine products, bolts, etc 345 Screw machine products 3451 Bolts, nuts, rivets, and washers 3452 Metal forgingsand stampings 346 Iron and steel forgings 3462 Automotive stampings 3465 Metal stampings, nee 3469 10 37.0 29.7 127.5 4 70.3 57.6 2 19.2 46 8 79.2 10 12 31.7 107.6 5 52 25 3 11 96.2 1.47 36.4 29.3 12 4 68.4 57.4 2 19.3 46 82 79.3 10 12 3 10 5 51.3 238.6 3 96.5 9 1,486.4 3 28.5 12 4 69.8 58.0 2 19.4 46 8 8 98.9 12 3 10 5 51.0 257.2 31.3 11 96.6 1.49 3 28.7 12 4 69.7 58.5 2 19.5 468.2 8 8 98.4 12 3 10 5 51.0 257.9 31.3 11 97.4 1,479.0 1,138.2 31.3 2 98 3 5 40.8 17.5 1 340.3 59.8 58 7 9 2 8 4 39.0 201.7 2 9 7 1,105.9 30.8 2 95 3 52 40.6 17.2 1 339.8 59.9 58.8 7 95 2 8 4 38.2 18 2 7 7 1,117.5 30 2 9 3 5 17.6 1 338.5 59.9 60.4 70.8 9 2 8 4 38.2 20 2 9 7 1,12 30.3 2 96.6 3 5 4 17.6 1 341.6 60.4 6 70.6 9 2 81.4 4 38.2 20 2 9 7 1,108.7 See footnotes at end of table. 66

ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 1987 SIC Code All employees P P Production workers' P P Durable goods Continued Fabricated metal products Continued Metal services, nee Plating and polishing Metal coating and allied services Ordnance and accessories, nee Ammunition, except for small arms, nee Miscellaneous fabricated metal products Valves and pipe fittings, nee Misc. fabricated wire products 347 3471 3479 348 3483 349 3494 3496 146.8 88.8 58.0 41.4 19.7 270.4 2 57.7 140.2 8 5 40.7 19.6 268.3 2 56.9 14 86.9 5 39.4 18.4 259.8 2 56.7 142 86 5 39.6 18.5 26 2 57 118.9 7 4 2 9.0 198.9 18.2 4 11 69.8 4 2 8.9 196.8 18 4 11 70.5 4 2 8.8 189.8 17.6 4 11 69.8 4 2 9.0 191.4 17.5 4 Industrial machinery and equipment Engines and turbines Turbines and turbine generator sets Internal combustion engines, nee Farm and garden machinery Farm machinery and equipment Construction and related machinery Construction machinery Mining machinery Oil and gas field machinery Conveyors and conveying equipment Industrial trucks and tractors Metalworking machinery Machine tools, metal cutting types Machine tools, metal forming types Special dies, tools, jigs, and fixtures Machine tool accessories Power driven handtools Special industry machinery Textile machinery Printing trades machinery Food products machinery General industrial machinery Pumps and pumping equipment Ball and roller bearings Air and gas compressors Blowers and fans Speed changers, drives, and gears Power transmission equipment, nee Computer and office equipment Electronic computers Computer terminals, calculators, and office machines, nee Refrigeration and service machinery Refrigeration and heating equipment Misc. industrial and commercial machinery Carburetors, pistons, rings, valves Scales, balances, and industrial machinery, nee... 35 351 3511 3519 352 3523 353 3531 3532 3533 3535 3537 354 3541 3542 3544 3545 3546 355 3552 3555 3556 356 3561 3562 3563 3564 3566 3568 357 3571 3575,8,9 358 3585 359 3592 3596,9 2,227.8 8 2 59.6 107.8 80.2 25 9 17.0 51.7 4 3 355 4 17.7 169 55.9 21.3 181.4 1 2 2 271 3 4 26.5 36.8 18.3 2 381.4 201.2 61.3 20 141.4 386.4 2 31 01.4 80.4 2 56.6 100.8 78.0 25 9 16.9 51.4 41.4 3 351.6 4 17.4 166.9 5 21.2 179.3 1 2 2 269.6 31.6 41.0 26.6 37.0 18.2 2 381.0 201.2 61.0 200.4 137.3 38 2 310.0 2,13 8 2 59.6 97.8 70.7 24 9 1 40.5 41.0 3 339.8 41.2 16.6 16 5 20 169.8 1 20.9 2 260.7 30.3 39.9 27.4 36.2 16.9 2 362 18 62 20 14 37 2 30 2,139? 8 2 59.9 96.2 70.8 24 9 1 40.2 41.0 3 340 40.8 16.7 16 5 20.3 169.5 1 20.7 2 26 30.3 39.9 27.7 36.5 16.8 21.4 36 18 6 20 14 375.8 2 30 226.9 36 1,407.9 5 1 39.4 77.7 57.8 167.2 6 10.0 3 2 2 25 27.5 11 129.0 40.0 15 97.4 9.4 1 1 17 18.8 3 15 2 1 15.8 147 7 2 148 108.3 290.9 19.4 241.0 1.381.2 50 1 36.8 70.7 5 166.6 6 9.9 3 2 2 250.2 27.5 10.9 126.4 39.7 1 9 9 1 1 170.3 18.2 31.4 1 2 1 1 146.5 7 2 14 10 286.4 18.9 237 1,351.3 5 1 4 69.7 49.6 15 6 9 2 21.6 2 24 2 10.2 125.8 38.0 1 9 8.5 1 1 16 17.4 30.5 1 2 1 1 146.6 7 2 145.8 107.7 279.5 19.5 230.8 1,351.2 55.8 1 4 67.8 49.4 15 6 9.0 2 2 2 24 2 10.3 12 38 1 91.3 8.5 1 1 165.9 17.4 30.4 1 2 1 1 146.4 7 2 146.5 108.7 280.6 19.6 231.6 1,33 Electronic and other electrical equipment Electric distribution equipment Transformers, except electronic Switchgear and switchboard apparatus Electrical industrial apparatus Motors and generators Relays and industrial controls Household appliances Household refrigerators and freezers Household laundry equipment Electric housewares and fans 36 361 3612 3613 362 3621 3625 363 3632 3633 3634 1,720.5 8 38 4 15 76.8 58.6 116.8 26.6 16.2 2 1,700.9 8 37.7 4 15 7 58 11 26.6 16 2 1,65 82 37.3 4 146.9 7 5 118 28.5 17.8 21.0 1,66 8 37.6 4 146.8 7 5 117.4 27 18.3 21.3 1,658.8 1.077.6 5 2 29.9 108 59.5 3 9 21 1 18.8 1.055.9 5 2 29.8 105 57 3 90.9 21.2 1 17.6 1,03 56.8 26.2 30.6 101.2 5 32 96.5 2 1 1 1,03 55.8 26 29.7 101.3 5 32 96.5 2 16.2 15.8 1,03 See footnotes at end of table. 67

ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 1987 SIC PnHo All employees P P Production workers 1 P P Durable goods Continued Electronic and other electrical equipment Continued Electric lighting and wiring equipment 364 Electric lamps 3641 Currentcarrying wiring devices 3643 Noncurrentcarrying wiring devices 3644 Residential ing fixtures 3645 Household audio and video equipment 365 Household audio and video equipment 3651 Communications equipment 366 Telephone and telegraph apparatus 3661 Electronic components and accessories 367 Electron tubes 3671 Semiconductors and related devices 3674 Electronic components, nee 3679 Misc. electrical equipment and supplies 369 Storage batteries 3691 Engine electrical equipment 3694 18 20 6 19.2 21.7 81.6 5 285.8 128.4 667.3 20.6 288.5 148.6 146.4 2 6 18 20.2 6 18.9 20.6 81.2 5 28 127 660.8 20.2 287 146 14 2 6 176.4 19.4 58.3 19.7 20.9 81.2 5 27 120.3 63 19.8 267.2 14 141.6 2 6 177.9 19.5 58.0 20.0 21 8 5 27 121.6 640.6 19.9 270.6 14 14 26 6 637.7 131.2 1 4 1 16.4 5 3 13 59.2 40 1 129.8 10 10 19.9 49.4 129.8 1 4 1 1 51.4 3 128.2 57.2 39 1 127.4 99.8 10 19.6 47.5 12 1 38.7 1 1 5 3 12 5 377.7 1 115.9 96.2 100.7 20.4 47.5 126.7 1 38.8 1 1 5 3 121.6 5 377.5 1 11 96.6 101 20.6 47.6 Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Motor vehicles and car bodies Truck and bus bodies Motor vehicle parts and accessories Truck trailers Aircraft and parts Aircraft Aircraft engines and engine parts Aircraft parts and equipment, nee Ship and boat building and repairing Ship building and repairing Boat building and repairing Railroad equipment Guided missiles, space vehicles, and parts Guided missiles and space vehicles Miscellaneous transportation equipment Travel trailers and campers 37 371 3711 3713 3714 3715 372 3721 3724 3728 373 3731 3732 374 376 3761 379 3792 1,90 1,00 346.6 4 55 39.4 52 270.8 10 150 167.9 107.2 60.7 37.2 9 6 5 22 1.760 861.0 27 41.2 490.2 38.3 52 270.2 10 150.4 167.7 106.6 61 37 9 6 5 2 58.9 1,001.7 34 4 549.4 4 496 251.2 100.7 14 159.3 9 6 3 86.8 59.7 57.2 2 1,860.7 1,007.0 34 4 55 4 490.4 249.0 99.7 1 160.4 95 6 3 87.5 60.3 57.6 2 1,824 1 97 487.7 1,280 778.7 257 3 439.4 31.7 26 11 5 96.6 127.2 76.8 50.4 27.8 2 1 40.5 18.7 1,12 62 17 3 37 30.9 26 11 5 96.9 127.2 76.8 50.4 27 2 1 40.4 18.9 1,23 766.4 246.9 35.8 43 3 246.4 10 50.7 90.7 116 6 5 2 2 1 4 19.4 1,236.2 769.9 246.5 36.4 435.9 3 24 10 50.5 89.2 116.7 6 5 2 2 1 4 19.4 1.207.8 745.8 Instruments and related products Search and navigation equipment Measuring and controlling devices Environmental controls Process control instruments Instruments to measure electricity Medical instruments and supplies Surgical and medical instruments Surgical appliances and supplies Ophthalmic goods Photographic equipment and supplies Watches, clocks, watchcases, and parts 38 381 382 3822 3823 3825 384 3841 3842 385 386 387 87 16 307.4 40.4 67.7 77.8 280.9 11 95.9 3 81.4 6.9 870.0 161.7 306.7 39.9 67.2 77.9 280.0 11 9 3 80.6 5.8 838.3 15 29 38.3 6 7 275.9 110.8 9 3 7 840.8 15 29 38.8 6 7 277.9 11 96.2 3 7 6.2 84 435.8 4 157.4 27.6 3 3 167.4 7 59.7 2 37.9 43 4 156.9 27.3 3 3 166.7 7 59.2 2 37.2 42 4 148.0 2 3 28.4 16 71.4 60.3 2 38.7 42 41.6 148.9 2 3 28.6 167.2 7 60.5 2 38.7 5 42 Miscellaneous manufacture ig industries Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware Jewelry, precious metal Musical instruments Toys and sporting goods Dolls, games, toys, and children's vehicles Sporting and athletic goods, nee Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies Costume jewelry and notions Costume jewelry Miscellaneous manufactures Signs and advertising specialties 39 391 3911 393 394 3942,4 3949 395 396 3961 399 3993 396.2 49.2 36.8 16.2 108 3 7 31.6 2 1 168.9 7 391.7 49 36.7 16 10 3 7 31.3 2 1 168.7 7 386.8 49.3 36.4 1 10 30.5 7 29.9 20.7 1 168.2 7 389.3 48.7 35.8 1 10 31.0 7 30.5 20.7 1 170.6 76 38 277.3 3 2 1 7 21.6 5 2 1 8.9 118.6 47.7 27 3 2 1 71.0 20.9 50 2 1 8.5 118.3 47.9 268.5 3 2 1 69.5 19.7 49.8 20.7 15 8.2 116.5 48.7 270.0 3 2 1 69.4 20 49.3 20.8 15 8.2 118.4 49.4 266 See footnotes at end of table. 68

ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 1987 SIC Code All employees P P Production workers' P P Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Meat products Meat packing plants Sausages and other prepared meats Poultry slaughtering and processing, Dairy products Cheese, natural and processed Fluid milk Preserved fruits and vegetables Canned specialties Canned fruits and vegetables Frozen fruits and vegetables Grain mill products Flour and other grain mill products Prepared feeds, nee Bakery products Bread, cake, and related products Cookies, crackers, and frozen bakery products, except bread Sugar and confectionery products Raw cane sugar Cane sugar refining Beet sugar Candy and other confectionery products Fats and oils Beverages Malt beverages Bottled and canned soft drinks Misc. food and kindred products 20 201 2011 2013 2015 202 2022 2026 203 2032 2033 2037 204 2041. 2048 205 2051 205 206 2061 2062 2063 2064 207 208 2082 2086 209 7,650 1,68 49 150.0 98.3 24 14 39.6 6 226.7 16.5 6 50.7 12 19 39.8 206.4 146.6 59.8 91.6 6.8 5 3 18 3 98.8 181.7 7.603 1.708.0 49 150 99.0 245.9 14 39.7 6 24 16 78.6 5 12 19.3 39.7 205.9 147.2 58.7 9 6.8 5 3 18 3 99.2 18 7,428 1.659 496.8 150.4 99.3 247 140.9 38.5 6 21 15.8 58.6 4 12 19 39.9 20 14 61.6 88.6 7.8 47.6 3 18 3 98.3 17 7.465 1.678.7 499.9 150.3 100.8 248.8 14 39.2 6 218 1 6 4 12 19.4 40.6 205.9 14 6 89.9 7.7 48.2 3 18 3 99 177.0 7.436 1.698.7 5,321 1,249.4 418.5 12 77.0 217 97.4 32 3 190.8 1 5 4 88.2 11.6 2 140.4 89.7 50.7 70.5 5.8 40.0 22 89.6 20.9 41.3 13 69 1.267.7 418.4 12 77.3 216.4 96.9 3 36.2 207.6 1 66.2 46.2 87.7 11.7 2 139.4 89.7 49.7 70.8 5.8 40.6 2 88.9 20.8 40.6 13 5,128 1,229.5 42 125.8 78.9 218.2 97.0 3 37.2 17 1 48.2 38.3 88.5 1 2 140.0 87.5 5 68.5 6.7 37.2 2 88.7 20.0 40 12 5,152 1,246.6 42 12 79.9 219.4 99 3 37.6 181.3 1 5 38.9 89.9 1 27.0 140.9 87.9 5 70.0 6.5 37.9 2 89.7 20.2 40.8 127.7 5,130 1,26 Tobacco products Cigarettes 21 211 37 26.9 36.8 27 3 2 3 25.8 3 27.6 20.0 27.3 20.2 2 18 2 18.2 2 Textile mill products Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton Broadwoven fabric mills, synthetics Broadwoven fabric mills, wool Narrow fabric mills Knitting mills Women's hosiery, except socks Hosiery, nee Knit outerwear mills Knit underwear mills Weft knit fabric mills Textile finishing, except wool Finishing plants, cotton Finishing plants, synthetics Carpets and rugs Yarn and thread mills Yarn spinning mills Throwing and winding mills Miscellaneous textile goods 22 221 222 223 224 225 2251 2252 2253 2254 2257 226 2261 2262 227 228 2281 2282 229 60 71.7 6 1 21.2 16 17.4 37.2 49.3 1 2 6 29.3 20.9 6 88 6 17.3 5 59 69.9 6 1 20.4 160.3 17.2 37.0 49 11.4 2 6 28.6 19.7 6 87.6 6 17.3 5 56 6 59.4 10 21.2 14 16.2 3 41.6 9.5 2 6 28.6 19.0 6 8 59.9 16 5 56 6 60.0 10 21.3 14 16.2 3 40.9 9.3 22 61.0 28.5 18.8 6 8 59.7 16.5 5 555.8 51 6 5 11.2 17.4 138.7 15 3 4 10.5 2 5 2 16.7 5 78.2 57.3 1 4 501.3 6 5 10.3 16.6 136.4 1 3 4 10.2 20.8 5 2 15.9 51.6 77.3 56.7 1 4 476.7 57.8 50.5 8.6 17.4 12 1 31.0 3 8.3 18.3 51.3 2 1 5 7 5 1 4 47 57.4 51.0 8.6 17.4 12 1 31.0 3 8 18.3 50.7 2 1 5 7 5 1 4 470.3 Apparel and other textile products Men's and boys' suits and coats Men's and boys' furnishings Men's and boys' shirts Mens and boys' trousers and slacks Men's and boys' work clothing Women's and misses' outerwear Women s and misses' blouses and shirts Women s. juniors', and misses' dresses Women s and misses' suits and coats Women s and misses' outerwear, nee 23 231 232 2321 2325 2326 233 2331 2335 2337 2339 775.8 27 189.2 38.3 6 29.4 23 20.7 3 20 158.8 75 2 18 37.8 6 28.5 227.4 20.4 3 20.2 15 69 2 158.5 30.2 5 2 207.5 18.5 29.7 16.4 14 691.6 2 157.6 30 5 2 20 18.4 30 1 14 67 62 2 159.6 3 5 2 18 15.9 26.2 1 126 60 21.3 15 3 5 2 178.7 1 2 1 122 555 18.7 132 2 46.2 2 16 1 2 1 11 550.6 18.6 131.0 2 4 2 160.4 1 2 1 11 535.8 See footnotes at end of table. 69

ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 1987 SIC PnHo OUUc All employees P P Production workers' P P Nondurable goods Continued Apparel and other textile products Continued Women's and childrens undergarments Women's and childrens underwear Brassieres, girdles, and allied garments Girls 1 and children's outerwear Girls" and children's dresses and blouses Misc. apparel and accessories Misc. fabricated textile products Curtains and draperies House furnishings, nee Automotive and apparel trimmings 234 2341 2342 236 2361 238 239 2391 2392 2396 3 2 8.6 26 9.4 3 218.7 19.3 5 6 30.4 2 8.6 2 9.4 3 210.3 18.4 5 57.0 27.5 19.8 7.7 20.8 7.8 30.7 209.5 17.7 5 60.6 27.9 20.2 7.7 20.5 7.8 30.6 209.3 17.8 5 60.6 2 18 6.4 21.4 8.2 26.5 17 1 4 48.6 2 16.9 6.5 20.8 8 2 16 1 4 4 2 15.8 6.4 17.0 6.9 2 16 1 4 47.0 2 1 6.4 16.6 6.8 2 16 1 4 46.4 Paper and allied products Paper mills Paperboard mills Paperboard containers and boxes Corrugated and solid fiber boxes Sanitary food containers Folding paperboard boxes Misc. converted paper products Paper, coated and laminated, nee Bags: plastics, laminated, and coated Envelopes 26 262 263 265 2653 2656 2657 267 2672 2673 2677 680.3 157.0 48.5 220.3 13 17.6 47 24 47.3 39.4 2 67 156.2 48.4 217.9 13 17.7 4 241 47.2 39 2 658.9 149 47.2 21 130.6 17.4 4 236.5 4 38.0 2 66 150.5 47.4 21 131.0 17.2 46 238.4 4 37.9 2 660.4 518.8 12 37.3 170.8 100 15.9 38 178 2 30.9 18.4 51 12 37.2 168.8 98.8 15.9 37.5 17 2 30.6 18.2 499.2 116.5 3 165.9 97.6 1 36.7 171 21 29.6 18.5 50 117.9 36.6 166.7 98.0 1 37.2 17 2 29.5 18.5 501.3 Printing and publishing Newspapers Periodicals Books Book publishing Book printing Miscellaneous publishing Commercial printing Commercial printing, lithographic Commercial printing, nee Manifold business forms Blankbooks and bookbinding Printing trade services 27 271 272 273 2731 2732 274 275 2752 2759 276 278 279 1,570.9 44 139.0 127.6 88.0 39.6 91.3 58 379.0 18 41.3 6 50.8 1,568.2 44 139.8 128.2 88 40 91.4 581 377.5 18 41 6 50.3 1,549.5 440 139.7 121.3 8 36.8 9 578.5 376.8 18 39.4 61.2 49.4 1,55 44 140.4 12 8 36.2 91.7 578.4 37 18 39.5 61.3 49 1,55 847.9 147.0 4 6 3 31.3 4 41 269.8 130.7 28.8 49.3 3 84 14 4 6 3 31.7 4 41 268.4 129.8 28.5 49.5 3 82 145.9 4 5 26.7 28.7 45 410 268.0 126.4 2 46.5 3 827.7 147.3 4 55 26.9 28.2 4 410.5 267 127.8 2 46.8 3 826 Chemicals and allied products Industrial inorganic chemicals Industrial inorganic chemicals, nee Plastics materials and synthetics Plastics materials and resins Organic fibers, noncellulosic Drugs Pharmaceutical preparations Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods Soap and other detergents Polishing, sanitation, and finishing preparations Toilet preparations Paints and allied products Industrial organic chemicals Cyclic crudes and intermediates Industrial organic chemicals, nee Agricultural chemicals Miscellaneous chemical products 28 281 2819 282 2821 2824 283 2834 284 2841 2842,3 2844 285 286 2865 2869 287 289 1,050.8 117.0 70.2 158.4 79.6 4 280.7 220.5 15 39.4 40.3 7 5 138.7 2 11 5 9 1,050.2 116.9 70.3 157.6 79.7 4 28 221.6 156.7 39.5 40.5 76.7 5 138.5 2 11 5 9 1,035.9 111.4 67.7 151.6 77.7 40.7 288.3 22 15 39.5 40.2 7 5 13 21.3 11 5 92 1,039.8 111.7 67.6 15 78.5 40.6 291 228.7 15 39.5 40.2 7 5 135.9 21.3 11 5 9 1,037.4 590.7 6 3 10 49.0 3 127.9 10 97.2 2 2 5 27.9 80.9 1 6 31.7 57.8 588.3 6 3 10 48.9 3 127.7 10 97.8 21.4 2 5 28.0 80.4 1 6 31 56.6 58 59.2 36.4 99.2 46.7 32 13 107.3 97.0 2 2 48 27.5 77.9 1 6 3 56.4 58 58.7 3 100 47.3 32 13 107.4 97.7 26.8 2 48.4 27.8 77.9 1 6 3 5 580.7 Petroleum and coal products Petroleum refining Asphalt paving and roofing materials 29 291 295 14 98 3 14 96.6 3 138.5 91.6 3 140 9 3 140.6 9 6 2 9 6 2 91.2 58.4 2 9 58.5 2 9 Rubber and misc. plastics products Tires and inner tubes Rubber and plastics footwear Hose, belting, gaskets, and packing Rubber and plastics hose and belting Fabricated rubber products, nee Miscellaneous plastics products, nee 30 301 302 305 3052 306 308 1,017 80.8 6.5 7 29.3 11 745 995.8 81.0 70.3 29.0 109.6 729.5 1,017.8 76.7 70.4 29.7 110.5 75 1,02 76.9 70.9 29.9 112 758.9 1,011.2 789.7 59.6 5 5 2 86.5 58 768.2 59.6 5 2 8 568 787.9 5 5 2 8 589.9 79 5 5 2 8 59 780.8 See footnotes at end of table. 70

ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 1987 SIC Code All employees P P Production workers 1 P P Nondurable goods Continued Leather and leather products Leather tanning and finishing Footwear, except rubber Men's footwear, except athletic Women's footwear, except athletic Luggage Handbags and personal leather goods Transportation and public utilities Transportation Railroad transportation Class I railroads plus Amtrak 2 31 311 314 3143 3144 316 317 40 4011 8 1 3 20.0 9.2 9.4 9 6,623 4,286 23 206 79.9 1 3 19.2 8.5 8.5 8.7 6.592 53 23 207.0 7 11.0 3 17.9 7.4 8 8.3 6.773 4,414 23 206.5 7 10.8 3 18.0 7.4 8 8.5 6,813 4,441 23 207.5 70 6.777 4,404 236.7 6 10.6 28.9 1 7.2 6.6 5,482 59.6 9.6 27.4 1 6.6 5,464 5 8.9 2 1 6.2 5,611 5 8.8 2 1 6.2 6 5,652 50.8 5,621 Local and interurban passenger transit Local and suburban transportation Taxicabs Intercity and rural bus transportation School buses 41 411 412 413 415 46 236.9 31 2 13 407.8 236.2 31 25.9 79.3 498 241.4 31.2 28.0 161 48 24 31 27.6 14 421.2 42 21 2 367.3 21 2 457.3 218.7 2 441.4 22 2 Trucking and warehousing Trucking and courier services, except air.. Public warehousing and storage 42 421 422 1,760.0 90.6 16 1.771.2 1,601.2 16 1,797.5 1,618.6 17 2 1.646.9 17 39 1,54 1,401.2 13 1,55 1,41 136.7 7 1,42 14 1,60 1,45 14 Water transportation Water transportation of freight, nee Water transportation services 44 444 449 18 1 12 191 1 129.0 18 1 120.5 187 1 12 191 109.3 11 10 107.7 Transportation by air Air transportation, scheduled Air transportation, scheduled Airports, flying fields, and services 45 451 4512 458 1,17 999 53 129 1,181 1,00 537.5 130 1,220.6 1,03 551.3 135 1,22.,037.4 556.4 137 1,231 Pipelines, except natural gas 46 1 1 1 1 1 1 11.6 11 11.3 Transportation services Passenger transportation arrangement Travel agencies Freight transportation arrangement 47 472 4724 473 45 219.6 17 181.0 45 220.2 17 18 468.6 22 17 19 470.2 22 17 19 471.2 370.0 18 14 140.7 371 18 14 14 38 187.3 146.4 15 38 188.0 147.0 155 Communications and public utilities 2,337 39 2,359 2,372 2,373 Communications Telephone communications Telephone communications, except radio Radio and television broadcasting Radio broadcasting stations Television broadcasting stations Cable and other pay television services... 48 481 4813 483 4832 4833 484 1.476 1,01 85 248.3 115.9 13 180.5 1.477.0 1,011.7 85 246.5 115 131.4 18 1,51 1,04 88 247.5 11 131.2 186.5 20.3 1,046.6 885.9 247 116 131.0 188.9 1,520.9 1,067.8 701.6 58 20 147.8 1,07 708.3 590.5 20 149.9 1,091.3 72 598.0 20 15 1,096.2 72 600.5 20 15 Electric, gas, and sanitary services Electric services Gas production and distribution Combination utility services Sanitary services 49 491 492 493 495 860.6 368 137.7 158.6 16 86 368.4 138.5 158 16 84 361.7 13 15 16 85 36 13 15 16 85 689.7 297.9 107.2 12 13 69 298.5 107.7 12 135 678.9 29 10 12 13 686.6 296.4 10 121.7 136.2 Wholesale trade 6,869 6.885 6,986 7,032 7,055 5,510 5,529 5,605 5,640 5,651 Durable goods Motor vehicles, parts, and supplies Automobiles and other motor vehicles Motor vehicle supplies and new parts Furniture and home furnishings Furniture Home furnishings 50 501 5012 5013 502 5021 5023 4,065 520.5 149.7 29 16 80 8 4,074 52 151.7 29 16 80 85 4,131 53 158.5 29 169.3 82 87.2 4,161 53 159.6 29 169.5 8 87.5 4,176 3,207 41 131.0 3,217 41 131.4 3,268 418.0 13 3,286 420.3 13 See footnotes at end of table. 71

ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 1987 SIC Cnria UUUc All employees P P Production workers 1 P P Wholesale trade Continued Durable goods Continued Lumber and other construction materials Lumber, plywood, and millwork Construction materials, nee Professional and commercial equipment Office equipment Computers, peripherals and software Medical and hospital equipment Metals and minerals, except petroleum Electrical goods Electrical apparatus and equipment Electrical appliances, television and radio sets Electronic parts and equipment Hardware, plumbing, and heating equipment... Hardware Plumbing and hydronic heating supplies Machinery, equipment, and supplies Construction and mining machinery Farm and garden machinery Industrial machinery and equipment Industrial supplies Misc. wholesale trade durable goods Scrap and waste materials 503 5031 5039 504 5044 5045 5047 505 506 5063 5064 5065 507 5072 5074 508 5082 5083 5084 5085 509 5093 267.0 13 40.2 917.7 201 386.7 188.2 15 548.3 231 47.4 269.8 308.2 11 119.9 84 91.6 12 339 158.9 340 12 268.2 13 40.6 92 201.7 387.9 190.0 15 550 231.6 47.7 270.8 307.3 11 119.5 845.8 9 12 337.7 159.2 338.4 12 276 139 4 97 210.2 41 20 15 550.4 235 49.5 265.8 305.9 109.8 120.7 838.6 9 12 33 155.9 331.0 118.3 279.7 140.5 4 981.4 211 416.8 20 15 55 236.4 49.6 26 309.5 110.8 12 84 9 125.8 33 157.6 33 119.2 22 711.7 150.9 12 399.2 252 67 276.8 22 718.4 15 12 401.2 251.7 676.2 27 229.7 776.9 16 12 398.7 251.3 668.2 267.9 23 778.9 16 12 397.2 25 67 272 Nondurable goods Paper and paper products Stationery and office supplies Drugs, proprietaries, and sundries Apparel, piece goods, and notions Groceries and related products Groceries, general line Meats and meat products Fresh fruits and vegetables Farmproduct raw materials Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and petroleum products Petroleum bulk stations and terminals Petroleum products, nee Beer. wine, and distilled beverages Beer and ale Wine and distilled beverages Misc. wholesale trade nondurable goods Farm supplies 51 511 5112 512 513 514 5141 5147 5148 515 516 517 5171 5172 518 5181 5182 519 5191 2,804 279 16 238.5 22 92 288 5 110.6 107.0 156.5 15 6 92 157.4 100.8 56.6 56 171.2 2,811 279.4 16 240.2 226.2 926.8 288.2 5 110.3 106.6 156.7 156.5 6 92 158.0 101 56.9 560.6 169.5 2,855 288.6 169.2 25 22 930.7 28 57 10 107.2 161.7 15 6 91.2 16 10 59.6 571 176.8 2,871 291.4 170.2 256.8 228.0 93 286.5 57 10 107.8 16 15 6 90.7 16 10 60.3 569.8 17 2,879 2,303 23 199.8 179.5 778.8 86.6 11 128.5 127.8 45 2,312 23 201.6 185 779.2 86.5 11 129.4 128.8 45 2,337 239 211 18 780.0 86.8 116.8 126.7 129.8 46 2,354 242 21 187.2 786 87.2 117.6 126.7 13 461.6 Retail trade 22,451 22,457 279 22,990 224 19,753 19,750 20,027 20.236 20,271 Building materials and garden supplies Lumber and other building materials Paint, glass, and wallpaper stores Hardware stores Retail nurseries and garden stores 52 521 523 525 526 99 597 65 170.2 11 98 596 6 169.8 10 1,02 61 66.8 171 12 1,032 62 67.4 172 121.3 1,02 835 508.7 50.8 140.6 98.6 82 507.5 51.0 140.5 89.6 857.8 52 49.3 142 107.7 86 531 50.0 14 10 General merchandise stores Department stores Variety stores Miscellaneous general merchandise stores 53 531 533 539 2,66 2,366.9 118.3 178.0 2,671.3 2,375 3 118 177.9 2,70 2,41 11 17 2,720.9 2,427.9 11 Mil 2,72 2,429 2,470.0 2,217 100.2 15 2,480.4 2,228.0 100.2 15 2,51 2,26 98.0 151.2 39.2 86.4 99.0 15 Food stores Grocery stores Meat and fish markets Dairy products stores Retail bakeries 54 541 542 545 546 3,49 3,07 46.6 1 208 3,508 3,089.4 46.8 1 20 3,468.7 3,04 47.8 1 206.2 3,49 3,06 48 1 209.3 3,500.6 3,169.8 2,811.2 180.5 3,18 2,82 178.0 3,138.0 2,778.2 178.8 3,16 2,79 181.4 Automotive dealers and service stations New and used car dealers 55 551 60.3 1,049.9 2,37 1,05 2,40 1,077.0 2,42 1,08 2,44 1,091.4 1,961.7 880.8 1,97 88 2,00 90 2,019.7 909.5 See footnotes at end of table. 72

ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 1987 SIC Code All employees Production workers 1 P P P P Retail trade Continued Automotive dealers and service stations Continued Auto and home supply stores Gasoline service stations Automotive dealers, nee 553 554 559 400.0 697.4 9.6 40 70 9.8 40 70 10.2 406.5 709.0 10.3 305.8 60 8.0 307 609.2 8.0 312 608.2 8.4 31 61 8.6 Apparel and accessory stores Men's and boys" clothing stores Women's clothing stores Family clothing stores Shoe stores 56 561 562 565 566 1,13 8 269.7 37 217.4 1,141.4 81.4 270.0 381.2 216.7 1,146 79.3 27 38 216.7 1,16 79.6 27 396 220.4 1,17 949 66.4 22 33 171.2 956.5 66.2 22 341.0 171.3 959 6 22 340.8 17 978.0 6 227.4 351.0 17 Furniture and home furnishings stores Furniture and home furnishings stores Furniture stores Household appliance stores Radio, television, and computer stores Radio, television, and electronic stores Record and prerecorded tape stores 57 571 5712 572 573 5731 5735 1,010.8 521.3 30 67.2 42 180.6 78 1,017.5 52 306.2 67.4 427.4 18 78.9 1,07 54 319.0 67.7 46 195.8 9 1,079.4 546.6 321.0 67.9 46 198.2 91.2 1,081.6 830.7 42 5 35 150 66.2 836.4 42 5 356.4 15 66.9 88 441.4 5 386.9 16 77 890.2 446.2 55 388.9 16 76.6 Eating and drinking places 58 7,97 7,938.4 8,03 8,149.5 8,150.7 7,186.2 7,146.8 7,22 7,33 Miscellaneous retail establishments Drug stores and proprietary stores Liquor stores Used merchandise stores Miscellaneous shopping goods stores Sporting goods and bicycle shops Book stores Stationery stores Jewelry stores Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops Sewing, needlework, and piece goods Nonstore retailers Catalog and mailorder houses Merchandising machine operators Fuel dealers Retail stores, nee Florists, tobacco stores, and newsstands Optical goods stores Miscellaneous retail stores, nee 59 591 592 593 594 5941 5942 5943 5944 5947 5949 596 5961 5962 598 599 5992,3,4 5995 5999 2,82 64 11 119.8 980.3 189.3 12 9 140.4 23 48.0 33 21 67.2 9 54 15 70.4 320.5 2,82 641.6 111.4 120.4 98 187.3 12 9 140.9 240.2 46.7 331.4 21 66.4 9 54 148.5 70.8 32 2,927.2 667.9 111.2 125.8 1,021.7 189.8 13 9 150.5 240.8 46.7 329.5 21 67.4 9 575.8 17 71.7 330.7 2,92 67 111 12 1,016.7 19 127.7 9 147.7 24 46 329.8 211.6 67 9 571.0 158.7 7 338.8 2,92 2,349.9 539.0 99.9 81 280.3 76.4 447.3 56.9 26 2,349 537.9 100.7 817.5 279.0 7 447.5 57.0 26 2,449.3 567.8 10 85 278.6 77.4 475.9 56.2 271.2 2,448.0 57 10 850.4 278.7 77.2 470.8 57.0 278.7 Finance, insurance, and real estate 3 7,468 7,526 7,618 7,710 7,753 5,508 5,558 5,586 5,661 5,696 Finance 3,607 3,633 3,700 3,731 3,749 Depository institutions Commercial banks State commercial banks National and commercial banks, nee Savings institutions Federal savings institutions Savings institutions, except federal Credit unions 60 602 6022 6021,9 603 6035 6036 606 2,05 1,477.5 58 89 260.3 15 107.3 179.5 2,059.8 1,480.3 58 89 260.7 15 107.5 180.2 4 1.462 59 869.2 256.2 149.5 106.7 18 2,060.4 1,47 600.6 87 258 150.2 107.9 186.6 2,066.4 1,480.4 258.2 1,48 1,050.7 417.6 63 14 1,487.3 1,05 421.2 63 14.,468.6.,036.7 427.6 609 147 1.48 1,046.7 43 61 148.6 Nondepository institutions Personal credit institutions Business credit institutions Mortgage bankers and brokers 61 614 615 616 656.9 18 12 327.0 66 18 12 33 719.5 190.6 130.6 37 72 19 131.4 37 72 37 456.7 110.6 459.8 108.3 489.8 10 490.2 10 Security and commodity brokers Security brokers and dealers Commodity contracts brokers, dealers, and exhanges Security and commodity services 62 621 622,3 628 647.4 48 26.9 13 656.6 491.0 27.0 138.6 669.9 499.0 2 14 679.4 506.2 25.8 147.4 690.0 91.6 9 98.3 99.8 Holding and other investment offices Holding offices 67 671 247.5 106.4 251.0 107.0 267.3 11 268.3 116.2 268.8 See footnotes at end of table. 73

ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 1987 SIC Code All employees P P Production workers 1 P P Finance, insurance, and real estate Continued Insurance 63,64 2,351 2,362 2,396 2,411 2,418 Insurance carriers Life insurance Medical service and health insurance Hospital and medical set/ice plans Fire, marine, and casualty insurance Title insurance 63 631 632 6324 633 636 1,60 53 357 290.0 550.2 8 1,61 535.8 358.7 291.7 55 87.4 1,63 54 367.0 299.4 551.3 9 1,64 546.2 369.0 300.9 55 9 1,646 1,21 357.2 288.3 238 438 1,22 359.4 289.2 239.2 44 1,250.5 366.4 29 24 447.6 1,260.2 369.3 295.9 24 451.6 Insurance agents, brokers, and service 64 748.5 749.2 76 767 771.7 Real estate Real estate operators and lessors Real estate agents and managers Subdividers and developers 65 651 653 655 1,510 59 746.6 130.7 1,531 598.9 76 130.6 1,522 580.2 76 137.7 1,568 59 790.3 140.3 1,586 Services 37,822 38,006 38,963 39,327 39,507 33,066 33,239 33,924 34,236 34,387 Agricultural services Veterinary services Landscape and horticultural services 07 074 078 776.2 196.2 525 780.2 198 526.4 808.4 200.8 55 841.6 206.2 580.5 839.5 66 165.8 45 668 167.7 45 688.3 169.5 47 720.5 17 499.9 Hotels and other lodging places Hotels and motels 70 701 1,878 1,800.7 1,92 1,83 1,80 1,74 1,900.4 1,81 1,95 1,586.4 1,618 1,529.8 1,598.4 Personal services Laundry, cleaning, and garment services Photographic studios, portrait Beauty shops Funeral service and crematories Miscellaneous personal services 72 721 722 723 726 729 1,169 439.5 60.8 410.8 100.3 14 1,15 437.2 58.3 408.7 100.9 13 1,180.3 43 49.9 419.4 100.0 16 1,17 43 49.4 417.7 101.2 15 1,162 387.2 36 118.5 385.8 361.2 111.4 38 369.6 13 38 367.5 129.5 Business services Advertising Advertising agencies Credit reporting and collection Mailing, reproduction, and stenographic services Photocopying and duplicating services Services to buildings Disinfecting and pest control services Building maintenance services, nee Miscellaneous equipment rental and leasing Medical equipment rental Heavy construction equipment rental Equipment rental and leasing, nee Personnel supply services Employment agencies Help supply services Computer and data processing services Computer programming services Prepackaged software Computer integrated systems design Data processing and preparation Information retrieval services Computer maintenance and repair Miscellaneous business services Detective and armored car services Security systems services Photofinishing laboratories 73 731 7311 732 733 7334 734 7342 7349 735 7352 7353 7359 736 7361 7363 737 7371 7372 7373 7374 7375 7378 738 7381 7382 7384 8,617.3 268.8 177.5 14 31 81.7 958.8 89.9 868.9 26 39.4 49.8 176.2 6 36 2,900.3 1,59 369.5 25 177.6 25 97.7 59.4 1,810 58 61.7 77.0 8,641.3 271.6 179.3 14 31 81.7 959.6 90.2 869.4 26 39.5 50.3 176.2 3,236.6 35 2,881 1,61 37 258.6 179.4 25 99.2 60.4 3 588.8 6 76.9 9,02 278.3 18 148.6 32 8 98 91.7 89 270.4 39.4 51.3 179.7 48.6 379.7 2,968.9 1,761.7 40 287.7 196 277.4 11 6 0 610.8 6 77.5 9,136.9 28 18 149.8 326 8 998.0 9 90 276 39.5 5 18 98.6 38 3,01 1,780.2 407.7 291.6 199.7 277.6 11 6 1,926.6 61 6 77.6 9,197.2 1.000 2 3,037.9 1,796.4 7,65 19 69.6 859 7 78 21 28.6 4 1 2,816.8 1,27 31 12 71.3 4 1,57 537.0 50 7,668.9 19 69.5 860.0 7 78 21 28.8 4 141.6 2,79 1,29 317.7 126.9 7 4 1,596.4 54 50.6 7,96 197.3 69.5 87 7 80 217.4 31.2 4 14 2,86 1,41 34 141.4 86 46.4 1,657.8 56 51.3 8.058.6 199.7 69.0 88 7 810.2 22 3 4 14 2,90 1.427.3 346.9 14 86.5 46.4 1.675.9 56 5 Auto repair, services, and parking Automotive rentals, without drivers Passenger car rental Automobile parking Automotive repair shops Automotive and tire repair shops General automotive repair shops 75 751 7514 752 753 7532,4 7538 1,150 202 13 7 638.3 220.4 27 1,15 20 13 7 640.6 220.7 27 1,18 207.4 137 7 658.3 23 277.6 1,190.4 211.0 139.9 7 666.8 23 28 1,191.6 93 165.8 110.8 6 50 179.9 209.9 936.7 166.6 111.4 6 50 179.6 209.8 962 168.7 11 6 518.9 188.5 21 968.4 17 11 6 526.6 188.9 219.3 See footnotes at end of table. 74

ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 1987 SIC oous All employees P P Production workers' P P Services Continued Auto repair, services, and parking Continued Automotive services, except repair Carwashes 754 7542 235 126.2 236 126.6 24 13 237.9 13 200.8 11 201.6 11 209.8 120.8 20 119.8 Miscellaneous repair services Electrical repair shops 76 762 38 11 386 11 398.2 117.8 400.4 119.5 400.6 316 31 327.3 328.2 Motion pictures Motion picture production and services Motion picture theaters Video tape rental 78 781 783 784 566.4 23 147.8 16 58 249.3 150.3 16 60 26 150.6 169.4 610.6 25 16 170.4 61 471.3 19 131.0 48 207 130.9 515.9 229.6 13 515.9 218.2 136.2 Amusement and recreation services Bowling centers Misc. amusement and recreation services Physical fitness facilities Membership sports and recreation clubs Health services Offices and clinics of medical doctors Offices and clinics of dentists Offices and clinics of other health practitioners Offices and clinics of chiropractors and optometrists Nursing and personal care facilities Skilled nursing care facilities Intermediate care facilities Nursing and personal care, nee Hospitals General medical and surgical hospitals Psychiatric hospitals Specialty hospitals, excluding psychiatric Medical and dental laboratories Home health care services 79 793 799 7991 7997 80 801 802 804 8041.2 805 8051 8052 8059 806 8062 8063 8069 807 808 1,827 7 1,397.0 177.6 420.2 9,866.5 1,80 646.9 45 167.0 1,766.9 1,351.3 20 21 3,93 3,630.5 79.9 222 198.7 675.9 1,89 69.4 1,44 177.6 437.0 9,879.0 1,810.5 648.8 449.0 167.0 1,767.6 1,35 201.6 21 3,947.3 3,64 79.9 22 200.8 66 1,76 78.0 1,318.3 189.9 379.0 9,947.3 1,857.4 66 451.6 166.7 1,750.5 1,339.6 202 208.8 60.4 3,65 8 226.5 201.4 65 1,941.0 71.2 1,490 19 45 9,987.6 1,868.7 667.5 45 167.0 1,756.6 1,34 20 209.8 3,978.2 3,668.4 8 227.5 20 65 2,007.7 1001 1,879.6 1,760 3,989 65 1,62 6 1,247.0 158.4 378.6 8,746.9 1,486.9 56 376.4 1,589.4 181.3 3,60 62 1,69 60.7 1,29 158.0 39 8,760.6 1,496.2 56 37 1,590.7 18 3,618.9 610.7 1,546.6 68.8 1,161.3 169.4 33 8,808.7 1,526.8 581.0 377.2 1,57 180.6 3,629.7 60 1,71 6 1,327.3 17 40 8,845 1,53 58 377 1,578.5 180.7 3,647.0 60 Legal services 81 98 991.0 99 1,01 1,019.3 789 79 79 81 Educational services Elementary and secondary schools Colleges and universities Vocational schools 82 821 822 824 1,977.3 641 1,061.0 8 1,901.2 60 1,02 8 98.8 70 1,297.7 9 2,07 677.9 1,095 90.8 1,98 Social services Individual and family services Job training and related services Child day care services Residential care Social services, nee 83 832 833 835 836 839 36.5 71 381.2 590.2 749.2 202 66.2 72 428.0 556 75 205.8 2,786 751.0 38 650.3 77 22 2,772 75 401.0 620.6 782 216.5 2,77 58 787 2,28 618.9 330.4 520.7 649.2 16 16.8 628.3 381.4 488 65 166.2 2,411.2 65 33 57 67 180.7 2,397.6 65 349.3 54 677.9 17 Museums and botanical and zoological gardens 84 99.0 100.6 96.9 100.8 10 Membership organizations Business associations Professional organizations Labor organizations Civic and social associations 86 861 862 863 864 2,397.9 109.2 6 14 48 2,43 111.3 61.4 138.6 52 2,39 110 65.9 146.9 46 2,448.0 11 6 150.6 506.7 2,48 4 4 47.9 48.2 Engineering and management services Engineering and architectural services Engineering services Architectural services Surveying services Accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping 87 871 8711 8712 8713 872 3,200.4 918.9 697.0 160.2 61.7 62 3,226.2 92 699.4 16 62 62 3,386.4 937.3 708 167.4 6 659.5 3,438.3 957.0 720.8 17 6 660 3,467.9 96 2,455.8 757.5 580.7 12 50.8 44 2,47 76 58 127.8 51.4 44 2,536.2 766 58 131.2 49.9 450.8 2,58 78 597.7 135 5 45 See footnotes at end of table.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 1987 SIC Code All employees P P Production workers 1 P P Services Continued Engineering and management services Continued Research and testing services Commercial physical research Commercial nonphysical research Noncommercial research organizations Management and public relations Management services Management consulting services Public relations services 873 8731 8732 8733 874 8741 8742 8743 62 23 14 14 1,03 33 377.7 41.2 629.5 23 14 146.8 1,049.2 339.8 386.2 42 64 24 148.9 15 1,14 377.6 42 46.9 657.4 24 15 15 1,16 38 430.9 47.6 1,17 479.8 16 120.4 11 77 25 279.4 27.9 48 16 12 115.9 78 25 287.7 28.3 476.4 150.9 12 120.0 84 278.4 308.8 30.3 486 151.7 127.3 12 858.0 28 31 31.7 Services, nee 89 5 5 56.2 57.4 58.7 41.3 4 4 4 Government 19,848 18,752 20,488 20,185 19,070 Federal Government 4 2,695 2,689 2,666 2,682 2,675 Executive, by agency 4 Department of Defense Postal Service 5 Other executive agencies Legislative Judicial 3 67 85 1,10 31.3 31.0 2,625.9 67 85 1,099.2 31.6 31 2,60 64 868.6 1,09 30.4 3 Federal Government, except Postal Service 1,839.6 1,83 1,797.4 1,81 1,810.9 Federal Government, by industry: Manufacturing activities Ship building and repairing Transportation and public utilities, except Postal Service Services Hospitals 3731 806 49.7 2 1 35 22 49.6 2 1 357.3 22 47.8 21.2 1 346.8 219.5 47.8 21.2 1 35 219.8 State government Construction Transportation and public utilities Services Hospitals Education Social services Services, except hospitals, education, and social services General administration, including executive, legislative, and judicial functions State government, except education 806 82 4,458 90.0 47.7 2,456 346.8 1,738 208.2 16 1,86 2,720.0 4,391 90.4 5 2,36 348 1,638.0 210.8 167.3 1,88 2,75 4,740 87.3 5 2,72 347.3 2,00 212 16 7 36.5 4,538 91.3 5 2,490.2 349 1,761.3 21 166 1,90 2,776.4 4,459 1,658.3 00.4 Local government Transportation and public utilities Services Hospitals Education Social services Services, except hospitals, education, and social services General administration, including executive. legislative, and judicial functions Local government, except education 806 82 12,695 456.9 8,299.2 63 7,088 141.4 43 3,939 5,607 11,672 457.3 7,17 637.4 5,937.5 146.4 45 4,041.4 5,73 182 456.2 8,79 646.5 7,596.2 14 409.7 3,831.7 5,48 12,965 460.7 8.50 648.4 7,268.3 14 44 4,000.6 5,697.0 136 6,09 5,84 1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance and real estate: and services. 2 Data relate to linehaul railroads with operating revenues of $25 million or more in 1993 and to Amtrak. 3 Excludes nonoffice commissioned real estate sales agents. 4 Prepared by the Office of Personnel Management. Data relate to civilian employment only and exclude the Central Intelligence Agency and the National Security Agency. 5 Includes rural mail carriers. ~ Data not available. P = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 76

ESTABLISHMENT DATA WOMEN EMPLOYEES NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B13. Women employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group (In thousands) Industry Apr. Mar. Apr. Total 60,585 60,984 61,755 62,082 62,373 Total private 49,294 49,654 50,179 50,520 50,801 Goodsproducing 6,724 6,752 6,595 6,599 6,618 Mining 84 84 81 79 78 Construction 643 657 672 684 694 Manufacturing 5,997 6,011 5,842 5,836 5,846 Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manfacturing 2,992 140.6 167.9 10 10 33 489 71 406.2 358.2 17 2,995 14 168.4 10 10 336.8 488.5 709.9 408.0 358.0 17 2,921 146.2 169.5 10 101.3 33 466.6 67 40 349.8 167.5 2,922 146.8 170.9 10 100.7 337.2 465.8 67 40 350.5 169 2,925 148.7 17 10 100.6 338.0 466.9 67 40 349.4 168.6 Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products 3,005 53 1 279.3 569.9 16 70 330.7 2 34 4 3,016 539.2 11.2 279.9 567.6 16 70 33 2 34 4 2,921 536.9 11.7 26 50 159.2 697.8 33 2 346.6 39.9 2,914 53 11.2 26 50 159.2 699.2 33 2 348 39.7 2,921 540.8 10.6 261.7 500.0 159.8 698.0 336.9 2 348.5 39.6 Serviceproducing 53,861 54,232 55,160 55,483 55,755 Transportation and public utilities 1,958 1,975 2,045 2,048 2,065 Wholesale trade 2,078 2,092 2,120 2,128 2,137 Retail trade 11,480 11,679 11,640 11,769 11,960 Finance, insurance, and real estate 4,609 4,631 4,738 4,742 4,751 Services 22,445 22,525 23,041 23,234 23,270 Government Federal State Local 11,291 1,136 2,415 7,740 11,330 1,141 2,387 7,802 11,576 1,143 2,474 7,959 11,562 1,131 2,479 7,952 11,572 1,126 2,445 8,001 NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 77

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry (In thousands) Total Mining Construction State and area P P P Alabama Birmingham Huntsville Mobile Montgomery Tuscaloosa 1,91 478.7 178.4 228.8 161.3 79.8 1,937.5 48 177.9 23 166.9 8 1,93 48 178.0 23 167.8 8 10.6 10.2 10.3 10 29.2 6.4 18.2 8.8 107.5 30.5 6.8 18.4 8.8 5.9 108.0 30.3 6.9 18.9 9 5.9 Alaska Anchorage 287.9 132 280.9 13 289 13 10.5 9.0 9 1 7.9 1 7 1 8 Arizona PhoenixMesa Tucson 2,059.4 1,450.5 32 2,148.4 1,508.6 335 2,128.0 1,490.3 33 1 1 2 1 2 14 105.8 20.2 15 11 21.6 156.8 11 21.6 Arkansas FayettevilleSpnngdaleRogers Fort Smith Little RockNorth Little Rock Pine Bluff 1,128.8 1 98.0 310.3 36.2 1,140.8 14 98.6 309.8 36.2 1,14 145.8 98.7 310.2 36.8.7.7 49.5 5.8 1 1 50 1 1.0 51.4 5.9 1.9 California Bakersfield Fresno Los AngelesLong Beach Modesto Oakland Orange County RiversideSan Bernardino Sacramento Salinas San Diego San Francisco San Jose Santa BarbaraSanta ManaLompoc Santa Rosa StocktonLodi VallejoFairfieldNapa Ventura 13,648.5 187.3 278.9 3,95 138 981.0 1,30 87 651.6 12 1,110.5 1,019.5 966.2 156.5 17 171.4 157.2 25 13,966.7 189 28 4,03 138.5 1,00 1,33 910.6 666.8 125 1,12 1,029.7 960.9 157 180.0 17 16 260.5 14,02 190.5 287 4,03 140.3 1,007.0 1,339.0 909.5 671 126.9 1,127.4 1,03 96 157 180.4 17 16 261.6 25.8 9.5.3 ( 2 ) 1.7.9 1.0.2.3.5.8.4.5 1.3 2 8.4.3 ( 2 ) 1.7.9 1.0.2.3.5.7.5.5 1 2 8.5.3 ( 2 ) 1.7.9 1.0.2.3.4.7.5.5 1 609.6 10.6 1 118.0 8.2 5 6 58.8 37.4 6 38.3 4 6.7 10.4 8.8 10.9 1 64 10.5 1 12 8.0 57.0 66.4 6 38.8 5.9 6 40.4 4 6.9 10.4 9.3 11 1 66 10.8 1 125.9 8.4 58.6 67.8 6 40.7 6 6 41.3 4 6.8 10.8 9.7 11.3 1 Colorado BoulderLongmont Colorado Springs Denver 2,06 16 228.0 1,10 2,080.6 168.9 228.9 121.4 2,10 167.8 23 1,131.0 1 6.9 1 1 136.9 7.7 1 70.4 138.3 7.9 1 7 142 8.3 1 7 Connecticut Bridgeport Danbury Hartford New HavenMenden New LondonNorwich StamfordNorwalk Waterbury 1,659.9 138.4 89.3 607.7 256.2 139.9 210.4 87.9 1,667.7 187.2 88.0 609.5 256.7 139.6 206.5 86.2 1,680.0 189.0 88.7 609.3 258.4 1 209.2 87 ( 2 ) ( 2 ).8 ( 2 ) ( 2 ).9 ( 2 ) ( 2 ).9 61.3 6.8 21.0 10.3 6.2 61.2 6.8 20 10.0 5.9 6 7.0 20.9 10.4 Delaware Dover WilmingtonNewark 40 5 31 41 5 32 418.0 5 32 1.2.2.2 2 16.5 2 17.8 2 18.2 District of Columbia Washington PMSA 617.5 2,57 61 2,611.4 618.2 2,630.6 1 1.2 1.2 9 13 9 136.6 9 139.2 Florida Daytona Beach Fort Lauderdale Fort MyersCape Coral Gainesville Jacksonville LakelandWinter Haven MelboumeTitusvillePalm Bay Miami Orlando Pensacola SarasotaBradenton Tallahassee TampaSt. PetersburgClearwater... West Palm BeachBoca Raton 6,68 15 647.6 158 11 535.8 17 18 978.0 84 157.2 251 149.9 1,125.8 47 6,919.9 159.0 66 16 119.4 55 181.2 187.2 99 87 16 26 156.8 1,176.7 500.9 6,918.2 159.3 662 16 116.6 551.6 180.7 187.6 99 881.3 16 260.2 15 1,178.9 499.3 6.8 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ).3.4 6.9 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ).3.5 6.9 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ).3.5 35 8 3 1 29.2 10 9.5 3 47.2 11 1 6 5 27.0 366 8 36 1 29.4 10 10 3 49.5 11.4 1 6.2 57.9 28.0 370.4 8.3 36.5 1 29.7 10.0 10.2 36.4 50.4 1 1 6.4 58.3 28.4 See footnotes at end of table. 78

B14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED State and area ManufacturingI P Transportation and public utilities P Wholesale and retail trade P Alabama Birmingham Huntsville Mobile Montgomery Tuscaloosa 381.7 52 39 27.9 18.2 1 371.3 5 37 27.5 18.5 1 370.6 5 37.4 27.5 18.6 1 9 30.7 1 6.8 9 31.3 1 6.9 9 31.6 1 7.0 44 116.4 3 61.0 38.2 19.3 450.8 117 3 6 39.4 20.0 45 118 3 6 39.6 20.3 Alaska Anchorage 15.8 2 1 2 15.8 27 1 26.5 1 28.2 1 60.8 32 58.3 3 6 3 Arizona PhoenixMesa Tucson 217.9 171.0 29 218.0 170.4 29.8 219.4 171.2 30.5 100.8 7 1 10 79.2 1 10 79.6 1 49 35 69.0 51 36 71.7 511.6 362 70.9 Arkansas FayettevilleSpringdaleRogers Fort Smith Little RockNorth Little Rock Pine Bluff 256 3 27.6 3 8.5 25 3 27.8 3 8.3 25 3 28 3 8.4 67.4 9.8 6.5 21.3 68.7 10.3 6.5 21.7 69 10.4 6.5 21.7 258.8 40 19.9 71.2 7.2 260.8 41.4 20.0 7 7.2 26 4 20 72 7.2 California Bakersfield Fresno Los AngelesLong Beach Modesto Oakland Orange County RiversideSan Bernardino Sacramento Salinas San Diego San Francisco San Jose Santa BarbaraSanta MariaLompoc Santa Rosa StocktonLodi VallejoFairfieldNapa Ventura 1,970.4 9.9 29.8 669.6 2 12 237.2 110 46.7 9.5 128.3 77.6 266.4 18.0 28.4 2 18.9 3 4 9.8 30.2 665 2 12 240.8 11 4 10.2 12 76.6 25 17.3 28.5 2 19.5 3 1,949.8 9.8 30.7 66 26.9 12 241 116 46.6 10 12 76.8 25 17.4 28.7 2 19.9 3 697.3 10.9 1 22 6 46.5 4 26 4 81.6 28.9 6.6 1 6.7 10.3 709.7 10.7 1 229.4 6 48.8 47.7 26.7 46 81.0 29.4 6.8 1 6.5 10.4 71 10.9 1 231.0 1 6 49 48.0 26.8 46.4 81.2 29.6 6.8 1 6.6 10.3 3,12 4 67.3 87 3 219.3 32 22 140.0 31.6 247.7 21 18 37.9 4 41.2 40.0 59.8 3,146.4 4 67.5 88 3 221.6 32 227.8 140.5 3 250.5 21 18 38.2 4 40.7 41.0 60.5 3,168.2 4 67.9 888.8 3 22 32 228.0 1 3 252 21 18 38.4 4 41.3 41.3 60.8 Colorado BoulderLongmont Colorado Springs Denver 208.7 3 26.9 9 20 3 27 9 206.4 3 27.3 9 128.6 11.6 91.2 132 1 95 13 1 9 49 3 50.5 261.7 500.3 3 50.7 269.9 508.0 3 52 27 Connecticut Bridgeport Danbury Hartford New HavenMeriden New LondonNorwich StamfordNorwalk Waterbury 280.4 39.3 19.9 96.4 40 2 27.7 19.0 27 38.3 18.7 9 40.4 2 26.6 18.6 27 38.0 18.8 9 40.3 2 26.8 18.7 77.3 7.2 26.8 16.6 6.9 11.0 76 7.0 27.0 16.8 6.9 10.0 76.6 7.0 27 16.9 7.0 10.0 359.5 4 2 12 5 28.5 4 18 357.0 41.4 2 12 5 27.8 4 18.0 361.7 2 12 5 28.5 4 18 Delaware Dover WilmingtonNewark 60.3 45.9 59.8 4 60 4 16 1 17.8 2 1 18.0 2 1 88.9 1 6 89.8 1 6 92 1 6 District of Columbia Washington PMSA 1 10 12 10 12 10 1 118.2 15.8 12 15.8 12 48.8 478.0 48.8 477.6 49.2 48 Florida Daytona Beach Fort Lauderdale Fort MyersCape Coral Gainesville Jacksonville LakelandWinter Haven MelbourneTitusvillePalm Bay Miami Orlando Pensacola SarasotaBradenton Tallahassee TampaSt. PetersburgClearwater... West Palm BeachBoca Raton 498.2 1 40.2 7 39.5 20.2 27 7 5 10.6 21.0 89.6 31.4 497.5 1 39.4 7.2 40.9 20.5 27.0 7 5 9.7 2 89.6 3 498.0 1 39.4 7.2 41.0 20.2 27.0 7 5 9.8 22 89.9 3 335.9 30.4 7.4 37.5 9.0 8 4 7.5 48.8 16 351.0 5 30.5 7.8 38.5 9 88.7 4 7.9 5 5 16.4 351.2 5 30.5 7.9 38.4 9 6.2 89 4 7.9 5 16.2 1,677.0 4 181.2 4 2 128.4 48.3 4 25 20 41.0 58.3 30.4 259.9 118 1,72 4 18 45.8 2 131.0 50.9 4 258.8 211.4 4 60.9 31.0 26 126.5 1.720.9 4 18 4 2 131.7 50.6 45 258.6 21 4 60.0 31 26 12 See footnotes at end of table. 79

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Finance, insurance. 87.8 3 10 10.0 1 7.6 140.0 117.2 1 4 18.0 1.3 80 7.2 1 227.6 55.9 99.9 30.5 47.8 6 108.9 3 7.7 10 8.6 6.2 1 136.2 1 90.0 136.4 10.6 70.7 1 2 49.3 4 29.2 141.3 43 6.8 48.4 9.0 55.9 8.6 66.7 49.5 6.2 1 8 3 ind real estate 88.7 36.7 10.2 9.9 1 7.6 14 12 1 4 17.9 1.3 81 7.5 1 230.6 55.9 10 30.3 48.8 6 10 3 7.3 10.5 8.5 1 138.0 6.4 1 90.6 138.7 10.6 70 1 2 50.3 4 28.7 1 44 7 49.9 9 57.3 8.8 66.5 51.4 6 1 6.5 86.9 36 P 89.7 37.0 10.3 10.0 1 7.8 14 12 1 4 17.9 1.3 81 7.6 1 231.3 56.9 102 30.3 48.9 6 6 10 3 7.3 10.4 8.4 1 139.6 6.4 1 91 140.2 10.9 5 70.4 1 2 51 4 29.0 14 447.7 7.2 50.2 9 57.3 8.9 66.5 5 6 1 6.5 87.7 36 45 14 49.8 6 4 1 7 37.6 630.0 45 106.9 26 28 26 92 8.6 4,22 4 7 1,289.0 35 29 39 230.8 181 3 36 376.8 322 47.3 50.2 4 4 77.2 62 5 76.7 34 518.8 61.6 2 177.4 89.4 36 77 27.5 11 1 9 27 1,01 2,42 5 22 5 3 179 48.9 65.9 32 357.7 5 117.0 41.4 45 190.9 Services 461.6 14 50.9 6 4 1 70.6 37.8 64 461.4 110.0 270.3 28.8 25.9 90.8 8.6 4,420 48.0 7 1,340.3 35.8 30 408 241.2 187.6 3 369 38 326.7 48.2 51.7 4 4 80.2 619.9 5 76.2 345 52 61.6 2 177.5 90.9 35.9 77.9 26.8 11 1 9 27 1,037.3 2,540 57.9 23 5 37.9 18 5 67.5 328.6 372 5 12 4 486 20 P 46 14 51 65 4 1 7 38.5 647.8 46 110 271.4 29.0 26.2 91.3 8.7 4,430.8 48 7 1,329.0 35.9 30 410.6 239.7 188.9 3 370.8 386.6 329.6 48 5 4 4 80.2 636.7 55 79.7 350.2 531.0 6 25.9 177.4 91 36.8 79.2 27.2 116.4 1 9 277.8 1,047.4 2,550.5 58.3 23 5 38 186 5 67.7 329.5 377.0 5 12 4 488.7 205.8 34 68.8 38.5 35 36 20.2 7 28.4 317.5 169.4 69.4 18 18.8 9.5 58.8 7.7 2,19 50.0 66.9 546.8 2 169.6 138.2 175.9 17 29.7 198.4 12 88.8 3 25.9 3 3 4 321.3 2 36 148.3 22 20.9 9.9 90.6 31 3 18.2 1 5 1 38.8 227.8 58 95 2 8 2 36.6 65.8 26.4 2 137.7 87.2 28.7 2 56.5 13 5 Government 35 67.9 38.5 3 37.9 2 76.5 29.5 35 19 7 189.6 19.8 10.3 59.7 8.0 2,26 50.9 69.8 558 2 178.2 14 18 177.9 29.3 20 127.4 9 3 28.2 36 3 4 33 27.7 36.7 150.2 23 2 10.2 95.9 30.7 36.2 17.7 1 56.2 1 40.9 22 590.5 989.9 2 87.2 25.8 39.7 70.2 26.7 2 140.9 90.9 29.5 2 60.7 139.3 56.4 P 347.2 68.8 37.7 3 38.0 20.4 7 28.0 3278 171.4 7 18 19.0 9.6 58.8 7.8 2,259.4 51 69 558.9 2 17 14 18 177.3 30.0 20 126.9 91.3 3 27.3 35.8 3 4 326.8 2 36.2 149 230.4 2 9.9 9 30.9 3 18.0 1 5 15.8 39.7 225 589.7 97 2 86.7 25.9 36.9 66.9 27.0 25 139.6 89.8 28.8 2 57.6 138.0 5 Alabama Birmingham Huntsville Mobile Montgomery Tuscaloosa Alaska Anchorage Arizona PhoenixMesa Tucson Arkansas FayettevilleSpringdaleRogers Fort Smith Little RockNorth Little Rock Pine Bluff California Bakersfield Fresno Los AngelesLong Beach Modesto Oakland Orange County RiversideSan Bernardino Sacramento Salinas San Diego San Francisco San Jose Santa BarbaraSanta MariaLompoc Santa Rosa StocktonLodi VallejoFairfieldNapa Ventura Colorado BoulderLongmont Colorado Springs Denver Connecticut Bridgeport Danbury Hartford New HavenMeriden New LondonNorwich StamfordNorwalk Waterbury Delaware Dover WilmingtonNewark District of Columbia Washington PMSA Florida Daytona Beach Fort Lauderdale Fort MyersCape Coral Gainesville Jacksonville LakelandWinter Haven MelboumeTitusvillePalm Bay Miami Orlando Pensacola SarasotaBradenton Tallahassee TampaSt. PetersburgClearwater West Palm BeachBoca Raton See footnotes at end of table. 80 Digitized for FRASER

B14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Total Mining Construction State and area P P P Georgia Albany Athens Atlanta AugustaAiken Columbus Macon Savannah 3,755 59.4 7 4 197.8 118.9 148.9 13 40.9 59.9 7 2,09 199.4 12 150.4 137.0 3,870.5 59.9 7 2,11 199.9 12 151 137.0 7.8 ( 2 ) 1.6.4 1 8.0 ( 2 ).4 1.0 7.9 ( 2 ) C 1 ) 1.6.4 1.0 18 10 1 8.0 19 107.5 1 8.7 198.2 110 1 8.8 Hawaii Honolulu 53 40 53 401.3 53 40 21.6 16.6 20.4 1 20.3 1 Idaho Boise City 527.9 20 53 208.7 538 209.9 3 1 3 1 3 1 Illinois BloomingtonNormal ChampaignUrbana Chicago DavenportMolineRock Island. Decatur Kankakee PeonaPekin Rockford Springfield Indiana Bloomington ElkhartGoshen EvansvilleHenderson Fort Wayne Gary Indianapolis Kokomo Lafayette Muncie South Bend Terre Haute 5,94 8 9 4,156.2 18 57.6 4 178.2 181.0 11 2,93 61.4 12 15 275.8 27 856.6 5 89.3 56.8 137.5 66.2 5,99 8 99.4 4,23 18 56.8 4 177.2 178.7 11 2,966 61.6 12 160.3 277.3 27 869.3 5 9 61.4 138.7 68.0 6,030.8 8 96.4 4,258.7 18 57.3 4 178.9 180.4 11 2,958.3 60.6 125 159.9 276.5 27 870.7 5 9 59.6 138.5 66.6 11 0) 1.7 (J) 7.0 1.2.7 (M.2 10.7 1.7 (M 7.2 1.2 ( 2 ).8 10.8 7.3 1.2 (M.8 ( 2 ) 251.6 170 9.9 9 7.6 15 10.4 1 2 47.7 7.7 249.8 17 10.2 8.5 7.5 147.3 10.8 1 2 48.7 7.2 260 179.4 10.3 2 8.9 7.9 15 5 11 1 2 50.3 7.6 Iowa Cedar Rapids Des Moines Dubuque Iowa City Sioux City WaterlooCedar Falls 1,469.3 117.7 28 5 68.3 67.3 7 1,497.5 118.5 288.2 5 69.8 68.0 7 1,505.8 119.6 290.9 51.0 68.0 68.0 7 (M 69.3 6.5 1 2 66.8 1 71.2 1 2 Kansas Lawrence Topeka Wichita 1,32 4 10 289.4 1,35 49.4 10 290.6 1,35 4 10 290.2 7.5 1.3 7.0 1.2 7.0 1.2 6 1 67 1 70 15.9 Kentucky Lexington Louisville Owensboro, 1,768.3 276.2 571.7 4 1,799.5 28 581 4 1,800.8 28 58 45 2.4.6.3 2.3.6.3 2.3.7.3 87 1 29.8 88.2 1 30.0 90.4 1 30.6 Louisiana Alexandria Baton Rouge Houma Lafayette Lake Charles Monroe New Orleans ShreveportBossier City 1,90 5 29 80.9 167.9 88 70.2 627.3 17 1,920.2 56.2 30 79.6 168.4 87.8 70.9 62 177.0 1,92 56.2 30 79.3 167 87.8 70.8 62 177.5 58.6 1.0 7.6 18.4 1.3.2 1 5 1.0 6.2 1 1.2.2 1 5 1.0 6.2 1 1.2.2 1 130 3 10 11.7 3 10.0 13 3 9.9 10.9 3 9.8 13 3 9.8 11.0 35.8 9.6 Maine LewistonAuburn Portland 58 4 147.4 58 4 149.2 596.7 4 152 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 26.6 1.7 7.0 28.4 1.6 7.7 28.9 1.7 7.9 See footnotes at end of table. 81

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B14, Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (in thousands) State and area 59 8.7 11.7 221.7 41 2 19.7 18.2 16.4 1 76.8 36.6 98 8.7 11.6 661.3 3 1 7.8 3 5 690.7 9.2 6 3 76.9 50.8 129.2 20.8 2 10.4 2 1 26 2 25 1 5 1 1 21 10.0 7 32 49.8 88.9 7 192 2 8.8 15 1 7.8 50.2 17.5 87.9 8 1 Manufacturing 592 8.4 11.6 22 40.5 2 194 18.3 16 1 75 36.2 970.0 8.6 11.4 651.0 30.4 1 8 3 5 68 9 6 3 7 49.5 129.8 20.4 2 10.7 2 1 265.9 2 2 12 1 1 21 10.6 7 317.8 49.5 88.4 6.8 190.8 2 8.4 1 1 7.9 49.7 19 8 7.8 15 P 59 8.5 11.6 2223 40.6 21.4 19.4 18.4 16.2 1 76.9 36.7 97 8.4 1 65 31.2 1 8.2 3 5 690.3 9.2 6 3 75 49.5 130.8 20.8 2 10.8 2 1 269.0 2 2 12 1 1 21 10.6 7 318.0 49.5 87.9 6.8 192 2 8.5 1 1 7.8 50 19 8 7.9 1 Transportation and 241.3 17 6.7 8.8 41.3 3 2 10.4 347.0 25 10.0 2 10.2 8.9 145.8 7.4 1 15 5 1.2 5.8 69.6 8.6 1 2 7 1.3 5.8 10.7 10 11.2 4 11 1 8.9 10 4 8.5 2 1.7 7 public utilities 25 180.6 7.0 8.9 40.2 3 2 11.2 35 259.7 10 10.4 9.0 14 7.5 1 1 5 1 5.9 72 8.2 1 2 77.0 1.4 11.0 10 11.2 4 11 1 9.0 10.2 41 8.8 2 1.7 7.0 P 255.8 18 7.0 8.9 40.6 3 25.8 11.3 35 260.9 10.0 10.4 9.0 14 7.5 1 1 5 1 5.8 7 8.5 1 2 76.7 1.3 10.9 10 11.2 4 11 1 8.9 10.3 41.4 8.8 2 7.2 Wholesale and retail trade 93 1 17.7 540.6 4 26.2 3 3 13 96.7 13 48.7 1,34 17.6 20.2 930.7 48.2 1 11.0 4 37.4 2 696.6 1 2 38.2 65 6 221.0 11.6 19.0 1 3 18.8 357.8 25.8 7 1 1 16.2 17.3 32 11.6 2 6 420.7 61.7 139.3 11 44 1 69 18.6 4 18.8 17.2 15 40.0 147.9 10.9 4 94 1 18.5 54 4 26.5 3 3 129.8 9 13 48.3 1,35 17.8 21 955 47.9 12 10.8 4 36.5 2 69 1 2 39.3 6 6 22 11.6 19.5 1 3 18.2 365 2 7 1 1 1 17 327.0 1 2 6 428.7 6 14 11.3 447.2 1 70.2 18.9 4 18.8 17.5 15 40.6 14 11.0 P 95 1 18.3 549.7 4 26.5 3 3 130.4 9 13 48.4 1,360.3 17.6 20.8 958.8 47.9 12 11.0 4 37.2 2 69 1 2 39.4 6 6 22 11.7 19.4 1 3 18.2 366.5 2 7 1 1 16.2 17 329.0 11.7 2 6 431.7 6 14 11.4 449.6 1 70.4 19.0 4 18.9 17.5 15 40.7 151.2 11 4 Georgia Albany Athens Atlanta AugustaAiken Columbus Macon Savannah Hawaii Honolulu Idaho Boise City Illinois BloomingtonNormal ChampaignUrbana Chicago DavenportMolineRock Island Decatur Kankakee PeoriaPekin Rockford Springfield Indiana Bloomington ElkhartGoshen EvansvilleHenderson Fort Wayne Gary Indianapolis Kokomo Lafayette Muncie South Bend Terre Haute Iowa Cedar Rapids Des Moines Dubuque iowacity Sioux City WaterlooCedar Falls Kansas Lawrence Topeka Wichita Kentucky Lexington Louisville Owensboro Louisiana Alexandria Baton Rouge Houma Lafayette Lake Charles Monroe New Orleans ShreveportBossier City Maine LewistonAuburn Portland See footnotes at end of table. 82 Digitized for FRASER

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Finance, insurance. 199.4 13 8.2 9 3 28.5 2 11 407.3 16.2 315.8 8.3 2 1.7 7.8 7.3 7.9 14 7 1 9.3 6 7.0 8 40.2 6 6.9 11.6 70.5 10.3 29.8 87.2 18.5 2 3 6.4 30.3 1 and real estate 207 2 139.9 6.4 8.9 9.5 3 28.0 2 1 409.7 16.7 320.3 8.3 2 1.7 7.9 7.3 7.8 146.6 7.7 15 9 6 7.2 8 6.4 39.6 6 2 6.7 11.7 71.2 10.5 30 87.0 18.6 6.5 3 6.5 31 1 P 209.0 2 141.4 6.4 9.0 9.7 35 28 2 1 415 16.9 32 8.4 2 1.7 8 7.4 7.9 148.4 7.6 1 9.3 6 7.3 8 6.4 40.5 6 6.7 11.7 7 10.7 30.3 87.6 18.7 6.5 3 6.6 31.6 1 1,006.6 1 16.4 61 48.4 3 39.5 39.3 17 12 128.2 52 1,786.6 21.4 21.6 1,32 49.0 1 1 55 47.9 3 711.2 1 18.3 4 67.0 7 235.9 8.8 18.7 16.2 4 16.8 38 36 8 17.2 1 19.2 20.7 339 11.6 30.0 77.9 450.7 76.2 170.5 11 51 16.7 7 16.7 41.3 2 19.3 19 5 169.9 1 4 Services 1,04 1 16.4 638.4 49.5 3 39.4 40.9 17 127.6 129.9 5 1,820.3 20.9 21.4 1,37 48.8 1 1 5 47.4 35 730.0 1 18.6 4 69.7 7 237.7 9.4 19.7 15.9 46.9 16.8 39 36.4 87 17.9 1 19.8 21.0 34 11.2 30.6 77.7 460.4 78.8 17 11.4 52 16.7 78.6 16.5 4 2 19.5 19 5 17 1 4 P 1,05 1 16.6 646.8 49.6 3 39.8 41 17 127.8 131.6 5 1,84 21 2 1,389.5 49.4 1 1 5 48.3 36.2 72 1 18.8 4 69 7 237.5 9.5 19.8 16 46.4 16.9 39 36.5 87.6 1 1 19.7 21.0 346.4 11.0 31.0 77.9 46 78.9 17 1 52 16.7 79 16.5 42 2 19.5 191.6 56.8 179.0 1 46.2 587.0 1 20.3 255.8 40.5 20.8 3 20.9 11 9 10 31.6 81 1 3 496.5 27.2 6.8 7 19.7 18.3 3 386.4 17.2 8.0 1 2 38.5 10 6.4 18.6 8.6 1 9.8 239.9 1 3 26.9 8.0 11.0 240.4 11.6 2 3 291.3 5 70 6.8 367.0 1 57.2 1 2 1 1 10 3 96.2 18.5 Government 597.8 1 19.9 260.5 40.9 21.0 3 20.8 11 9 107.9 3 826.8 1 3 49 26.8 6.9 7.0 19.5 18 3 41 17.8 8.3 16 26.9 40.4 110.5 7.2 2 1 1 1 24 1 3 28.8 8 1 25 1 2 3 30 57.2 7 7 369.8 1 60.4 1 2 1 1 106.5 3 96.5 5 19.0 P 597.4 1 19.9 259.9 41.0 20.9 3 20.6 11 9 106.6 3 809.9 12 3 489.8 26.8 6.9 7.0 19.8 17.7 3 392 16.7 8 15 2 39.2 107.3 6.6 19.0 10.5 1 10.7 24 1 3 27.0 8.0 10.9 24 1 22 3 29 5 71 6.9 368.2 1 60.5 1 2 1 1 10 3 9 19 Georgia Albany Athens Atlanta AugustaAiken Columbus Macon Savannah Hawaii Honolulu Idaho Boise City Illinois BloomingtonNormal ChampaignUrbana Chicago DavenportMolineRock Island Decatur Kankakee PeoriaPekin Rockford Springfield Indiana Bloomington ElkhartGoshen EvansvilleHenderson Fort Wayne Gary Indianapolis Kokomo Lafayette Muncie South Bend Terre Haute Iowa Cedar Rapids Des Momes Dubuque Iowa City Sioux City WaterlooCedar Falls Kansas Lawrence Topeka Wichita Kentucky Lexington Louisville Owensboro Louisiana Alexandria Baton Rouge Houma Lafayette Lake Charles Monroe New Orleans ShreveportBossier City Maine LewistonAubum Portland See footnotes at end of table. 83 Digitized for FRASER

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands} Total Mining Construction State and area P P P Maryland Baltimore PMSA Baltimore City Suburban MarylandD.C 2,351.7 1,197.5 401 866.5 2,376.2 1.208.7 410 877.5 99.2 1,21 410 888 () 1.4.4 1.4.4 1.4.4 14 65.9 1 6 14 6 1 6 147.3 6 1 6 Massachusetts BarnstableYarmouth Boston Brockton FitchburgLeommster Lawrence Lowell New Bedford Pittsfield Springfield Worcester 3,21 6 6 97.3 5 15 120.0 6 4 25 23 3,229.8 61.3 1,97 99 5 15 12 67.0 4 257.5 230.7 3,257.6 6 9 98.9 5 15 12 67.6 4 257.3 23 1.4.5 1.4.4.2 1.4.4 ill.2 11 6 6 8.4 7.6 11 6 6.2 8.4 7.3 120.5 68.4 6.4 8.7 7.8 Michigan Ann Arbor Benton Harbor Detroit Flint Grand RapidsMuskegonHolland Jackson KalamazooBattle Creek LansingEast Lansing SaginawBay CityMidland 4,559.2 27 71 2,13 17 570 6 21 230.3 181 4,597.4 279.0 7 2,16 177.6 587 6 21 235.8 18 4,601.6 276.7 7 2,16 177.9 591.6 6 21 231.6 18 7.8 8.0 1.0 198.3 1 8 8.0 28.5 9.3 9.8 9.5 197.2 10.9 91.4 8.4 29.4 9.0 9.3 9 20 11.4 9 9.0 30.4 9.5 9.7 9.3 Minnesota DuluthSuperior MinneapolisSt. Paul Rochester St. Cloud 2,600.8 115.8 1,677.9 79.0 87 2,62 115.8 1,71 80.9 88.6 2,649 117.4 1,726.5 8 87.9 8.7 5 8.3 8.6 111.7 69.0 11 70.5 120.2 75 Mississippi Jackson 1,136.4 228.2 1,136.5 22 1,13 229.4 6.4 5.9 5 11.4 56.2 11.6 57.6 1 Missouri Kansas City St. Louis Springfield Montana 2,716.4 95 1,31 16 378.2 2,729.5 969.8 1,329.0 168.2 38 2,72 97 1,327.2 167.9 38 () 0) () (M (M 130 50.2 69.5 7.3 20.4 13 5 70.7 7.5 19.8 137.3 5 7 7.6 20.8 Nebraska Lincoln Omaha 88 148.2 409 88 150.6 407.0 887.0 151.0 408.5 (M 1 1.2 1.2 1.2 4 7 21.4 4 7.2 20.4 4 7.5 20.9 Nevada Las Vegas Reno 928.2 661.4 18 96 69 18 96 69 187.0 1 2.5 1.5 1.5 87.8 69.9 1 86.8 69.2 1 87.9 69.6 1 New Hampshire Manchester Nashua PortsmouthRochester 595.9 100.4 9 118.4 598.5 101.7 9 119.9 60 102 96 120.0.5 ( 1 ) V.5 2 2 2 New Jersey AtlanticCape BergenPassaic Camden Jersey City MiddlesexSomersetHunterdon MonmouthOcean Newark Trenton VinelandMillvilleBridgeton 3,857.6 19 66 489.7 24 62 380.2 979.6 200.6 60 3,869.2 18 666 495 247.6 63 377.4 98 200.2 59.4 1 19 67 499.8 248.8 637.7 388.9 99 201.4 60.2 2 ( > ( ).5.9.3 0) 2.3 2 1 \ 1 j 1 \.5.9.3 140.2 6.9 2 2 20 19.2 3 138.5 6.8 2 2 19.8 18.8 3 14 6.8 2 2 20.8 19.4 3 2 New Mexico Albuquerque LasCruces Santa Fe 725 34 51.4 7 73 34 5 7 73 347 5 7 1 1 (!) ( } (!) ( > 1 4 2 4 2 4 2 See footnotes at end of table. 84

B14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED State and area Manufacturing P Transportation and public utilities P Wholesale and retail trade P Maryland Baltimore PMSA Baltimore City Suburban MarylandD.C 179.8 101 30.5 39.7 177 100 29.5 40.0 177.8 100.2 29.5 40.3 108.8 57.6 19.6 3 11 59.3 20.4 37.3 11 59 20.5 37.8 548.3 275.8 6 200.4 54 272 65 20 551.6 27 6 20 Massachusetts Barnstable Yarmouth Boston Brockton FitchburgLeominster Lawrence Lowell New Bedford Pittsfield Springfield Worcester 45 226 10.9 1 38.9 29.0 1 7.4 39.0 4 43 215.9 10.3 1 37.4 28.3 1 7.3 38.5 40.6 438.3 216.9 10.2 1 37.5 28.5 1 7.4 38.7 41.0 138.9 85.8 7.0 1.3 9.9 9.9 138.7 86.6 7.7 1.3 10.0 9.4 140.7 87.8 7.8 1.3 9.9 9.6 731.7 2 420.6 3 1 3 2 17.0 10.6 59.3 5 730.5 20.7 42 3 1 36.5 2 17.4 10.6 59.8 5 74 2 428.3 3 1 36.9 25.8 17.6 10.8 60 5 Michigan Ann Arbor Benton Harbor Detroit Flint Grand RapidsMuskegonHolland. Jackson KalamazooBattle Creek LansingEast Lansing SaginawBay CityMidland 97 5 19.7 440.8 3 160.3 1 50.2 29.7 40.4 965.9 5 19.5 441.0 37.0 160 1 49.7 28.5 39.9 96 5 19.6 439.4 36.6 16 1 49.8 28.6 40.4 180.2 6.5 96.8 5.8 19.2 7.4 6 7.3 179.7 6.6 9 19.7 7.5 7.2 181.0 6.6 96.2 19.8 7.6 7.3 1,07 5 1 49 4 141 15.8 46.9 5 4 1,087.0 5 1 506.8 4 147 1 47.3 5 4 1,095.8 5 16.6 507.0 4 147.7 16.2 47.6 5 45.8 Minnesota DuluthSupenor MinneapolisSt. Paul Rochester St. Cloud 447.5 8.6 280.9 1 16.2 440.7 8.6 28 1 15.9 44 8.8 28 1 16 128.5 7.8 91.6 13 7.7 95.8 131 7.9 9 62 28.5 396 1 25.9 62 27.9 40 15.8 2 63 28.7 408.5 16.2 2 Mississippi Jackson 247.3 20.6 240.0 19.9 24 20.7 5 16.4 5 16.4 5 16.6 246.7 5 247.4 5 246.8 5 Missouri Kansas City St. Louis Springfield 42 108.0 197.0 2 41 109.5 191.7 2 415.8 109.6 19 2 167 7 8 11 166.7 78.7 8 11.6 167.0 78.5 8 11.6 637.9 23 310.0 4 6 23 31 45.9 6 236.2 31 45.9 Montana 2 2 2 2 2 2 10 101.7 10 Nebraska Lincoln Omaha 120.2 17.9 40.4 116.8 17.7 39.2 117.5 17.8 39.2 5 9.9 29.6 59.0 9.9 30.9 59.7 10.0 31 21 31.2 97.4 21 31 98 21 31.2 99.0 Nevada Las Vegas Reno 4 2 1 4 2 1 4 2 1 48.0 3 11.7 49 3 1 49.5 35.8 12 189.2 138 41.0 196.9 14 4 198.0 14 4 New Hampshire Manchester Nashua... PortsmouthRochester 109.6 1 28 18.8 106.5 1 27.3 18.4 106.7 15 27.5 18.3 20.7 5.8 21.4 2 15 2 2 3 15 2 2 3 157.0 2 2 3 New Jersey AtlanticCape BergenPassaic Camden Jersey City M iddlesexsomerseth unterdon MonmouthOcean Newark Trenton VinelandMillvilleBridgeton 48 6.5 106.4 5 28.0 9 20.9 136.2 18 1 467.9 6 10 5 27.6 90.5 20.3 13 16.4 1 469.3 6.2 10 5 27.6 9 20.6 13 1 1 26 7 36.6 2 29.6 49.3 20 8 7.3 26 6.8 37.2 2 30 48.9 19.9 8 7.3 26 6.9 37.4 2 30.2 48.7 20 8 7.4 898.9 4 179.4 127.9 57.6 14 102 196 3 1 899.4 38.6 179.8 130.4 57.8 14 10 197.5 3 11.7 917.3 4 18 13 58.2 146.9 105.8 199.7 3 1 New Mexico Albuquerque Las Cruces Santa Fe 4 28.9 4 27.7 4 27.7 3 1 1.3 3 16.9 1.3 3 16.8 2 1.3 17 8 11.0 1 17 8 10.8 1 175 8 10.9 1 See footnotes at end of table. 85

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Finance, insurance, e 13 7 3 5 218.5 16 1.6 1 1 21 10.2 11 6.6 2 10.5 1 6.9 157.4 12 4 15.9 16 67.9 8 7.5 17.2 58 9.9 3 4 3 8.3 31.6 7.4 5 6.6 250.4 6 37.7 25 26.9 46 18.6 7 11.4 32 17.0 ind real estate 137.3 7 3 5 220.7 16 1.7 1 1 209.7 10.3 11 6.6 2 10 1 6.9 159.2 128.0 4 16.5 16 69.4 8 7.6 17.5 58.8 10.3 3 4 3 8.5 3 6.9 6.7 255.9 38 27.0 27.9 46.7 18.6 76.4 11 3 17.4 P 138 7 3 5 22 168.2 1 1 212 10.4 11 6.7 2 10 1 7.0 160.3 129.4 4 16.6 167.3 69.9 8 7.6 17.7 59.4 10.6 3 4 3 8.5 32 6.9 6.8 259.6 38.4 27.7 28.2 47.7 19.2 77.5 11.3 3 17.4 798.0 407.2 15 306.8 1,140.5 2 769.9 2 1 4 3 17.5 1 79.6 69.5 1,258.9 67.9 18.9 662 49 14 1 5 58.0 49.0 737.3 3 491.7 3 2 26 61.4 768.9 28 421.7 48.8 110.2 239.4 40.2 13 39 29 71.4 17 32 2 3 1,24 9 207 15 59.2 19 13 310.5 7 1 20 109.0 1 2 Services 81 417.2 159.3 308.9 16 2 780.0 26.6 1 4 3 18.3 1 80.6 7 1,27 69.5 19.7 67 48.9 147.2 1 5 58.9 50.5 749.8 3 50 35.8 2 26 59.9 766.8 28 428 50.2 110.7 239.0 40.7 13 409.5 310 70.6 177.9 3 2 3 1,265.8 91.4 21 157.3 60.3 200.6 13 31 7 1 210.0 112 1 2 P 821.7 419.4 158.7 31 1,166.6 2 78 2 1 4 3 18.4 1 79.9 7 1,28 70.0 19.4 67 49 148.9 1 55 58.9 50.5 756.4 3 507.5 36.2 2 26 60.4 767.4 286 43 50.0 11 241.2 41 13 411.6 310.8 71.6 18 3 2 3 1,28 9 21 159.2 60.9 20 137.8 317.9 76 1 21 11 1 2 43 215 8 168.7 419.4 8.0 23 1 8.3 19.0 1 10.0 46.2 36.5 65 68 8.5 236.5 25 5 10.2 3 60.6 2 388.2 2 22 7.3 12 218.5 4 420.0 135.9 149.4 20.6 7 15 3 51.4 110.2 68.7 2 78.3 11.0 8.4 20.0 577 29.3 71 80.3 38.2 77.6 66.4 14 5 1 176.8 66.5 17.6 25 Government 446.9 219.8 87.0 17 42 8.0 237.9 17.0 8.7 20.5 1 10 47 3 67 7 9.2 239.0 25.9 58.6 10.9 3 6 2 397.6 2 231.4 7.5 1 227.2 46.9 43 139.6 158.5 21.6 81 15 3 51.2 119.8 77.2 2 8 11.6 8.2 2 57 28.4 70.4 80.3 38.7 80.4 6 14 51.6 1 18 66.8 18.6 2 P 447.6 219.4 86.9 17 42 8.5 239.2 17 8.7 19.6 1 10.2 46.8 3 651.7 69.4 8.7 237.7 2 5 10.4 3 60.8 2 391.7 2 22 7.3 11.7 221.3 46.9 42 138.5 149.3 21.4 7 152 3 50.0 11 7 2 79.5 11.7 8.6 20.6 576.8 29.0 71.2 80.3 38.3 78.4 6 14 5 1 179.0 67.2 16.8 25.8 Maryland Baltimore PMSA Baltimore City Suburban MarylandD.C Massachusetts BarnstableYarmouth Boston Brockton FitchburgLeommster Lawrence Lowell New Bedford Pittsfield Springfield Worcester Michigan Ann Arbor Benton Harbor Detroit Flint Grand RapidsMuskegonHolland Jackson KalamazooBattle Creek LansingEast Lansing SaginawBay CityMidland Minnesota DuluthSupenor MinneapolisSt. Paul Rochester St. Cloud Mississippi Jackson Missouri Kansas City St. Louis Springfield Montana Nebraska Lincoln Omaha Nevada Las Vegas Reno New Hampshire Manchester Nashua PortsmouthRochester New Jersey AtlanticCape BergenPassaic Camden Jersey City MiddlesexSomersetHunterdon.. MonmouthOcean Newark Trenton VmelandMillvilleBridgeton New Mexico Albuquerque Las Cruces Santa Fe See footnotes at end of table. 86 Digitized for FRASER

B14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Totai Mining Construction State and area P P P New York AlbanySchenectadyTroy. Binghamton BuffaloNiagara Falls Dutchess County Elmira Glens Falls NassauSuffolk New York PMSA New York City Newburgh Rochester Rockland County Syracuse UticaRome Westchester County 8,309 44 11 551.0 108.9 4 5 1,167.5 4,067 3,535.9 12 546.7 105.8 34 131.3 40 8,39 445.9 117.0 550.8 11 4 50.7 1,181 4,129.7 3,59 127.5 54 108.3 34 131 4 4055 8,449.7 447.4 116.5 55 11 4 5 1,19 5 3,610.3 129.2 548.8 109.6 346.2 13 411.0.6 () (M (V) (M 1 6 () (M 1.6 29 17 21 2 5 129.3 10 19.7 1 20.7 301.0 16.9 20.9 2 58.6 13 10 19.2 1 2 31 17.8 2 60.6 138.2 108.5 20.2 1 2 North Carolina Asheville CharlotteGastoniaRock Hill GreensDoroWinstonSalemHigh Point. RaleighDurhamChapel Hill 3,79 110.9 7860 65 65 3,839.3 11 79 658.2 671.7 3,84 "1 798 659.0 671.7 219.5 6.5 49.6 3 38.6 218.6 6.5 50.5 3 41.0 219.6 6.5 51.0 3 41.2 North Dakota Bismarck FargoMoorhead. Grand Forks 318.9 50.7 98.9 47.8 32 51.2 99.3 48.2 320.7 51.2 98.8 48.7 (M! 17.6 6.6 16 5.9 18.0 6.6 Ohio Akron CantonMassillon Cincinnati ClevelandLorainElyria. Columbus DaytonSpringfield HamiltonMiddletown Lima Mansfield SteubenvilleWeirton Toledo YoungstownWarren 5,54 32 18 87 1,171.6 84 480.6 12 78.2 81.3 5 320.9 25 5,551.2 33 187 887.2 1,16 848.0 480.2 12 79.0 80.7 51.7 328.6 25 5,576 327.5 188.3 89 1,17 85 481.6 12 79.0 80.8 5 32 25 1.5.4.2.5 1.5.5.6 1.0.6.4 (M (]) (M.4.2.4 1.5.5.7 1.0.5.4 (M ( ).4.2.5 240.3 1 9.2 40.6 47 37.5 18.2 7.7 15.8 11.0 23 1 9.7 40.3 4 3 18.4 7.5 1.6 16.8 11.4 24 1 10.0 41.3 47.6 37.6 18.8 8.0 16.7 11.7 Oklahoma Enid Lawton Oklahoma City Tulsa 1,449.3 2 38.7 515.8 396.9 1,480.9 2 39.0 527 409.5 1.47 2 39 52 410.2 3.9 7.5 7.8 29.7.7 6.6 7.7 30.7 6.8 7.8 56.4 1.0 20.4 16.8 56.9 19.7 17.0 57.9 1.6 20.3 17.4 Oregon EugeneSpringfield.. MedfordAshland PortlandVancouver. Salem 1,569.0 142 70.0 940.6 13 1,587.8 14 71.4 955.8 13 1,597.4 14 7 959.2 13.2 1.2.3.2 1.2.3.2 1.3.3 8 7.3 5 8 8 7 5 7.5 85.8 7.4 5 8.0 Pennsylvania AllentownBethlehemEaston Altoona Erie HarnsburgLebanonCarlisle Johnstown Lancaster Philadelphia PMSA Philadelphia City Pittsburgh Reading ScrantonWilkesBarreHazieton Sharon State College Williamsport York 5,517.7 27 59.4 131.2 360.4 87.7 218 2,31 66 10 167.5 278.9 49.0 65.9 5 16 5,568.7 279.3 603 13 36 88.5 219.5 4 679.6 1,11 169.5 28 49.0 71.0 5 166.6 5,551.2 278.6 60.4 13 361.2 87.9 219.4 ; 4 j 67 j 1 119 168.7 281 48.2 67.5 5 16 21.3 I 1 ) C) (M 4 (M (M (!) 20.5 1 () (M () (M!.4 231.0 11.2 1 1 9 1 5 7.3 11 9.0 231.3 11 1 1 9 10.7 5 7.4 10.9 1.7 8.7 237.7 11.3 1 1 95.9 11.0 5 7.8 11.4 9.0 See footnotes at end of table. 87

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area 926.2 39.5 2 90.0 17.9 10.0 8.2 11 31 26 1 12 1 51.4 20.4 38.2 828.9 19.7 14 16 85 2 8 1,10 6 47.3 14 225 9 98.9 2 20 2 1 61.2 57.7 187.2 5 58.7 247.0 2 9.4 150.8 17.7 95 57 10 3 47.6 1 58 307.2 57.9 1 4 5 1 9.0 1 48.0 Manufacturing 90 39.2 2 87.8 18.5 9.2 8 11 311.0 258.2 1 119 1 51.0 20 38.6 806.8 18.6 139.6 160.5 8 2 7.8 1,08 6 46.4 14 219.7 9 96.7 21.7 19.8 2 1 59.6 55.9 18 5 58.0 238.5 2 8.9 14 16.8 930.9 5 10.2 3 4 1 56.2 300.7 56.4 139.6 42 5 11.0 9 1 46.6 P 91 39.7 2 88.5 18.6 9.5 8.2 11 31 260.0 1 119.7 1 5 20 38.6 809.4 18.5 139.9 160.8 8 2 7.8 1,090.5 6 47.2 14 220.9 9 96.9 21.6 19.8 2 1 59.7 55.9 187.3 5 58.4 24 2 9 14 17.3 937.3 55.9 10.3 3 4 1 56.8 30 56.9 140.5 4 5 10.8 9.2 1 46.9 Transportation ana 418.5 17.6 2 1.6 1.7 5 236.9 209.2 7.3 17.6 19.7 20.6 17 50.3 3 28.4 17.9 5 24 1 46.9 46.5 38.2 21.2 1 10.7 8 1.7 2 3 76.6 5 286.2 15.9 2 5 7.9 110 3 67.5 8.5 1 2 8 public utilities 418.0 17.7 5 26.5 5 23 208.4 7.5 17.6 19.9 20.9 17 49.8 3 29 18.0 2 24 15 47.7 46.4 38.2 21.0 1 11.0 8 1.6 2 3 78.9 5 291.2 16.5 2 7.9 11 35.8 70.0 9 16.5 2 8.9 P 422 17.9 5 26.6 1.7 5 237.3 209.4 7.5 17.7 6 20.3 21.0 176 49.8 36.6 29.2 18.0 24 1 47.8 46.9 38.4 21.0 1 11.0 8 1.6 2 3 79.8 5 290.7 16.4 2 7.8 11 3 69.7 9.2 16.5 2 8.9 Wholesale and retail trade 1,679.5 9 2 131.0 20.6 10.3 1 296.9 706.4 590.5 3 116.2 2 79.0 26.8 86.7 857.6 27.2 186 14 135 81.4 1 27.8 1 1,33 80.8 4 221.0 277 218.0 110.7 3 18.4 18.4 11 79 6 335 6.2 9.2 122 9 38 3 19.8 23 28.5 1,238.5 58.4 15.8 29.2 80.2 20.6 5 508 11 260.9 38.6 66.5 1 1 1 39.8 1,67 9 2 130.4 20.9 10.5 1 29 711.3 59 3 11 2 78.0 26.5 86.8 87 27.9 18 148.3 140.5 82 1 27.9 1 1,337.7 8 4 22 27 217.0 110.3 3 18.6 18.3 11 80.4 6 339.6 6.5 9.2 12 9 38 3 20.3 23 28.7 1,24 59.6 15.9 29 81.4 21 5 511.4 11 259.8 38.8 66.7 1 1 1 40.9 P 1,700.4 9 2 131.7 21.2 10.6 1 301.0 718.6 600.5 35 117.0 2 79.3 27.0 88 87 27.8 18 147.9 140.7 81.4 1 27.7 1 1,347.3 8 46 227.2 276.8 218 110.8 3 18.6 18 11.2 80 6 341 6.4 9.2 12 95 390.7 35.8 20.7 236.8 28.9 1,250.6 59.6 15.9 29.5 8 21 55 51 11 26 38.7 67.6 1 1 1 41.3 New York AlbanySchenectadyTroy Binghamton BuffaloNiagara Falls Dutchess County Elmira Glens Falls NassauSuffolk New York PMSA New York City Newburgh Rochester Rockland County Syracuse UticaRome Westchester County North Carolina Asheville CharlotteGastoniaRock Hill GreensboroWinstonSalemHigh Point RaleighDurhamChapel Hill North Dakota Bismarck FargoMoorhead Grand Forks Ohio Akron CantonMassillon Cincinnati ClevelandLorainElyria Columbus DaytonSpringfield HamiltonMiddletown Lima Mansfield SteubenvilleWeirton Toledo YoungstownWarren Oklahoma Enid Lawton Oklahoma City Tulsa Oregon EugeneSpringfield MedfordAshland PortlandVancouver Saiem Pennsylvania AllentownBethlehemEaston Altoona Erie HarrisburgLebanonCarlisle Johnstown Lancaster Philadelphia PMSA Philadelphia City Pittsburgh Reading ScrantonWilkesBarreHazleton Sharon State College Williamsport York See footnotes at end of table. 88 Digitized for FRASER

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Finance, insurance, i 742 2 29.5 1.3 80.5 520.3 48 5.9 21.3 5 18.2 8.3 27.2 179.3 60.7 3 30.5 15.8 6.8 301.7 1 6.6 5 76.6 7 19 6.6 2 1.6 11.3 9.6 7 1 29.9 2 95.8 7.3 67.6 6.7 321.2 1 1.7 2 9.8 16 5 6 8.5 1 1.6 2 2 ind real estate 739.2 25.9 29.5 1.3 80.4 518.4 48 20.9 5 18.0 8.3 27.0 18 6 3 30.5 15.9 7.0 30 1 6.5 56.5 76.8 76.9 19.5 6.9 1.4 11.0 9.2 75.9 1 31.0 2 96.9 7.4 69 6.8 32 1 1.7 2 10.0 16 51.2 6 8.7 1 2 2 P 748.0 26.2 29.8 1.3 81 52 489.8 5.8 21.4 18.2 8.4 27.4 18 6 3 30.8 16 7.0 306.6 1 6.7 56.9 77.7 77.5 19.6 7 11.2 9.3 76.6 1.2 31 2 97.4 7.4 69.6 6.8 326.9 1 1.7 2 9.9 16 5 66.4 8.7 1 5 2,81 140.9 30.9 166.2 3 11.6 1 381.3 16.5 1,326.8 3 16 3 97.4 39.8 148.7 946.7 3 205.9 170.4 210.3 90.3 16.2 30.5 1 1,540.6 90.5 51 26 351.6 24 140.4 30.0 19.6 19.7 1 95 67.6 409.3 7.2 8.5 15 12 41 38.5 19.6 260.0 3 1,78 87.9 16.5 37.6 10 25.8 56.7 849.0 287 386.8 4 80.6 1 1 1 38.9 Services 2,899.3 14 3 166.8 36.2 1 1 390.0 1,57 1.38 3 169 35 100.5 40.8 149.0 965.9 3 21 177.0 21 91.4 16.4 30.8 1 1,547.4 91.6 51.6 268.3 352 24 1 30.2 20 19.2 1 95.9 67.2 42 6.9 8.5 161.3 130.4 43 40.0 20.3 271.3 3 1,807.4 89.6 16.9 38.5 10 26 57.5 86 298 395 4 8 1 1 1 39.5 P 2,910.0 14 3 166.5 3 1 16.2 39 1,580.3 1,385.9 3 170.0 3 99.4 151.4 97 3 215 177.5 217 91.2 1 30.7 1 1,561.4 9 52 27 35 248.5 14 30.7 20 19.6 1 95.8 67.7 42 7.0 8.6 16 130.6 429.2 40.0 20.4 268.8 32 1,796.8 88.8 17.0 38.9 10 2 58.2 861.0 29 39 4 80.9 1 15 1 39.0 1,429.3 110.5 21.2 87.2 2 7.6 10.5 18 64 556.9 27.0 8 19.7 6 28.3 61.2 588 15.9 90.2 68.8 12 67.5 10.9 1 11.3 76 4 19.7 101.2 146.7 139.3 71.7 18.8 10.6 11.0 6.7 4 31.7 272 12 100.8 41.6 26 26.6 11.2 120.6 38.5 68 31.0 8.0 1 65.8 1 17.5 28 107.8 12 18.3 3 2 15 Government 1,449.6 110.8 2 88.9 2 7.5 10.4 190.5 64 558.4 29.5 8 19.7 6 28.2 61.3 612 16.7 9 68.6 131.3 7 10.9 1 1 787.6 51 20.9 10 148.4 139.2 7 20.6 10.6 11.4 6.5 49.3 3 287 1 106 4 269.3 26.8 11.7 12 38.9 718.6 3 8.3 1 67 1 19.2 298.9 11 12 20.4 3 27.3 16.6 P 1,436.6 109.6 21.6 87.0 2 7.6 10.5 190.2 64 555.9 29.7 8 19.9 6 28.2 6 599.9 16.6 91 68.4 128.9 67.9 10.6 1 11.6 771.2 4 20.5 10 149.2 139.5 72 18.2 10.7 1 6.5 4 3 275.9 1 10 4 271.0 27.0 1 125 38.8 690.7 3 8.2 1 6 1 17.6 291.0 110.9 12 19.3 3 2 6 15 New York AlbanySchenectadyTroy Binghamton BuffaloNiagara Falls Dutchess County Elmira Glens Falls NassauSuffolk New York PMSA New York City Newburgh Rochester Rockland County Syracuse UticaRome Westchester County North Carolina Asheville CharlotteGastoniaRock Hill GreensboroWinstonSalemHigh Point RaleighDurhamChapel Hill North Dakota Bismarck FargoMoorhead Grand Forks Ohio Akron CantonMassillon Cincinnati ClevelandLorainElyria Columbus DaytonSpringfield HamiltonMiddletown Lima Mansfield SteubenvilleWeirton Toledo YoungstownWarren Oklahoma Enid Lawton Oklahoma City Tulsa Oregon EugeneSpringfield MedfordAshland PortlandVancouver Salem Pennsylvania AllentownBethlehemEaston Altoona Erie HarrisburgLebanonCarlisle Johnstown Lancaster Philadelphia PMSA Philadelphia City Pittsburgh Reading ScrantonWilkesBarreHazleton Sharon State College Williamsport York See footnotes at end of table. 89 Digitized for FRASER

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) Total Mining Construction State and area P P P Rhode Island ProvidenceFall RiverWarwick 46 518.4 46 52 467.5 52.2.2.2.3.2.3 1 18.5 16.4 18.5 17.2 19.0 South Carolina CharlestonNorth Charleston Columbia GreenvilleSpartanburgAnderson 1,809.3 237.4 29 47 1,84 245.9 30 48 1,857.3 247.8 30 48 106.9 17 16.2 31.2 112 18.7 17.4 3 11 19.0 17.7 3 South Dakota Rapid City Sioux Falls 370.3 50 107.6 370.2 48.4 110.4 37 49.5 11 1.7 1.6 1.6 18.0 5.8 17.3 5.9 18.6 6.2 Tennessee Chattanooga Johnson CityKingsportBristol Knoxville Memphis Nashville 2,65 219.4 197.3 331.6 58 65 2,67 218.8 19 327.0 59 660.2 2,678.3 219.2 19 329.0 590.9 66.6.6.6 12 9.8 11.6 16.9 27.6 3 130.0 9.4 11.0 16.8 27.6 3 13 9.5 11.3 16.9 27.8 3 Texas Abilene Amarillo AustinSan Marcos BeaumontPort Arthur Brazoria BrownsvilleHarlingenSan Benito BryanCollege Station Corpus Christi Dallas El Paso Ft. WorthArlington GalvestonTexas City Houston KilleenTemple Laredo LongviewMarshall Lubbock McAllenEdinburgMission OdessaMidland San Angelo San Antonio ShermanDenison Texarkana Tyler Victoria Waco Wichita Falls 8,95 56.9 95.8 596.5 161.6 7 100.3 67.6 157 1,84 24 74 91.0 1,997.2 99.8 6 91.2 11 139 108.2 4 68 4 51.3 79.8 35.8 96.2 59.8 9,17 58.2 98.4 622 16 7 101 7 158.9 1,89 250.7 76 89.7 2,02 101.2 66.4 9 116.9 14 10 45 70 45 5 8 3 99.2 60.9 9,19 58 97.6 621.2 16 7 101 69.5 159.2 1,899.9 250.3 768.4 90.0 2,031.7 101.2 66.2 9 11 141.4 10 4 70 4 5 8 3 99.8 60.5 168.5 1.4.6 1.3.8.9 11.6.8 70.0 1.2 1.6 1.6 1 15 1.6 1.3.8.8 2 11.4.7 6 1.2 11.4.5 1.6 1.0 15 1.6 1.3.9.8 2 11.3.7 6 1.4 1.2 11.3.5 (J) 1.6 1.0 501.6 3 16.9 11.2 1 91 1 39.4 138.9 7.0 7.6 35.9 52 35.8 18 11.2 1 96.5 12 4 14 7 7.0 2 37.0 530.4 36.6 18 11.2 1 97.8 12 4 14 7.2 7.2 2 37.3 5 Utah ProvoOrem Salt Lake CityOgden 1.030.6 140.6 691.4 1,047.4 14 70 1.057.0 14 708.7 8.0 7.6 7.6 70.9 10.6 46.5 7 10.5 47.7 7 11 49.8 Vermont BarreMontpelier Burlington 28 31.3 100.8 289.0 31.6 10 290.7 3 10.6.6.7 1 1.7 1 1.4 5.8 1 1.4 5.9 Virginia Bristol Charlottesville Danville Lynchburg NorfolkVirginia BeachNewport News Northern Virginia RichmondPetersburg Roanoke 3,347 38.2 8 46.2 98.5 689.0 1,050.5 539.3 145.9 3,379.0 39.7 87.4 4 99.5 68 1,080.6 54 148.3 3,406.9 40 8 4 99.4 69 1,09 548.8 148.8 10.5.8.8 10.0.8.8 10.0.8.8 19 1.6 40.7 59.8 3 8.8 198 1.7 40 6 3 8.9 201.2 40.7 6 3 9.0 Washington SeattleBellevueEverett Spokane Tacoma 2,62 1.36 191.4 237.0 2,65 1,378 19 240.8 2,67 1,386.5 19 241.6.7.2.7.2.7.2 145 7 10.8 1 148.2 7 10.2 1 15 78.0 10.8 1 See footnotes at end of table. 90

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Manufacturing P Transportation and public utilities P Wholesale and retail trade P Rhode Island ProvidenceFall RiverWarwick South Carolina CharlestonNorth Charleston Columbia GreenvilleSpartanburgAnderson South Dakota Rapid City Sioux Falls Tennessee Chattanooga Johnson CityKingsportBristol Knoxville Memphis Nashville Texas Abilene Amarillo AustinSan Marcos BeaumontPort Arthur Brazona BrownsvilleHarlingenSan Benito BryanCollege Station Corpus Christi Dallas El Paso Ft. WorthArlington GalvestonTexas City Houston KilleenTemple Laredo LongviewMarshall Lubbock McAllenEdinburgMission OdessaMidland San Angelo San Antonio ShermanDenison Texarkana Tyler Victoria Waco Wichita Falls Utah ProvoOrem Salt Lake CityOgden Vermont BarreMontpelier Burlington Virginia Bristol Charlottesville Danville Lynchburg NorfolkVirginia BeachNewport News Northern Virginia RichmondPetersburg Roanoke Washington SeattleBellevueEverett Spokane Tacoma See footnotes at end of table. 79.5 101.4 36 2 26.6 121.7 49.8 1 519.0 4 49.9 49.4 6 9 1,11 9.2 8 25.9 1 1 1 25 4 11 8.4 221.0 9.4 1.6 19.7 7.8 12 7.6 5 5 10.2 11.0 1 8.6 13 19.9 8 48.8 19.0 405.9 9.2 8.4 1 2 70.8 4 61.6 18.7 38 229.8 2 2 77.6 100.6 361.2 2 26.6 120.9 49.2 1 507.8 4 46.8 46.9 6 9 1,097.6 9.4 8 2 1 1 1 25 40.8 11 8.0 21 9.5 1.6 19.5 7.3 1 6.7 5 9.9 10.9 16.6 8.5 13 19.9 8 48.9 18.8 391.7 9 8.6 1 2 62 4 60.2 18.8 367.4 21 2 2 78.5 101.6 36 2 26.7 121.2 49.9 1 506.8 4 46.7 46.8 6 9 1,10 9.0 8 2 1 1 5 1 25 41.3 11 8.0 21 9.6 1.6 19.6 7.4 1 6.7 5 9.9 10.8 16.7 8.5 13 19.9 8 49 18.7 39 9 8.6 1 2 6 4 60.4 19.0 367.4 21 21.3 2 16.6 18.6 77.0 1 1 20.7 16.5 6.6 158.9 11.6 7.7 1 68.8 3 54 19.8 8 6.7 12 1 69 141.2 10.8 3 1.7 58.5 46.2 1 1.2 17 1.3 1.0 3 6 28.4 8.6 136.2 80.5 8 9.2 16 18.6 80.0 1 1 21.3 16.9 6.9 161.4 11.7 7.9 1 7 3 559.7 21 8 1.6 6.7 129.7 1 7 14 1 5.8 3 1.7 1.6 59.8 47.3 1 1.3 178.6 1.3 1.0 31.3 69.5 29.2 9.0 138.9 8 8.2 9.7 16.4 18.9 80.5 1 1 21.2 16.9 6.8 16 11.7 7.9 1 7 3 56 21 8 1.6 6.7 129.9 1 7 14 11.7 5.8. 32 1.7 1.6 60.3 47.9 1 1.3 180.0 1.3 1.0 31.2 70.4 29.5 9.0 140.4 8 8.2 9.7 100.4 116.5 437.0 59.3 66.5 120.2 9 1 27.3 62 50.8 4 89.2 14 157.7 2,117.3 1 27.0 128.6 36.4 1 2 1 37.0 447.6 59.3 18 20.5 45 2 17.0 2 3 38.4 28.5 10.4 16 9.7 1 20.4 9.6 2 1 24 3 166 6 6.9 2 738.0 10.7 16.5 9.7 20.3 160.5 219 125.8 3 628.9 317.3 49 58.7 100.3 117.9 446.4 6 68.9 12 91.6 1 27.8 63 48.5 4 88.5 14 160.8 2,146.9 1 27.6 13 37 1 2 1 36.5 45 59.6 190.4 20 46 2 17.4 2 3 39 27.8 10.5 167.5 9.7 1 21.4 9.8 2 1 246.4 3 167.4 6 7.0 21.7 74 11.4 16.9 9.5 20.2 16 22 128.0 37.7 639.4 32 49.2 59.0 10 118.8 451.0 6 69 12 9 1 28 639.6 48.8 4 89.3 147.2 161.6 2,161.0 16 27.7 13 37.2 1 2 15 36.8 457.8 59.9 19 20.5 467.4 2 17.5 2 3 38.6 27.9 10.4 169.8 9.7 1 21.7 9.9 2 1 248.3 3 168 66.2 7.0 2 749.0 11.4 16.7 9.5 20.3 16 22 128.7 37.5 646.8 326.6 49.8 59.6 91 Digitized for FRASER

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Finance, insurance, i 28.8 30.6 81.2 8.8 2 1 2 11.6 126.6 1 6 1 28.4 4 497 5 31.6 6.6 151.4 9.7 3 106.6 5.8 5 4 1.4 5.9 5 4 1 178 1.3 1.4 3 59.3 4 9.8 13 8 11 1 and real estate 29.4 31.2 8 8.7 2 1 2 1 127.3 15.9 6.2 1 28.9 4 51 3 6.5 156.9 9.7 3 6 109.7 5.9 46.8 6 57.6 46.6 1 179.3 1.4 3 61.4 4 10.5 141.2 86.2 1 1 P 29.6 3 8 8.9 2 1 2 1 128.5 15.9 6.2 1 29.2 4 516.2 3 6.6 158 9.8 36.2 6 110.5 5.9 47.2 1.7 6.2 58.4 47.3 1 181.6 1.4 3 62 46.8 10.6 14 86.2 1 1 157.2 167 429.4 65.9 7 10 97.5 1 31.7 71 57.0 47.8 91.0 169.9 208.9 2,538.5 19.5 27.7 17 4 1 28.5 1 48.8 56 57.9 206.2 19.8 61 27.4 1 21.6 3 3 2 1 217.7 11.6 1 2 9.7 28.2 16 280.7 5 186 8 8.3 29.5 1,04 8.3 2 10.4 2 207.7 42 14 4 71 39 57.4 67.4 Services 159.6 170.0 44 70.0 77.4 107.5 96.9 1 3 719.4 57.5 47.8 89.4 17 208.6 21.6 19.7 28 181.7 4 1 28.3 15.9 51.4 580.4 59.6 209.6 19.8 626.9 27.9 1 21.6 35 3 2 1 229.8 1 1 2 9.5 29.5 16.2 286.8 5 190.2 85.9 8.5 30 1,06 8.9 2 10.0 26.7 209.6 437.6 14 4 73 40 59.0 70.3 P 158.4 168.3 447 70.7 77.9 108.4 98.6 15 3 72 57.5 47.6 91.0 169.7 209.7 2,65 19.9 28.5 18 4 1 28.7 15.8 51.7 586.6 60.4 21 20 63 27.9 1 2 3 3 2 1 23 12 1 2 9.7 29.7 16.2 291.6 5 19 86.8 8.5 30.6 1,078.4 9.0 2 10 26.4 21 44 14 4 739 40 57.7 69.9 6 6 310.5 50.9 7 6 72 7.3 10.5 378.6 31.6 28.9 55 79.3 8 1,476.2 10.0 16 12 25.8 1 2 2 30.2 198.2 50 9 27.2 251.7 27.7 1 11.2 2 37.6 17.8 9 13 11 11 6 1 1 178.7 19.2 11 4 7.4 1 60 5.8 28 1 14 180.3 101.3 18.0 475.9 186.5 3 49.3 Government 65 66.7 318.3 51.4 77.0 59.9 7 7.4 9.8 387.3 31.7 29.6 55.8 8 86.6 1,559.9 10.3 17.5 13 26.9 1 2 30 30.7 207.4 5 96.5 26.4 261 28.0 1 1 25.9 39.4 18.5 9.4 13 11.4 11.4 6.5 1 1 18 20.0 117.7 49.0 7.2 16 61 5.9 28 1 14 18 10 18 481.2 191.7 3 50 P 6 66.6 31 51 76.2 60.2 7 7.0 10.5 379.9 31.7 28.8 5 80.0 8 1 10 16.6 126.2 26.2 1 2 2 30.2 20 5 95 26 25 27.9 1 11.4 2 39.0 18.0 9.4 131.7 11.0 11.4 6 1 1 180.6 18.6 117.7 46.9 7.4 1 611.0 6 26.2 1 14 18 10 18 481.3 19 3 50.2 Rhode Island ProvidenceFall RiverWarwick South Carolina CharlestonNorth Charleston Columbia GreenvilleSpartanburgAnderson South Dakota Rapid City Sioux Falls Tennessee Chattanooga Johnson CityKingsportBristol Knoxville Memphis Nashville Texas Abilene Amarillo AustinSan Marcos BeaumontPort Arthur Brazoria BrownsvilleHarlingenSan Benito BryanCollege Station Corpus Christi Dallas El Paso Ft. WorthArlington GalvesionTexas City Houston KilieenTemple Laredo LongviewMarshall Lubbock McAllenEdinburgMission OdessaMidland San Angelo San Antonio ShermanDenison Texarkana Tyler Victoria Waco Wichita Falls Utah ProvoOrem Salt Lake CityOgden Vermont BarreMontpelier Burlington Virginia Bristol Charlottesville Danville Lynchburg NorfolkVirginia BeachNewport News Northern Virginia RichmondPetersburg Roanoke Washington SeattleBellevueEverett Spokane Tacoma See footnotes at end of table. 92 Digitized for FRASER

B14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Total Mining Construction State and area P P P West Virginia Charleston HuntingtonAshland ParkersburgMarietta Wheeling 72 13 122 70 67.0 726.4 13 12 70.7 67.3 728.8 13 12 71.0 67 2 1.3.3 1.7 21.3 20.9.3 36.4 7.2 3 6.8 36.4 6.9 Wisconsin AppletonOshkoshNeenah.. Eau Claire Green Bay JanesvilleBeloit Kenosha LaCrosse Madison MilwaukeeWaukesha Racine Sheboygan Wausau 2,759.5 200.7 7 138.5 71.0 5 70 278 857.8 8 6 67 2,756 201.2 76.7 139.9 70.8 5 7 28 858.0 8 60.7 67.9 80.9 20 7 140.5 71 5 71 28 86 8 6 68.8 M1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) M 121.4 1 7.3 1 3 121.3 1 7.3 1 3 125.8 1 7.6 1 3 Wyoming Casper 238.2 31.7 23 3 239.0 32 17.2 2 16.7 17.0 17.5 17.7 18 Puerto Rico Caguas aguez Ponce San JuanBayamon 1,008.9 70 7 78.2 62 987.3 69.0 68.7 76.8 61 1,005.8 71.2 71.3 78.3 618.8 1.3 1 ) 1 ).6 1.4.7 1.4.7 58.4 41.0 60.6 4 59.6 4 Virgin Islands 41.6 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) See footnotes at end of table. 93

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Manufacturing P Transportation and public utilities P Wholesale and retail trade P West Virginia Charleston HuntingtonAshland ParkersburgMarietta Wheeling 8 10.3 16.7 1 6.2 8 10.2 16.2 1 81.4 10 15.9 1 39.0 9.4 6.7 39.2 9 7.0 39.4 9.2 7.0 16 3 31.7 17.5 17 167.2 3 3 18.2 17.4 168.2 3 3 18.4 17.3 Wisconsin AppletonOshkoshNeenah Eau Claire Green Bay JanesvilleBeloit Kenosha LaCrosse Madison MilwaukeeWaukesha Racine Sheboygan Wausau 62 61 1 29.5 21.2 1 1 29.9 180.0 25.8 2 19.5 609.7 59.7 1 28.7 20.0 1 1 29.8 176.9 2 2 19.2 618.0 60.6 1 29.2 20.2 1 1 30.0 178.2 2 25.9 19.7 129.0 8 10.2 9 40.5 1.7 129 8.8 10.0 9.6 4 1.7 129.2 8.8 10.3 9.6 1.7 620.0 4 19.9 31.6 16.7 1 18.6 59.6 18 17.0 11.3 16.4 61 4 20.6 3 17.0 1 19.3 60.5 18 17.4 11.0 16.8 62 4 20.2 3 17.2 1 19.3 60.6 18 17.8 11.2 16.9 Wyoming Casper 11.0 1.6 11 11.3 1.6 1 1 1 5 8.5 5 8.6 55 8.5 Puerto Rico Caguas aguez Ponce San JuanBayamon 147 15.8 17.8 10.0 67.3 14 1 16.5 9.4 6 140.3 1 15.8 9.5 6 27 1.0.7 20.8 27.4 1.2.7 2 20.2 27.0 1.7 19.5 201.3 1 1 1 13 20 1 1 1 13 200.5 1 1 1 13 Virgin Islands ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 8.9 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) See footnotes at end of table. 94

B14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED State and area Finance, insurance, and real estate P Services P Government P West Virginia Charleston HuntingtonAshland ParkersburgMarietta Wheeling 28.7 7.9 29.3 8.0 29.3 8.0 208.6 41.2 3 20.0 2 211.6 40.7 3 20.7 2 21 41 36 20.6 2 138.3 2 20 9.5 10.4 141.4 2 21.0 9.4 10.3 139.4 2 20.6 9.5 10.5 Wisconsin AppletonOshkoshNeenah Eau Claire Green Bay JanesvilleBeloit Kenosha LaCrosse Madison MilwaukeeWaukesha Racine Sheboygan Wausau 14 9.6 10.0 2 58.6 5 147.5 10.0 10.0 22 58.7 149 10.2 9.9 2 59 720.5 4 20.2 3 16.7 1 21.4 7 269.2 2 12 1 722 4 20.0 3 17.0 1 21.6 7 27 22 11.4 1 73 46.2 20.2 3 17.0 1 21.4 7 27 2 1 1 39 2 11.0 16.4 8.7 8.4 9.0 71.0 9 9.6 6.5 7.4 407.6 2 1 16.7 8.8 8.9 10.5 7 9 9.9 6.4 7.7 397.5 2 11.2 16.7 8.5 8.8 9.0 7 9 10 6.5 7.5 Wyoming Casper 8.8 1.3 8.8 1.3 8.9 1.3 55 8.7 51.0 8.7 5 8.8 59.2 61 59.0 Puerto Rico Caguas aguez Ponce San JuanBayamon 47.5 1.7 2 37 4 35.8 45.9 2 3 19 1 1 16.7 131.0 20 1 1 18 13 196.6 1 1 17.5 130.0 330.9 20.7 2 28.2 19 30 19.5 21.2 25.8 18 33 2 2 28.3 19 Virgin Islands 10.4 1 1 Combined with construction. 2 Not available. P = preliminary. NOTE: Area definitions are published annually in the issue of this publication. All State and area data have been adjusted to March benchmarks. 95

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Industry 1987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Total private 3 3 3 3 3 Goodsproducing 41.2 40.9 41 41.3 40.9 Mining 4 4 4 4 4 Metal mining Iron ores Copper ores 10 101 102 4 4 46.6 4 4 46.9 4 45 4 4 4 46.8 Coal mining Bituminous coal and lignite mining 12 122 4 4 4 4 45 4 4 4 Oil and gas extraction Crude petroleum and natural gas Oil and gas field services 13 131 138 4 40.5 4 4 4 4 4 41.4 4 42 40.2 4 Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels Crushed and broken stone Construction General building contractors Residential building construction Operative builders Nonresidential building construction Heavy construction, except building Highway and street construction Heavy construction, except highway 14 142 15 152 153 154 16 161 162 47.5 49.3 39.2 38 36.7 38.0 39.5 4 4 4 47.8 50 40.2 38.8 37.3 38.6 40.2 4 46.7 4 47.2 49.4 39.3 38.5 37.3 38.9 39.7 4 4 4 47.7 49.4 39.8 38.6 37.2 39.6 40.0 4 4 4 39.9 Special trade contractors Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning Painting and paper hanging Electrical work Masonry, stonework, and plastering Carpentry and floor work Roofing, siding, and sheet metal work 17 171 172 173 174 175 176 38.6 39.8 36.8 40.3 36.2 36.6 3 39.5 40.3 38.3 40.5 37 36.7 36.9 38.7 39.4 36.9 39.9 36.6 37.6 35.8 39 40.2 37.2 40.0 36.7 37.4 36.2 Manufacturing Durable goods Lumber and wood products Logging Sawmills and planing mills Sawmills and planing mills, general Hardwood dimension and flooring mills... Millwork, plywood, and structural members Millwork Wood kitchen cabinets Hardwood veneer and plywood Softwood veneer and plywood Wood containers Wood buildings and mobile homes Mobile homes Miscellaneous wood products 24 241 242 2421 2426 243 2431 2434 2435 2436 244 245 2451 249 4 4 41.6 4 4 4 41.3 4 41.6 4 4 39.3 41 41.3 40.3 41 4 41.2 41.6 4 4 40.9 4 41.2 41.3 40.0 4 38.6 41.0 41.2 39.6 4 41.4 41 4 4 40.9 4 41.4 41.4 4 4 39 38.7 38.6 40.7 4 4 41.6 4 4 4 41.3 4 4 41.2 4 4 39.5 39.4 39.3 40.6 41.2 41.6 41.2 6 5.9 5 6.5 5.8 6.5 Furniture and fixtures Household furniture Wood household furniture Upholstered household furniture Metal household furniture Mattresses and bedsprings Office furniture Public building and related furniture Partitions and fixtures Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures 25 251 2511 2512 2514 2515 252 253 254 259 40.8 39.7 40 38.6 41.0 39.8 4 4 4 40.4 40.3 39.0 38.8 38.5 38.4 40.8 41.2 4 4 39.9 39.8 38.7 39 38.0 4 38 40.8 4 39.3 40.3 38.9 39 38.2 4 39.8 4 40.9 4 39.6 39.9 5 5 See footnotes at end of table. 96

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 1987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Total private $18 $18 $19 $14 $16 $440.00 $441.26 $457 $454 $456.65 Goodsproducing 18 15 15 13 14 588.34 586.92 606.23 618 611.05 Mining 16.68 16.76 17.00 16.95 173 732 736 751.40 7499 7575 Metal mining Iron ores Copper ores 10 101 102 18.21 19.61 16.25 18.21 19.78 16.40 18.04 19.44 168 18.07 19.67 16.48 808 868.72 757.25 819.45 870 7696 796 876.74 731.34 805.92 881.22 771.26 Coal mining Bituminous coal and lignite mining 12 122 193 19.39 18.95 19.24 197 19.41 19.36 19.62 858.94 870.61 811.06 817.70 867 877.33 877.01 896.63 Oil and gas extraction Crude petroleum and natural gas Oil and gas field services 13 131 138 16.41 24 16 16.61 25 16 16.89 21 10 16.71 21 10 697.43 900.72 591.48 717 949.88 590.30 721.20 960.89 580 709 920 576 Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels Crushed and broken stone Construction.. General building contractors Residential building construction Operative builders Nonresidential building construction Heavy construction, except building Highway and street construction Heavy construction, except highway 14 142 15 152 153 154 16 161 162 12 19 16.47 17 13 14 16.66 14 10 15.91 15 14 16.66 15.84 11 19 16.90 16.46 16.85 16.26 150 10 17.02 18 12 13 17.45 16.72 16.91 16.63 151 12 17.07 10 156 15 17.45 16.87 17.24 16.68 17.26 699.20 699.57 642 597.03 536.92 5792 658.07 686.51 717 679 709.83 708.41 669.73 619 548.68 570.89 679.38 732 786.90 708.94 712 710 668.89 630.63 571.44 587 697 717.29 737.28 708.44 720.75 717.29 679.39 6298 565 588.06 698.00 747 782 721 688.67 Special trade contractors Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning Painting and paper hanging Electrical work Masonry, stonework, and plastering Carpentry and floor work Roofing, siding, and sheet metal work 17 171 172 173 174 175 176 16.84 176 10 18.44 16.71 12 17 16.98 17.27 17 18.63 16.77 16.42 15 17.30 17.58 11 18.86 17.07 172 14 17.38 17.64 12 19.08 174 170 159 650.02 687 550 743 600 597.31 501.21 670.71 695.98 575 752 6227 601 555 669.51 695 572 751 626 641 538.43 679.56 7093 577.34 760 629.04 639.54 549.88 Manufacturing Durable goods Lumber and wood products Logging Sawmills and planing mills Sawmills and planing mills, general Hardwood dimension and flooring mills... Millwork, plywood, and structural members Millwork Wood kitchen cabinets Hardwood veneer and plywood Softwood veneer and plywood Wood containers Wood buildings and mobile homes, Mobile homes Miscellaneous wood products 24 241 242 2421 2426 243 2431 2434 2435 2436 244 245 2451 249 14 13 11.09 10 11.05 10 9.38 11.25 11.22 11.33 9.95 10 8.84 11.38 15 10.46 18 17 117 10 112 18 9.35 11.34 11.28 11.42 101 15 8.86 11.41 17 10.51 15 14 11.42 14 11.38 13 9.70 11 11.44 11.60 10.28 13 9.21 11.62 12 10.87 10 10 11.44 18 11.35 11 9.68 16 11 11.63 10.27 17 9.25 11.68 18 10.81 14 11 12 561.79 590.63 461.34 520 468.52 491.05 387.39 470 467.87 471.33 419.89 569.50 347.41 467.72 477.02 424 549.92 571.46 460.20 526 467.04 490.99 382 470.61 464 471.65 400 567.59 340 467.81 476.68 416.20 577.55 606.58 479 546 488.20 519 396.73 482 472 480.24 431.76 629 3601 449.69 456.25 441 581.02 610.56 475.90 557.51 4899 518.46 399.78 482 477.67 4796 430.31 607.51 368 4609 466.88 438.89 573 599.46 472 Furniture and fixtures Household furniture Wood household furniture Upholstered household furniture Metal household furniture Mattresses and bedsprings Office furniture Public building and related furniture Partitions and fixtures Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures 25 251 2511 2512 2514 2515 252 253 254 259 10.82 108 9.78 10.90 9.69 10.54 11.68 12 11.60 112 10.91 10.32 9.91 10.99 9.71 10.94 11.76 11.71 11.67 10.98 114 10.57 101 11.37 9.88 11.30 11 13 11.77 11.21 115 10.62 106 11.39 9.88 11.38 14 18 11.68 11.23 11.24 441.46 405 3928 420.74 397.29 419.49 489.39 503 499.96 449.25 439.67 408 381 422 376 446,35 481 490.65 509.98 4380 447 409.06 390 436 410.02 430.53 498 5074 496 440.55 449.35 412 397.26 4350 417 452 507 504 504 441 448.48 See footnotes at end of table. 97

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 1987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Durable goods Continued Stone, clay, and glass products Flat glass Glass and glassware, pressed or blown Glass containers Pressed and blown glass, nee Products of purchased glass Cement, hydraulic Structural clay products Pottery and related products Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products Concrete block and brick Concrete products, nee Readymixed concrete Misc. nonmetallic mineral products Abrasive products Asbestos products 32 321 322 3221 3229 323 324 325 326 327 3271 3272 3273 329 3291 3292 4 45.8 4 4 41.2 4 45 4 40.6 46 47.8 4 46 4 42 46.8 4 4 4 4 40.2 40.5 4 4 40.4 47.0 48.3 4 47.5 4 40.5 49.0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 41.0 45.9 48.4 4 45.8 4 4 48.4 4 4 4 4 40.0 4 4 4 41.3 46.2 48.8 4 46.2 4 4 49.8 4 6.5 7.4 6.7 8.7 10.0 7.4 9.2 8 6.6 6.9 9.3 9.8 7.9 10 5 11 6.5 5.9 5 6.2 5.8 8.4 9.7 7.5 8.8 1 6.7 6.6 5 8.8 10.9 7.8 9.0 1 Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Blast furnaces and steel mills Steel pipe and tubes Iron and steel foundries Gray and ductile iron foundries Malleable iron foundries Steel foundries, nee Primary nonferrous metals Primary aluminum Nonferrous rolling and drawing Copper rolling and drawing Aluminum sheet, plate, and foil Nonferrous wire drawing and insulating Nonferrous foundries (castings) Aluminum foundries 33 331 3312 3317 332 3321 3322 3325 333 3334 335 3351 3353 3357 336 3365 4 4 4 4 4 45.9 50.3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 40.5 41 4 4 4 4 4 46.4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 45 4 4 4 4 41.6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6.5 6.5 6 6.8 7.0 5.8 6.2 7.5 7.4 10.0 6.8 6.2 6.6 6.2 5.8 6 7.3 7.0 9.9 6.4 6.2 6.7 8.0 6 6.4 6.7 7.4 7.3 9.9 7.0 6.4 6.6 6.7 8.0 6.2 6.7 7.3 7.2 9.8 7.0 Fabricated metal products Metal cans and shipping containers Metal cans Cutlery, handtools, and hardware Hand and edge tools, and blades and handsaws Hardware, nee Plumbing and heating, except electric Plumbing fixture fittings and trim Heating equipment, except electric Fabricated structural metal products Fabricated structural metal Metal doors, sash, and trim Fabricated plate work (boiler shops) Sheet metal work Architectural metal work Screw machine products, bolts, etc Screw machine products Bolts, nuts, rivets, and washers Metal forgings and stampings Iron and steel forgings Automotive stampings Metal stampings, nee Metal services, nee Plating and polishing Metal coating and allied services Ordnance and accessories, nee Ammunition, except for small arms, nee Misc. fabricated metal products Valves and pipe fittings, nee Misc. fabricated wire products 34 341 3411 342 3423,5 3429 343 3432 3433 344 3441 3442 3443 3444 3446 345 3451 3452 346 3462 3465 3469 347 3471 3479 348 3483 349 3494 3496 4 4 45 4 4 4 4 4 40.9 4 4 4 4 41.3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 41.4 40.7 4 40.5 41.4 42 4 40.5 41.6 4 4 41 4 41.4 41.4 40.9 41.4 4 4 4 4 41.6 4 41.4 4 41.3 40.4 4 39.4 40.2 41.3 40.9 4 39.7 4 41.3 4 40 42 4 4 41.6 4 4 4 40.5 4 41 4 41 41.3 4 41.2 4 4 4 4 4 41.6 40.8 4 42 4 4 41 40.6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 40.6 41.6 41.2 4 4 40.9 4 4 40.7 4 41.3 4 41.2 4 4 4 41.2 41.4 41.6 7.3 6.9 5 6.5 6.4 5 5 7 6.6 6.8 7.2 7.2 5.8 6.4 7.5 7.4 5.8 6.7 See footnotes at end of table. 98

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 1987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings T P P Durable goods Continued Stone, clay, and glass products Flat glass Glass and glassware, pressed or blown Glass containers Pressed and blown glass, nee Products of purchased glass Cement, hydraulic Structural clay products Pottery and related products Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products Concrete block and brick Concrete products, nee Readymixed concrete Misc. nonmetallic mineral products Abrasive products Asbestos products 32 321 322 3221 3229 323 324 325 326 327 3271 3272 3273 329 3291 3292 $18 18.27 19 16.42 11 19 18.09 18 11 17 15 11.73 19 18 124 14 $19 17.60 16 16.52 15 11.71 185 19 16 16 13 11.78 12 18 15 15.80 $17 182 15 171 11 19 18.95 11 11 19 11 16 12 19 15 12 $14 18.64 15.87 17.01 154 16 18.68 16 18 18 13 15 11 14 16 13 $13 $5966 836.77 663 737.26 618.41 497.59 815.86 497.77 487.61 6074 607 527.85 644 588.24 511.09 736.63 $594 730.40 6565 736.79 601 476 814 4989 487.22 622 610.03 5377 670.70 582 4963 770 $607.51 788 669.38 755 618.77 537 848 519.48 491 6199 632 537.00 660.44 601.64 550.38 707 $617 808.98 658.61 754 600 534 820.05 5192 497 627.40 650.50 546 670.36 606.61 548.52 728.57 $610.31 Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Blast furnaces and steel mills Steel pipe and tubes Iron and steel foundries Gray and ductile iron foundries Malleable iron foundries Steel foundries, nee Primary nonferrous metals Primary aluminum Nonferrous rolling and drawing Copper rolling and drawing Aluminum sheet, plate, and foil Nonferrous wire drawing and insulating Nonferrous foundries (castings) Aluminum foundries 33 331 3312 3317 332 3321 3322 3325 333 3334 335 3351 3353 3357 336 3365 14 18.54 20.22 12 15 15 16 17 17.02 16.95 10 159 16.87 19 15 17 16 18.50 202 14 19 13 15.80 10 179 173 13 17 17.05 18 11 12 15 18.79 20.55 18 16 17 19 19 17.24 17.27 18 12 16.82 13 11 122 15.89 19.04 20.84 16 13 16 19 19 17.43 17.56 17 11 173 17 12 123 163 19.35 689.98 830 917.99 640 627.75 674 793 556.78 748 757.67 652 660.77 757.46 6612 528.58 512 670.64 8125 899.36 598.08 590.21 620.49 702 557.27 737.45 748.58 646 649 765 638 498.56 485.80 699.30 847 928.86 619.31 650 708.53 637.55 588 756.84 761.61 630 666 755 6203 553 536.92 703 858.70 948.22 625.87 661.40 720.36 629.25 588 761.69 777.91 629.41 647.22 760.57 618 5574 541.00 707 8594 Fabricated metal products Metal cans and shipping containers Metal cans Cutlery, handtools, and hardware Hand and edge tools, and blades and handsaws Hardware, nee Plumbing and heating, except electric Plumbing fixture fittings and trim Heating equipment, except electric Fabricated structural metal products Fabricated structural metal Metal doors, sash, and trim Fabricated plate work (boiler shops) Sheet metal work Architectural metal work Screw machine products, bolts, etc Screw machine products Bolts, nuts, rivets, and washers Metal forgings and stampings Iron and steel forgings Automotive stampings Metal stampings, nee Metal services, nee Plating and polishing Metal coating and allied services Ordnance and accessories, nee Ammunition, except for small arms, nee Misc. fabricated metal products Valves and pipe fittings, nee Misc. fabricated wire products 34 341 3411 342 3423,5 3429 343 3432 3433 344 3441 3442 3443 3444 3446 345 3451 3452 346 3462 3465 3469 347 3471 3479 348 3483 349 3494 3496 11 16.73 17.85 12 124 17 12 10 124 17 16 10.60 10 13 11.73 18 12 19 13 13 17.05 14 116 11.08 11.28 10 10 18 16 117 18 16.81 17.98 16 17 10 11.77 11.47 125 10 18 10.66 11 18 11.71 14 18 18 19 17 15.99 12 118 10.97 12 17 16.50 14 14 11.25 15 16.80 17.81 16 19 15 12 11.60 120 17 11 10.81 18 12 11 17 15 15 15.84 12 18.02 17 13 11.39 11.74 153 19 11 15 11.49 16 16.85 17.91 12 18 11 120 19 10 18 15 10.81 18 19 15 14 16 15 15.93 156 189 14 11.49 11.36 11.69 156 13 10 15 11.49 13 553 756.20 804 528.53 529.30 57 498 477.25 496.53 537 558.89 456 591 529.88 498.53 582 535 639.34 649 639.32 735 528.35 462 450.96 480.53 620 672 521 549 459 535.81 729.55 774 508.00 519 521.64 487.28 4692 501 530 566 449 589.53 531.65 492 5484 526.22 574 581.36 600.51 630.01 507.32 461.73 448.67 489 6183 691.35 517.90 537.01 4513 566.25 750.96 799.67 518.34 536.79 510 502 487.20 490.05 536.68 569.35 449 594 544 508.40 583 534 640 685.87 6198 810.90 546.56 479.65 461 507 636.97 702 537 536 466.49 569.36 769 811 520.40 530.02 524 521 498 510 5370 571.08 438.89 589.89 547.55 513 582 530.06 647.48 689.77 617.01 821 548 481.43 468.03 507 630 690 537.93 58 479 565 See footnotes at end of table. 99

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 1987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Durable goods Continued Industrial machinery and equipment Engines and turbines Turbines and turbine generator sets internal combustion engines, nee Farm and garden machinery Farm machinery and equipment Construction and related machinery Construction machinery Mining machinery Oil and gas field machinery Conveyors and conveying equipment Industrial trucks and tractors Metalworking machinery Machine tools, metal cutting types Machine tools, metal forming types Special dies, tools, jigs, and fixtures Machine tool accessories Power driven handtools Special industry machinery Textile machinery Printing trades machinery Food products machinery General industrial machinery Pumps and pumping equipment Ball and roller bearings Air and gas compressors Blowers and fans Speed changers, drives, and gears Power transmission equipment, nee Computer and office equipment Electronic computers Computer terminals, calculators, and office machines, nee Refrigeration and service machinery Refrigeration and heating equipment Misc. industrial and commercial machinery Carburetors, pistons, rings, valves Scales, balances, and industrial machinery, nee 35 351 3511 3519 352 3523 353 3531 3532 3533 3535 3537 354 3541 3542 3544 3545 3546 355 3552 3555 3556 356 3561 3562 3563 3564 3566 3568 357 3571 3575,8,9 358 3585 359 3592 3596,9 4 4 4 4 41 4 4 41.2 48.3 4 4 4 4 4 4 42 4 4 41 4 4 4 42 4 4 4 4 4 40.7 40.7 41.6 45.8 47.2 4 41.2 4 4 4 4 4 39.9 41.0 4 4 41.0 47.8 42 41.3 4 4 4 4 4 4 41.4 40.4 40.8 41.4 40.4 4 42 4 41 4 40.8 41.4 41.2 4 46 38.8 4 4 4 4 4 41 40.7 4 4 39.8 47.9 40.9 4 4 4 4 4 41.2 4 41.4 40.2 40.2 4 41.6 41.4 4 4 42 40.4 40.7 40.8 40.4 4 4 4 4 40.9 4 42 4 45 4 40.0 40.7 4 4 40.4 4 41.6 4 4 4 4 41.3 4 40.7 40.4 42 40.7 4 4 4 40.6 40.9 41.0 40.9 40.8 4 4 42 40.9 4 6.9 6.2 9.4 6.2 5 5 6.9 5.9 6.6 5 8.9 5 5.8 6 7.0 5.8 6.5 5.8 5 6 6.4 6 6.5 8.0 5.9 6.2 Electronic and other electrical equipment Electric distribution equipment Transformers, except electronic Switchgear and switchboard apparatus Electrical industrial apparatus Motors and generators Relays and industrial controls.: Household appliances Household refrigerators and freezers Household laundry equipment Electric housewares and fans Electric lighting and wiring equipment Electric lamps Currentcarrying wiring devices Noncurrentcarrying wiring devices Residential lighting fixtures Household audio and video equipment Household audio and video equipment Communications equipment Telephone and telegraph apparatus Electronic components and accessories Electron tubes Semiconductors and related devices Electronic components, nee Misc. electrical equipment and supplies Storage batteries Engine electrical equipment 36 361 3612 3613 362 3621 3625 363 3632 3633 3634 364 3641 3643 3644 3645 365 3651 366 3661 367 3671 3674 3679 369 3691 3694 41.4 40.8 4 40.2 4 4 40.8 40.4 4 38.5 40.9 41.4 41.3 40.8 4 39.7 40.4 39.5 4 4 41.0 4 4 4 4 4 4 40.6 40.0 40.7 39.4 41 39.5 40.0 4 37.4 40.2 40 38.5 40.2 4 39.2 39.2 38 4 4 40.4 4 4 40.6 40.5 4 40.9 41.2 41.3 4 40 41.6 4 40.2 40.2 39.7 39.4 40.5 4 4 41 40.0 38.8 39.3 41 4 41.6 4 4 41.4 4 4 41.4 42 4 41 4 40.0 39.9 39.6 39.0 40.0 4 4 40.7 4 40.4 38.6 39.0 41.3 4 4 4 4 42 4 4 40.5 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 2 1.3 See footnotes at end of table. 100

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 1987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Durable goods Continued Industrial machinery and equipment Engines and turbines Turbines and turbine generator sets Internal combustion engines, nee Farm and garden machinery Farm machinery and equipment Construction and related machinery Construction machinery Mining machinery Oil and gas field machinery Conveyors and conveying equipment Industrial trucks and tractors Metalworking machinery Machine tools, metal cutting types Machine tools, metal forming types Special dies, tools, jigs, and fixtures Machine tool accessories Power driven handtools Special industry machinery Textile machinery Printing trades machinery Food products machinery General industrial machinery Pumps and pumping equipment Ball and roller bearings Air and gas compressors Blowers and fans Speed changers, drives, and gears Power transmission equipment, nee Computer and office equipment Electronic computers Computer terminals, calculators, and office machines, nee Refrigeration and service machinery Refrigeration and heating equipment Misc. industrial and commercial machinery Carburetors, pistons, rings, valves Scales, balances, and industrial machinery, nee 35 351 3511 3519 352 3523 353 3531 3532 3533 3535 3537 354 3541 3542 3544 3545 3546 355 3552 3555 3556 356 3561 3562 3563 3564 3566 3568 357 3571 3575,8,9 358 3585 359 3592 3596,9 $12 179 206 16.23 17 13 15 15 15 13 12 11 17 152 13 15.97 16 13 17 17 16.27 15 18 17 15 19 11.73 17 19 151 16 18 17 16 16 11 11 $13 17.54 19.26 16.95 13 12 13 17 13 16 10 18 12 18 13 18 18 11 11 17 16.21 17 19 13 16 15 11.73 16 13 14 16.78 19 12 11 14 18 11 $15 17.98 20.60 177 10 10 14 12 12 19 16 16 15.82 11 16.48 16.46 19 16 11 18 15.90 13 17 15 151 14 11.75 15.85 10 16.55 18.75 16 15 17 10 19 19 $18 17.98 20.99 17.05 14 14 17 13 15 10 10 18 19 17 16.28 16.49 17 14 12 13 15.99 154 11 14 18 16 12 12 11 16.57 18.53 13 16 18 19 14 17 $17 $624 775 866 71 577 618.41 610.50 619 608 666 588.59 538.02 659.66 660.74 690.85 690 566 525 638.97 541.29 689.85 610 604 617.61 678.47 638.93 509.08 648 576.22 618 665.85 577.41 598.61 630.59 601.77 605 596.74 $610.39 769 808.92 745.80 569 599.42 591 588.09 593 655 576 527.81 6510 656 685.83 688.22 560.62 5324 621.41 528.03 661.37 611.48 588 591.05 623 6259 506 610.75 569.73 629.95 699 580.51 578.82 608.98 587 562 581.44 $630.89 8001 934 758.91 558.96 592 609.34 618.46 577.90 689.28 583 5402 680.26 666 714 717.66 579 535 646.25 540 6398 6384 593 618.93 632 620.86 498 640.34 577 674 757.50 608.61 571 589.48 610 619 6104 $630.66 789.32 946.65 748 550 595.85 597.98 609 596 636.55 600.48 543 677.39 661 698.41 717 576.96 535.94 651.35 550.67 640 637.39 596.73 620.27 632 613 508.26 638.23 571 679.37 757.88 586 588 603 610.03 6154 606.41 $628.42 Electronic and other electrical equipment Electric distribution equipment Transformers, except electronic Switchgear and switchboard apparatus Electrical industrial apparatus Motors and generators Relays and industrial controls Household appliances Household refrigerators and freezers Household laundry equipment Electric housewares and fans Electric lighting and wiring equipment Electric lamps Currentcarrying wiring devices Noncurrentcarrying wiring devices Residential lighting fixtures Household audio and video equipment Household audio and video equipment Communications equipment Telephone and telegraph apparatus Electronic components and accessories Electron tubes Semiconductors and related devices Electronic components, nee Misc. electrical equipment and supplies Storage batteries Engine electrical equipment 36 361 3612 3613 362 3621 3625 363 3632 3633 3634 364 3641 3643 3644 3645 365 3651 366 3661 367 3671 3674 3679 369 3691 3694 16 15 18 11 11 10 12 13 14 12 10.54 16 16.49 16 11.75 9.36 122 11.61 16 18 11 18 17.49 10.72 16 154 19 13 10 14 12 13 16 10 10 19 11 11.08 19 17.01 13 11.73 9.43 19 11.65 10 14 17 19 17.61 10.80 19 16 10 18 19 15 14 12 16 17 19 15 11 11.05 19 179 17 13 9.98 14 16 17 16 13 11 18.25 11.31 14 17 14 11 13 125 13 12 11.79 13 12 15 14 118 11 170 10 126 9.92 10 121 11 18 16 18 18.03 11.33 11 15 19 15 540.68 534 501.32 5598 519.98 480 5760 4983 558 539.77 431.09 522 681.04 535 506.43 379 489.65 458.60 590.44 663 541.61 638.60 731.08 448 577.82 657.08 590 538 520.00 490.03 541 510.87 485 556.95 500.00 578.72 531.45 442 508.87 659 521 490.31 369.66 481.77 447 596.40 661.73 5405 619 7360 438.48 540 623 547 551.26 540.62 514 560 537.47 505 595 516 563 548.05 447.53 534 739 549.51 516 399.20 478.79 476 578.28 631 5717 650 7705 468.23 562 641 562 5557 557 5260 576.63 538.76 509 597.20 512 560 539.76 447.20 539.92 726.75 549.45 509.50 400.77 486 479 578.61 624 575 652 768.08 476 581.40 675 581.65 543 See footnotes at end of table. 101

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 1987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Durable goods Continued Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Motor vehicles and car bodies Truck and bus bodies Motor vehicle parts and accessories Truck trailers Aircraft and parts Aircraft Aircraft engines and engine parts Aircraft parts and equipment, nee Ship and boat building and repairing Ship building and repairing Boat building and repairing Railroad equipment Guided missiles, space vehicles, and parts. Guided missiles and space vehicles Misc. transportation equipment Travel trailers and campers 37 371 3711 3713 3714 3715 372 3721 3724 3728 373 3731 3732 374 376 3761 379 3792 4 4 41.4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 41.4 41.3 39.5 41.0 39.6 39 4 39.3 41.4 4 4 4 4 4 4 40.3 4 41.6 40.8 40.8 40.0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 40.9 40.0 4 41.2 40.3 40.5 38.4 4 4 4 4 45.9 4 4 4 4 42 40.6 41.6 39.4 41.3 41.2 40.2 4 40.4 4 4 5 5.8 6 6 6 5.9 5.9 5.9 6.5 6.9 2 5.9 7.0 6.9 7.3 7.4 Instruments and related products Search and navigation equipment Measuring and controlling devices Environmental controls Process control instruments Instruments to measure electricity Medical instruments and supplies Surgical and medical instrument Surgical appliances and supplies Ophthalmic goods Photographic equipment and supplies Watches, clocks, watchcases, and parts 38 381 382 3822 3823 3825 384 3841 3842 385 386 387 41.4 4 41 40.6 41.2 41.4 41.2 41 41 40.7 4 39.5 40.7 4 40.3 38.0 40.5 41.2 40.5 40.9 39.7 40.0 4 39.6 41.4 41.4 41.4 4 40.7 41.4 41 40.9 41.2 40.2 4 39.0 4 41.2 41.4 4 40.5 40.3 41.3 40.6 41.6 40.6 4 4 40.9 1.6 2 1.4 1.7 1.0 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware Jewelry, precious metal Musical instruments Toys and sporting goods Dolls, games, toys, and children's vehicles Sporting and athletic goods, nee Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies Costume jewelry and notions Costume jewelry Miscellaneous manufactures Signs and advertising specialties 39 391 3911 393 394 3942,4 3949 395 396 3961 399 3993 40.0 39.6 38.6 41.0 39.7 38.8 40 39.0 38.7 37.7 40.5 41.3 39.2 38.0 37.2 40.4 39.5 39.0 39.7 37.8 36.7 36.6 39.9 40.5 40 38.8 37.8 40.4 41.4 38.2 4 39.5 37.6 36.5 40 40.5 39.9 38.7 37.9 40.5 40.4 37.9 41.4 39.0 38 36.2 40.2 40.4 39.0 1 1.6 1.6 1.6 2 1.6 1 1.4 0.7 1.3 1.2 Nondurable goods 40.9 40.6 40.9 41.0 40.7 Food and kindred products Meat products Meat packing plants Sausages and other prepared meats Poultry slaughtering and processing Dairy products Cheese, natural and processed Fluid milk Preserved fruits and vegetables Canned specialties Canned fruits and vegetables Frozen fruits and vegetables Grain mill products Flour and other grain mill products Prepared feeds, nee 20 201 2011 2013 2015 202 2022 2026 203 2032 2033 2037 204 2041 2048 4 41.0 4 4 39.9 4 42 41.3 41.0 4 39 39.5 45 4 4 41.6 40.8 4 4 39.0 42 4 41.4 41.4 4 41.0 39.8 46.5 46.6 4 41.6 4 4 4 39.7 4 4 4 40.4 4 39.2 39.7 4 4 4 4 4 4 40.0 4 4 4 40.6 4 38.4 39.0 4 4 4 4 6 5 6.6 6.7 6 6.4 5.8 7.0 8.3 8 7.5 6.8 6.7 6.5 6.4 7.0 6.9 5.9 6.6 6.7 7.0 6.5 See footnotes at end of table. 102

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 1987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Durable goods Continued Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Motor vehicles and car bodies Truck and bus bodies Motor vehicle parts and accessories Truck trailers Aircraft and parts Aircraft Aircraft engines and engine parts Aircraft parts and equipment, nee Ship and boat building and repairing Ship building and repairing Boat building and repairing Railroad equipment Guided missiles, space vehicles, and parts. Guided missiles and space vehicles Misc. transportation equipment Travel trailers and campers 37 371 3711 3713 3714 3715 372 3721 3724 3728 373 3731 3732 374 376 3761 379 3792 $17.41 17.75 20 153 16.29 11.49 19.05 (2) 18.90 16.97 19 10 11.28 16.98 20.04 (2) 10 12 $16.86 16.79 26 157 11 11.20 195 (2) 18.95 17.09 16 19 11.34 16.87 20.00 (2) 11.77 11.77 $17.98 18.40 225 11 17.25 11.38 19.47 (2) 19.37 17.25 18 16 11 15 20.28 (2) 19 12 $189 18.65 29 19 17.48 11.30 19.57 (2) 19.55 17.36 15 158 19 16.65 204 (2) 13 13 $18.01 18.33 $746.89 757.93 906.66 671 706 500.96 842 844 751.77 559 610.28 4682 733 849 487.34 470.84 $691.26 668 840 6374 601 468 833 830 738.29 5653 6362 457.00 718.66 830 480.22 470.80 $789.32 831.68 996.75 688.83 788.33 506 829.42 843 720 559.51 628.00 480.40 683 834 497.75 469.25 $8028 848.58 1,020 726.45 803 485.90 834 8626 730.86 558.25 631.49 471 687.65 829.77 525 527 $762 7889 Instruments and related products Search and navigation equipment Measuring and controlling devices Environmental controls Process control instruments Instruments to measure electricity Medical instruments and supplies Surgical and medical instrument Surgical appliances and supplies Ophthalmic goods Photographic equipment and supplies Watches, clocks, watchcases, and parts 38 381 382 3822 3823 3825 384 3841 3842 385 386 387 15 17.28 16 10 18 12 19 14 11 10.20 16.48 10.41 18 17.58 12 122 16 17 11 19 14 10.21 16.48 10.80 10 17.72 10 16 16 16.83 19 124 121 10.67 17.38 10.51 12 17.48 13 14 19 16.61 14 17 13 10.90 17.95 10.55 13 569.25 726 564 479.08 562 663 526.95 494 489.50 4154 706.99 411.20 560.85 734 556.95 460.56 557.28 668 516 480 472 408.40 698.75 427.68 584 731 592 519.79 585 696.76 527 496.53 498.93 428.93 759 409.89 585.98 7208 5892 541.01 578.75 669.38 530.29 4986 500.45 444 775 440.99 581 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware Jewelry, precious metal Musical instruments Toys and sporting goods Dolls, games, toys, and children's vehicles Sporting and athletic goods, nee Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies Costume jewelry and notions Costume jewelry Miscellaneous manufactures Signs and advertising specialties 39 391 3911 393 394 3942,4 3949 395 396 3961 399 3993 10.83 11.38 11.49 10.91 10.37 9.98 10.52 11.28 9.72 8.87 11.02 16 10.85 11.28 11.36 11.04 10.49 10.07 10.67 11.44 9.69 8.69 10.96 12 11.25 19 11.74 11.68 10.83 10.50 10.95 11.40 9.96 8.97 11.40 17 11.29 17 11.73 11.78 10.88 10.41 11.05 11.47 10.08 8.95 11.44 19 11.32 430 450.65 441 447.31 411.69 387.22 425 439.92 3766 330 441 477.43 422 428.64 429 442 416 393 420 433 352 318.05 437.30 466.56 4513 461.33 443,77 477 448.36 4010 466.47 450.30 370 327.41 4574 496.94 450.47 459.37 447 477.09 439.55 394 457.47 447.33 385 329 459.89 500.56 441.48 Nondurable goods 10 11 11 15 12 519.43 520.09 536.20 5395 538.05 Food and kindred products Meat products Meatpacking plants Sausages and other prepared meats Poultry slaughtering and processing Dairy products Cheese, natural and processed Fluid milk Preserved fruits and vegetables Canned specialties Canned fruits and vegetables Frozen fruits and vegetables Grain mill products Flour and other grain mill products Prepared feeds, nee 20 201 2011 2013 2015 202 2022 2026 203 2032 2033 2037 204 2041 2048 11.76 9.60 10.20 10.93 8.74 18 16 18 11.23 150 12 10.35 17 11 11.65 10 9.71 10.26 11.03 8.84 18 14 16 116 16 19 10.46 15 14 11.73 121 9.90 10.77 113 8.86 14 19 11 11.63 13 18 10.90 14 16 15 128 9.95 10.83 112 8.94 18 13 10 11.68 10 12 11.04 18 16 13 128 488.04 390 431.46 461.25 348.73 570 520.36 583 460.43 650.81 481.71 408.83 6663 596 513 490.88 3967 4380 470.98 346 571.72 520.41 586.22 462 628 499 411 699.83 607.66 526.68 508 410.85 464 488 351.74 602 5584 620 469.85 671.45 494 433 660.35 588.74 525 507.91 415.91 4711 490 357.60 618 559.39 634 471 689.75 480.77 430.56 663 607.49 521.00 5092 See footnotes at end of table. 103

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 1987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Nondurable goods Continued Food and kindred products Continued Bakery products Bread, cake, and related products Cookies, crackers, and frozen bakery products, except bread Sugar and confectionery products Raw cane sugar Cane sugar refining Beet sugar Candy and other confectionery products Fats and oils Beverages Malt beverages Bottled and canned soft drinks Misc. food and kindred products 205 2051 2052,3 206 2061 2062 2063 2064 207 208 2082 2086 209 41.0 41.0 41 40.6 45.8 49.7 41.3 40.3 4 4 48.2 4 39.0 41.0 40.7 41.6 40.0 50.9 48 4 39.2 4 4 47.3 4 40.6 41.2 41.6 40.4 40.0 40.3 5 40 39.7 42 4 46.2 4 39.9 40.9 41.3 40 39.7 39.7 57.3 38.2 39.3 4 4 4 4 39.8 5 9.6 6.4 8.4 7 7.7 9.2 6 6 8.0 6.9 5 8.3 6 7.7 7.3 5.8 10.0 6.2 7.7 7.3 Tobacco products Cigarettes 21 211 39.9 39.6 39.3 39.0 39.8 40.0 39.9 40.3 39.3 Textile mill products Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton Broadwoven fabric mills, synthetics Broadwoven fabric mills, wool Narrow fabric mills Knitting mills Women's hosiery, except socks Hosiery, nee Knit outerwear mills Knit underwear mills Weft knit fabric mills Textile finishing, except wool Finishing plants, cotton Finishing plants, synthetics Carpets and rugs Yarn and thread mills Yarn spinning mills Throwing and winding mills Miscellaneous textile goods 22 221 222 223 224 225 2251 2252 2253 2254 2257 226 2261 2262 227 228 2281 2282 229 4 4 41.6 39.4 40.6 40.9 38.6 38.8 4 39.3 41.3 4 4 4 41 4 36.6 4 40.4 40.8 40.9 39.6 40.5 39.8 38.3 38.7 42 36.7 38.0 41.2 4 39.3 40.4 40.2 4 3 40.3 40.9 4 41.2 39.3 40.5 38.9 38.5 38.0 38.2 41 38.7 41.6 4 42 4 41.0 41.2 39.9 41.6 41.0 4 37.7 40.7 39.3 37.9 38.3 38.8 41.6 39.9 41.4 4 41.6 4 40 4 40.5 5 5 5.8 2 5 5.9 5 5 Apparel and other textile products Men's and boys' suits and coats Men's and boys' furnishings Men's and boys' shirts Men's and boys' trousers and slacks Men's and boys' work clothing Women's and misses' outerwear Women's and misses' blouses and shirts Women's, juniors', and misses' dresses Women's and misses' suits and coats Women's and misses' outerwear, nee Women's and children's undergarments Women's and children's underwear Brassieres, girdles, and allied garments Girls' and children's outerwear Girls' and children's dresses and blouses Misc. apparel and accessories Misc. fabricated textile products Curtains and draperies House furnishings, nee Automotive and apparel trimmings 23 231 232 2321 2325 2326 233 2331 2335 2337 2339 234 2341 2342 236 2361 238 239 2391 2392 2396 37.8 38.4 37.5 36.7 37.0 37.6 36.4 3 36.8 38.2 36.2 37.5 37.3 37.9 37.4 38.3 36.5 39.5 3 40.2 40.0 36.9 38 36.9 3 36.6 3 3 3 36.7 37.0 3 36.8 37 35.8 36.6 38.9 36 38.3 3 39.8 37 37.8 36.5 36.2 35 35.9 37.0 36.7 35 38.4 3 36.5 35.9 35.9 35.8 37.4 38 37.7 40.6 37.3 40.4 4 38.2 36.5 36.6 3 36.5 37.0 37.4 36.7 38.6 37.8 37.2 36.7 36.6 36.7 37.6 38.4 36.6 40.9 37.2 4 4 37.4 1 1.4 2 1.7 1.4 1.7 0.7 1.2 0.9 1.7 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.4 0.9 1 1.0 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.0 1.7 0.9 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.3 2 0.9 5 Paper and allied products Paper mills Paperboard mills 26 262 263 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 7.0 6.4 7.3 6.7 7.7 6.8 7.5 See footnotes at end of table. 104

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 1987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Nondurable goods Continued Food and kindred products Continued Bakery products Bread, cake, and related products Cookies, crackers, and frozen bakery products, except bread Sugar and confectionery products Raw cane sugar Cane sugar refining Beet sugar Candy and other confectionery products Fats and oils Beverages Malt beverages Bottled and canned soft drinks Misc. food and kindred products 205 2051 2052,3 206 2061 2062 2063 2064 207 208 2082 2086 209 $14 15 14 19 11.05 17.88 17 14 18 15.81 29 10 10.58 $18 18 11 13 9.98 18.38 19 10 19 15.85 223 15 10.62 $12 11 17 13 11.64 17.77 19 12 17 169 23 14 11.07 $16 18 15 12 11.49 18.38 12 17 13 16.24 28 16 11.00 $526.44 530.95 519.50 543 509 888.64 589.35 509.39 549.54 709.87 1,059.92 607.81 412 $528 522 528 537.20 507.98 888 618 492 547.83 703 1,046.75 609 4317 $540.54 549.54 529 557.20 469.09 988.01 586 528.80 567.09 717.22 1,091.71 611 441.69 $546.42 556.72 527.32 556.59 4565 1,057 569.94 524 565 728 1,088 627.83 437.80 Tobacco products Cigarettes 21 211 20.78 26 20.59 28 20.63 24 20.82 28 $20.68 8292 980.50 8099 942 821.07 977.60 830.72 990.57 $812 Textile mill products Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton Broadwoven fabric mills, synthetics Broadwoven fabric mills, wool Narrow fabric mills Knitting mills Women's hosiery, except socks Hosiery, nee Knit outerwear mills Knit underwear mills Weft knit fabric mills Textile finishing, except wool Finishing plants, cotton Finishing plants, synthetics Carpets and rugs Yarn and thread mills Yarn spinning mills Throwing and winding mills Miscellaneous textile goods 22 221 222 223 224 225 2251 2252 2253 2254 2257 226 2261 2262 227 228 2281 2282 229 10.36 10.87 11.27 10.96 9.48 9.45 8.90 9.53 8.74 9.86 10.24 10.58 10.34 118 10.30 10.03 10.02 10.08 17 10.36 10.91 11.29 11.00 9.64 9.46 8.86 9.57 8.77 10.06 105 10.61 10.48 111 106 10.06 10.04 106 18 10.69 111 11.39 117 9.75 9.87 8.83 9.72 9.38 100 10.53 10.82 10.54 11.32 10.75 10.41 10.46 10.30 19 10.77 116 11.49 11.34 9.81 9.96 8.92 9.77 9.53 10.30 10.57 10.98 10.59 11.73 10.86 10.42 10.44 10.41 122 10.73 429.94 455 468.83 432 389 386.51 344 369.76 370.58 387.50 421 440 4318 4755 440.84 413 425 368.93 506 418.54 4453 461.76 430 390.42 376.51 339.34 370.36 369.22 369.20 380 4373 450.64 436.62 410.46 401 419.67 358 478.76 437.22 471.06 469.27 438.98 398 384 339.96 369.36 358.32 4151 407.51 4501 445.84 476.57 456.88 426.81 430.95 410.97 498.78 447 477 4793 427.52 399.27 391.43 338.07 379 369.76 428.48 421.74 457 441.60 491.49 456 437 437.44 417.44 506.62 437 Apparel and other textile products Men's and boys' suits and coats Men's and boys' furnishings Men's and boys' shirts Men's and boys' trousers and slacks Men's and boys' work clothing Women's and misses' outerwear Women's and misses' blouses and shirts Women's, juniors', and misses' dresses Women's and misses' suits and coats Women's and misses' outerwear, nee Women's and children's undergarments Women's and children's underwear Brassieres, girdles, and allied garments Girls' and children's outerwear Girls' and children's dresses and blouses Misc. apparel and accessories Misc. fabricated textile products Curtains and draperies House furnishings, nee Automotive and apparel trimmings 23 231 232 2321 2325 2326 233 2331 2335 2337 2339 234 2341 2342 236 2361 238 239 2391 2392 2396 8.50 8.66 7.95 7.80 85 7.81 85 7.38 9.37 84 7.99 85 8.02 8.50 8.23 81 80 9.37 8.24 8.99 10.85 8.48 8.68 7.97 7.74 8.25 7.72 8.20 7.47 9.47 8.07 8.04 87 7.91 8.86 8.22 8.04 80 9.28 88 9.03 10.79 8.81 8.94 8.32 87 8.58 88 8.33 7.94 9.81 8.31 8.06 8.05 8.22 7.64 8.39 8.03 8.20 9.73 8.29 9.46 11.08 8.88 8.84 8.38 8.23 8.70 86 8.50 8.03 9.82 8.54 8.27 8.21 8.41 7.71 8.38 81 8.21 9.73 8.39 9.62 11.00 8.82 321.30 334 2983 286.26 305 296 296.66 263 342 310.95 289.24 303 2995 3225 307.80 310.61 295 3702 296.64 361.40 430 311 330.71 299 272 305 277.92 294 264 347.55 298.59 281 300.66 296 3179 300.85 316 291 352 283 359.39 400.31 332 321 3018 286.77 308.02 306 301 278.69 376.70 301.65 299 289.00 2950 271 319 305.94 3094 394 309.22 3828 471 339.22 326 306.71 2927 317.55 302 317.90 290 379.05 321 307.64 301.31 307.81 286 319 311.42 300.49 397.96 3121 399.23 470 329.87 Paper and allied products Paper mills Paperboard mills 26 262 263 16 19.77 19.26 14 20.08 19.58 15.91 20.40 20.37 15.98 20.39 209 17 671 877.79 870 678 881 868 688.90 915.96 908.50 6953 911 908.55 689.40 See footnotes at end of table. 105

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 1987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Nondurable goods Continued Paper and allied products Continued Paperboard containers and boxes Corrugated and solid fiber boxes Sanitary food containers Folding paperboard boxes Misc. converted paper products Paper, coated and laminated, nee Bags: plastics, laminated, and coated Envelopes 265 2653 2656 2657 267 2672 2673 2677 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 40.5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 39.7 4 4 41.6 4 4 4 4 40.3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 40.9 5.9 5.8 Printing and publishing Newspapers Periodicals Books Book publishing Book printing Miscellaneous publishing Commercial printing Commercial printing, lithographic Commercial printing, nee Manifold business forms Blankbooks and bookbinding Printing trade services 27 271 272 273 2731 2732 274 275 2752 2759 276 278 279 38.0 3 3 38.3 36.8 39.9 36.6 39.4 39 40.0 39.6 40.7 38 3 35.8 38.9 36.9 40.9 37 39.5 39.4 39.8 42 39.8 40 38.0 3 3 40.6 38.3 4 3 39.3 39.0 40.0 40.9 38.8 39.9 37.8 3 3 40.2 37.6 4 3 39 38.8 39.8 38.8 39.9 37.9 1.4 1.3 2 2 1.6 2 1.6 Chemicals and allied products Industrial inorganic chemicals Industrial inorganic chemicals, nee Plastics materials and synthetics Plastics materials and resins Organic fibers, noncellulosic Drugs Pharmaceutical preparations Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods Soap and other detergents Polishing, sanitation, and finishing preparations Toilet preparations Paints and allied products Industrial organic chemicals Cyclic crudes and intermediates Industrial organic chemicals, nee Agricultural chemicals Miscellaneous chemical products 28 281 2819 282 2821 2824 283 2834 284 2841 2842,3 2844 285 286 2865 2869 287 289 4 4 4 4 4 4 42 4 41.6 4 4 40.4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 41.6 40.4 4 40.2 39.3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 42 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 40.9 40.6 4 4 4 4 45 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 41.6 4 45 41.4 41.3 4 4 4 4 45 4 4 5 5 6.2 6.4 6 6.4 6 5 6.2 6.5 6 6.2 6 Petroleum and coal products Petroleum refining Asphalt paving and roofing materials 29 291 295 4 4 4 4 4 46.4 4 40.8 46.8 4 40.5 47.3 4 6.6 9.7 7.2 10.8 6.5 9.8 6.9 10.6 Rubber and misc. plastics products Tires and inner tubes Rubber and plastics footwear Hose, belting, gaskets, and packing Rubber and plastics hose and belting Fabricated rubber products, nee Miscellaneous plastics products, nee 30 301 302 305 3052 306 308 4 4 39.2 4 4 4 4 41 4 4 40.8 4 39.9 41 4 4 38.0 4 4 4 41.6 4 41.6 41.0 4 4 4 41.2 6.5 5.9 Leather and leather products Leather tanning and finishing Footwear, except rubber Men's footwear, except athletic Women's footwear, except athletic Luggage Handbags and personal leather goods 31 311 314 3143 3144 316 317 38 40.8 37.5 37.5 37.0 36.5 37.3 36.9 3 37.0 36.8 38.2 35.9 38.6 38.3 4 37.8 37.5 37.7 3 37.7 38.4 4 37.8 37.4 38.3 3 37.9 37.7 1.6 1.7 1.2 1.6 1.3 2 1.4 1.4 5 1.2 1 0.7 1.7 1.6 1 0.9 0.8 1.2 Serviceproducing 3 3 3 3 3 Transportation and public utilities 39.6 39.7 38.8 39.0 38.9 See footnotes at end of table. 106

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 1987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Nondurable goods Continued Paper and allied products Continued Paperboard containers and boxes Corrugated and solid fiber boxes Sanitary food containers Folding paperboard boxes Misc. converted paper products Paper, coated and laminated, nee Bags: plastics, laminated, and coated Envelopes 265 2653 2656 2657 267 2672 2673 2677 $14 18 12 19 10 14 15 10 $13 10 13 15 13 14 17 19 $10 15 13 14 13 16.28 16 17 $10 10 18 14 18 16.71 19 15 $567.65 571 586 590.33 576.45 679.36 531.05 510.30 $566.24 576 569.43 592 579.28 678 528.20 499.82 $576 580.35 573 595 587 693 535.92 513 $580.22 589.60 576.94 599 598 7108 548.69 527 Printing and publishing Newspapers Periodicals Books Book publishing Book printing Miscellaneous publishing Commercial printing Commercial printing, lithographic Commercial printing, nee Manifold business forms Blankbooks and bookbinding Printing trade services 27 271 272 273 2731 2732 274 275 2752 2759 276 278 279 14 13 18 19 16 11 11 19 17 12 12 10.49 16.60 14 14 13 17 123 16 12 12 18 15 19 10.49 16.69 14 11 17 18 13 12 17 12 14 12 10 10.83 16.93 13 15 10 13 16 16 14 16 10 12 13 10.85 16.93 $14 506.92 430 528 480 441 529 468.85 535 542 510 597 410 672 516 437 530.91 496.75 447.60 546.42 471 544 550.81 511 610.03 417.50 669.27 5222 448.53 558 5397 483 5901 460 547.06 556 520.80 580.78 420.20 671 518.99 4475 565 541 472 608.90 460.66 543 554 510.24 601.73 420.98 671 $524 Chemicals and allied products Industrial inorganic chemicals Industrial inorganic chemicals, nee Plastics materials and synthetics Plastics materials and resins Organic fibers, noncellulosic Drugs Pharmaceutical preparations Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods Soap and other detergents Polishing, sanitation, and finishing preparations Toilet preparations Paints and allied products Industrial organic chemicals Cyclic crudes and intermediates Industrial organic chemicals, nee Agricultural chemicals Miscellaneous chemical products 28 281 2819 282 2821 2824 283 2834 284 2841 2842,3 2844 285 286 2865 2869 287 289 17.04 19.01 19.58 17.86 19.76 15 17.02 16.88 15 173 10 11 13 20.38 20.30 20.52 16.94 16 179 19.08 19.55 18.00 19.76 158 17.08 16.87 19 17.48 10 17 18 20.61 20.32 20.79 178 11 17.39 19.31 19.89 18.26 20.65 15 178 173 14 18.52 11 15 14 20.53 20.57 20.65 17.27 14 17.33 19.47 20.04 18.20 20.57 10 16.99 16.84 10 18.68 18 12 14 20.27 20.38 20.35 17.30 17 17.48 732 855 8794 775 869.44 639.86 716.54 714 570 753 572 497.32 628 908.95 907.41 914 753 657.71 731 856.69 875.84 775.80 869.44 651.22 714 701.79 5572 758.63 540 481 611.06 9175 895 927.23 769.66 657 749 815 843 788.83 910.67 658 719.84 729 607.56 8118 563 517.65 639.60 920 924 9279 778.88 675 746 827.48 861.72 792 898.91 686 706.78 703 628 847 578.77 521.21 640.93 9102 921 911.68 780.23 670 745 Petroleum and coal products Petroleum refining Asphalt paving and roofing materials 29 291 295 20.74 23 12 20.83 23 11 21.05 21 161 21.09 25 16.43 21.20 895.97 988.75 718.40 938 1,040.29 746 896.73 987.77 755 893 9823 7774 915.84 Rubber and misc. plastics products Tires and inner tubes Rubber and plastics footwear Hose, belting, gaskets, and packing Rubber and plastics hose and belting Fabricated rubber products, nee Miscellaneous plastics products, nee 30 301 302 305 3052 306 308 11 18.56 106 15 18 11.64 114 11 18.53 104 16 123 17 11.25 11 19.29 10.28 10 10 18 16 16 19.29 10.46 15 12 17 11.62 18 492 796.22 398.27 504 540 495.86 465 489.50 798 432 489 527.66 461.64 468 511.60 836 390.64 5386 531.36 514 480.90 519 806 428.86 540.91 538 516.60 485 510.06 Leather and leather products Leather tanning and finishing Footwear, except rubber Men's footwear, except athletic Women's footwear, except athletic Luggage Handbags and personal leather goods Serviceproducing Transportation and public utilities 31 311 314 3143 3144 316 317 9.33 14 8.89 9.51 7.74 9.27 8.24 124 159 94 125 8.86 9.53 7.72 9.28 8.26 124 17 9.59 12 98 9.93 7.82 92 8.28 10 15 9.57 11 9.25 10.00 7.90 9.03 8.25 10 13 9.63 11 18 357 499.39 338 356.63 288 338.36 307.35 400.62 602 337.27 420.39 327.82 350.70 290 335 318.84 405 606.22 367.30 539 347.00 378 291 326 3126 417.83 604 367.49 539.68 349.65 370 307 314 318 414 607 365 417.39 609.95 See footnotes at end of table. 107

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 1987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Transportation and public utilities Continued Railroad transportation: Class I railroads plus Amtrak 3 4011 46.7 47.4 4 4 Local and interurban passenger transit Local and suburban transportation Intercity and rural bus transportation 41 411 413 3 39.0 38.6 3 38.9 38.9 3 38.9 40.6 3 38.6 40.2 Trucking and warehousing Trucking and courier services, except air Public warehousing and storage 42 421 422 40.4 40.4 40 40.4 40.5 40.2 40.2 40.3 40.2 40.6 40.6 40.5 Water transportation: Water transportation services 449 37.5 37.2 37 36.7 Pipelines, except natural gas 46 4 4 4 4 Transportation services Passenger transportation arrangement Travel agencies Freight transportation arrangement 47 472 4724 473 37.8 37.3 37.6 37.8 37.5 37.2 37.4 37.6 38.6 38.5 38.7 38.3 38.5 38.2 38.5 38.4 Communications Telephone communications Telephone communications, except radio Radio and television broadcasting Cable and other pay television services 48 481 4813 483 484 41.0 4 4 3 40.7 41.3 4 4 35.9 39.5 40.6 4 4 3 41.0 40.6 42 4 3 40.3 Electric, gas, and sanitary services Electric services Gas production and distribution Combination utility services Sanitary services 49 491 492 493 495 4 4 4 4 4 41.3 4 4 4 4 4 42 4 4 4 41.4 42 4 4 Wholesale trade 38.4 38.3 38.6 38.4 38.4 Durable goods Motor vehicles, parts, and supplies Furniture and home furnishings Lumber and other construction materials Professional and commercial equipment Medical and hospital equipment Metals and minerals, except petroleum Electrical goods Hardware, plumbing, and heating equipment... Machinery, equipment, and supplies Misc. wholesale trade durable goods 50 501 502 503 504 5047 505 506 507 508 509 39.0 37.4 37.0 40 39.5 39.0 41 39 39.2 39.6 37.4 39.0 37.8 37.5 40.2 39.5 39 41.0 38.9 38.9 39.5 37.0 39.2 37.6 37.6 40.6 39.9 39.6 41.3 39.6 38.9 39.6 37.4 39.0 37.5 37.8 40.7 39.4 39.3 40.9 39.2 39.3 39.4 37.4 Nondurable goods Paper and paper products Drugs, proprietaries, and sundries Apparel, piece goods, and notions Groceries and related products Farmproduct raw materials Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and petroleum products Beer, wine, and distilled beverages Misc. wholesale trade nondurable goods 51 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 37.5 36.6 3 36.9 38.7 3 40.4 37.5 37.7 36.5 37.5 36.6 36.2 36.8 38.5 3 39.9 38 38.2 36.6 37.8 36.9 37.0 36.7 38.7 3 40 37.8 37.8 37.5 37.6 36.5 36.8 36.5 38.9 3 39.9 37.9 37.9 36.9 Retail trade 29.3 29.8 29 29.4 29.8 Building materials and garden supplies Lumber and other building materials Paint, glass, and wallpaper stores Hardware stores Retail nurseries and garden stores 52 521 523 525 526 3 36.4 35.8 31.6 3 3 37.0 35.9 3 3 3 37.0 3 30.6 3 3 37.4 3 31.0 3 See footnotes at end of table. 108

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 1987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Transportation and public utilities Continued Railroad transportation: Class I railroads plus Amtrak 3 4011 $17.89 $17.93 $17.93 $17.94 $836 $849.88 $799.68 $802 Local and interurban passenger transit Local and suburban transportation Intercity and rural bus transportation 41 411 413 119 13 10 11.39 11.76 11 11.46 10 16 11.62 13 14 3877 449.67 517.24 406.62 457.46 529.43 409 466.80 530 397.40 466 528.23 Trucking and warehousing Trucking and courier services, except air Public warehousing and storage 42 421 422 19 12 110 18 10 115 14 17 16 13 15 11.63 549.04 558.33 4451 548.63 558.90 448.23 560.39 571.05 461 566 579 471.02 Water transportation: Water transportation services 449 197 19.81 18.76 18.38 718.88 736.93 690 675 Pipelines, except natural gas 46 20.62 20.28 21 21.72 890.78 886.24 948.63 938.30 Transportation services Passenger transportation arrangement Travel agencies Freight transportation arrangement 47 472 4724 473 17 18 12 19 11 16 17 14 10 18 11 17 18 15 14 17 509 510.26 529 5064 508 5085 518.74 504 540.40 557.48 575 531.22 538 540.53 555.94 536.45 Communications Telephone communications Telephone communications, except radio Radio and television broadcasting Cable and other pay television services 48 481 4813 483 484 175 17.55 18.01 17.94 17 179 17.52 17.99 17.87 16 17.34 17.70 184 189 14 17.37 17.65 186 18.30 16 705 749.39 779.83 640.46 575 709.95 758.62 789.76 643 5717 700 739.86 761 654 587.94 702 747 772 651.48 593 Electric, gas, and sanitary services Electric services Gas production and distribution Combination utility services Sanitary services 49 491 492 493 495 19.79 20.67 18.37 26 15 19.82 20.89 18.30 29 19 20.47 24 18.54 28 16.54 20.23 21 18.54 26 16.59 8354 874 763 1,026.20 666.69 834 866 768.60 1,028.08 670.37 872 915 780.53 1,057.40 7261 851 890.51 780.53 1,011 728.30 Wholesale trade 14 14 13 13 $14 530 537.73 560.86 551 $558.34 Durable goods Motor vehicles, parts, and supplies Furniture and home furnishings Lumber and other construction materials Professional and commercial equipment Medical and hospital equipment Metals and minerals, except petroleum Electrical goods Hardware, plumbing, and heating equipment... Machinery, equipment, and supplies Misc. wholesale trade durable goods 50 501 502 503 504 5047 505 506 507 508 509 15 19 10 18 17.20 16.94 17 16 10 11 11.39 19 19 15 19 17.39 175 11 10 12 11 11.39 12 13 14 17 18.04 17.52 19 18 11 11 11.70 150 12 11 15 17.96 17.55 16 10 11 13 11.72 567.45 485.83 477.30 521 679.40 660.66 578.28 608.40 532 570 425.99 571 490 493 530.24 686.91 670.57 570.31 606.84 537.60 581.05 421.43 596.62 507 497.82 550 719.80 699 5908 629 556.66 610.24 437.58 588.90 505 491.78 551.49 707.62 689.72 583 614 552 600.06 438.33 Nondurable goods Paper and paper products Drugs, proprietaries, and sundries Apparel, piece goods, and notions Groceries and related products Farmproduct raw materials Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and petroleum products Beer, wine, and distilled beverages Misc. wholesale trade nondurable goods 51 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 17 11 17.08 19 19 10.01 19 18 13 10.72 10 10 16.96 16 11 10.01 19 10 10 10.81 14 17 18.26 15 13 10.49 16 12 18 11.02 15 12 185 19 11 10.31 13 128 12 11.00 4903 497 620.00 468.26 510.45 344 606 440 577.94 391.28 491.25 497.76 615 465.89 508.59 341.34 609 459 588.28 395 511 5081 672 481 521 360 641 462 596.48 415 502 498 667.92 474 524 356 627.63 461.62 588.21 405.90 Retail trade 8.68 8.69 9.03 9.02 9.02 252 258.96 267 2659 268.80 Building materials and garden supplies Lumber and other building materials Paint, glass, and wallpaper stores Hardware stores Retail nurseries and garden stores 52 521 523 525 526 101 10.56 10.59 8.52 8.90 10.22 10.69 10.57 8.50 9.01 10.69 11.20 10.84 8.84 9.55 10.64 113 10.75 8.82 9.63 355 388 3792 269.23 287.47 361 393 379.46 2715 293 379.50 410 382 270.50 326.61 379.85 416.26 379.48 272 323 See footnotes at end of table. 109

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 1987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Retail trade Continued General merchandise stores Department stores Variety stores Misc. general merchandise stores 53 531 533 539 30.2 30.3 27.5 30.8 31.3 31.4 28.8 31.0 29.8 29.9 27.4 30 30.7 30.8 27.8 30.3 Food stores Grocery stores Retail bakeries 54 541 546 30.5 30.7 29.2 30.8 31.0 29.6 29.7 29.8 29 30.6 30.7 29.0 Automotive dealers and service stations. New and used car dealers Auto and home supply stores Gasoline service stations Automotive dealers, nee 55 551 553 554 559 3 37 38.3 3 3 35.9 37 38.7 3 3 3 36.9 38.4 3 35 3 36.9 38.7 3 3 Apparel and accessory stores Men's and boys' clothing stores Women's clothing stores Family clothing stores Shoe stores 56 561 562 565 566 26.9 28.6 2 27.8 26.9 27.5 28.9 2 28.4 27.6 26 28.9 2 26.5 26.5 26.6 28.7 2 27.4 27 Furniture and home furnishings stores... Furniture and home furnishings stores.. Household appliance stores Radio, television, and computer stores. Radio, television, and electronic stores Record and prerecorded tape stores... 57 571 572 573 5731 5735 3 3 3 3 3 26.8 3 3 3 3 3 27.5 3 3 3 3 3 26.4 3 3 3 3 3 26 Eating and drinking places 4 58 2 2 25.8 25.8 Miscellaneous retail establishments Drug stores and proprietary stores Used merchandise stores Miscellaneous shopping goods stores... Nonstore retailers Fuel dealers Retail stores, nee Optical goods stores Miscellaneous retail stores, nee 59 591 593 594 596 598 599 5995 5999 29.8 29 30.2 28.3 3 36.7 30.8 3 31.3 30.2 29.6 30.3 28.9 3 36.8 31.2 3 3 29.5 28.6 30.3 27.5 3 36.6 31.4 3 31.0 29.6 29.0 29.9 28.0 3 36.4 30.5 3 30.9 Finance, insurance, and real estate 5 3 36 36.4 35.9 3 Depository institutions Commercial banks State commercial banks National and commercial banks, nee... Credit unions 60 602 6022 6021,9 606 3 35 3 35 35.8 3 35 3 35 35.9 3 3 3 3 3 3 35 3 35 3 Nondepository institutions Personal credit institutions 61 614 37.9 37.9 38.2 38.2 38 38.6 37.4 38.2 Security and commodity brokers: Security and commodity services 628 37.9 37.8 38.8 37.8 Insurance carriers Life insurance Medical service and health insurance... Hospital and medical service plans Fire, marine, and casualty insurance 63 631 632 6324 633 38.6 38.6 38.7 39.3 38.6 38.8 38.8 38.7 39.2 39.0 38.6 38.8 38.3 38.6 38.4 38.3 38.5 38 38.5 38.2 Services 3 3 3 3 3 Agricultural services 07 3 35.9 36.2 35.8 See footnotes at end of table. 110

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 1987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Retail trade Continued General merchandise stores Department stores Variety stores Misc. general merchandise stores 53 531 533 539 $8.59 8.65 7.61 8.30 $8.53 8.58 7.59 8.36 $8.89 8.94 7.95 8.61 $8.92 8.98 7.96 8.59 $259.42 2620 209.28 254 $266.99 269.41 218.59 2596 $262 267.31 217.83 2596 $274 276.58 221.29 260.28 Food stores Grocery stores Retail bakeries 54 541 546 8.95 9.04 8.07 8.97 9.06 80 9.29 9.39 8.44 9.29 9.39 8.40 278 277.53 234 276.28 280.86 239.76 275.91 279.82 240 287 288.27 240 Automotive dealers and service stations. New and used car dealers Auto and home supply stores Gasoline service stations Automotive dealers, nee 55 551 553 554 559 127 18 9.96 7.80 13 11 13 10.08 7.86 12 17 15.89 10.30 85 10 16 15.90 10.35 85 16 435 571 381.47 249.60 487.08 438.34 5766 3900 255 496 446.24 584 392 2597 477.36 448.39 586.71 400.55 263 470.53 Apparel and accessory stores Men's and boys' clothing stores Women's clothing stores Family clothing stores Shoe stores 56 561 562 565 566 8.50 10.45 8.28 8.40 8.24 8.40 10.20 8.28 8.28 82 8.82 10.39 8.79 8.53 8.53 8.87 10.47 8.90 8.60 8.54 228.65 298.87 203 232 221.66 231.00 298 2067 2355 221 230.20 300.27 210.96 225 225 235.94 300.49 216.27 234 231.43 Furniture and home furnishings stores... Furniture and home furnishings stores.. Household appliance stores Radio, television, and computer stores. Radio, television, and electronic stores Record and prerecorded tape stores... 57 571 572 573 5731 5735 11.66 11.02 115 11 19 76 11.78 114 11.27 11 13 77 126 11.47 10 16 14 7.34 16 11.49 11.40 13 17 7.45 389.44 366 388 419.09 383 199 396.99 370.96 391.07 427.48 386.26 1978 400.06 378.51 388.70 427.06 387.69 198 397.98 380.32 389.88 419.54 389.03 195 Eating and drinking places 4 58 3 3 6.57 6.57 168 166.48 169.51 169.51 Miscellaneous retail establishments Drug stores and proprietary stores Used merchandise stores Miscellaneous shopping goods stores... Nonstore retailers Fuel dealers Retail stores, nee Optical goods stores Miscellaneous retail stores, nee 59 591 593 594 596 598 599 5995 5999 9.42 10.00 7.90 8.72 9.99 13 9.56 10.90 9.94 9.44 10.01 7.91 8.70 100 11 9.61 113 9.96 9.82 10.42 83 94 10.49 19 9.94 11 10.36 9.78 10.30 86 9.06 10.51 11 9.95 11.65 10.29 280.72 291.00 238.58 246.78 329.67 4568 295 366.24 3112 289 290 239.67 251.43 330.27 460.37 299.83 377.31 317.72 289.69 298.01 244 251.35 3467 4681 3122 404 3216 289.49 298.70 248 258 348.93 466.28 308 391 317.96 Finance, insurance, and real estate 5 14 14 12 11 $14 504 503 535.81 520.91 $524 Depository institutions Commercial banks State commercial banks National and commercial banks, nee... Credit unions 60 602 6022 6021,9 606 10.73 10.33 10.05 10.52 10.55 10.73 10.34 10.05 10.53 10.53 11.29 10.84 10.49 11.09 11.01 11.22 10.81 10.39 110 10.93 378.77 368 356 369.25 377.69 379.84 363 356 369.60 378.03 405 385.90 379 390 396 394 379.43 365 389.61 390.20 Nondepository institutions Personal credit institutions 61 614 19 18 19 17 15 12 14 12 5497 461 557.34 468.71 596.27 487 577.46 478.26 Security and commodity brokers: Security and commodity services 628 20.77 20.91 26 29 7878 790.40 855.93 8160 Insurance carriers Life insurance Medical service and health insurance... Hospital and medical service plans Fire, marine, and casualty insurance 63 631 632 6324 633 16.61 15 16 10 18.08 16.62 150 10 15.95 18.08 176 13 16.29 16.70 18.68 16.95 16 165 16.59 18.42 6415 580.93 604 628.80 697.89 646 585.88 602 624 7052 668 606.44 621 642 717.31 6499 591 612 638.72 704 Services 11 18 14 12 11 412 4177 436.22 430.97 439 Agricultural services 07 9.83 9.87 10.28 103 350.93 353 3724 365 S e e footnotes at end of table. 111

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 1987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Services Continued Agricultural services Continued Veterinary services Landscape and horticultural services 074 078 29.4 38.4 29.6 38.5 29.0 38.9 29.2 38.3 Hotels and other lodging places: Hotels and motels 4 701 31.4 32 31.2 31 Personal services: Laundry, cleaning, and garment services Beauty shops 4 Miscellaneous personal services 721 723 729 3 28 27.3 3 27.9 26.8 3 28.4 29.3 3 28 28.3 Business services Advertising Mailing, reproduction, and stenographic services: Photocopying and duplicating services Services to buildings Disinfecting and pest control services Building maintenance services, nee Miscellaneous equipment rental and leasing Medical equipment rental Heavy construction equipment rental Equipment rental and leasing, nee Personnel supply services: Help supply services Computer and data processing services Computer programming services Computer integrated systems design Information retrieval services Computer maintenance and repair Miscellaneous business services Detective and armored car services Security systems services 73 731 7334 734 7342 7349 735 7352 7353 7359 7363 737 7371 7373 7375 7378 738 7381 7382 3 36.6 36.5 28.6 37.6 27.7 39.3 36.5 41.4 39.2 3 38.5 38.0 39.6 37.7 39.6 3 3 36.5 3 3 37.0 28.3 37.6 27.5 39 36.2 4 38.8 3 38.3 37.8 39.5 38.4 39.5 3 3 36.5 3 37.4 36.2 29 38.4 28.2 38.9 3 40.9 39.0 3 38.9 38.3 39.9 39.6 39.2 3 3 36.9 3 36.7 36.6 29.0 37.8 28.2 39.4 35 4 39.7 3 38.4 37.6 39.6 39.0 38.5 3 3 37.0 Auto repair, services, and parking Automotive rentals, without drivers Passenger car rental Automobile parking Automotive repair shops Automotive and tire repair shops General automotive repair shops Automotive services, except repair Carwashes 75 751 7514 752 753 7532,4 7538 754 7542 35.9 36.9 37.2 3 38.0 38.0 38.0 31.0 27.8 36.5 37.6 37.8 3 38.3 38.3 38.2 3 30 35.8 3 3 3 37.9 37.9 37.8 30.8 28 35.9 36.6 36.5 3 37.9 38.0 37.4 30.7 28.0 Miscellaneous repair services 76 38.6 38.7 38.0 38.2 Motion pictures Motion picture production and services Video tape rental 78 781 784 29.7 39.2 2 30.9 38.9 2 29.7 39.0 2 29.5 38.4 2 Amusement and recreation services Bowling centers Misc. amusement and recreation services Physical fitness facilities Membership sports and recreation clubs 79 793 799 7991 7997 26.9 2 26.9 19.7 28 28.3 2 29.0 19.9 29.6 26.2 2 25.8 18.9 28.6 27.2 25 27.2 18.6 28.7 Health services Offices and clinics of medical doctors Offices and clinics of dentists Offices and clinics of other health practitioners Nursing and personal care facilities Intermediate care facilities Hospitals 80 801 802 804 805 8052 806 3 3 28.2 30 3 31.7 3 3 3 28.3 30.0 3 3 3 3 3 28.0 30.4 3 31.7 3 3 3 27.8 30 3 3 3 See footnotes at end of table. 112

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 1987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Services Continued Agricultural services Continued Veterinary services Landscape and horticultural services 074 078 $9.86 9.85 $9.90 9.92 $10.22 10.32 $10.09 105 $289.88 378.24 $294 382 $298 401.45 $293 388.75 Hotels and other lodging places: Hotels and motels 4 701 8.86 8.73 97 91 278.20 280.23 2860 282 Personal services: Laundry, cleaning, and garment services Beauty shops 4 Miscellaneous personal services 721 723 729 8.37 9.56 95 8.44 9.54 95 8.72 9.87 9.72 8.72 9.96 9.64 288.77 268.64 249.80 286.96 2667 242 308 280.31 280 301.71 279.88 271 Business services Advertising Mailing, reproduction, and stenographic services: Photocopying and duplicating services Services to buildings Disinfecting and pest control services Building maintenance services, nee Miscellaneous equipment rental and leasing Medical equipment rental Heavy construction equipment rental Equipment rental and leasing, nee Personnel supply services: Help supply services Computer and data processing services Computer programming services Computer integrated systems design Information retrieval services Computer maintenance and repair Miscellaneous business services Detective and armored car services Security systems services 73 731 7334 734 7342 7349 735 7352 7353 7359 7363 737 7371 7373 7375 7378 738 7381 7382 10 17.38 113 8.21 11.36 7.81 16 17 16.29 11.43 106 21.22 21 20.72 12 16.47 108 8.21 12 17 17.51 115 8.28 11.46 7.87 19 13 16.53 11.47 10.23 21.24 25 20.80 15.84 17 106 8.29 16 13 18.54 11.77 8.54 17 80 19 19 17.57 17 10.55 21 28 24 18 171 10.48 8.54 10 16 18.51 11.63 8.61 16 87 13 11 17.42 11 10.49 29 27 21.39 13 17.39 10.49 8.66 16 421.25 6361 406.25 231 4274 214 491 447.86 671 448.06 335 816.97 927.58 820.51 588.87 651 335.94 287 478.88 425 631 415 232 430.90 216.43 4968 459 690.95 444 332 819 920.43 821.60 608.26 646.62 337.31 289.32 491.29 448.50 690 427 248.51 469 228.42 516.98 469 718.61 466.83 342 871.75 984 859.45 629 670.71 351.08 307 516.60 441 679.32 426 249.69 455.87 230.39 517.32 454 723 468.86 340.93 855.94 957.67 847.04 617 669.52 348.27 303 516.52 Auto repair, services, and parking Automotive rentals, without drivers Passenger car rental Automobile parking Automotive repair shops Automotive and tire repair shops General automotive repair shops Automotive services, except repair Carwashes 75 751 7514 752 753 7532,4 7538 754 7542 11.06 10.47 9.53 87 12 10 18 8.40 7.36 11.09 10.53 9.57 8.27 11 14 18 8.37 7.44 11.42 10.99 10.09 8.56 12 17 11 8.54 7.60 11.41 10.82 9.97 8.51 12 16 14 8.54 7.53 397.05 384 352 263 476 490 470.44 260.40 201 409 395.93 361.75 269.60 4793 499.43 476.74 276 224 408.84 394 359.20 286.76 485.88 506.72 480.44 263 216 409.62 391 361 283 485.88 507.68 476.48 2628 210.84 Miscellaneous repair services 76 12 11 12 10 510.29 5150 528.96 5276 Motion pictures Motion picture production and services Video tape rental 78 781 784 19 20.04 7.30 17 19.83 7.25 15.93 25 7.27 18 26 7.35 421 787 170 436 771.39 180.53 472 8525 177 456.66 846 169.05 Amusement and recreation services Bowling centers Misc. amusement and recreation services Physical fitness facilities Membership sports and recreation clubs 79 793 799 7991 7997 98 7.77 8.53 8.69 9.07 9.05 7.83 8.34 8.57 8.94 9.78 7.76 91 9.31 9.69 9.33 7.80 8.71 9.26 9.27 246.94 190.37 229.46 1719 257 2562 198 246 170.54 262 256.24 195 234 175.96 2773 258 198 236.91 174 265 Health services Offices and clinics of medical doctors Offices and clinics of dentists Offices and clinics of other health practitioners Nursing and personal care facilities Intermediate care facilities Hospitals 80 801 802 804 805 8052 806 16 14 10 10 9.72 9.23 17 19 12 17 17 9.78 9.34 14 10 16 17 15 10.04 9.61 15.85 14 15 18 14 102 9.66 15.90 450.78 468.50 397.62 397.32 315.90 299 536.41 454 467 3988 3950 321.76 298.88 538.86 469 488.56 410.76 398 320 304 548.41 469 480 4080 389.49 328.90 3079 548.55 See footnotes at end of table. 113

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 1987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Services Continued Health services Continued Home health care services 808 28.9 29 29.2 29 Legal services 81 3 3 3 3 Social services Individual and family services Job training and related services Child day care services Residential care Social services, nee 83 832 833 835 836 839 31.2 31 30.6 30.3 32 3 31.3 31.3 30.5 30.8 3 31.4 31.4 3 30.9 29.8 3 3 31.2 31.2 30.4 29.8 3 31.6 Membership organizations: Professional organizations 862 3 3 35.9 3 Engineering and management services... Engineering and architectural services... Engineering services Architectural services Surveying services Accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping.. Research and testing services Commercial physical research Commercial nonphysical research Noncommercial research organizations Management and public relations Management services Management consulting services Public relations services 87 871 8711 8712 8713 872 873 8731 8732 8733 874 8741 8742 8743 37.3 39.5 39.8 38.5 38.8 3 36.7 40 30.7 3 3 3 36.8 35.9 37.2 39.3 39.6 38.2 38.7 3 36.5 39.9 30.3 36 3 35.9 3 3 37.3 39.4 39.7 38.4 37.7 36.6 36.5 39.6 31.3 36.2 36.2 3 36.5 37.0 37.0 39 39.5 38.0 38 35.8 36.4 39.4 3 35.9 3 3 36.4 3 Services, nee 89 3 3 3 3 See footnotes at end of table. 114

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 1987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Services Continued Health services Continued Home health care services 808 $11,46 $11.49 $11 $17 $3319 $336 $347.77 $348.33 Legal services 81 18.07 18.05 19.05 18.98 628.84 6284 677 658.61 Social services Individual and family services Job training and related services Child day care services Residential care Social services, nee 83 832 833 835 836 839 92 9.65 8.86 7.78 9.25 11.26 94 9.67 8.87 7.69 9.32 111 9.54 10.07 9.26 8.23 9.65 16 9.52 10.05 9.26 83 9.68 19 284 3002 2712 233 296.93 359 288 307 270.54 236.85 301.04 348.85 299.56 317.21 2863 245 319 3797 297.02 316 280 247 310 366.24 Membership organizations: Professional organizations 862 18.06 18.25 18.72 18.53 6320 638.75 675 648.55 Engineering and management services... Engineering and architectural services... Engineering services Architectural services Surveying services Accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping.. Research and testing services Commercial physical research Commercial nonphysical research Noncommercial research organizations Management and public relations Management services Management consulting services Public relations services 87 871 8711 8712 8713 872 873 8731 8732 8733 874 8741 8742 8743 17.67 19.33 20.21 17.39 17 12 189 20.08 11 21.42 16.97 157 19.09 15.96 17.72 19.28 209 17.25 13 18 180 19.90 18 21.39 175 15 19.25 15.90 18.54 20.07 20.90 18.41 17 15.99 18.52 20.47 12 25 18.42 14 21.40 16.61 18.29 19.74 20.58 18.05 15 15.81 18.33 20.20 16 22 182 15.90 211 16.43 659.09 764 806 669.52 530.40 545 667.57 801 457.74 777.55 611 540.05 701 576 6598 757.70 799.52 658.95 527.48 549.07 660.65 791 459 7728 625 558.25 698.78 559.68 694 790.76 829.73 706.94 537.98 583 675.98 810.61 460.74 798.21 666.80 567.82 7810 617 676.73 773 811 685.90 5392 560 667.21 795.88 4669 786.93 652 566 768.40 575 Services, nee 89 17.64 17.79 18.43 18.20 605 610.20 669.01 637.00 1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance and real estate; and services. 2 See table B15a for average hourly earnings in aircraft (SIC 3721) and guided missiles and space vehicles (SIC 3761) manufacturing. 3 Data relate to linehaul railroads with operating revenues of $25 million or more in 1993 and to Amtrak. 4 Money payments only; tips not included. 5 Excludes nonoffice commissioned real estate sales agents. ~ Data not available. P = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 115

A Note on Average Hourly Earnings in Aircraft (SIC 3721) and Guided Missiles and Space Vehicles (SIC 3761) Manufacturing For many years, the Bureau of Labor Statistics average hourly earnings series for production workers in aircraft manufacturing (SIC 3721) and guided missiles and space vehicles manufacturing (SIC 3761) have been used to escalate labor costs in contracts between aerospace companies and their customers. Although the Bureau's series by definition take account of traditional wage rate changes, they do not capture "lumpsum payments to workers in lieu of general wage increases" which were negotiated in aerospace manufacturers' collective bargaining agreements beginning in late 1983. Because of special circumstances in the aerospace industry, BLS has calculated average hourly earnings series for SIC 3721 and SIC 3761 which include lumpsum payments. These series, beginning in October 1983, the effective date of the first aerospace bargaining agreement using lumpsum payments, were published in the 1988 issue of Employment and Earnings. Current and year earlier data are presented in table B15a along with the average hourly earnings series produced as part of the Current Employment Statistics program. An explanation of the methodology used to derive these series appears in the Explanatory Notes of this publication. B15a. Average hourly earnings in aircraft (SIC 3721) and guided missiles and space vehicles (SIC 3761) manufacturing Aircraft (SIC 3721) Guided missiles and space vehicles (SIC 3761) Series P P Average hourly earnings, excluding lumpsum payments $20.82 $20.88 $21.42 $21.48 $20.97 $21.66 $20 $21.75 Average hourly earnings, including lumpsum payments 20.88 20.95 21.43 21.49 219 26 220 25 = preliminary. (16

B16. Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime 1, of production workers on manufacturing payrolls ESTABLISHMENT DATA EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Industry P P Manufacturing 14 $10 $14 $17 $11 Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing 18 10.48 10.36 14 11 10 10 19 16.43 13 10.45 17 10.56 10.42 14 15 12 16 19 15 10 10.50 19 10.83 10.67 11 19 15 17 10 16.91 17 10.86 13 10.85 10.67 15 12 15 19 10 17.04 19 10.90 16 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products 17 110 201 9.81 8.26 15 15 19 19.27 11.20 9.07 126 11.08 19.83 9.82 8.27 19 11 16.24 19.28 11.33 8.92 16 11.40 20.05 106 8.55 18 15 16.47 19.55 11.60 9.36 18 11.43 200 10.22 8.60 11 15 17 19.50 11.62 9.34 $14 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 1 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and onehalf. 2 Not available. P = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 117

ESTABLISHMENT DATA EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B17. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, in current and constant (1982) dollars Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Industry P P P P Total private: Current dollars Constant (1982) dollars $18 7.69 $18 7.69 $19 7.85 $14 7.82 $16 (2) $440.00 266.99 $441.26 267.59 $457 271.65 $454 270.62 $456.65 (2) Mining: Current dollars Constant (1982) dollars 16.68 102 16.76 106 17.00 102 16.95 10.09 $173 (2) 732 444 736 4469 751.40 447.26 7499 445.95 $7575 (2) Construction: Current dollars Constant (1982) dollars 16.47 9.99 16.66 100 17.02 103 17.07 106 $17.26 (2) 642 391.76 669.73 4064 668.89 3985 679.39 400 $688.67 (2) Manufacturing: Current dollars Constant (1982) dollars 14 86 18 81 15 8.24 10 8.27 $14 (2) 561.79 340.89 549.92 339 577.55 348 581.02 345.85 $573 (2) Transportation and public utilities: Current dollars Constant (1982) dollars 159 9.22 17 9.26 15 9.26 13 9.24 $18 (2) 602 360 606.22 367.63 604 3593 607 360.52 $609.95 (2) Wholesale trade: Current dollars Constant (1982) dollars 14 8.46 14 8.51 13 8.65 13 8.59 $14 (2) 530 322 537.73 329 560.86 335 551 329.83 $558.34 (2) Retail trade: Current dollars Constant (1982) dollars 8.68 7 8.69 7 9.03 8 9.02 7 $9.02 (2) 252 152 258.96 157.04 267 156.41 2659 157.85 $268.80 (2) Finance, insurance, and real estate: Current dollars Constant (1982) dollars 14 8.46 14 8.45 12 8.76 11 8.64 $14 (2) 504 301 503 3057 535.81 318.93 520.91 310.07 $524 (2) Services: Current dollars Constant (1982) dollars 11 7.71 18 7.69 14 7.94 12 7.87 $11 (2) 412 250 4177 258 436.22 259.65 430.97 256.53 $439 (2) 1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance and real estate; and services. 2 Not available. P = preliminary. NOTE: The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPIW) is used to deflate the earnings series. Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. I18

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B18. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls in States and selected areas Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings State and area P P Alabama Birmingham Mobile 4 4 4 4 4 42 4 4 $122 18 10 $16 12 13 $10 19 16 $5150 5553 600 $520.83 538.76 656.89 $524 5378 666 Alaska 4 39.6 48.8 12 19 13 538.99 498.56 596.82 Arizona 40 40.2 40.3 11 12 17 489.62 507.32 510.60 Arkansas FayettevilleSpringdaleRogers. Fort Smith Little RockNorth Little Rock Pine Bluff 4 41.2 4 4 40.0 4 4 4 4 39.8 42 4 41.6 4 39.2 11.07 10.93 119 11.65 10 11.46 11.06 10 10 17 11.46 11.06 11.45 11 15 464 450.32 489 508 530 479.03 468.94 477.25 514 527 487 467.84 472 52625 538 California Bakersfield Fresno Los AngelesLong Beach Modesto Oakland Orange County RiversideSan Bernardino Sacramento Salinas San Diego San Francisco San Jose Santa BarbaraSanta ManaLompoc... Santa Rosa StocktonLodi VallejoFairfieldNapa Ventura 4 41.6 40.3 42 5 4 41.2 4 4 40.9 4 40.2 41.6 4 4 39.8 4 4 4 4 4 40.7 4 4 4 42 41.0 4 40.3 40.6 4 42 40.8 41.3 4 4 4 4 41 42 5 4 4 4 4 41 4 40 40.5 4 41.2 39.9 40.7 41.2 4 12 19 15 18 19 11 18 120 14 15 10 13 16.75 11 18 14 13 11 10 14 123 14 10 12 14 17 19 17 14 12 178 17 17 12 15.82 18 13 18 122 11 16 16 18 16 15 12 14 18 17.25 18 14 19 17 10 570.68 588 482 545 576.44 643 572 516.67 598.78 587.23 540 617 706.85 5918 596.20 557.76 656.92 533 581.02 588.20 499 547.36 580 6680 574 520.78 619 588 549.69 601.69 720 600.77 636 555 661.28 535.91 587 586 4983 553 592 675 579.64 526.54 618.56 587 546.96 598.59 729.68 588.34 620.05 549.04 649.72 534 Colorado Denver 4 4 41.4 40.2 4 40.7 10 19 12 16 11 15 573 557 587 5451 589.72 560 Connecticut Bridgeport Danbury Hartford New HavenMenden New LondonNorwich StamfordNorwalk Waterbury 4 4 43 3 4 4 42 40.4 4 4 41.3 4 4 4 4 39.6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 39.2 4 11 18 12 19 10 16 14 12 15 19 17 163 16 14 13 18 14 11 12 169 10 19 18 19 635 650.93 644 6697 622 646.66 551.06 618 649.65 631 621.26 698 634 667.38 539.75 630 6468 631.22 620.96 691.31 626.22 675 528.42 6309 Delaware Dover WilmingtonNewark. 4 40.9 4 4 40.0 4 4 40.0 4 16 11 18.58 15.98 13 19.22 15.94 13 19.61 647 560.74 806 688.74 560 837.99 676 560 831.46 District of Columbia: Florida Washington PMSA. Georgia Atlanta Savannah Hawaii Honolulu. 39.3 4 4 4 47.3 36.5 39.8 39.5 41.6 4 41.2 46.4 37.4 40 39.9 41.2 46.6 36.5 39 17 11.32 13 14 13 13 13 10 11.78 12 14 163 13 10 19 11.78 19 19 16.21 14 16 564 478 507.67 539.28 737 486.55 530.53 605 490.05 5196 549.61 748.43 498.54 529.32 610.07 491.23 516.66 547.55 759 486.91 516 Idaho 37.9 39.6 39.8 18 19 15 480.57 522 539.29 Illinois BloomingtonNormal ChampaignUrbana Chicago DavenportMohneRock Island. Decatur Kankakee PeoriaPekin Rockford Springfield 420 41.0 41.2 422 4 42 4 42 7 4 406 39.5 40.0 4 42 4 41 41.3 4 40 7 4 4 40.9 4 4 41 41.3 4 40.8 14 17.93 118 18 15 56 16.83 13 16.51 19 12 19 18.04 18 19 14 16.85 11 16.56 15 14 13 18.96 11.70 11 14 16.83 19 16.58 16.85 19 577.08 7353 460.62 568.86 675 708.54 647 708 673 4963 588 718 460 571 653 7163 647 683 709 501 586.45 793 478.53 578.56 645 716.96 646 685 741.40 509.59 See footnotes at end of table. I19

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B18. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls in States and selected areas Continued Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings State and area P P Indiana Bloomington ElkhartGoshen EvansvilleHenderson. Fort Wayne Gary Indianapolis Kokomo Lafayette Muncie South Bend Terre Haute 4 40.3 40.5 429 4 4 4 498 4 4 40.5 47.0 4 40.3 40 4 39.8 4 4 48.4 4 40.9 4 4 40.7 40.8 4 39.7 4 4 47.7 4 4 41 4 $19 18 13 10 19 18.75 14 23 18 12 14 14 $150 19 19 15 14 19.41 15 25 15.84 14 15 10 $153 19 19 11 17 19.73 15 29 17 18 13 17 $638.78 478.76 502 625 619.70 817.50 686.87 1,0729 714 679 515.97 688.08 $646.28 514 508.87 649.00 618.49 838.51 688.87 112 660.53 679.77 510 634 $647.56 511 525.91 641.34 6183 854 688.87 1,1066 668.65 689 518 617 Iowa Cedar Rapids. Des Moines... Dubuque Sioux City 4 41 41.6 38.6 41.2 40.5 37.9 40.8 39.4 41.3 37 4 37.9 14 17.40 19 14 11.68 18 17.06 12 14 128 14 17.21 13 10 18 585 728 5790 638 450.85 5800 690.93 538.94 625.87 479.89 587 710.77 5509 620 454 Kansas Topeka Wichita 4 4 4 41.4 40.3 41.0 41.3 39.0 40.9 14 14 15.92 18 16.21 16.45 16 16.53 16.54 565.97 681 687.74 5919 656 675 588.94 647 676.49 Kentucky Lexington. Louisville... 41.3 4 41.3 4 4 41.6 4 4 12 17 16 16 17 15.99 19 11 15.92 570.77 597.98 648 588.94 591 6817 590.30 598 686 Louisiana Baton Rouge New Orleans ShreveportBossier City 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 17 17.82 11 18 157 17.79 10 11 152 17.55 10 14 66 639.57 766.26 638.41 587 658.38 742 640.92 630.69 659.23 745.88 638.02 628 Maine LewistonAuburn. Portland 41 1 41 4 40.4 41.6 40.4 40.3 4 4 18 11.65 11.49 16 10 11.36 16 17 11 545.81 478.82 489.47 559.94 507.52 458.94 558.56 529 493 Maryland Baltimore PMSA 4 4 4 41.3 40.9 11 11 10 13 12 15.83 600.90 630.69 617.40 659.09 607.94 647.45 Massachusetts Boston Springfield Worcester. 4 4 4 42 41.3 4 4 41 41.3 4 16 17 19 10 18 10 17 19 15 14 11 10 580.67 625 559.70 580 596.98 632 571 608 597.08 638.69 570.35 607.55 Michigan Ann Arbor Detroit Flint Grand RapidsMuskegonHolland. Jackson KalamazooBattle Creek Lansing East Lansing SaginawBay CityMidland 4 4 4 3 423 4 4 42 4 4 4 4 4 41.6 41.4 4 4 46.7 4 4 46.2 43 5 41.4 41.2 41.6 4 4 17.04 18.46 19.27 23 11 12 11 195 19.92 187 19.62 205 25 19 12 14 19.51 24 18.51 19.88 20.56 22 12 14 14 19.73 27 745 799.32 847.88 769.20 601.08 559.44 700.67 806.22 835 797.66 867.20 906.75 119.09 628 539.03 657 838 1,066 824 890 949.87 1,137 623 541.37 638 860 1,023 Minnesota DuluthSupenor MinneapolisSt Paul. St. Cloud 41.6 40.8 4 41.0 41 37.9 42 40.8 38.8 4 4 14 19 19 15 19 12 15 11 12 19 15 11 574 523 622 5395 581 478.30 643 550.86 586 481 638.98 558.49 Mississippi Jackson 4 41.6 40.8 40.4 41.2 41.4 10.68 15 11.03 13 11.05 14 442 4972 450.02 539 456 539.86 Missouri Kansas City St. Louis Springfield... 4 4 4 41 42 4 40.6 4 4 41 12 14 11 11.49 12 10 15.81 11.78 13 16 15.83 15 554 607.93 639.52 474 576.29 603 671 478.27 576.71 627 678 487.04 40 39.4 39.8 16 19 11 546 5555 557.60 Nebraska Lincoln Omaha 4 4 4 4 46.6 4 4 45.9 4 12 13 16 18 14 11 14 16 14 510.80 612 566.46 549.54 677.56 600.20 547.82 679 597 Nevada Las Vegas.. 4 4 4 38.9 40.8 39.4 17 17.20 11 14 13 10 649.70 710 592 569.50 572 571.30 See footnotes at end of table. 120

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B18. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls in States and selected areas Continued State and area Average weekly hours P Average hourly earnings P Average weekly earnings P Now Hampshire Manchester Nashua PortsmouthRochester New Jersey New Mexico Albuquerque NewYork AlbanySchenectadyTroy Binghamton BuffaloNiagara Falls Dutchess County Elmira NassauSuffolk NewYork PMSA NewYork City Newburgh Rochester Rockland County Syracuse UticaRome Westchester County North Carolina Asheville CharlotteGastoniaRock Hill GreensboroWinstonSalemHigh Point. RaleighDurhamChapel Hill North Dakota FargoMoorhead Ohio Akron CantonMassillon Cincinnati ClevelandLorainElyria Columbus DaytonSpringfield HamiltonMiddletown Lima Mansfield SteubenvilleWeirton Toledo YoungstownWarren Oklahoma Oklahoma City Tulsa Oregon EugeneSpringfield MedfordAshland PortlandVancouver Salem Pennsylvania AllentownBethlemEaston Altoona Erie HarrisburgLebanonCarlisle Johnstown Lancaster Philadelphia PMSA Pittsburgh Reading ScrantonWilkesBarreHazleton Sharon State College Williamsport York See footnotes at end of table. 41.3 40.7 4 39.9 4 38 37.9 41.3 422 41.2 4 40.9 40.5 40.6 39.6 39.4 40.3 424 4 435 39.9 40.5 41.3 4 40.6 41.2 40.3 41.0 4 4 41.4 4 4 4 4 453 4 4 41.3 4 41.4 41.3 4 4 40.4 40 1 39.4 40.7 38.7 4 4 40.2 4 40.3 40.9 40.9 41.4 4 4 409 432 40.5 40 4 40.6 40 4 41 41.4 38.8 39.5 41.3 42 40.7 4 39.8 4 40 39.2 38.7 41.4 4 4 41.2 41.0 40.8 4 40.7 39.7 4 40.4 4 4 4 41 4 4 4 4 4 4 41 4 40.5 40.2 4 41.0 40.4 40.6 40.7 39.8 4 4 39.7 4 39.9 38.5 40.7 40.8 4 4 41 4 4 39.5 4 40.6 39.6 40.8 40.3 4 38.9 38 41.4 4 4 4 38.8 40.8 40.2 39.5 39 41.6 4 4 41.3 40.6 4 41 4 41.3 39.7 4 38.7 40.8 4 42 41 4 4 4 4 46.7 4 4 41.2 4 41.2 41.3 40.2 4 40.5 4 39.3 40.2 39 4 4 40.2 45 39.5 39.7 40.8 41.0 4 4 41.3 41.3 416 40.3 4 $10 18 11 10 12 10 12 18 13 10.61 17.30 18 10 18 16 19 11.05 12 10 18 11.68 15 10 11.36 13 13 10 11.33 10.75 16 17 12 11 10 15 17 17.52 168 19 17.99 16.61 17.22 13 10 15 13 10 10 18 120 19 1427 128 16 18 10.20 16 13 19 12 13 10 15 11.39 14 $17 10 19 14 12 15 17 16 16 11.05 18.04 122 19 10 13 15 11.66 10 15.99 19 123 14 14 11.74 17 10 10 11.70 11.24 16.28 13 12 11 11 17 176 17.73 16.59 16.52 187 188 18.24 10 18 14 14 17 13 19 17 15 14 10 11 14 10.69 14 13 158 19 18 17 18 11.61 10 $17 13 11 19 17 12 16 11 14 10.99 18.02 10 17 13 19 13 11.66 15.92 12 19 127 11 15 15 12 19 11 17 11.33 16.41 18 10 15.82 15 151 17.33 17.83 16.84 16.96 17.95 18.23 18.59 16 10 19 14 10 19 155 16 19 12 14 19 18 10.61 17 17 14 12 10 12 10 11.78 16 $528.64 560.85 601 486.78 606.94 487 527.57 556.72 617 4373 740 497 510.30 506.69 489.46 475 442 636.85 668 629.88 463 536.63 487.34 475 530.84 488.42 531.48 456.60 440.75 668.68 574 576.29 649.47 668.36 614 687 796 708.68 683 749 720.87 711 521.62 576.45 564 566.81 541.35 502 587 468.27 587.58 596.49 489.64 614 547.27 4178 525.97 630.52 638.57 6312 516.57 5966 488.03 456.74 606.62 $530.64 541.35 608 527.72 623 486 582 576.55 646.66 449.74 784 488 532 521.30 4950 477.95 482 670.39 717.95 628 499.76 538.74 499.39 491 91 540.09 496.25 5686 478 466.46 696.78 568.09 580.33 680.24 628.42 733 806.72 708 716.97 746.79 795 760.61 515 562 549.46 5964 577 560 616 508.25 598.50 628 488.31 640 5727 417 538.87 629.54 6489 641.33 537.59 599.39 519.96 458.60 626.22 $526.58 539.75 579.77 514 629.93 479.25 5472 580.01 647.70 459.38 787 460 521.02 521 501.26 481 486 687 708 610.83 490 547 508 500.07 5502 495.85 579 4671 466 705 567.51 594 6887 701.39 631 739.99 836 710.65 745 739.54 811.24 765.91 526.99 576 5627 588.87 5997 5306 609.03 503 6008 618 497 650 568.01 421.22 54142 6307 658 648.04 541.03 586 526 473 655 121 Digitized for FRASER

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B18. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls in States and selected areas Continued Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings State and area P P P Rhode Island ProvidenceFall RiverWarwick 41.4 4 40.2 41.0 40 41.0 $18 15 $12 128 $13 18 $479.41 497.70 $4798 499.38 $478.39 508 South Carolina 42 5 42 6 42 6 1054 10 74 10 77 447 95 457 52 458 80 Rapid City Sioux Falls 426 41.0 4 4 40.2 4 4 40.2 4 109 10.42 10.62 10.56 10.72 11.03 10.60 10.73 11.06 439 427.22 466.22 450.91 430.94 482 452 431.35 483 Tennessee Chattanooga Johnson CityKingsportBristol Knoxville Memphis Nashville 40.9 4 38.3 40.7 42 4 40.6 4 40.2 41.2 39.7 39.6 40.9 4 39.9 41.2 39.2 39.8 11 114 15 11.73 13 13 11 18 14 12 14 18 11 11.64 12 126 18 19 491.21 4803 499.82 477.41 535.93 546 505 480.57 51215 503 46 529.60 523 507.57 486.55 507.53 500.99 520 528.94 Texas Dallas Ft. WorthArlington Houston San Antonio 4 4 4 4 429 433 4 4 4 4 435 4 4 4 4 122 18 12 14 9.80 12 11 12 13 9.96 14 12 11 14 9.98 539 545.97 569.41 649.34 420.42 5293 533 579.42 619.89 413 534 538.36 580.32 628.99 425 Utah Salt Lake CityOgden 40.2 40 40.2 40.6 40.4 40.3 18 13 11 17 19 19 520 518.49 540 530.64 549.04 536 Vermont Burlington 39 9 4 38.8 4 393 4 13 17 18 15 11 14 48 519.90 605 5194 607 04 527.01 622 64 Virginia Bristol Charlottesville Danville Lynchburg. NorfolkVirginia BeachNewport News Northern Virginia RichmondPetersburg Roanoke 42 8 39.6 46.6 4 47 4 41.0 4 40.6 4 50.0 40.4 4 45.9 4 41.4 4 40.7 4 50.8 4 4 4 4 41.6 436 40.6 16 10.39 10.56 14 13 12 10 164 15 18 11.61 10.96 13 14 14 18 16.79 15 18 16 10.64 15 14 11 13 16.42 12 550.41 411.44 4920 546.55 5906 626.64 541.20 682 567 567 580.50 448 599.38 603 648 573 718.61 575.91 567 638.05 445.82 598.32 589 649 579.49 715.91 577 41.2 41.2 41.2 14 15.86 15.93 647 653 652 West Virginia Charleston HuntingtonAshland ParkersburgMarietta Wheeling 47 4 41.3 40.3 4 46.9 40.6 41 4 41.3 47.2 38.4 4 39.9 16 10 13 175 16.95 19 16 11 17.56 16.89 12 16.21 16 17.32 17.03 569.62 736 679 708.30 689 580.59 751 637 721.72 700.94 570 7651 539.90 721 679.50 Wisconsin AppletonOshkoshNeenah Eau Claire Green Bay JanesvilleBeloit Kenosha LaCrosse Madison MilwaukeeWaukesha Racine Sheboygan Wausau 439 408 40.7 4 38.8 4 39.8 40.9 4 43 3 4 4 41.0 41 6 4 39.5 40.3 39 41.6 41.4 433 4 4 407 4 40 4 39.4 40.7 434 4 4 14 154 14 12 17.63 16 12 12 14 15 13 65 11 16 18 11 14 18.88 163 12 10 10 17 19 16 17 17 14 150 18.73 161 13 19 15 156 19 19 581.30 665 527 627.59 749.28 580.45 518.06 518.20 606.96 610.91 589.68 588 600.09 687 488.31 638 817.50 6374 512 527.85 640 592 638 582 600 679.69 515 629.67 801.64 641 535 535 639 657.94 6362 605 Wyoming 4 40.4 39 4 13 19 12 619.60 629.84 591.79 Puerto Rico 398 40.9 40.5 8.37 8.82 8.83 333 360.74 357.62 Virgin Islands 39.8 18.52 < 1 > 7370 1 Not available. P = preliminary NOTE: Area definitions are published annually in the issue of this publication. All State and area data have been adjusted to March benchmarks. 122

LABOR FORCE DATA REGIONS AND DIVISIONS SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C1. Labor force status by census region and division, seasonally adjusted 1 (Numbers in thousands) Census region and division Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. P NORTHEAST 26,027.2 24,82 1,20 26,02 24,838.3 1,186 26,03 24,85 1,18 26,081.6 24,88 1,198.6 26,09 24,910.0 1,18 26,11 24,94 1,171.0 26,147.6 24,988.5 1,159.2 26,178.3 25,04 1,13 26,245.8 25,118.7 1,127 26,241.0 25,12 1,117 26,25 25,15 1,101.3 26,29 25,17 1,117.4 26,280.9 25,117.5 1,16 New England 7,097.0 6,849.5 247.5 7,10 6,866.4 237.9 7,107.4 6,865.9 24 7,12 6,87 249.3 7,135.9 6,89 24 7,140 6,905 23 7,149.3 6,919.5 229.7 7,159.3 6,930.2 229 7,16 6,94 219.8 7,16 6,948.5 21 7,185 6,967.9 217.2 7,19 6,95 236.5 7,177.2 6,94 23 Middle Atlantic 18,930.2 17,975.8 95 18,920 17,97 948.2 18,927.6 17,985.8 94 18,95 18,006.7 949.3 18,956.4 18,018.2 938.3 18,975 18,039.2 935.9 18,998.4 18,068.9 929.4 19,019.0 18,11 905.9 19,08 18,176.4 907.4 19,078 18,17 90 19,070.0 18,185.9 88 19,101.3 18,220.5 880.8 19,10 18,17 930.7 SOUTH 47,74 45,61 2,128.8 47,867.6 45,751.7 2,115.9 47,94 45,83 2,109.2 48,05 45,956.7 2,099.3 48,19 46,11 2,078.6 48,31 46,247.0 2,065.9 48,458.9 46,409.3 2,049.6 48,631.6 46,608.6 2,02 48,639.5 46,609.5 2,030.0 48,60 46,58 2,02 48,71 46,68 2,029.3 48,77 46,737.5 2,037.5 48,718.7 46,80 1,916.4 South Atlantic 24,62 23,615.9 1,007.6 24,698.6 23,699.7 998.9 24,74 23,750.9 99 24,81 23,830.3 98 24,90 23,919.4 98 24,979 24,00 97 25,07 24,11 961 25,170.3 24,22 946.5 25,178.7 24,21 96 25,14 24,180.7 96 25,23 24,27 96 25,267.9 24,30 96 25,230.0 24,328.7 901.3 East South Central 8,09 7,73 360.2 8,108.2 7,756.9 351.3 8,11 7,757.9 356.7 8,128 7,769.7 358.3 8,147.8 7,79 35 8,160 7,809 351.0 8,18 7,831.2 350.7 8,207.9 7,85 35 8,19 7,850.5 34 8,220.5 7,85 367.2 8,210 7,85 357.9 8,21 7,856.2 356.5 8,197.6 7,869.0 328.6 West South Central 15,02 14,26 761.0 5 15,060.8 14,295 765.8 5 15,08 14,326.8 758.2 15,11 14,356.6 757.4 15,14 14,401.4 741.3 15,17 14,43 74 15,20 14,466.6 737.8 15,25 14,531 72 15,26 14,54 721 15,241.3 14,548.0 69 15,268.4 14,559.7 708.6 15,29 14,577.9 716.6 15,291 14,60 686.5 See footnotes at end of table.

LABOR FORCE DATA REGIONS AND DIVISIONS SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C1. Labor force status by census region and division, seasonally adjusted 1 Continued (Numbers in thousands) Census region and division Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. P MIDWEST 33,07 31,82 1,248.9 33,109.8 31,80 1,307.6 33,149 31,909.8 1,239.3 33,250.3 32,005 1,24 33,358.5 32,131.7 1,226.7 33,442 32,229.2 1,21 33,52 32,34 1,18 33,585.8 32,426.9 1,159.0 33,609.3 32,44 1,165.9 33,576.6 32,456.6 1,119.9 33,610.4 32,457.5 1,15 33,598.8 32,39 1,206.5 33,65 32,418.0 1,23 East North Central 22,91 22,00 910.2 22,937.8 21,96 97 22,96 22,05 91 23,03 22,117.7 917.9 23,107.8 22,196.9 910.8 23,15 22,25 900.9 23,210.4 22,32 886.7 23,267.8 22,385.9 88 23,29 22,401.4 89 23,276.9 22,43 84 23,30 22,43 869.5 23,280.8 22,378.3 90 23,31 22,390.7 92 West North Central 10,156.9 9,818.3 338.7 10,17 9,83 335.8 10,18 9,856.5 327.5 10,21 9,887.4 327.4 10,250.7 9,93 315.9 10,287.9 9,97 31 10,31 10,018.8 29 10,318.0 10,041.0 277 10,31 10,04 27 10,299.7 10,02 276.4 10,308.9 10,02 28 10,318.0 10,01 30 10,338.0 10,027.3 310.7 WEST 30,717.4 29,05 1,66 30,819.4 29,16 1,65 30,831.4 29,17 1,657.7 30,92 29,250.9 1,670.5 30,97 29,326.2 1,64 31,038.5 29,40 1,635.9 31,05 29,42 1,631.7 31,13 29,537.4 1,596.8 5 31,15 29,57 1,579.8 5 31,250.0 29,63 1,615 31,27 29,676.5 1,596.2 5 31,268.2 29,727.5 1,540.7 31,30 29,75 1,549.7 Mountain 8,701.0 8,30 396.9 8,728.8 8,338.4 390.4 8,74 8,359.7 386.6 8,780.2 8,396.7 38 8,810.5 8,43 377.0 8,837.7 8,468.0 369.7 8,86 8,50 360.0 8,90 8,55 350.0 8,91 8,568.8 34 8,931.0 8,576.9 35 8,96 8,596.2 366.9 8,97 8,59 377.0 8,958.0 8,58 371.7 Pacific 22,01 20,750.8 1,26 22,090.5 20,82 1,26 22,085 20,81 1,271 5.8 22,141.3 20,85 1,287 5.8 22,161.0 20,89 1,268.3 22,200.8 20,93 1,266.2 22,19 20,921.7 1,271.7 22,230.4 20,98 1,246.8 22,24 21,006.8 1,236.6 22,319.0 21,058.0 1,261.0 22,309.7 21,080.4 1,229.3 22,295.9 21,13 1,16 22,34 21,16 1,178.0 P = preliminary. 1 These estimates are obtained from summing offical State estimates produced and published through the Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) program. NOTE: The States (including the District of Columbia) that compose the various census divisions are: New England: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle Atlantic: New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; South Atlantic: Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia; East South Central: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee; West South Central: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; East North Central: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; West North Central: Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Mountain: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and Pacific: Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington.

STATE LABOR FORCE DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C2. Labor force status by State, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida 2,152 2,061.4 90.8 318.7 299.7 19 2,26 2,168.0 9 1,20 1,137.3 6 16,319.9 15,35 96 5.9 2,251.3 2,158.2 9 1,70 1,648.8 5 391.6 375.9 1 269.8 24 2 9 7,199 6,890.3 308.9 2,15 2,06 87.3 317.3 299.4 18.0 2,276.2 2,18 9 1,207.7 1,14 6 16,380.9 15,41 96 5.9 2,256.6 2,16 90.4 1,706.7 1,65 5 39 377.4 16.2 268.5 24 2 8.9 7,221 6,920.7 300.3 Aug. 2,150.3 2,06 88.5 317.2 299.5 17.7 2,288.5 2,19 9 1,21 1,148.7 66.7 16,370.6 15,400.7 969.9 5.9 2,25 2,165 89 1,710.0 1,65 5 39 378.5 1 269.0 24 2 8.8 7,24 6,941.6 301.0 Sept. 2,150.4 2,061.4 89.0 317 299.2 17.8 2,30 2,208.8 9 1,22 1,15 68.2 16,40 15,42 978.6 2,26 2,17 89.2 1,715.8 1,657.2 58.6 39 380.4 1 267.5 24 2 8.7 7,27 6,97 30 Oct. 2,152 2,06 88.7 317.3 299.6 17.7 2,311.2 2,218.9 9 1,23 1,166 69.3 16,401 15,438.3 96 5.9 2,26 2,179 8 1,71 1,658.7 5 39 38 1 266.8 24 2 8.5 7,309.9 7,001.6 308.3 NOV. 2,15 2,065.9 88.3 316.4 298.9 17.5 2,326 2,23 9 1,24 1,177.6 68.4 16,437 15,47 96 5.9 2,26 2,18 81.7 1,718.0 1,66 5 397.5 38 1 26 24 2 8.2 7,34 7,03 310.8 Dec. 2,158.7 2,07 87.3 31 298.0 17.7 2,341.6 2,249.5 9 1,25 1,189.6 6 16,421.3 15,45 968.4 5.9 2,261 2,18 77.4 1,72 1,666.9 55 398.8 386 1 26 24 20.6 7.8 7,386.5 7,07 310.9 Jan. 2,16 2,077.0 8 316.6 297.9 18.7 5.9 2,362 2,269.3 9 1,25 1,191.2 6 5 16,456.9 15,509.3 947.6 5.8 2,27 2,20 70 1,729.5 1,677.4 5 400.4 387.9 1 26 24 20.3 7.6 7,42 7,107.9 316.6 Feb. 2,161.7 2,076.4 8 318.6 298.2 20.5 6.4 2,378.2 2,28 9 1,25 1,19 59.3 16,447.4 15,52 92 2,257 2,197.3 59.8 1,72 1,669.6 5 397.5 385 1 270.2 250 20 7.4 7,43 7,11 318.0 Mar. 2,176 2,079.8 9 318 298.0 20 2,38 2,28 99.8 1,248 1,19 5 16,53 15,569.0 96 5.8 2,26 2,20 60.8 1,718.6 1,66 5 399.2 386.6 1 268.3 249 19.2 7.2 7,41 7,10 308.6 Apr. 2,17 2,07 100 315.8 297.3 18.5 5.9 2,401.0 2,295.9 105 1,248.6 1,19 5 16,546 15,60 94 2,27 2,207.4 68.0 1,73 1,67 58 398 38 1 269 250.6 18.5 6.9 7,455 7,138.0 317 2,17 2,07 102 317.7 296.8 20.9 6.6 2,397.2 2,285.9 111.3 1,251.0 1,195.8 5 16,52 15,648 87 2,279.5 2,21 67.0 1,731.2 1,67 58.6 397.8 38 1 271.6 25 17.6 6.5 7,46 7,15 309.5 P 2,166 2,069.5 96.5 317.5 297.7 19.7 6.2 2,396.6 2,29 10 1,258.4 1,198.6 59.8 16,581.3 15,700.6 880.8 2,270.2 2,200 70 1,719 1,660.7 58.4 396.9 38 1 27 256.7 16.6 6 7,468.4 7,179.8 288.7 See footnotes at end of table. I 25 Digitized for FRASER

STATE LABOR FORCE DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C2. Labor force status by State, seasonally adjusted Continued (Numbers in thousands) State Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine 4,027.9 3,85 17 59 557.8 37.9 6.4 65 618.7 3 5 6,21 5,93 28 3,072 2,98 89.2 1,56 1,52 4 1,407.7 1,35 5 1,92 1,831.4 91.6 2,076.4 1,95 12 5.9 646.4 617.8 28.6 4,031.3 3,858.6 17 596.9 559.5 37.3 65 620.9 3 6,229 5,947.8 281.2 3,076.4 2,981 9 1,56 1,52 4 1,41 1,357.3 56.2 1,920.6 1,83 86.7 2,076.8 1,950.3 126.5 6 648.6 619.8 28.8 Aug. 4,030.3 3,86 166.5 597.8 560.8 37.0 6.2 65 62 32 6,22 5,94 278 3,08 2,991.3 9 1,568.4 1,52 4 1,416.2 1,36 5 1,92 1,836 88.0 2,07 1,949.7 12 5.9 650.4 621.4 28.9 Sept. 4,03 3,868.8 16 600.6 56 38 658.8 625.9 3 6,239.9 5,958.3 281.6 3,097.5 3,000.9 96.7 1,57 1,529.9 4 1,420.0 1,36 5 1,926.4 1,839.4 87.0 2,066.4 1,947.9 118.5 65 62 28.3 Oct. 4,032 3,870.0 162 600.7 56 37.3 6.2 661.3 628.5 3 6,249.0 5,970.7 278.3 3,107.2 3,01 9 1,57 1,531.0 1,427.4 1,37 5 1,930.6 1,84 85 2,065.9 1,956 109.8 658.6 630 28.5 Nov. 4,03 3,87 159.7 601.4 56 36.8 6 66 631.0 3 6,246.4 5,971.3 275 3,116.5 3,022 9 1,576.5 1,53 42 1,43 1,380.4 5 1,93 1,849.9 8 2,06 1,951.6 110.3 66 63 26.7 Dec. 4,02 3,869.7 15 60 56 36.9 6 665.8 63 3 6,248.0 5,98 26 3,127.3 3,03 9 1,580.8 1,538.9 4 1,436.4 1,38 5 1,936 1,855.9 80.2 2,061.3 1,95 108.9 66 639.5 2 Jan. 4,040 3,88 158.2 600.4 56 36.7 6 66 63 30.0 6,28 6,030.6 25 3,12 3,028.7 96 1,589.6 1,54 46.2 1,44 1,39 49.4 1,941.0 1,859.3 81.7 2,068.3 1,960.5 107.8 660.5 637.7 2 Feb. 4,038.7 3,87 16 597.6 56 3 66 631.4 30.6 6,28 6,031.2 25 3,138.4 3,048.4 90.0 1,58 1,54 4 1,44 1,398.5 47.9 1,94 1,860 8 2,065.9 1,950.4 11 66 64 2 Mar. 4,041.2 3,870.9 170.3 598.9 56 3 5.9 66 631.3 31.2 6,296.4 6,058 238.3 3,130.7 3,048.8 8 1,579.0 1,536.8 4 1,446.8 1,396.6 50 1,94 1,860.4 8 2,051.7 1,947.0 10 5 66 640.2 2 Apr. 4,06 3,90 160.3 598.0 56 3 659.3 628.2 31 6,31 6,065 246.9 3,109.9 3,03 78.5 1,588.4 1,54 4 1,446 1,397.4 48.7 1,94 1,86 8 2,056.6 1,95 10 5 66 639.4 2 4,068.3 3,91 15 601.0 568.2 3 658.2 626.2 3 6,319.8 6,04 276.8 3,10 3,009.6 9 1,58 1,54 41.6 1,447.6 1,398.3 49.2 1,95 1,866.5 8 2,03 1,94 89.7 668 639.4 28.7 P 4,06 3,918.6 146.7 597.3 56 3 65 621.4 3 6,351.2 6,06 289.7 3,102 3,006.7 9 1,591.7 1,549.8 4 1,446.5 1,399.5 47 1,956.8 1,869.9 86.9 2,042 1,956 8 668.3 639.0 29.3 See footnotes at end of table. 126 Digitized for FRASER

STATE LABOR FORCE DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C2. Labor force status by State, seasonally adjusted Continued (Numbers in thousands) State Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire 2,736.6 2,608.9 127.7 3,27 3,16 110.0 5,03 4,839.4 19 2,679.4 2,61 67.0 1,26 1,19 66.8 2,846.6 2,72 12 467.7 441.3 26.4 91 887.4 2 921.2 877.9 4 647.4 628.9 18.5 2,750 2,619.8 130.3 3,27 3,169.0 10 5,01 4,796.2 21 2,68 2,617.6 65.8 1,268 1,200.9 67.3 2,846.8 2,72 12 468.4 44 25.9 918.4 89 2 92 881.3 40.9 647.8 630.6 17.3 Aug. 2,75 2,629 12 3,270.0 3,16 10 5,027.0 4,83 191.0 2,689.2 2,62 6 1,266.7 1,199.5 67.2 2,846 2,729.3 116.8 468.3 44 25.8 919 89 2 92 88 39 648.9 63 17.4 Sept. 2,760.0 2,641.6 118.4 3,27 3,16 109.3 5,038.8 4,846.7 192 2,695.9 2,62 7 1,27 1,20 68.0 2,858.7 2,747.6 111 469.3 44 26.2 92 897.6 2 92 889.0 36.5 65 63 18.3 Oct. 2,77 2,659.7 11 3,27 3,166.5 10 5,05 4,86 19 2,70 2,637.4 66.6 1,276.6 1,210.4 66.2 2,87 2,76 107.6 471.3 44 26.6 927.4 90 2 930.3 89 3 658.3 639.0 19.3 NOV. 2,788.6 2,676 11 3,26 3,16 101.3 5,057.3 4,867.2 190.2 2,71 2,64 68.3 1,281 1,21 66.4 2,886.6 2,78 10 47 446.2 26.6 93 907.8 2 93 899 3 66 64 19.0 Dec. 2,806.7 2,696.7 109.9 3,259.5 3,159.2 100.4 5,057.8 4,86 19 2,71 2,650.7 6 1,287.4 1,219.9 67.5 2,900 2,806 9 47 447 2 936.9 91 2 93 90 30.5 666.5 648.0 18.5 Jan. 2,805.9 2,70 100.9 3,26 3,161.7 10 5,059.6 4,869.4 190.2 2,71 2,650.7 6 1,290.9 1,22 67.6 2,88 2,81 7 476.2 451.4 2 93 91 2 937.9 906.5 31.4 669.6 651.2 18.3 Feb. 2,81 2,706.9 10 3,26 3,170.8 9 5,066.2 4,86 20 2,711.6 2,647.8 6 1,276.5 1,22 5 2,89 2,81 77.4 47 449.5 2 93 910.3 2 940.8 908.3 3 67 65 19.9 Mar. 2,808.7 2,70 10 3,26 3,17 9 5,071.7 4,870.9 200.8 2,705.8 2,64 60 1,289 1,22 6 5 2,89 2,809 8 47 447.2 2 930.8 909.5 21.3 94 90 35.8 67 65 20.0 Apr. 2,81 2,70 108.6 3,27 3,178.3 9 5,076.6 4,87 201.0 2,70 2,647.4 56.6 2 1,27 1,216.9 59.0 2,896.6 2,80 9 47 449.0 25.8 931 908.0 2 949.4 910.2 39.2 67 656.5 16.4 2,81 2,70 107.3 3,278.6 3,17 10 5,070.5 4,87 196.5 2,718.5 2,649.4 69.0 1,27 1,21 61.0 2,895.8 2,79 100.5 47 451.7 2 5 929.8 90 2 95 91 671.6 65 16.9 P 2,80 2,701 10 3,276.6 3,178.3 98.3 5,078 4,88 19 2,72 2,65 70.7 1,27 1,216.2 57.5 2,907.7 2,798 109.6 47 449.2 2 929.6 90 2 95 917.3 38.7 670.9 65 17 See footnotes at end of table. 127 Digitized for FRASER

STATE LABOR FORCE DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C2. Labor force status by State, seasonally adjusted Continued (Numbers in thousands) State Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. P New Jersey 4,140.5 3,947.5 19 4,138.4 3,948.0 190.4 4,14 3,95 188.5 4,15 3,96 189.7 4,16 3,97 186.7 4,17 3,987 186 4,19 4,009 18 4,21 4,03 18 4,219 4,047.3 17 4,217.2 4,027.7 189.5 4,23 4,04 190.2 4,24 4,04 198.5 4,237.3 4,030.6 206.7 New Mexico 830.6 778.8 5 6.2 831 779.6 5 6.2 83 780 5 83 780.7 5 83 78 5 6.4 838.2 78 5 6.4 839.4 78 5 6.4 838.6 786.6 5 6.2 839.7 786.4 5 837.9 785.9 52 6.2 837.0 78 5 83 78 51.4 6.2 838.6 786.8 51.7 6.2 New York 8,86 8,375.9 486.4 8,850 8,365.8 48 8,85 8,37 480.3 8,870.5 8,38 487.0 8,868.0 8,38 48 8,87 8,389.3 48 8,87 8,39 48 8,857.0 8,39 46 8,878 8,40 47 8,860.8 8,41 447.2 8,848.9 8,40 44 8,865 8,411.2 45 5 8,88 8,420.6 46 North Carolina 3,767.2 3,639.7 127.6 3,78 3,658.6 126.2 3,791.7 3,659 13 3,797.8 3,669.0 128.9 3,81 3,68 129 3,820.0 3,696 12 3,83 3,71 119.9 3,858.3 3,740.3 118.0 3,846.4 3,727.4 119.0 3,850.0 3,728.3 121.7 3,856.7 3,746.9 109.9 3,85 3,73 118.6 3,827.4 3,72 101.7 North Dakota 347.5 33 1 346.8 33 1 346.5 33 1 346 33 11.0 34 33 10.4 34 33 9.9 345 33 9 346.5 337.3 9.2 345.9 33 9.7 34 33 10.0 34 33 9.0 34 33 9.4 341.4 33 8.6 Ohio 5,649.8 5,40 247.6 5,66 5,392 27 5,67 5,429.2 247 5,699.3 5,455.9 24 5,728 5,487.2 240.9 5,75 5,520.8 23 5,791 5,561.7 229.4 5,80 5,565.8 236.7 5,820 5,57 24 5,802 5,57 226.7 5,83 5,58 251 5,81 5,578.3 236.6 5,829.4 5,568 261.3 Oklahoma 1,62 1,549.3 75.8 1,63 1,55 81.7 1,630.2 1,55 7 1,63 1,559.7 7 1,639.0 1,56 7 1,64 1,569 7 1,647.9 1,57 7 1,64 1,580.5 6 1,646.9 1,579.2 67.8 1,648.0 1,577.5 70.5 1,64 1,577.0 68.7 1,646.7 1,587.7 59.0 1,660.3 1,60 58.8 Oregon 1,75 1,65 99.6 1,756.8 1,658.3 98.5 1,759.7 1,659.7 99.9 1,768.6 1,667.5 101.2 1,777.5 1,676.8 100.7 1,778.0 1,679.4 98.7 1,77 1,677.5 98.2 1,77 1,67 99.3 1,790.4 1,687.7 10 1,786.7 1,686.9 99.8 1,766.5 1,67 9 1,76 1,67 90.2 5 1,75 1,657.7 95.9 Pennsylvania 5,927.4 5,65 27 5,93 5,658 27 5,930.8 5,657.8 27 5,932 5,659.6 27 5,926 5,657.0 269 5,928.4 5,66 26 5,930.2 5,668.0 26 5,94 5,686.5 259.2 5,986.5 5,72 260.9 6,000.2 5,73 26 5,988.3 5,739.0 249.3 5,991.4 5,76 228.4 5,980.8 5,72 258.9 Rhode Island 49 47 2 496.8 47 2 497 47 2 498.7 47 2 499.2 475.8 2 499.2 477 22 500.7 480 20.6 499.0 476.6 2 497.7 478.3 19.4 50 487.7 15 50 489.5 15.8 50 48 18.8 50 48 19.8 See footnotes at end of table. 128

STATE LABOR FORCE DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C2. Labor force status by State, seasonally adjusted Continued (Numbers in thousands) State Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. P South Carolina r 1,959 1,88 7 1,967.3 1,890 77.2 1,96 1,887.9 77 1,96 1,887.3 7 1,966.7 1,889 77.6 1,967.2 1,889.4 77.8 1,966.9 1,890.2 76.7 1,97 1,900.3 7 1,981.7 1,899.0 8 1,969.0 1,89 7 1,98 1,90 8 2,000.3 1,916.8 8 1,996.2 1,918.3 77.9 South Dakota 398.4 386.8 11.6 398.5 387 1 398.4 387.5 11.0 399.3 388.3 10.9 399.7 388.8 10.9 400 389 11 399.5 389.3 10.2 400.0 389.7 10.3 401 390.9 10 400.6 390.8 9.9 399.4 389.8 9.7 398.9 388.9 10.0 398.9 389.4 9.5 Tennessee.... 2,757.5 2,646.4 111.0 2,767.5 2,657.5 110.0 2,77 2,660.5 11 2,779.0 2,66 11 2,788.6 2,67 11 2,79 2,678.6 11 2,799.6 2,68 11 2,81 2,69 119.4 2,815 2,69 12 2,810.4 2,690.0 120.4 2,81 2,699.2 11 2,81 2,70 107.3 2,801 2,71 87.7 Texas 10,12 9,62 497.6 10,14 9,650.3 49 10,16 9,67 49 10,188.5 9,69 495.9 10,20 9,71 487.4 10,22 9,73 489.7 10,240.3 9,749.9 490.3 10,28 9,798.8 48 10,299.4 9,820.8 478.6 10,29 9,830.2 46 10,317.6 9,836.7 480.8 10,36 9,850.8 51 10,330.3 9,848.5 48 Utah 1,057.0 1,01 4 1,062 1,019.4 4 1,06 1,02 40.9 1,069 1,029.9 39.2 1,07 1,036.7 38.4 1,081.0 1,04 36.8 1,088 1,05 3 1,09 1,057.7 36.7 1,098.5 1,06 3 1,10 1,068.9 37.4 1,10 1,07 3 1,107.6 1,071.2 36.5 1,106.5 1,069.9 36.6 Vermont 328.6 317.6 11 330.0 318.9 11 331 320.0 11 331.4 320.4 11.0 33 321.7 11.0 33 32 10.3 335.8 325.8 10.0 336 32 10.5 338.7 328.0 10.7 339.7 329 10.6 338.5 329.7 8.8 338.7 329.2 9.5 338.4 328.5 9.8 Virginia 3,47 3,37 100.2 3,481.0 3,38 97.2 3,499.9 3,400.2 99.8 3,521.3 3,419.8 101.4 3,540.5 3,438.4 102 3,560.3 3,456.7 10 3,585.9 3,480.2 10 3,589.3 3,49 9 3,587.5 3,49 9 3,581 3,48 99.3 3,58 3,486 97.8 3,59 3,486.8 107.0 3,588 3,487.6 100.5 Washington 3,029.2 2,88 14 3,038.7 2,89 14 3,039.9 2,89 146.5 3,050.7 2,899.4 151.3 3,06 2,91 149.8 3,068.0 2,918.8 149.2 3,078.2 2,927.6 150.6 3,081 2,936.6 14 3,089.4 2,937 15 3,08 2,940.8 1 3,08 2,94 140.0 3,089.0 2,94 14 3,09 2,94 148.3 West Virginia 799.2 74 5 6.9 800.8 746.2 5 6.8 799.2 74 5 6.7 799.5 746.8 5 6.6 80 750.7 51.7 6.4 802 75 49.6 6.2 80 75 48.4 81 760 5 6.4 810.2 76 46.4 81 758.3 5 6.7 811.3 756.5 5 6.8 808.3 75 5 6.7 811.3 758.7 5 6.5 Wisconsin 2,945.9 2,848 97.8 2,95 2,848.7 106.8 2,95 2,850.8 102 2,960.0 2,85 10 2,969.4 2,86 106.8 2,979.3 2,87 107.4 2,986.2 2,879.9 10 2,997.3 2,891.3 105.9 2,98 2,88 100.4 2,97 2,880 95.9 2,968.6 2,876.5 92 2,97 2,87 100.3 2,95 2,869.7 8 Wyoming 258.5 24 1 259.0 246.6 1 259.0 246.6 1 259 246.7 1 259.8 247.5 1 259.9 247.6 1 259.6 247.9 11.7 260.5 248.4 12 260.4 248.4 1 260.5 249 11.3 260.8 249.2 11.6 26 249.3 1 26 248.8 1 P = preliminary. NOTE: Data refer to place of residence. All estimates are provisional and will be revised when new benchmark and population information becomes available. 129

STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C3. Labor force status by State and metropolitan area (Numbers in thousands) State and area P Number P Percent of labor force P Alabama Anniston Birmingham Decatur Dothan Florence Gadsden Huntsville Mobile Montgomery Tuscaloosa Alaska Anchorage Arizona Flagstaff PhoenixMesa Tucson Yuma Arkansas FayettevilleSpringdaleRogers Fort Smith Jonesboro Little RockNorth Little Rock Pine Bluff California Bakersfield ChicoParadise Fresno Los AngelesLong Beach Merced Modesto Oakland Orange County Redding RiversideSan Bernardino Sacramento Salinas San Diego San Francisco San Jose San Luis ObispoAtascaderoPaso Robles Santa BarbaraSanta MariaLompoc Santa CruzWatsonville Santa Rosa StocktonLodi VallejoFairfieldNapa Ventura VisaliaTularePorterville Yolo YubaCity Colorado BoulderLongmont Colorado Springs Denver Fort CollinsLoveland Grand Junction Greeley Pueblo Connecticut Bridgeport Danbury Hartford New HavenMeriden New LondonNorwich StamfordNorwalk Waterbury Delaware Dover WilmingtonNewark 2,145.8 5 47 7 6 68.3 50 17 269.0 160.8 8 317.4 141 2,25 58.9 1,488.4 370.8 68 1,20 137.2 9 40.9 29 3 16,22 27 8 429.0 4,60 85.8 20 1,18 1,42 71 1,370.7 75 18 1,31 939.6 957.8 108.7 196.5 14 248.4 249.5 241.6 38 16 87.3 56.9 2,227.8 17 25 1,122 140.6 58.5 8 6 1,698.5 217.4 109.4 578.3 268.3 150.4 19 11 386.4 67.6 289.0 2,168.4 5 479.3 7 66.9 69.5 50.4 17 277.0 167.0 8 317.4 140.8 2,39 60 1,587.2 389.6 78.7 1,25 146.7 97.8 4 305 36.9 16,448.4 279.3 87.0 438.7 4,578.5 87 20 1,21 1,471 70.2 1,419.0 770.8 187.3 1,33 95 96 109.6 197.3 14 25 251.4 250.8 396.4 167.9 88.0 58 2,26 176.8 256.5 1,146.4 14 58.4 8 60.6 1,725.8 220 110 588 275 15 19 116.2 39 68 29 2,18 5 478 7 66.9 69.5 51 17 27 16 8 327.2 14 2,280.2 60.7 1,506 37 69 1,221.2 139.5 9 41.2 298.2 3 16,328.2 28 8 43 4,59 88.4 206.4 1,190.2 1,43 7 1,38 758.5 18 1,32 950 96 110.8 197 145.9 249.5 25 24 386.2 16 88.4 57.8 2,286.4 17 261.7 1,14 14 60 8 6 1,731.6 220.7 111.3 585.9 27 15 197.5 117.9 39 68.3 29 2,195.8 5 48 7 68.0 70.8 51.2 17 28 169.3 8 325.9 14 2,41 6 1,59 396.7 76.7 1,277.4 149.4 99.5 4 310.5 37.9 16,588.0 288 87 447.2 4,578.9 89.9 208.0 1,22 1,48 71.6 1,436.5 780.9 190.4 1,347.8 96 971.7 111.7 198 146.9 256.2 25 25 399.8 171 89.5 59.0 2,30 177.6 266 1,16 14 59.3 8 61.4 1,747.0 22 111.3 592 278.2 156.6 197.9 118.0 401.3 69 298.4 8 11.7 2 9.3 5 2 17.9 92 36.8 9.8 2 6 1.7 11.2 906.4 30.8 7.0 58.8 289.4 1 2 4 38.6 78 36 1 4 26.5 27.5 7 8.6 7.8 2 1 17.3 21.4 8.8 90.0 5.9 11.7 3 5 8.4 19.2 8.7 5.8 1 11.0 9 1 11.6 20.3 107.3 47.6 10.3 27.2 5 1.4 8.5 811.3 30 59.7 24 11.3 2 38 36.6 68.9 29.9 1 40.0 2 29.3 6.6 7.8 6.2 2 10 1 26.4 7.5 67.8 8.5 27.2 2 56.5 9.0 19.4 9 12 8 11 1 5.9 5.9 1 6.6 18.9 6 10 4 10.9 2 6 12 960.4 3 7.7 59.6 30 1 27.0 48.5 4 6.6 87 38.6 1 47.6 29.8 30.5 7.4 8.0 8.4 26.6 1 19.4 2 8.6 109.2 7.6 1 4 6.6 6.7 60.0 9.3 21.0 9.2 6.2 16.2 1 118 16.6 1 7.0 19.6 11 50 1 25.8 59.7 1.6 10.2 876 3 6.5 60.4 259.8 12 2 4 4 79.5 3 1 4 2 3 7.0 7.7 7.2 2 11.0 17.8 27 7.5 86.4 6 11.6 35.8 6 10.3 2 10.0 5 1 11 6.6 6.2 3 5 5 7.6 11.2 8.2 1 1 1 8.9 8.2 10.3 1 1 8.0 2 2 6.7 6.4 5.8 3 6.6 10.8 6.5 1 1 1 6.8 7.4 8.7 1 1 5 8.5 5.8 8 3 8.8 5.9 11.2 9.0 1 6.6 1 1 9 5 7.6 10.5 1 1 6.2 10.3 7.9 7.9 6.4 3 7.7 11 7.4 1 1 1 7.3 7 9.0 15.9 1 5.8 See footnotes at end of table. I 30 Digitized for FRASER

STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C3. Labor force status by State and metropolitan area Continued (Numbers in thousands) State and area Civilian lador torce 267.5 2,53 7,189.2 187.6 75 17 119.8 81 10 53 19 20 1,030.6 90.6 9 835 66 17 4 26 14 1,16 505.9 4,007 57.8 7 2,12 207.9 12 15 13 59 426.9 650.2 220.5 39.7 6,179.5 8 9 4,130.6 18 57 51.7 18 19 106 3,090.3 60.6 9 157 26 30 83 5 87.8 6 13 69.3 1,56 108.9 25 48.8 67.0 6 69.7 269.8 2,63 7,479.0 19 77 178.6 12 8 107 55 201.6 209.9 1,056.7 97 99.4 875.9 69.0 178.6 46.2 271.6 149.5 1,22 53 4,05 56.2 71 2,119.7 20 12 148.6 13 598.9 430.5 659.3 226.6 39.8 6,30 8 9 4,237.8 188.6 56.8 52 185.8 19 10 3,121.7 57.6 96.4 159 267.3 306.7 84 51.2 89.3 6 137.2 69.3 1,58 111.3 260.6 48.4 67.0 65.8 69.0 27 2,58 7,268.4 190.0 76 17 12 8 101.7 540.3 198.2 206 1,04 90.0 96.2 849 67.7 17 4 260.9 14 1,17 509.6 4,060.7 58.8 7 2,13 210.7 126.2 15 13 599.5 429.8 66 22 38.9 6,307.9 85 9 4,211.7 188.0 59.2 5 188.3 200.0 109.3 3,117 58.5 96.7 157.9 268.7 309.6 842 51.2 85.8 59.4 137.7 69 1,587.5 111.0 258.4 48.7 66.6 65.8 68.6 P 278.8 2,681.4 7,53 196 781.4 180 12 86.6 10 558.9 20 21 1,058.9 97.3 99.8 889.7 71.0 180.6 46.2 271.2 149.2 1,23 538.5 4,099.5 5 71.4 2,125 206 126.6 149.8 13 601.0 430.8 667.6 228.6 38.6 6,44 8 9 4,33 190 58.9 5 191.0 201.3 109.7 3,147.0 57.4 98.2 160.6 269.9 309.8 85 51.4 87.6 61 138.3 68.6 1,61 11 26 48.0 65.9 66.9 68.4 Number 2 80.3 298 6.5 3 8.3 16.5 9.0 8.5 67.6 2 6.8 1.4 5.9 3 26 162 2 67.9 10.8 7.9 38.2 2 30.4 7.8 246.2 158.3 7.2 87.9 6.2 10.2 19.5 1.4 3 1.3 1.3 1.7 16.9 69.9 297' 6.4 3 8.4 17.8 8.4 8.3 67.6 2 3 25.8 14 1.6 59.4 9.3 6.4 3 20.9 30.5 7.5 259.3 16 9.9 6.8 8.3 87.4 1.3 1.7 5 6.9 11.4 19 1.3 2 3 1.0 1.3 2 27.2 92 33 6.7 3 1 18 1 9.5 7 27.4 7.7 6.7 37.5 30 195.8 81 1 6.9 9.3 7.0 42 25 29.9 8.0 295.8 187.5 6.8 8.6 8 1.7 2 6 10.3 18.9 1.4 4 2 1.7 2 P 19.4 78.8 312 6 3 11.2 17.8 11.7 8.2 67.2 2 7.0 5.8 3 28.2 169.2 69.9 11.6 6.5 7.7 6.4 37.5 2 31.6 8.3 30 19 8.3 8.3 9.9 9 1.4 7.5 1 20 1.3 4 1.3 1.6 1.7 Percent of labor force 8.8 6.9 6.6 5 7.7 6.4 5 1.7 6.8 6.4 2 7.0 5 1.7 1.7 2 9.9 9.6 6.9 5 5.9 9.5 6.7 6 7.0 5.8 6.4 6.2 2 P 7.0 8.9 2 7.6 5 5 6.2 5 District of Columbia Washington Florida Daytona Beach Fort Lauderdale Fort MyersCape Coral Fort PiercePort St. Lucie Fort Walton Beach Gainesville Jacksonville LakelandWinter Haven MelbourneTitusvillePalm Bay Miami Naples Ocala Orlando Panama City Pensacola Punta Gorda SarasotaBradenton Tallahassee TampaSt. PetersburgClearwater.. West Palm BeachBoca Raton Georgia Albany Athens Atlanta AugustaAiken Columbus Macon Savannah Hawaii Honolulu Idaho Boise City Pocatello Illinois BloomingtonNormal ChampaignUrbana Chicago DavenportMolineRock Island Decatur Kankakee PeoriaPekin Rockford Springfield Indiana Bloomington ElkhartGoshen EvansvilleHenderson Fort Wayne Gary Indianapolis Kokomo Lafayette Muncie South Bend Terre Haute Iowa Cedar Rapids Des Moines Dubuque Iowa City Sioux City WaterlooCedar Falls See footnotes at end of table. 131 Digitized for FRASER

STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C3. Labor force status by State and metropolitan area Continued (Numbers in thousands) State and area Civilian laoor Torce 1,397.7 5 88.9 28 1,928.0 251.2 548.9 49.2 2,065.9 59.5 298 9 18 9 71 62 187.2 64 48.8 50.2 129.7 2,721.0 1,281.6 4 69.4 3,261.7 7 1,805.8 131.6 69.3 198.4 165 81.6 39.4 28 25 5,030.8 29 8 2,25 201.6 59 76.9 230.3 24 199.9 2,67 125 1,66 69 9 1,26 167 50.8 22 2,85 8 8 95 49.6 1,316.4 16 467.4 71.0 38.0 51.7 1,44 56.4 91.0 29 1,960.0 260 56 50.6 2,026.2 58.9 300.0 9 178.7 89.9 69.4 607.9 18 66 51.0 5 136.5 2,799.2 1,317.3 46.2 70.7 3,260 7 1,806.9 13 69.3 200.0 167.2 8 39.6 280.9 250.5 5,079.7 299.4 8 2,270.5 198.6 609.8 77.4 230.4 24 200.9 2,716.5 125 1,697.9 71.4 9 1,27 17 49.9 226 2,90 8 8 99 49.0 1,349.7 170.3 476.7 7 38.6 5 1,43 5 91.3 290.5 1,96 25 558.0 49.9 2,12 61.6 30 98 186 9 7 638.2 198.6 660.3 48.5 51.2 13 2,78 1,308.4 46 71.0 3,321.7 79 1,83 13 70.3 201.0 166.9 8 41.0 28 257.2 5,10 29 8 2,289.0 206.9 60 77.8 23 240.5 20 2,719.8 128.5 1,69 71.0 9 1,277.5 167.3 51.0 227.6 2,89 8 8 978.6 49.3 1,33 16 47 71.6 38.5 5 P 1,47 5 9 299.3 1,996.2 26 57 51.6 2,090.6 60.8 310 96.6 18 9 71.0 62 189.7 68 50.6 5 138 2,849 1,33 47 7 3,32 81.0 1,837.6 13 70.2 202 169.2 8 41.3 28 25 5,147.7 298.7 8 2,298.8 201.4 62 78.3 23 239.7 20 2,76 127.9 1,721.0 7 9 1,288.3 17 50.3 230.0 2,95 82 8 1,01 49.4 1,37 17 478.6 7 38.8 5 Number 52 9.0 89 18.5 110.3 1 9.5 29.9 10.7 26.2 1.3 2 12 66.4 10 49.4 8.7 1.7 10.8 7.9 168.7 69.7 9 1 7.0 6.8 7.7 5 26.7 0.9 2 69.6 6.9 1.7 8.0 118.5 1.3 35.9 56.6 2 46.4 10.4 8 17.8 78.9 2 9.0 7.9 2 19.8 6.8 26.2 1.2 101.3 5 2 9 4 8.2 5 9 7.4 176.5 6 7 10.6 17.7 7.6 7.9 5 27.3 1.0 2 6 5.9 1.6 7.4 91.4 0.9 28.4 1.7 48.7 2 1.7 58.8 9.8 96.9 6 19.9 147 17.3 1 38.0 19.6 27.5 1.4 139.6 7 11 5 9.8 5.9 1 9.0 20 87.9 1 19.5 8.4 6.7 8.2 77.8 39.4 1.4 80 8.0 9.3 129.0 4 6 26 P 50.4 11.2 9 2 110.7 1 10.7 5 28.5 9.4 28 1.3 2 11 6 10 2 49.4 9 5.8 1.7 10 8.2 20 6.7 85.8 12 2 8.9 6.8 9 8 4 1.6 70.6 6.5 8.6 11 1.3 3 2 58.6 2 1.6 Percent of labor force 2 5 7.3 1.6 1.4 6.2 1.6 1.4 1 6.9 6.9 6.4 6 6.8 9.9 5.8 7.7 2 5 7.4 P 2 5.8 6.8 1.6 5 Kansas Lawrence Topeka Wichita Kentucky Lexington Louisville Owensboro Louisiana Alexandria Baton Rouge Houma Lafayette Lake Charles Monroe New Orleans ShreveportBossier City Maine Bangor LewistonAuburn Portland Maryland Baltimore Cumberland Hagerstown Massachusetts BarnstableYarmouth Boston Brockton FitchburgLeominster Lawrence Lowell New Bedford Pittsfield Springfield Worcester Michigan Ann Arbor Benton Harbor Detroit Flint Grand RapidsMuskegonHolland. Jackson KalamazooBattle Creek LansingEast Lansing SaginawBay CityMidland Minnesota DuluthSuperior MinneapolisSt.Paul Rochester St. Cloud Mississippi BiloxiGulfportPascagoula Hattiesburg Jackson Missouri Columbia Joplin Kansas City St. Joseph St. Louis LMA Springfield Montana Billings Great Falls Missoula See footnotes at end of table. 132 Digitized for FRASER

STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C3. Labor force status by State and metropolitan area Continued (Numbers in thousands) State and area P Number P Percent of labor force P Nebraska Lincoln Omaha Nevada Las Vegas Reno New Hampshire Manchester Nashua PortsmouthRochester New Jersey AtlanticCape BergenPassaic Jersey City MiddlesexSomersetHunterdon MonmouthOcean Newark Trenton VinelandMillvilleBridgeton New Mexico Albuquerque LasCruces Santa Fe New York AlbanySchenectadyTroy Binghamton BuffaloNiagara Falls Dutchess County Elmira Glens Falls Jamestown NassauSuffolk New York New York City Newburgh Rochester Syracuse UticaRome North Carolina Asheville CharlotteGastoniaRock Hill Fayetteville Goldsboro Greensboro WinstonSalem High Point Greenville HickoryMorgantonLenoir Jacksonville RaleighDurhamChapel Hill Rocky Mount Wilmington North Dakota Bismarck FargoMoorhead Grand Forks Ohio Akron CantonMassillon Cincinnati ClevelandLorainElyria Columbus DaytonSpringfield HamiltonMiddletown Lima Mansfield SteubenvilleWeirton Toledo YoungstownWarren 911.2 141.4 381.7 909.4 689 17 64 101.7 101.3 12 4,138.6 171.7 668.0 279.6 631.0 51 1,00 166.2 6 826.5 360.0 68.2 7 8,818.6 451.4 12 57 117.3 4 59.7 67.5 1,389.5 4,057.5 3,417.0 17 575.9 360.3 141.3 3,77 109 745.8 11 47.2 629.3 62 167.8 4 61 66.9 10 350.0 5 10 5 5,637.9 358.7 199.5 83 1,09 80 465.8 178.4 7 81.7 57.5 31 282 932 146.9 39 949.3 729.7 177.2 669 10 10 127.7 4,237.2 17 69 286.9 647 52 1,030.0 168.0 6 83 36 70.0 7 8,812 450.7 12 571.4 121 4 60 67.3 1,41 4,01 3,361.4 176.6 576.4 36 141.4 3,85 112 76 115 48.5 64 6 17 4 641.3 67 109.0 345.8 5 10 5 5,809.3 371.2 207.7 867.0 1,127 829.6 477.2 18 7 8 57.5 32 289.6 926.5 14 388.4 928.5 70 176.7 656.5 10 10 12 4,199.2 181.0 678.7 28 63 528.5 1,019 168.0 6 841.2 36 68.2 7 8,939.6 457.3 12 580.7 118.7 4 6 68.6 1,42 4,097.4 3,439.4 176 58 365.9 14 3,816.9 109.9 75 11 48.2 63 6 168.2 45 619.4 67.3 107.9 36 56.5 10 5 5,717.3 35 200.9 846.8 1,11 816 47 177.3 7 8 58 31 285.9 94 148.2 397.3 96 739.0 180.0 680.0 106.9 106.7 127.9 4,296.2 18 690.9 290.8 65 54 1,04 170.3 66.4 849.3 369.0 68.5 76 8,96 456.5 12 579.8 12 4 6 68.5 1,451.0 4,07 3,40 181.4 58 368.6 14 3,877.5 111.6 769 115.8 48.3 64 6 17 4 64 66.2 109.8 35 5 10 5 5,899 368.9 211.2 885 1,148.4 845.9 48 18 76.8 85.9 59.2 32 29 2 9.0 40.4 29 6.8 18 18 1 28.9 20.8 20 20.8 4 5.8 49.8 1 5.9 47 16.4 29.4 4 278.7 257.9 6.2 2 1 12 19.6 16 10.7 10.4 1.6 1.3 220.3 1 7.7 26.9 4 2 16.4 1 1 2 8.9 39.4 30.4 6.2 1 188.8 1 30.9 21.4 20.0 20.8 4 6.4 50.3 1 6.2 43 1 29.7 4 23 211.2 6 2 1 11 18.2 1 9.4 8.6 1.2 1.4 1 21 1 8.4 2 4 19.3 15.8 1 1 28 11 48.5 3 7.8 18.9 197.0 1 30.4 2 21 2 4 7 6 20.4 6.8 470.4 15 29.4 4 280.6 258.6 6.4 2 1 6.2 140.5 2 17.9 1.6 1 1 2 250.9 1 8.7 32 48.0 2 21.4 6.2 16.4 16.2 26.5 10.5 4 3 6.4 17.6 210.6 1 3 2 2 2 51.2 7.2 62 19.5 6.4 448.6 1 31.0 49.0 247.5 22 6.7 2 1 5.8 11 18.9 1 1.6 9.5 10.6 1.4 1.4 26 1 10.4 3 5 2 20.6 6.7 16.7 15.8 8.0 7.4 8.8 8.7 5 6.9 7.5 1.7 6.6 5 7.5 7.5 8.4 8.8 5.8 2 2 1.4 5 7.7 7.9 9 7.4 9.9 5 6.8 7.5 8 5.9 5.9 7.3 8.2 9.0 7.3 9.3 6 6.6 6.5 6.5 5 See footnotes at end of table. 133 Digitized for FRASER

STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C3. Labor force status by State and metropolitan area Continued (Numbers in thousands) State and area Civilian lador rorce 1,619.5 27.8 40.6 527.2 410.6 1,747.2 16 8 1,04 16 5,917.0 311.3 6 138.4 349.3 10 241.0 2,479.6 1,14 18 306.6 5 65.8 56.6 19 490.6 56 1,96 266.5 280.6 6 49 10 47 400.9 47.6 100 2,72 219.8 80.3 5 22 34 541.3 63 10,027.0 61.0 112 67 181.4 105 126.4 7 17 1,85 287.6 87 12 2,111.3 11 7 10 12 19 128 51.3 75 49.7 56.2 88.6 1,645 27.5 40.9 53 42 1,758.5 16 88.2 1,05 168.5 5,971.4 31 6 138.9 35 10 242 2,51 1,161.7 18 307.4 57.5 67.7 56.5 19 497.3 570.7 2,007.3 278.6 290 6 507 107.3 47.8 402 47.0 10 2,786.8 217 8 56.5 22 34 56 650.9 10,305.8 6 11 70 190.4 107.2 12 76.8 178.4 1,918.5 291.2 90 12 2,17 11 7 106.4 12 19 129.8 5 77 51 57 91.4 1,637 28.5 4 53 416.8 1,77 16 88.0 1,047.7 17 5,989.5 31 6 139.5 35 10 24 2,50 1,16 18 310 57.2 6 57.2 19 496.2 569.4 2,001.0 27 28 6 50 109.2 48.4 409.7 48.8 101.4 2,787.0 22 82 56.2 22 350.5 556.7 647.6 10,26 6 11 68 187.3 108.2 13 70.3 181 1,896 29 89 128.8 2,16 116.7 7 107.3 12 198.7 130.5 52 769.9 50.4 57.4 91.2 P 1,67 28 4 54 43 1,77 16 89.0 1,05 17 6,0 318 6 14 356.2 10 24 2,53 1,182 186.8 310.8 57.5 65 57.2 19 50 576.6 2,038.3 28 29 6 51 109.9 48.6 410.2 48.0 10 2,830.7 219.7 85 57.2 227.0 35 57 66 10,47 6 116.6 707.9 19 108.5 127.7 7 18 1,946.9 297.3 92 128.0 2,209.4 117 77 108.7 125 19 132 5 786.9 51.3 58.2 9 7 1.0 2 19.9 1 90.2 8.0 41 8.6 279.4 1 7.7 11 6.6 7.2 110.9 5 8.2 18.9 1.6 7.6 2 26 67.4 7.5 1 9.9 1.2 1.7 101.7 8.7 2 9.0 9.5 19 16.5 442 2 1 1 5.9 1 1.2 10.9 57 26.7 26.9 7.7 81.3 5.9 6.4 28.4 5.9 2 Number 60.6 0.8 1.6 1 1 8 7.5 5 39.9 8.5 231.7 11.6 6.2 10.8 96 4 7.5 1 1.4 1 19.7 77 8.3 1 8.3 0.9 1.4 9 7.0 9.4 8.9 17.2 1 47 1 16.7 7.3 1 1.4 11.6 57.6 27.6 27.7 8.4 99.7 6.5 7.5 2 1 2 77.7 1.2 2 20.9 1 10 8.8 6.4 46.6 9.9 27 1 7.2 11.0 7.0 7.6 110.3 52 8.2 18.5 1.7 7.8 21.7 2 8 9.4 6.8 1 12 1.2 1.7 12 10.3 10.7 11.3 2 19.9 58 21.3 1 8.0 19 1.6 1 7 3 3 10.3 107.0 7.8 8.4 6.2 36.5 8.0 2 3 P 60.8 0.9 1 1 98.0 8.9 47.6 10.4 258.8 1 7.0 1 6.6 107.8 48.7 8 16.2 1.6 7.0 17.4 20.9 86.5 10.0 7.3 16.4 10.0 1.0 100.8 7.8 10 9.3 19.5 1 56 18.6 20.0 8.8 1 1.7 1 69.4 32 3 10 117.6 8.0 8.7 29.5 1 28.2 6.4 6.2 1.7 6.6 1 1.6 9.3 6.2 8.2 6 1 7.3 Percent of labor force 5.8 2 2 1.4 8.8 6.8 9.4 6.5 9.5 6.7 8.5 7.0 1 9.2 5 7.2 5 6.7 1.7 8.4 7.4 1 8.3 11.3 8.0 10.6 7.9 18.4 6 8.5 5.8 P 6.8 6.4 2 1.4 10.3 8 10.7 7.5 10.8 7.9 10.3 8.0 15 10.4 5.8 Oklahoma Enid Lawton Oklahoma City Tulsa Oregon EugeneSpringfield MedfordAshland PortlandVancouver Salem Pennsylvania AJIentownBethlehemEaston Altoona Erie HarrisburgLebanonCarlisle Johnstown Lancaster Philadelphia Pittsburgh Reading Scranton WilkesBarre Hazleton Sharon State College Williamsport York Rhode Island ProvidenceFall RiverWarwick South Carolina CharlestonNorth Charleston Columbia Florence GreenvilleSpartanburgAnderson Myrtle Beach Sumter South Dakota Rapid City Sioux Falls Tennessee Chattanooga ClarksvilleHopkinsville Jackson Johnson CityKingsportBristol Knoxville Memphis Nashville Texas Abilene Amarillo AustinSan Marcos BeaumontPort Arthur Brazoria BrownsvilleHarlingenSan Benito BryanCollege Station Corpus Christi Dallas El Paso Fort WorthArlington GalvestonTexas City Houston KilleenTemple Laredo LongviewMarshall Lubbock McAllenEdinburgMission OdessaMidland San Angelo San Antonio ShermanDenison Texarkana Tyler See footnotes at end of table. 134 Digitized for FRASER

STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C3. Labor force status by State and metropolitan area Continued (Numbers in thousands) State and area P Number Percent of labor force P P Texas Continued Victoria Waco Wichita Falls 4 99.8 65.8 4 10 66 4 102 66.7 4 10 66.9 5.9 5 5 Utah ProvoOrem Salt Lake CityOgden 1,04 15 669.9 1,096.5 16 70 1,070.7 157.6 686.6 1,120.0 165.8 718.3 38.5 2 3 20.4 48.4 6 29.6 4 25.9 Vermont Burlington 32 97.6 33 100.5 329 98.7 338.9 101.4 10.4 8.9 1.6 10.0 2 8.8 1.6 2 Virginia Charlottesville Danville Lynchburg NorfolkVirginia BeachNewport News RichmondPetersburg Roanoke 3,466.4 7 56.2 100.8 73 50 129.2 3,598.3 78.3 57 10 755.9 520.9 13 3,530 76.9 57.9 10 746.4 510.7 130.7 3,647.6 77.9 58.2 10 767.8 527.0 13 97.6 1.0 2 1 10 1.0 25.9 1 117.5 1.3 30.6 15.8 118 1.2 29.7 1 1.4 5.9 1.2 7.6 1.6 7.0 8.4 2 Washington Bellingham Bremerton Olympia RichlandKennewickPasco SeattleBellevueEverett Spokane Tacoma Yakima 3,030.3 78.4 91.2 99.2 9 1,381.2 208.4 33 11 3,090.9 81.0 9 10 9 1,408.5 21 339.6 11 3,048.5 78.8 91 99 101.6 1,370.3 207.0 330.2 12 3,11 8 9 10 10 1,396.5 21 336.4 128.6 13 6.2 40.8 8.5 1 10.7 135.9 4 10.2 1 10.4 139.6 6.9 4 9.0 1 10.9 14 47.5 10.9 1 11.2 6.5 9.5 9 6.8 8.8 5 8.7 West Virginia Charleston HuntingtonAshland ParkersburgMarietta Wheeling 809.4 130 137.0 76.5 7 81 13 139.9 78.2 7 81 13 137.6 77 7 82 13 141.6 80 7 5 6 8.9 5 6 9.0 5 6.2 9.5 51 9.4 6.5 6.5 6.4 6.4 6.6 6.9 6.2 6.2 6.6 Wisconsin AppletonOshkoshNeenah Eau Claire Green Bay JanesvilleBeloit Kenosha La Crosse Madison MilwaukeeWaukesha Racine Sheboygan Wausau 2,93 220.6 8 130.6 79.7 81.3 7 259.6 800.3 9 61 7 2,968.5 22 8 13 79.2 8 7 26 809 9 61 7 3,01 227.8 8 13 81.3 8 7 26 82 96 6 7 3,02 228.4 8 13 80.5 81.7 7 267.4 619.8 9 6 75.8 85.8 1.6 2 1.2 2 9 27.0 1.3 2 106.4 6.9 2 30.4 1.6 9 5.9 27.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.4 Wyoming Casper Cheyenne 256.6 3 38.8 260.7 3 39.3 26 3 39.5 267.3 3 39.8 1 1.7 1.2 1 1 12 1.7 1.4 1 1.3 Puerto Rico Aguadilla Arecibo Caguas aguez Ponce San JuanBayamon 1,32 5 5 119.2 9 111.7 720.3 1,308.0 50.0 5 120.2 9 109 717.4 1,341.0 5 5 122 96.2 11 729 1,31 50 5 12 9 110.5 716.2 171 9.3 8.5 1 1 18.9 7 14 7.6 6.5 1 1 1 6 18 9.9 8.9 15 1 19.5 8 15 8.3 6.9 1 1 1 67.4 1 17.6 16 11.3 1 16.9 10.3 11.0 1 1 10.0 1 1 8.9 1 18.6 16.6 1 1 17.2 11.2 11.6 16.5 1 10.9 1 1 9.4 P = preliminary. NOTE: Data refer to place of residence. All estimates are provisional and will be revised when new benchmark and population information becomes available. 135

Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error Introduction The statistics in this periodical are compiled from two major sources: (1) household interviews, and (2) reports from employers. Data based on household interviews are obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a sample survey of the population 16 years of age and over. The survey is conducted each month by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics and provides comprehensive data on the labor force, the employed, and the unemployed, classified by such characteristics as age, sex, race, family relationship, marital status, occupation, and industry attachment. The survey also provides data on the characteristics and past work experience of those not in the labor force. The information is collected by trained interviewers from a sample of about 50,000 households (beginning with January 1996 data) located in 754 sample areas. These areas are chosen to represent all counties and independent cities in the United States, with coverage in 50 States and the District of Columbia. The data collected are based on the activity or status reported for the calendar week including the 12th of the month. Data based on establishment records are compiled each month from mail questionnaires and telephone interviews by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, in cooperation with State agencies. The Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey is designed to provide industry information on nonfarm wage and salary employment, average weekly hours, average hourly earnings, and average weekly earnings for the Nation, States, and metropolitan areas. The employment, hours, and earnings series are based on payroll reports from a sample of about 390,000 establishments employing about 48 million nonfarm wage and salary workers. The data relate to all workers, full or part time, who receive pay during the payroll period which includes the 12th of the month. RELATION BETWEEN THE HOUSEHOLD AND ESTABLISHMENT SERIES The household and establishment data complement one another, each providing significant types of information that the other cannot suitably supply. Population characteristics, for example, are obtained only from the household survey, whereas detailed industrial classifications are much more reliably derived from establishment reports. Data from these two sources differ from each other because of variations in definitions and coverage, source of information, methods of collection, and estimating procedures. Sampling variability and response errors are additional reasons for discrepancies. The major factors which have a differential effect on the levels and trends of the two data series are as follows. Employment Coverage. The household survey definition of employment comprises wage and salary workers (including domestics and other private household workers), selfemployed persons, and unpaid workers who worked 15 hours or more during the reference week in familyoperated enterprises. Employment in both agricultural and nonagricultural industries is included. The payroll survey covers only wage and salary employees on the payrolls of nonfarm establishments. Multiple jobholding. The household survey provides information on the work status of the population without duplication, since each person is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force. persons holding more than one job are counted only once. In the figures based on establishment reports, persons who worked in more than one establishment during the reporting period are counted each time their names appear on payrolls. Unpaid absences from jobs. The household survey includes among the employed all civilians who had jobs but were not at work during the reference week that is, were not working but had jobs from which they were temporarily absent because of illness, vacation, bad weather, childcare problems, labormanagement disputes, or because they were taking time off for various other reasons, even if they were not paid by their employers for the time off. In the figures based on payroll reports, persons on leave paid for by the company are included, but those on leave without pay for the entire payroll period are not. Hours of work The household survey measures hours worked for all workers whereas the payroll survey measures hours for private production and nonsupervisory workers paid for by 136

employers. In the household survey, all persons with a job but not at work are excluded from the hours distributions and the computations of average hours at work. In the payroll survey, production or nonsupervisory employees on paid vacation, paid holiday, or paid sick leave are included and assigned the number of hours for which they were paid during the reporting period. Earnings The household survey measures the earnings of wage and salary workers in all occupations and industries in both the private and public sectors. Data refer to the usual earnings received from the worker's sole or primary job. Data from the establishment survey generally refer to average earnings of production and related workers in mining and manufacturing, construction workers in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in private serviceproducing industries. For a comprehensive discussion of the various earnings series available from the household and establishment surveys, see BLS Measures of Compensation, BLS Bulletin 2239 (1986). COMPARABILITY OF HOUSEHOLD DATA WITH OTHER SERIES Unemployment insurance data. The unemployed total from the household survey includes all persons who did not have a job during the reference week, were currently available for a job, and were looking for work or were waiting to be called back to a job from which they had been laid off, whether or not they were eligible for unemployment insurance. Figures on unemployment insurance claims, prepared by the Employment and Training Administration of the U.S. Department of Labor, exclude, in addition to otherwise ineligible persons who do not file claims for benefits, persons who have exhausted their benefit rights, new workers who have not earned rights to unemployment insurance, and persons losing jobs not covered by unemployment insurance systems (some workers in agriculture, domestic services, and religious organizations, and selfemployed and unpaid family workers). In addition, the qualifications for drawing unemployment compensation differ from the definition of unemployment used in the household survey. For example, persons with a job but not at work and persons working only a few hours during the week are sometimes eligible for unemployment compensation but are classified as employed rather than unemployed in the household survey. For an examination of the similarities and differences between State insured unemployment and total unemployment, see "Measuring Total and State Insured Unemployment" by Gloria P. Green in the 1971 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Agricultural employment estimates of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The principal differences in coverage are the inclusion of persons under 16 in the National Agricultural Statistics Service series and the treatment of dual jobholders, who are counted more than once if they work on more than one farm during the reporting period. There are also wide differences in sampling techniques and data collecting and estimating methods, which cannot be readily measured in terms of their impact on differences in the levels and trends of the two series. COMPARABILITY OF PAYROLL EMPLOYMENT DATA WITH OTHER SERIES Statistics on manufacturers and business, Bureau of the Census. BLS establishment statistics on employment differ from employment counts derived by the Bureau of the Census from its censuses or sample surveys of manufacturing and business establishments. The major reasons for noncomparability are different treatment of business units considered parts of an establishment, such as central administrative offices and auxiliary units; the industrial classification of establishments; and different reporting patterns by multiunit companies. There are also differences in the scope of the industries covered, e.g., the Census of Business excludes professional services, public utilities, and financial establishments, whereas these are included in the BLS statistics. County Business Patterns, Bureau of the Census. Data in County Business Patterns (CBP) differ from BLS establishment statistics in the treatment of central administrative offices and auxiliary units. Differences may also arise because of industrial classification and reporting practices. In addition, CBP excludes interstate railroads and most of government, and coverage is incomplete for some of the nonprofit agencies. Employment covered by State unemployment insurance programs. Most nonfarm wage and salary workers are covered by the unemployment insurance programs. However, some employees, such as those working in parochial schools and churches, are not covered by unemployment insurance, whereas they are included in the BLS establishment statistics. 137

Household Data ("A"tables,monthly; " Data" tables, quarterly) COLLECTION AND COVERAGE Statistics on the employment status of the population and related data are compiled by BLS using data from the Current Population Survey (CPS). This monthly survey of households is conducted for BLS by the Bureau of the Census through a scientifically selected sample designed to represent the civilian noninstitutional population. Respondents are interviewed to obtain information about the employment status of each member of the household 16 years of age and over. The inquiry relates to activity or status during the calendar week, Sunday through Saturday, which includes the 12th day of the month. This is known as the "reference week." Actual field interviewing is conducted in the following week, referred to as the "survey week." Each month about 50,000 occupied units are eligible for interview. Some 3,200 of these households are contacted but interviews are not obtained because the occupants are not at home after repeated calls or are unavailable for other reasons. This represents a noninterview rate for the survey that ranges between 6 and 7 percent. In addition to the 50,000 occupied units, there are about 9,000 sample units in an average month which are visited but found to be vacant or otherwise not eligible for enumeration. Part of the sample is changed each month. The rotation plan, as will be explained later, provides for threefourths of the sample to be common from one month to the next, and onehalf to be common with the same month a year earlier. CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS The concepts and definitions underlying labor force data have been modified, but not substantially altered, since the inception of the survey in 1940; those in use as of January 1994 are as follows: Civilian noninstitutional population. Included are persons 16 years of age and older residing in the 50 States and the District of Columbia who are not inmates of institutions (e.g., penal and mental facilities, homes for the aged), and who are not on active duty in the Armed Forces. persons. All persons who, during the reference week, (a) did any work at all (at least 1 hour) as paid employees, worked in their own business, profession, or on their own farm, or who worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in an enterprise operated by a member of the family, and (b) all those who were not working but who had jobs or businesses from which they were temporarily absent because of vacation, illness, bad weather, childcare problems, maternity or paternity leave, labormanagement dispute, job training, or other family or personal reasons, whether or not they were paid for the time off or were seeking other jobs. Each employed person is counted only once, even if he or she holds more than one job. For purposes of occupation and industry classification, multiple jobholders are counted in the job at which they worked the greatest number of hours during the reference week. Included in the total are employed citizens of foreign countries who are temporarily in the United States but not living on the premises of an embassy. Excluded are persons whose only activity consisted of work around their own house (painting, repairing, or own home housework) or volunteer work for religious, charitable, and other organizations. persons. All persons who had no employment during the reference week, were available for work, except for temporary illness, and had made specific efforts to find employment some time during the 4weekperiod ending with the reference week. Persons who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed. Duration of unemployment. This represents the length of time (through the current reference week) that persons classified as unemployed had been looking for work. For persons on layoff, duration of unemployment represents the number of full weeks they had been on layoff. Mean duration is the arithmetic average computed from single weeks of unemployment; median duration is the midpoint of a distribution of weeks of unemployment. Reason for unemployment. Unemployment is also categorized according to the status of individuals at the time they began to look for work. The reasons for unemployment are divided into five major groups: (1) Job losers, comprised of (a) persons on temporary layoff, who have been given a date to return to work or who expect to return within 6 months (persons on layoff need not be looking for work to qualify as unemployed), and (b) permanent job losers, whose employment ended involuntarily and who began looking for work; (2) Job leavers, persons who quit or otherwise terminated their employment voluntarily and immediately began looking for work; (3) Persons who completed temporary jobs, who began looking for work after the jobs ended; (4) Reentrants, persons who previously worked but were out of the labor force prior to beginning their job search; and (5) New entrants, persons who never worked. Each of these five categories of the unemployed can be expressed as a proportion of the entire civilian labor force; the sum of the four rates thus equals the unemployment rate for all civilian workers. (For statistical presentation purposes, "job losers" and "persons who completed temporary jobs" are combined into a single category until seasonal adjustments can be developed for the separate categories.) 138

Jobseekers. All unemployed persons who made specific efforts to find a job sometime during the 4week period preceding the survey week are classified as jobseekers. Jobseekers do not include persons classified as on temporary layoff, who although often looking for work, are not required to do so to be classified as unemployed. Jobseekers are grouped by the methods used to seek work. Only active methods which have the potential to result in a job offer without further action on the part of the jobseeker qualify as job search. Examples include going to an employer directly or to a public or private employment agency, seeking assistance from friends or relatives, placing or answering ads, or using some other active method. Examples of the "other" category include being on a union or professional register, obtaining assistance from a community organization, or waiting at a designated labor pickup point. Passive methods, which do not qualify as job search, include reading (as opposed to answering or placing) "help wanted" ads and taking a job training course. Labor force. This group comprises all persons classified as employed or unemployed in accordance with the criteria described above.. The unemployment rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force. Participation rate. This represents the proportion of the population that is in the labor force. Employmentpopulation ratio. This represents the proportion of the population that is employed. Not in the labor force. Included in this group are all persons in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither employed nor unemployed. Information is collected on their desire for and availability to take a job at the time of the CPS interview, job search activity in the prior year, and reason for not looking in the 4week period prior to the survey week. This group includes discouraged workers, defined as persons not in the labor force who want and are available for a job and who have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months (or since the end of their last job if they held one within the past 12 months), but are not currently looking, because they believe there are no jobs available or there are none for which they would qualify. Persons classified as not in the labor force who are in the sample for either their fourth or eighth month are asked additional questions relating to job history and workseeking intentions. These latter data are available on a quarterly basis. Occupation, industry, and class of worker. This information for the employed applies to the job held in the reference week. Persons with two or more jobs are classified in the job at which they worked the greatest number of hours. The unemployed are classified according to their last job. The occupational and industrial classification of CPS data is based on the coding systems used in the 1990 census. The classofworker breakdown assigns workers to the following categories: Private and government wage and salary workers, selfemployed workers, and unpaid family workers. Wage and salary workers receive wages, salary, commissions, tips, or pay in kind from a private employer or from a government unit. Selfemployed persons are those who work for profit or fees in their own business, profession, trade, or farm. Only the unincorporated selfemployed are included in the selfemployed category in the class of worker typology. Selfemployed persons who respond that their businesses are incorporated are included among wage and salary workers, because technically, they are paid employees of a corporation. Unpaid family workers are persons working without pay for 15 hours a week or more on a farm or in a business operated by a member of the household to whom they are related by birth or marriage. Multiple jobholders. These are employed persons who, during the reference week, had either two or more jobs as a wage and salary worker, were selfemployed and also held a wage and salary job, or worked as an unpaid family worker and also held a wage and salary job. Excluded are selfemployed persons with multiple businesses and persons with multiple jobs as unpaid family workers. Hours of work. These statistics relate to the actual number of hours worked during the reference week. For example, persons who normally work 40 hours a week but were off on the Columbus Day holiday would be reported as working 32 hours, even though they were paid for the holiday. For persons working in more than one job, the published figures relate to the number of hours worked in all jobs during the week; all the hours are credited to the major job. Unpublished data are available for the hours worked in each job and for usual hours. At work part time for economic reasons. Sometimes referred to as involuntary part time, this category refers to individuals who gave an economic reason for working 1 to 34 hours during the reference week. Economic reasons include slack work or unfavorable business conditions, inability to find fulltime work, and seasonal declines in demand. Those who usually work part time must also indicate that they want and are available to work full time to be classified as on part time for economic reasons. At work part time for noneconomic reasons. This group includes those persons who usually work part time and were at work 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for a noneconomic reason. Noneconomic reasons include, for example: Illness or other medical limitations, childcare problems or other family or personal obligations, school or training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and being in a job where fulltime work is less than 35 hours. The group also includes those who gave an economic reason for usually working 1 to 34 hours but said they do not want to work full time or were unavailable for such work. 139

Usual full or parttime status. Data on persons "at work" exclude persons who were temporarily absent from a job and therefore classified in the zerohoursworked category, "with a job but not at work." These are persons who were absent from their jobs for the entire week for such reasons as bad weather, vacation, illness, or involvement in a labor dispute. In order to differentiate a person's normal schedule from their activity during the reference week, persons are also classified according to their usual full or parttime status. In this context, fulltime workers are those who usually worked 35 hours or more (at all jobs combined). This group will include some individuals who worked less than 35 hours in the reference week for either economic or noneconomic reasons and those who are temporarily absent from work. Similarly, parttime workers are those who usually work less than 35 hours per week (at all jobs), regardless of the number of hours worked in the reference week. This may include some individuals who actually worked more than 34 hours in the reference week, as well as those who are temporarily absent from work. The fulltime labor force includes all employed persons who usually work full time and unemployed persons who are either looking for fulltime work or are on layoff from fulltime jobs. The parttime labor force consists of employed persons who usually work part time and unemployed persons who are seeking or are on layoff from parttime jobs. s for fulland parttime workers are calculated using the concepts of the/w//and parttime labor force. White, blacky and other. These are terms used to describe the race of persons. Included in the "other" group are American Indians, Alaskan Natives, and Asians and Pacific Islanders. Because of the relatively small sample size, data for "other" races are not published. In the enumeration process, race is determined by the household respondent. Hispanic origin. This refers to persons who identified themselves in the enumeration process as Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or of other Hispanic origin or descent. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race; thus they are included in both the white and black population groups. Vietnamera veterans. These are persons who served in the Armed Forces of the United States between August 5, 1964, and 7, 1975. Published data are limited to men in the civilian noninstitutional population; i.e., veterans in institutions and women are excluded. Nonveterans are persons who never served in the Armed Forces. Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes and other deductions, and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders.) Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly (e.g., annual, monthly, hourly) are converted to weekly. The term "usual" is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Data refer to wage and salary workers (excluding all selfemployed persons regardless of whether or not their businesses were incorporated) who usually work full time on their sole or primary job. Median earnings. These figures indicate the value which divides the earnings distribution into two equal parts, one part having values above the median and the other having values below the median. The medians as shown in this publication are calculated by linear interpolation of the $50 centered interval within which each median falls. Data expressed in constant dollars are deflated by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPIU). Single, never married; married, spouse present; and other marital status. These are the terms used to define the marital status of individuals at the time of interview. Married, spouse present, applies to husband and wife if both were living in the same household, even though one may be temporarily absent on business, vacation, on a visit, in a hospital, etc. Other marital status applies to persons who are married, spouse absent; widowed; or divorced. Married, spouse absent relates to persons who are separated due to marital problems, as well as husbands and wives who are living apart because one or the other was employed elsewhere, on duty with the Armed Forces, or any other reasons. Household. A household consists of all persons related family members and all unrelated persons who occupy a housing unit and have no other usual address. A house, an apartment, a group of rooms, or a single room is regarded as a housing unit when occupied or intended for occupancy as separate living quarters. A householder is the person (or one of the persons) in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. The term is never applied to either husbands or wives in marriedcouple families but relates only to persons in families maintained by either men or women without a spouse. Family. A family is defined as a group of two or more persons residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption; all such persons are considered as members of one family. Families are classified either as marriedcouple families or as families maintained by women or men without spouses. A family maintained by a woman or a man is one in which the householder is either single, widowed, divorced, or married, spouse absent. HISTORICAL COMPARABILITY Changes in concepts and methods While current survey concepts and methods are very similar to those introduced at the inception of the survey in 1940, a number of changes have been made over the years to improve the accuracy and usefulness of the data. Some of the most important changes include: In 1945, the questionnaire was radically changed with 140

the introduction of four basic employment questions. Prior to that time, the survey did not contain specific question wording, but rather relied on a complicated scheme of activity prioritization. In 1953, The current 484 rotation system was adopted, whereby households are interviewed for 4 consecutive months, leave the sample for 8 months, and then return to the sample for the same 4 months of the following year. Before this system was introduced, households were interviewed for 6 consecutive months and then replaced. The new system provided some yeartoyear overlap in the sample, thereby improving measurement over time. In 1955, The survey reference week was changed to the calendar week including the 12th day of the month, for greater consistency with the reference period used for other laborrelated statistics. Previously, the calendar week containing the 8th day of the month had been used as the reference week. In 1957, The employment definition was modified slightly as a result of a comprehensive interagency review of labor force concepts and methods. Two relatively small groups of persons classified as employed, under "with a job but not at work," were assigned to different classifications. Persons on layoff with definite instructions to return to work within 30 days of the layoff date, and persons volunteering that they were waiting to start a new wage and salary job within 30 days of interview, were, for the most part, reassigned to the unemployed classification. The only exception was the small subgroup in school during the reference week but waiting to start new jobs, which was transferred to not in the labor force. In 1967, More substantive changes were made as a result of the recommendations of the President's Committee to Appraise Employment and Unemployment Statistics (the Gordon Committee). The principal improvements were as follows: a) A 4week job search period and specific questions on jobseeking activity were introduced. Previously, the questionnaire was ambiguous as to the time period for jobseeking and there were no specific questions concerning job search methods. b) An availability test was introduced whereby a person must be currently available for work in order to be classified as unemployed. Previously, there was no such requirement. This revision to the concept mainly affected students, who, for example, may begin to look for summer jobs in the spring although they will not be available until or. Such persons, until 1967, had been classified as unemployed but since have been assigned to the "not in the labor force" category. c) Persons "with a job but not at work" because of strikes, bad weather, etc., who volunteered that they were looking for work, were shifted from unemployed status to employed. d) The lower age limit for official statistics on employment, unemployment, and other labor force concepts was raised from 14 to 16 years. Historical data for most major series have been revised to provide consistent information based on the new minimum age limit. e) New questions were added to obtain additional information on persons not in the labor force, including those referred to as "discouraged workers," defined as persons who indicate that they want a job but are not currently looking because they believe there are no jobs available or none for which they would qualify. f) New "probing" questions were added to the questionnaire in order to increase the reliability of information on hours of work, duration of unemployment, and selfemployment. In 1994, Major changes to the Current Population Survey (CPS) were introduced, which included a complete redesign of the questionnaire and the use of computerassisted interviewing for the entire survey. In addition, there were revisions to some of the labor force concepts and definitions, including the implementation of some changes recommended in 1979 by the National Commission on Employment and Unemployment Statistics (NCEUS, also known as the Levitan Commission). Some of the major changes to the survey were: a) The introduction of a redesigned and automated questionnaire. The CPS questionnaire was totally redesigned in order to obtain more accurate, comprehensive, and relevant information, and to take advantage of stateoftheart computer interviewing techniques. b) The addition of two, more objective, criteria to the definition of discouraged workers. Prior to 1994, to be classified as a discouraged worker, a person must have wanted a job and be reported as not currently looking because of a belief that no jobs were available or that there were none for which he or she would qualify. Beginning in 1994, persons classified as discouraged must also have looked for a job within the past year (or since their last job, if they worked during the year), and must have been available for work during the reference week (a direct question on availability was added in 1994; prior to 1994, availability had been inferred from responses to other questions). These changes were made because the NCEUS and others felt that the previous definition of discouraged workers was too subjective, relying mainly on an individual's stated desire for a job and not on prior testing of the labor market. c) Similarly, the identification of persons employed part time for economic reasons (working less than 35 hours in the reference week because of poor business conditions or because of an inability to find fulltime work) was tightened by adding two new criteria for persons who usually work part time: They must want and be available for fulltime work. Previously, such information was inferred. (Per 141

sons who usually work full time but worked part time for an economic reason during the reference week are assumed to meet these criteria.) d) Specific questions were added about the expectation of recall for persons who indicate that they are on layoff. To be classified as "on temporary layoff," persons must expect to be recalled to their jobs. Previously, the questionnaire did not include explicit questions about the expectation of recall. e) Persons volunteering that they were waiting to start a new job within 30 days must have looked for work in the 4 weeks prior to the survey in order to be classified as unemployed. Previously, such persons did not have to meet the job search requirement in order to be included among the unemployed. For additional information on changes in CPS concepts and methods, see Concepts and Methods used in Labor Force Statistics Derived from the Current Population Survey, BLS Report 463, October 1976 and "Overhauling the Current Population Survey Why is it Necessary to Change?," "Redesigning the Questionnaire," and "Evaluating Changes in the Estimates," Monthly Labor Review, September 1993, and "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January 1994," in the February 1994 issue of this publication. Noncomparability of labor force levels In addition to the refinements in concepts, definitions, and methods made over the years, other changes have also affected the comparability of the labor force data. Beginning in 1953, as a result of introducing data from the 1950 census into the estimating procedures, population levels were raised by about 600,000; labor force, total employment, and agricultural employment were increased by about 350,000, primarily affecting the figures for totals and men; other categories were relatively unaffected. Beginning in 1960, the inclusion of Alaska and Hawaii resulted in an increase of about 500,000 in the population and about 300,000 in the labor force. Fourfifths of this increase was in nonagricultural employment; other labor force categories were not appreciably affected. Beginning in 1962, the introduction of data from the 1960 census reduced the population by about 50,000 and labor force and employment by about 200,000; unemployment totals were virtually unchanged. Beginning in 1972, information from the 1970 census was introduced into the estimation procedures, increasing the population by about 800,000; labor force and employment totals were raised by a little more than 300,000; unemployment levels and rates were essentially unchanged. In March 1973, a subsequent population adjustment based on the 1970 census was introduced. This adjustment, which affected the white and blackandother groups but had little effect on totals, resulted in the reduction of nearly 300,000 in the white population and an increase of the same magnitude in the blackandother population. Civilian labor force and total employment figures were affected to a lesser degree; the white labor force was reduced by 150,000, and the blackandother labor force rose by about 210,000. Unemployment levels and rates were not significantly affected. Beginning in January 1974, the method used to prepare independent estimates of the civilian noninstitutional population was modified to an "inflationdeflation" approach. This change in the derivation of the estimates had its greatest impact on estimates of 20 to 24yearold men particularly those of the blackandother population but had little effect on estimates of the total population 16 years and over. Additional information on the adjustment procedure appears in "CPS Population Controls Derived from InflationDeflation Method of Estimation," in the February 1974 issue of this publication. Effective in 1975, as a result of the large inflow of Vietnamese refugees into the United States, the total and blackandother independent population controls for persons 16 years and over were adjusted upward by 76,000 (30,000 men and 46,000 women). The addition of the refugees increased the blackandother population by less than 1 percent in any agesex group, with all of the changes being confined to the "other" component of the population. Beginning in January 1978, the introduction of an expansion in the sample and revisions in the estimation procedures resulted in an increase of about 250,000 in the civilian labor force and employment totals; unemployment levels and rates were essentially unchanged. An explanation of the procedural changes and an indication of the differences appear in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey in January 1978" in the February 1978 issue of this publication. Beginning in October 1978, the race of the individual was determined by the household respondent for the incoming rotation group households, rather than by the interviewer as before. The purpose of this change was to provide more accurate estimates of characteristics by race. Thus, in October 1978, oneeighth of the sample households had race determined by the household respondent and seveneighths of the sample households had race determined by interviewer observation. It was not until January 1980 that the entire sample had race determined by the household respondent. The new procedure had no significant effect on the estimates. Beginning in January 1979, the firststage ratio adjustment method was changed in the CPS estimation procedure. Differences between the old and new procedures existed only for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan area estimates, not for the total United States. The reasoning behind 142

the change and an indication of the differences appear in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey in January 1979" in the February 1979 issue of this publication. Beginning in January 1982, the secondstage ratio adjustment method was changed. The purpose of the change and an indication of its effect on national estimates of labor force characteristics appear in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Beginning in January 1982" in the February 1982 issue of this publication. In addition, current population estimates used in the secondstage estimation procedure were derived from information obtained from the 1980 census, rather than the 1970 census. This change caused substantial increases in the total population and in the estimates of persons in all labor force categories. Rates for labor force characteristics, however, remained virtually unchanged. Some 30,000 labor force series were adjusted back to 1970 to avoid major breaks in series. The adjustment procedure used also is described in the February 1982 article cited above. The revisions did not, however, smooth out the breaks in series occurring between 1972 and 1979 (described above), and data users should consider them when comparing estimates from different periods. Beginning in January 1983, the firststage ratio adjustment method was updated to incorporate data from the 1980 census. The purpose of the change and an indication of its effect on national estimates of labor force characteristics appear in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Beginning in January 1983" in the February 1983 issue of this publication. There were only slight differences between the old and new procedures in estimates of levels for the various labor force characteristics and virtually no differences in estimates of participation rates. Beginning in January 1985, most of the steps of the CPS estimation procedure the noninterview adjustment, the first and secondstage ratio adjustments, and the composite estimator were revised. These procedures are described in the Estimating Methods section. A description of the changes and an indication of their effect on national estimates of labor force characteristics appear in "Changes in the Estimation Procedure in the Current Population Survey Beginning in January 1985" in the February 1985 issue of this publication. Overall, the revisions had only a slight effect on most estimates. The greatest impact was on estimates of persons of Hispanic origin. Major estimates were revised back to January 1980. Beginning in January 1986, the population controls used in the secondstage ratio adjustment method were revised to reflect an explicit estimate of the number of undocumented immigrants (largely Hispanic) since 1980 and an improved estimate of the number of emigrants among legal foreignborn residents for the same time period. As a result, the total civilian population and labor force estimates were raised by nearly 400,000; civilian employment was increased by about 350,000. The Hispanicorigin population and labor force estimates were raised by about 425,000 and 305,000, respectively, and Hispanic employment by 270,000. Overall and subgroup unemployment levels and rates were not significantly affected. Because of the magnitude of the adjustments for Hispanics, data were revised back to January 1980 to the extent possible. An explanation of the changes and their effect on estimates of labor force characteristics appear in "Changes in the Estimation Procedure in the Current Population Survey Beginning in January 1986" in the February 1986 issue of this publication. Beginning in August 1989, the secondstage ratio estimate cells were changed slightly to decrease the chance of very small cells occurring and to be more consistent with published age, sex, race cells. This change had virtually no effect on national estimates. Beginning in January 1994, 1990 censusbased population controls, adjusted for the estimated undercount, were introduced into the second stage estimation procedure. This change resulted in substantial increases in total population and in all major labor force categories. Effective February 1996, these controls were introduced into the estimates for 199093. Under the new population controls, the civilian noninstitutional population for 1990 increased by about 1 million, employment by about 880,000, and unemployment by approximately 175,000. The overall unemployment rate rose by about 0 percentage point. For further information, see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January 1994," and "Revisions in Household Survey Data Effective February 1996" in the February 1994 and March 1996 issues, respectively, of this publication. Additionally, for the period January through 1994, the composite estimation procedure was suspended due to technical and logistical reasons. Beginning in January 1997, the population controls used in the secondstage ratio adjustment method were revised to reflect updated information on the demographic characteristics of immigrants to, and emigrants from, the United States. As a result, the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over was raised by about 470,000. The labor force and employment levels were increased by about 320,000, and 290,000, respectively. The Hispanicorigin population and labor force estimates were raised by about 450,000 and 250,000 respectively, and Hispanic employment by 325,000. Overall and subgroup unemployment rates and other percentages of labor market participation were not affected. An explanation of the changes and their effect on national labor force estimates appear in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January 1997" in the February 1997 issue of this publication. Beginning in January, new composite estimation procedures and minor revisions in the population controls were introduced into the household survey. The new composite estimation procedures simplify processing of the 143

monthly labor force data at BLS, allow users of the survey microdata to replicate more easily the official estimates released by BLS, and increase the reliability of the employment and labor force estimates. The new procedures also produce somewhat lower estimates of the civilian labor force and employment and slightly higher estimates of unemployment. For example, based on 1997 annual average data, using old and new composite weights, the differences were as follows: (229,000), total employed (256,000), and total unemployed (+27,000). s were not significantly affected. Also beginning in January, the population controls used in the survey were revised to reflect new estimates of legal immigration to the U.S. and a change in the method for projecting the emigration of foreignborn legal residents. As a result, the Hispanicorigin population was raised by about 57,000; however, the total civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over was essentially unchanged. More detailed information on these changes and their effect on the estimates of labor force change and composition appear in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January," in the February issue of this publication. Beginning in January, the population controls used in the survey were revised to reflect newly updated information on immigration. As a result, the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over was raised by about 310,000. The impact of the changes varied for different demographic groups. The civilian noninstitutional population for men 16 years and over was lowered by about 185,000 while that for women was increased by about 490,000. The Hispanicorigin population was lowered by about 165,000 while that of persons of nonhispanic origin was raised by about 470,000. Overall labor force and employment levels were increased by about 60,000 each while the Hispanic labor and employment estimates were reduced by about 225,000 and 215,000, respectively. The changes had only a small impact on overall and subgroup unemployment rates and other percentages of labor market participation. An explanation of the changes and their effect on national labor force estimates appear in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January " in the February issue of this publication. Changes in the occupational and industrial classification systems Beginning in 1971, the comparability of occupational employment data was affected as a result of changes in the occupational classification system for the 1970 census that were introduced into the CPS. Comparability was further affected in December 1971, when a question relating to major activity or duties was added to the monthly CPS questionnaire in order to determine more precisely the occupational classification of individuals. As a result of these changes, meaningful comparisons of occupational employment levels could not be made between 197172 and prior years nor between those 2 years. s were not significantly affected. For a further explanation of the changes in the occupational classification system, see "Revisions in Occupational Classifications for 1971" and "Revisions in the Current Population Survey" in the February 1971 and February 1972 issues, respectively, of this publication. Beginning in January 1983, the occupational and industrial classification systems used in the 1980 census were introduced into the CPS. The 1980 census occupational classification system evolved from the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system and was so radically different in concepts and nomenclature from the 1970 system that comparisons of historical data are not possible without major adjustments. For example, the 1980 major group "sales occupations" is substantially larger than the 1970 category "sales workers." Major additions include "cashiers" from "clerical workers" and some selfemployed proprietors in retail trade establishments from "managers and administrators, except farm." The industrial classification system used in the 1980 census was based on the 1972 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system, as modified in 1977. The adoption of the new system had much less of an adverse effect on historical comparability than did the new occupational system. The most notable changes from the 1970 system were the transfer of farm equipment stores from "retail" to "wholesale" trade, postal service from "public administration" to "transportation," and some interchange between "professional and related services" and "public administration." Additional information on the 1980 census occupational and industrial classification systems appears in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Beginning in January 1983" in the February 1983 issue of this publication. Beginning in January 1992, the occupational and industrial classification systems used in the 1990 census were introduced into the CPS. (These systems were largely based on the 1980 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) and 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) systems, respectively.) There were a few breaks in comparability between the 1980 and 1990 censusbased systems, particularly within the "technical, sales, and administrative support" categories. The most notable changes in industry classification were the shift of several industries from "business services" to "professional services" and the splitting of some industries into smaller, more detailed categories. A number of industry titles were changed as well, with no change in content. Sampling Since the inception of the survey, there have been various changes in the design of the CPS sample. The sample is traditionally redesigned and a new sample selected after each decennial census. Also, the number of sample areas and the number of sample persons are changed occasionally. Most of these changes are made to improve the efficiency of the sample design, increase the reliability of the sample estimates, or control cost. Changes in this regard since 1960 are as follows: When 144

Alaska and Hawaii received statehood in 1959 and 1960, respectively, three sample areas were added to the existing sample to account for the population of these States. In January 1978, a supplemental sample of 9,000 housing units, selected in 24 States and the District of Columbia, was designed to provide more reliable annual average estimates for States. In October 1978, a coverage improvement sample of approximately 450 sample household units representing 237,000 occupied mobile homes and 600,000 new construction housing units was added. In January 1980, another supplemental sample of 9,000 households selected in 32 States and the District of Columbia was added. A sample reduction of about 6,000 units was implemented in 1981. In January 1982, the sample was expanded by 100 households to provide additional coverage in counties added to the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSAs), which were redefined in 1973. In January 1985, a new Statebased CPS sample was selected based on 1980 census information. A sample reduction of about 4,000 households was implemented in April 1988; they were reinstated during the 8month period, AprilNovember 1989. A redesigned CPS sample based on the 1990 decennial census was selected for use during the 1990s. Households from this new sample were phased into the CPS between April 1994 and 1995. The 1995 sample was the first monthly sample based entirely on the 1990 census. For further information on the 1990 sample redesign, see "Redesign of the Sample for the Current Population Survey" in the 1994 issue of this publication. The original 1990 censusbased sample design included about 66,000 housing units per month located in 792 selected geographic areas called primary sampling units (PSUs). The sample was initially selected to meet specific reliability criteria for the Nation, for each of the 50 States and the District of Columbia, and for the substate areas of New York City and the Los AngelesLong Beach metropolitan area. In 1996, the original sample design reliability criteria were modified to reduce costs. The current criteria, given below, are based on the coefficient of variation (CV) of the unemployment level, where the CV is defined as the standard error of the estimate divided by the estimate, expressed as a percentage. These CV controls assume a 6percent unemployment rate to establish a consistent specification of sampling error. The current sample design, introduced in January 1996, includes about 59,000 households from 754 sample areas and maintains a percent C V on national monthly estimates of unemployment level. This translates into a change of 0.2 percentage point in the unemployment rate being significant at a 90percent confidence level. For each of the 50 States and for the District of Columbia, the design maintains a CV of at most 8percent on the annual average estimate of unemployment level, assuming a 6percent unemployment rate. Due to the national reliability criterion, estimates for several large States are substantially more reliable than the State design criterion requires. Annual average unemployment estimates for California, Florida, New York, and Texas, for example, carry a CV of less than 4 percent. In the first stage of sampling, the 754 sample areas are chosen. In the second stage, ultimate sampling unit clusters composed of about four housing units each are selected. Each month, about 59,000 housing units are assigned for data collection, of which about 50,000 are occupied and thus eligible for interview. The remainder are units found to be destroyed, vacant, converted to nonresidential use, containing persons whose usual place of residence is elsewhere, or ineligible for other reasons. Of the 50,000 housing units, about 6.5 percent are not interviewed in a given month due to temporary absence (vacation, etc.), other failures to make contact after repeated attempts, inability of persons contacted to respond, unavailability for other reasons, and refusals to cooperate (about half of the noninterviews). Information is obtained each month for about 94,000 persons 16 years of age or older. Selection of sample areas. The entire area of the United States, consisting of 3,141 counties and independent cities, is divided into 2,007 sample units (PSUs). In most States, a PSU consists of a county or a number of contiguous counties. In New England and Hawaii, minor civil divisions are used instead of counties. Metropolitan areas within a State are used as a basis for forming PSUs. Outside of metropolitan areas, counties normally are combined except when the geographic area of an individual county is too large. Combining counties to form PSUs provides greater heterogeneity; a typical PSU includes urban and rural residents of both high and low economic levels and encompasses, to the extent feasible, diverse occupations and industries. Another important consideration is that the PSU be sufficiently compact so that, with a small sample spread throughout, it can be efficiently canvassed without undue travel cost. The 2,007 PSUs are grouped into strata within each State. Then one PSU is selected from each stratum with the probability of selection proportional to the population of the PSU. Nationally, there are a total of 428 PSUs in strata by themselves. These strata are selfrepresenting and are generally the most populous PSUs in each State. The 326 remaining strata are formed by combining PSUs that are similar in such characteristics as unemployment, proportion of housing units with three or more persons, number of persons employed in various industries, and average monthly wages for various industries. The single PSU randomly selected from each of these strata is nonselfrepresenting because it represents not only itself but the entire stratum. The probability of selecting a particular PSU in a nonselfrepresenting stratum is proportional to its 1990 population. For example, within a stratum, the chance that a PSU with a population of 50,000 would be selected for the sample is twice that for a PSU having a population of 25,000. Selection of sample households. Because the sample design is State based, the sampling ratio differs by State and 145

depends on State population size as well as both national and State reliability requirements. The State sampling ratios range roughly from 1 in every 100 households to 1 in every 3,000 households. The sampling ratio occasionally is modified slightly to hold the size of the sample relatively constant given the overall growth of the population. The sampling ratio used within a sample PSU depends on the probability of selection of the PSU and the sampling ratio for the State. In a sample PSU with a probability of selection of 1 in 10 and a State sampling ratio of 3,000, a within PSU sampling ratio of 1 in 300 achieves the desired ratio of 1 in 3,000 for the stratum. The 1990 withinpsu sample design was developed using blocklevel data from the 1990 census. (The 1990 census was the first decennial census that produced data at the block level for the entire country.) Normally, census blocks are bounded by streets and other prominent physical features such as rivers or railroad tracks. County, minor civil division, and census place limits also serve as block boundaries. In cities, blocks can be bounded by four streets and be quite small in land area. In rural areas, blocks can be several square miles in size. For the purpose of sample selection, census blocks were grouped into three strata: Unit, group quarters, and area. (Occasionally, units within a block were split between the unit and group quarters strata.) The unit stratum contained regular housing units with addresses that were easy to locate (e.g., most single family homes, townhouses, condominiums, apartment units, and mobile homes). The group quarters stratum contained housing units where residents shared common facilities or received formal or authorized care or custody. Unit and group quarters blocks exist primarily in urban areas. The area stratum contains blocks with addresses that are more difficult to locate. Area blocks exist primarily in rural areas. To reduce the variability of the survey estimates and to ensure that the withinpsu sample would reflect the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the PSU, blocks within the unit, group quarters, and area strata were sorted using geographic and blocklevel data from the census. Examples of the census variables used for sorting include proportion of minority renteroccupied housing units, proportion of housing units with female householders, and proportion of owneroccupied housing units. The specific sorting variables used differed by type of PSU (urban or rural) and stratum. Within each block, housing units were sorted geographically and grouped into clusters of approximately four units. A systematic sample of these clusters was then selected independently from each stratum using the appropriate within PSU sampling ratio. The geographic clustering of the sample units reduces field representative travel costs. Prior to interviewing, special listing procedures are used to locate the particular sample addresses in the group quarters and area blocks. Units in the three strata described above all existed at the time of the 1990 decennial census. Through a series of additional procedures, a sample of building permits is included in the CPS to represent housing units built after the decennial census. Adding these newly built units keeps the sample uptodate and representative of the population. It also helps to keep the sample size stable: over the life of the sample, the addition of newly built housing units compensates for the loss of "old" units which may be abandoned, demolished, or converted to nonresidential use. Rotation of sample. Part of the sample is changed each month. Each monthly sample is divided into eight representative subsamples or rotation groups. A given rotation group is interviewed for a total of 8 months, divided into two equal periods. It is in the sample for 4 consecutive months, leaves the sample during the following 8 months, and then returns for another 4 consecutive months. In each monthly sample, one of the eight rotation groups is in the first month of enumeration, another rotation group is in the second month, and so on. Under this system, 75 percent of the sample is common from month to month and 50 percent from year to year for the same month. This procedure provides a substantial amount of monthtomonth and yeartoyear overlap in the sample, thus providing better estimates of change and reducing discontinuities in the series of data without burdening any specific group of households with an unduly long period of inquiry. CPS sample, 1947 to present. Table 1A provides a description of some aspects of the CPS sample designs in use since 1947. A more detailed account of the history of the CPS sample design appears in The Current Population Survey: Design and Methodology, Technical Paper No. 40, Bureau of the Census, or Concepts and Methods Used in Labor Force Statistics Derived from the Current Population Survey, Report 463, Bureau of Labor Statistics. A description of the 1990 censusbased sample design appears in "Redesign of the Sample for the Current Population Survey," in the 1994 issue of this publication. ESTIMATING METHODS Under the estimating methods used in the CPS, all of the results for a given month become available simultaneously and are based on returns from the entire panel of respondents. The estimation procedure involves weighting the data from each sample person by the inverse of the probability of the person being in the sample. This gives a rough measure of the number of actual persons that the sample person represents. Since 1985, most sample persons within the same State have had the same probability of selection. Some selection probabilities may differ within a State due to the sample design or for operational reasons. Field subsampling, for example, which is carried out when areas selected for the sample are found to contain many more households than expected, may cause probabilities of selection to differ for some sample areas within a State. Through a series of estimation steps (outlined below), the selection probabilities are adjusted for noninterviews and survey undercoverage; 146

Table 1A. Characteristics of the CPS sample, 1947 to present Time period Number of sample areas Interviewed Households eligible Not interviewed Households visited but not eligible Aug. 1947 to Jan. 1954 Feb. 1954 to Apr. 1956 1956 to Dec. 1959 Jan. 1960 to Feb. 1963 Mar. 1963 to Dec. 1966 Jan. 1967 to 1971 Aug. 1971 to 1972 Aug. 1972 to Dec. 1977 Jan. 1978 to Dec. 1979 Jan. 1980 to Apr. 1981 1981 to Dec. 1984 Jan. 1985 to Mar. 1988 Apr. 1988 to Mar. 1989 April 1989 to Oct. 1994 3 Nov. 1994 to Aug. 1995 4 Sept. 1995 to Dec. 1995 Jan. 1996 to present 68 230 1 330 2 333 357 449 449 461 614 629 629 729 729 729 792 792 754 21,000 21,000 33,500 33,500 33,500 48,000 45,000 45,000 53,500 62,200 57,800 57,000 53,200 57,400 54,500 52,900 46,800 5001,000 5001,000 1,500 1,500 1,500 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,500 2,800 2,500 2,500 2,600 2,600 3,500 3,400 3,200 3,0003,500 3,0003,500 6,000 6,000 6,000 8,500 8,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 11,000 11,000 11,500 11,800 10,000 9,700 9,000 1 Beginning in 1956, these areas were chosen to provide coverage in each State and the District of Columbia. 2 Three sample areas were added in 1960 to represent Alaska and Hawaii after statehood. 3 The sample was increased incrementally during the 8month period, April November 1989. 4 Includes 2,000 additional assigned housing units from Georgia and Virginia that were gradually phased in during the 10month period, October 1994 August1995. data from previous months are incorporated into the estimates through the composite estimation procedure. /. Noninterview adjustment. The weights for all interviewed households are adjusted to account for occupied sample households for which no information was obtained because of absence, impassable roads, refusals, or unavailability of the respondents for other reasons. This noninterview adjustment is made separately for clusters of similar sample areas that are usually, but not necessarily, contained within a State. Similarity of sample areas is based on Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) status and size. Within each cluster, there is a further breakdown by residence. Each MSA cluster is split by "central city" and "balance of the MSA." Each nonmsa cluster is split by "urban" and "rural" residence categories. The proportion of sample households not interviewed varies from 6 to 7 percent, depending on weather, vacation, etc. 2. Ratio estimates. The distribution of the population selected for the sample may differ somewhat, by chance, from that of the population as a whole in such characteristics as age, race, sex, and State of residence. Because these characteristics are closely correlated with labor force participation and other principal measurements made from the sample, the survey estimates can be substantially improved when weighted appropriately by the known distribution of these population characteristics. This is accomplished through two stages of ratio adjustment, as follows: a. Firststage ratio estimation. The purpose of the firststage ratio adjustment is to reduce the contribution to variance that results from selecting a sample of PSUs rather than drawing sample households from every PSU in the Nation. This adjustment is made to the CPS weights in two race cells: Black and nonblack; it is applied only to PSUs that are not selfrepresenting and for those States that have a substantial number of black households. The procedure corrects for differences that existed in each State cell at the time of the 1990 census between 1) the race distribution of the population in sample PSUs and 2) the race distribution of all PSUs (both 1 and 2 exclude selfrepresenting PSUs). b. Secondstage ratio estimation. This procedure substantially reduces the variability of estimates and corrects, to some extent, for CPS undercover age. The CPS sample weights are adjusted to ensure that samplebased estimates of population match independent population controls. Three sets of controls are used: 1) 51 State controls of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years of age and older, 2) National civilian noninstitutional population controls for 14 Hispanic and 5 nonhispanic agesex categories, 3) National civilian noninstitutional population controls for 66 white, 42 black, and 10 "other" agesex categories. The independent population controls are prepared by projecting forward the resident population as enumerated on April 1, 1990. The projections are derived by updating demographic census data with information from a variety of other data sources that account for births, deaths, and net migration. Estimated numbers of resident Armed Forces per 147

sonnel and institutionalized persons reduce the resident population to the civilian noninstitutional population. Estimates of net census undercount, determined from the Post Enumeration Survey, are added to the population projections. Prior to January 1994, the projections were based on earlier censuses, and there was no correction for census undercount. A summary of the current procedures used to make population projections is given in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January 1994," appearing in the February 1994 issue of this publication. 3. Composite estimation procedure. The last step in the preparation of most CPS estimates makes use of a composite estimation procedure. The composite estimate consists of a weighted average of two factors: The twostage ratio estimate based on the entire sample from the current month and the composite estimate for the previous month, plus an estimate of the monthtomonth change based on the six rotation groups common to both months. In addition, a bias adjustment term is added to the weighted average to account for relative bias associated with monthinsample estimates. This monthinsample bias is exhibited by unemployment estimates for persons in their first and fifth months in the CPS being generally higher than estimates obtained for the other months. The composite estimate results in a reduction in the sampling error beyond that which is achieved after the two stages of ratio adjustment. For some items, the reduction is substantial. The resultant gains in reliability are greatest in estimates of monthtomonth change, although gains are also usually obtained for estimates of level in a given month, change from year to year, and change over other intervals of time. Rounding of estimates The sums of individual items may not always equal the totals shown in the same tables because of independent rounding of totals and components to the nearest thousand. Similarly, sums of percent distributions may not always equal 100 percent because of rounding. Differences, however, are insignificant. Reliability of the estimates There are two types of errors possible in an estimate based on a sample survey sampling and nonsampling. The standard errors provided indicate primarily the magnitude of the sampling error. They also incorporate the effect of some nonsampling errors in response and enumeration but do not account for any systematic biases in the data. Nonsampling error. The full extent of nonsampling error is unknown, but special studies have been conducted to quantify some sources of nonsampling error in the CPS, as discussed below. The effect of nonsampling error should be small on estimates of relative change, such as monthtomonth change. Estimates of monthly levels would be more severely affected by the nonsampling error. Nonsampling errors in surveys can be attributed to many sources, e.g., the inability to obtain information about all persons in the sample; differences in the interpretation of questions; inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information; inability to recall information; errors made in collecting and processing the data; errors made in estimating values for missing data; and failure to represent all sample households and all persons within sample households (undercoverage). Nonsampling errors occurring in the interview phase of the survey are studied by means of a reinterview program. This program is used to estimate various sources of error as well as to evaluate and control the work of the interviewers. A random sample of each interviewer's work is inspected through reinterview at regular intervals. The results indicate, among other things, that the data published from the CPS are subject to moderate systematic biases. A description of the CPS reinterview program and some of the other results may be found in The Current Population Survey Reinterview Program, January 1961 through December 1966, Technical Paper No. 19, Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce. The effects of some components of nonsampling error in the CPS data can be examined as a result of the rotation plan used for the sample, since the level of the estimates varies by rotation group. A description of these effects appears in "The Effects of Rotation Group Bias on Estimates From Panel Surveys," by Barbara A. Bailar, Journal of the American Statistical Association, Volume 70, No. 349, March 1975. Undercoverage in the CPS results from missed housing units and missed persons within sample households. The CPS covers about 92 percent of the decennial census population (adjusted for census undercount). It is known that the CPS undercoverage varies with age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. Generally, undercoverage is larger for men than for women and larger for blacks, Hispanics, and other races than for whites. Ratio adjustment to independent agesexraceorigin population controls, as described previously, partially corrects for the biases due to survey undercoverage. However, biases exist in the estimates to the extent that missed persons in missed households or missed persons in interviewed households have different characteristics than interviewed persons in the same agesexraceorigin group. Additional information on nonsampling error in the CPS appears in An Error Profile: Employment as Measured by the Current Population Survey, by Camilla Brooks and Barbara Bailar, Statistical Policy Working Paper 3, U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Federal Statistical Policy and Standards; in "The Current Population Survey: An Overview," by Marvin Thompson and Gary Shapiro, Annals of Economic and Social Measurement, Vol. 2, April 1973; and in The Current Population Survey y Design and Methodology, Technical Paper No. 40, Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce. This last document includes a comprehensive discussion of various 148

sources of errors and describes attempts to measure them in the CPS. Sampling error. When a sample rather than the entire population is surveyed, estimates differ from the true population values that they represent. This difference, or sampling error, occurs by chance, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. Sample estimates from a given survey design are unbiased when an average of the estimates from all possible samples would yield, hypothetically, the true population value. In this case, the sample estimate and its standard error can be used to construct approximate confidence intervals, or ranges of values, that include the true population value with known probabilities. If the process of selecting a sample from the population were repeated many times and an estimate and its standard error calculated for each sample, then: 1. Approximately 68 percent of the intervals from one standard error below the estimate to one standard error above the estimate would include the true population value. 2. Approximately 90 percent of the intervals from 1.6 standard errors below the estimate to 1.6 standard errors above the estimate would include the true population value. 3. Approximately 95 percent of the intervals from two standard errors below the estimate to two standard errors above the estimate would include the true population value. Although the estimating methods used in the CPS do not produce unbiased estimates, biases for most estimates are believed to be small enough so that these confidence interval statements are approximately true. Since it would be too costly to develop standard errors for all CPS estimates, generalized variance function techniques are used to calculate sets of standard errors for various types of labor force characteristics. It is important to keep in mind that standard errors computed from these methods reflect contributions from sampling errors and some kinds of nonsampling errors and indicate the general magnitude of an estimate's standard error rather than its precise value. The generalized variance functions and standard errors provided here are based on the sample design and estimation procedures as of 1987 and have been adjusted to reflect the population levels and sample size as of 1996. Standard errors for years prior to 1996 may be roughly approximated by adjusting, as follows, the standard errors presented here. 1. For the years 1967 through 1995, multiply the standard errors by 0.96. 2. For the years 1956 through 1966, multiply the standard errors by 17. 3. For years prior to 1956, multiply the standard errors by 1.44. Table 1B. Standard errors for major employment status categories (In thousands) Category Total, 16 years and over: Men, 20 years and over: Women, 20 years and over: Both sexes, 16 to 19 years: Black, 16 years and over: Men, 20 years and over: Women, 20 years and over: Both sexes, 16 to 19 years: Hispanic origin, 16 years and over: Monthly level 293 312 145 194 206 97 219 224 91 97 96 62 138 140 66 78 71 43 98 97 44 40 35 32 130 134 63 Consecutivemonth change 216 235 161 164 174 113 165 171 105 95 95 81 101 105 76 69 72 50 73 74 51 42 37 37 91 107 73 More accurate standard error estimates for historical CPS data may be found in previous issues of this publication. Tables 1B through 1H are provided so that approximate standard errors of estimates can be easily obtained. These tables are briefly summarized here; details illustrating the proper use of each table follow. Tables 1B and 1C show standard errors for estimated monthly levels and rates for selected employment status characteristics; these tables also provide standard errors for consecutive monthtomonth changes in the estimates. These standard errors are based on levels of recent estimates and can be determined directly by finding the characteristic of interest. Tables 1D and 1E show standard errors for monthly levels and consecutive monthly changes in levels for general employment status characteristics. The standard errors are 149

Table 1C. Standard errors for unemployment rates by major characteristics Characteristic Total, 16 years and over Men, 16 years and over Men, 20 years and over Women, 16 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 16 to 19 years White workers Black workers Hispanicorigin workers Married men, spouse present Married women, spouse present Women who maintain families Occupation Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technicians and related support Sales Administrative support, including clerical.. Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective service Precision production, craft, and repair Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing Industry Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers Goodsproducing industries Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Serviceproducing industries Transportation, communications, and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Finance and services Government workers Agricultural wage and salary workers Monthly level 01 5 4 6 6.74 1.45.50 5 8.54.20.20.45.30.25 1.75.67.38.34.49.55.73.73 3.25 1.39.68.26.32.42 5.42.27 9.21 18 Consecutivemonth change 03 8 7 9 9.97 3.53.59 8.22.64.24.23.54.36.30 8.80.45.40.58.66.87.87 5.30 1.65.81.31.38.50 8.50.32.23.25 1.40 calculated using linear interpolation based on the size of the monthly estimates. Tables 1F and 1G give parameters that can be used with formulas to calculate a standard error on nearly any specified level, unemployment rate, percentage, or consecutive monthtomonth change. For monthly levels and consecutive monthtomonth changes in levels, tables 1F and 1G are preferred to tables 1D and 1E, since the formulas provide more accurate results than linear interpolation. Table 1H presents factors used to convert standard errors of monthly levels and rates determined from tables 1 B, 1C, 1D, and 1F to standard errors pertaining to quarterly and yearly averages, consecutive yeartoyear changes of monthly estimates, and changes in quarterly and yearly averages. The standard errors for estimated changes from 1 month to the next, 1 year to the next, etc., depend more on the monthly levels for characteristics than on the size of the changes. Accordingly, tables 1E, 1G, and 1H use monthly levels (not the magnitude of the changes) for approximating standard errors of change. Standard errors for estimated change between nonconsecutive months are not provided (except for yeartoyear change); however, these may be assumed to be higher than the standard errors for consecutive monthly change. Use of tables 1B and 1C. These table provide a quick reference for standard errors of major characteristics. Table 1B gives approximate standard errors for estimates of monthly levels and consecutive monthtomonth changes in levels for major employment status categories. Table 1C gives approximate standard errors for estimates of monthly unemployment rates and consecutive monthtomonth changes in unemployment rates for some demographic, industrial, and occupational categories. For characteristics not given in tables 1 B and 1 C, refer to either tables 1 D and 1 E or tables 1F and 1G. Illustration. Suppose that for a given month the number of women 20 years and over in the civilian labor force is estimated to be 54,000,000. For this characteristic, the approximate standard error of 219,000 is given in table 1B in the row, "Total, 16 years and over: Women, 20 years and over:." A 90percent confidence interval, as shown by these data, would then be the interval from 53,650,000 to 54,350,000. Concluding that the true labor force level lies within this interval would be correct for roughly 90 percent of all possible samples. Use of tables 1D and 1E. From these tables, approximate standard errors can be calculated for estimates of monthly levels and monthtomonth changes in levels for major labor force characteristics by race and Hispanic origin. For major categories not shown, such as male or female, tables 1F and 1G can be used. Standard errors for intermediate values not shown in the tables may be approximated by linear interpolation. For table 1E, which applies to estimates of consecutive monthtomonth change, the average of the two monthly levels (not the change) is used to select the appropriate row in the table. Illustration. Assume that between 2 consecutive months the estimated number of employed persons changed from 115,600,000 to 116,700,000, an apparent increase of 1,100,000. The approximate standard error on this monthtomonth change estimate is based on the average level of the estimate for the 2 months, 116,150,000. Using the 150

Table 1 D. Standard errors for estimates of monthly levels (In thousands) Estimated monthly level Agricultural employment Total or white Black Total or white Unemployment Black Characteristic Hispanic origin Labor force data other than agricultural employment and unemployment Total White Black Hispanic origin Civilian labor force or not in labor force 50 100 500 1,000... 2,000... 4,000... 6,000... 8,000... 10,000. 15,000. 20,000. 30,000. 40,000. 50,000. 60,000. 70,000. 80,000. 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 180,000 12 18 41 62 96 157 216 273 330 13 18 39 55 76 12 17 38 54 76 107 131 150 167 201 228 13 18 39 54 74 96 106 108 101 13 19 42 59 82 113 12 17 39 54 77 108 131 151 168 202 229 271 302 324 340 350 354 349 322 267 12 17 39 54 77 108 131 150 167 201 227 267 296 315 327 333 333 313 264 159 13 18 39 55 76 103 120 131 137 137 113 14 20 44 61 83 111 126 134 135 110 14 20 44 61 83 111 126 134 135 110 Table 1E. Standard errors for estimates of monthtomonth change in levels (In thousands) Estimated monthly level Agricultural employment Total or white Black Total or white Unemployment Black Characteristic Hispanic origin Total Labor force data other than agricultural employment and unemployment White Black Hispanic origin Civilian labor force or not in labor force 50 100 500 1,000... 2,000... 4,000... 6,000... 8,000... 10,000.. 15,000.. 20,000.. 30,000.. 40,000.. 50,000.. 60,000.. 70,000.. 80,000.. 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 180,000 14 19 43 59 78 95 94 73 12 17 37 52 72 14 20 46 64 89 124 148 166 180 204 215 15 21 46 63 84 104 106 92 47 16 22 50 69 95 127 10 14 32 45 63 88 108 123 137 165 187 221 245 262 274 281 283 274 246 188 10 14 32 45 63 88 108 123 137 165 187 221 245 262 274 281 283 274 246 188 10 15 33 45 62 84 97 104 108 100 58 12 17 37 51 70 93 105 110 110 79 10 14 31 43 59 78 89 94 95 76 151

table 1E column titled "Labor force data other than agricultural employment and unemployment, Total," it is necessary to find the standard errors corresponding to the two monthly level entries between which the value 116,150,000 lies. The standard error corresponding to 100,000,000 is given as 274,000, and the standard error corresponding to 120,000,000 is given as 246,000. Use linear interpolation to find the approximate standard error on monthtomonth change corresponding to the level 116,150,000; one method of calculation is given below. 24 f 120,000,000116,150,000^^ ( {120,000,000 100,000,000 ) Thus, a 90percent confidence interval for the true monthtomonth change would be approximately the interval from 698,000 to 1,502,000. Use of tables 1F andlg. These tables can be used to find approximate standard errors for a wide range of estimated monthly levels, proportions, rates, and estimates of consecutive monthly change. Instead of displaying standard errors, these tables provide parameters to be used with the formulas given below that allow the user to calculate standard errors. Table 1G, which applies to estimates of consecutive monthly change, lists parameters for some characteristics classified by a measure of correlation between monthly estimates. Estimates of the number of persons employed full time, for example, change relatively little from one month to the next, and the two monthly estimates are said to be highly correlated. Consecutive monthly estimates of parttime employment, by contrast, have low correlation, since these estimates are relatively volatile. Major characteristics for which consecutive monthly estimates are known to have high or low correlation are indicated in table 1G. Not all categories in table 1G, however, are broken down into low or high correlation characteristics. When high or low correlation is not specified in table 1G, the parameters in table 1G should be selected from the rows labeled "Most characteristics" or from rows not specifying correlation. Standard errors of estimated levels. The approximate standard error, s x, of an estimated monthly level, x, can be obtained using the formula below, where a and b are the parameters from table 1 F associated with the particular characteristic. The same formula can be used to approximate the standard error of an estimated monthtomonth change in level; simply average the levels for the 2 consecutive months and use the parameters from table 1G. s x V ax 2 + bx Illustration. Assume that in a given month there are an estimated 6 million unemployed men in the civilian labor force (x = 6,000,000). Obtain the appropriate a and b parameters from table 1F ("Unemployment: Total or white"). Use the formula to compute an approximate standard error on the estimate of 6,000,000. a = 0.000017962 b 29573 S x = 7(0.000017962X6,000,000) 2 + (29573X6,000,000) = 131,000 Suppose that in the next month the estimated number of unemployed men increases by 200,000 to 6,200,000. The average of the monthly levels is x = 6,100,000. Obtain the appropriate a and b parameters from table 1G ("Unemployment: Total or white, Total, men, women"). Use the formula to compute an approximate standard error on the estimated change of 200,000. a = 0.000093662 4194 S x =V(0.000093662)(6,100,000) 2 +(4194X6,100,000) = 149,000 An approximate 90percent confidence interval for the true monthtomonth change would be the interval from 38,000 to 438,000. Because this interval covers zero, one cannot assert at this level of confidence that any real change has occurred in the unemployment level. This result can also be expressed by saying that the apparent change of 200,000 is not significant at a 90percent confidence level. Standard errors of estimated percentages and rates. Generally, percentages and rates are not published unless the monthly base (denominator) is greater than 75,000 persons, the quarterly average base is greater than 60,000 persons, or the annual average base is greater than 35,000 persons. The reliability of an estimated percentage or rate depends upon the magnitude of the percentage or rate and its base. When the numerator and base are in different categories, use the parameters from table 1F or 1G relevant to the numerator. The approximate standard error, s y p, of an estimated percentage or rate, p, can be obtained using the following formula, where y is the estimated number of persons in the base. s y, p = ^ Illustration. For a given month, suppose that 5,600,000 women, 20 to 24 years of age, are estimated to be employed. Of this total, 1,800,000 or 32 percent are classified as parttime workers. To estimate the standard error on this percentage, proceed as follows. Obtain the parameter b = 2529.99 from table 1F ("Labor force and notinlaborforce 152

Table 1F. Parameters for computation of standard errors for estimates of monthly levels Characteristic Labor force and notinlaborforce data other than agricultural employment and unemployment: TotaM Men 1 Women Both sexes, 16 to 19 years White 1 Men Women Both sexes, 16 to 19 years... Black Men Women Both sexes, 16 to 19 years... Hispanic origin Not in labor force, total or white, excluding women and 16to 19 year olds Agricultural employment: Total or white Men Women or both sexes, 16 to 19 years 0.000017682.000032770.000029553.000171805.000020028.000036840.000033710.000204195.000125300.000302096.000182509.001294516.000206380.000005931.000782035.000858136.000024885 2986 2765 2529.99 2542 2982 2766.67 2526.82 2549.88 3139.26 2930.79 2637.41 2949.48 3891 828.79 3048.57 2829 2589 2690.59 (33)(10033) 1.0 percent V5,650,000 It should be noted that the numerator of the percentage (parttime employed) determined the choice of correlation. If the example had illustrated percentages of women employed full time, the numerator would have been a high correlation characteristic. Table 1 G, however, does not explicitly list high correlation parameters for employed women; thus, the row labeled "Women, Most characteristics" would have been used. Had the example dealt with teenage women employed part time, either of two rows in table 1G could have been applied ("Women: Low correlation characteristics" or "Both sexes, 16 to 19 years"). In situations like this, where it is not clear which row applies, a general rule to follow is to choose the row with the largest b parameter. This gives a more conservative estimate of standard error. Use of table 1H. Use this table with table 1B, 1C, 1D, or 1F to calculate approximate standard errors for quarterly or yearly averages, changes in consecutive quarterly or yearly averages, and consecutive yeartoyear changes in monthly estimates. Table 1 H gives factors that can be used to convert standard errors for monthly levels into standard errors for other time periods and changes over time. Follow these three basic steps: Black Hispanic origin: Total or women Men or both sexes, 16 to 19 years Unemployment:.000134884.011857446.015736341 3156 2895 1700 Step 1. Average estimates appropriately. For quarterly estimates, average the 3 monthly estimates. For yearly estimates, average the 12 monthly estimates. For changes in consecutive averages, average over the 2 quarters or 2 years. For consecutive yeartoyear changes in monthly estimates, average the 2 months involved. Total or white Black Hispanic origin 1 Excludes notinlaborforce data..000017962.000212109.000101820 29573 3149.77 3576.47 Step 2. Obtain a standard error on a monthly estimate using table 1B or 1C, or apply the procedures for table 1 D or 1F to the average calculated in step 1, as if the average were an estimate for a single month. data other than agricultural employment and unemployment: Total, Women"). Apply the formula to obtain: / 9529 99 (32)(i0032) = 1.0 percent 5,600,000 Suppose that in the next month 5,700,000 women in this same age group are reported employed and that 1,950,000 or 34 percent are parttime workers. To estimate the standard error on the observed monthtomonth change of 2 percentage points, first average the values for p and y over the 2 months to get p = 33 percent and y = 5,650,000. Next, obtain the parameter b = 2690.59 from table 1G ("Labor force and notinlaborforce data other than agricultural employment and unemployment: Total or white, Women: Low correlation characteristics") and apply the formula as follows. Step 3. Determine the standard error on the average or on the estimate of change. Multiply the result from step 2 by the appropriate factor from table 1 H. Illustration. Suppose that standard errors are desired for a quarterly average of black employment levels and for the change in averages from 1 quarter to the next. For each successive month of the first quarter, suppose the levels are observed to be 11,500,000, 11,600,000, and 11,700,000. Step 1. The quarterly average is 11,600,000. Step 2. Obtain the a and b parameters from table 1F ("Labor force and notinlaborforce data other than agricultural employment and unemployment: Black"). Use the 153

Table 1 G. Parameters for computation of standard errors for estimates of monthtomonth change in levels Characteristic Labor force and notinlaborforce data other than agricultural employment and unemployment: Total or white: Most characteristics High correlation characteristics 1 Low correlation characteristics 1 Men: Most characteristics High correlation characteristics Low correlation characteristics Women: Most characteristics Low correlation characteristics Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Black: Most characteristics Low correlation characteristics Men: Most characteristics Low correlation characteristics Women: Most characteristics Low correlation characteristics Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Hispanic origin: Total and not in labor force Low correlation characteristics Men, civilian labor force and not in labor force Men, 16 years and over; 20 years and over; and both sexes, 16 to 19 years Women, 16 years and over and 20 years and over Agricultural employment: Total or white: Total Men Women or both sexes, 16 to 19 years Black: Total or women Men or both sexes, 16 to 19 years Hispanic origin: Total or women Men or both sexes, 16 to 19 years Selfemployed Unemployment: 2 Total or white: Total, men, women Both sexes, 16 to 19 years and low correlation characteristics... Black: Total, men, women, and both sexes, 16 to 19 years High correlation characteristics Hispanic origin: Total, men, women Both sexes, 16 to 19 years and low correlation characteristics... 0.000012482.000009288.000016162.000022599.000016814.000058387.000021229.000059785.000186555.000098960.001928030.000234427.002881467.000156363.002311407.001288452.000157201.000102898.002624078.000248038.000398909.000338741.000395757.000672985.000130289.000122355.019110769.002872129.002884390.000245791.000093662.000071624.000414217.000048170.000252897.000996431 20012 1564 2550.56 19213 1500.99 2668.56 1689.99 2690.59 2616.54 2147.36 6512 2280.03 5829.60 1860.78 54203 3131.77 2773 1930.51 8620.43 2347.42 3612 2569.69 3838.04 3959.25 2367.00 2861.72 5876.77 4640.81 40280 2097 4194 5121.75 43616 3088.91 5055 7037.75 1 High correlation characteristics include employed fulltime, manufacturing, service workers, and not in the labor force. Low correlation characteristics include all parttime workers; employed, with a job, but not at work; unpaid family workers; and precision production, craft, and repair occupations. 2 High correlation characteristics include fulltime jobseekers; job losers; manufacturing workers; and operators, fabricators, and laborers. Low correlation characteristics include parttime jobseekers, reentrants, persons unemployed for less than 5 weeks and from 5 to 14 weeks. 154

formula for s x to compute an approximate standard error for a monthly estimate of 11,600,000. a = 0.000125300 b = 3139.26 S x = ^(O.OOO 125300)0 l,600,000) 2 +(3139.26)(11,600,000) = 140,000 Step 3. Multiply this result by the factor.87 from table 1H (column labeled "Quarterly averages" and row labeled "Labor force and notinlaborforce data other than agricultural employment and unemployment, Black"). This gives an approximate standard error of 122,000 on the quarterly average of 11,600,000. Proceed to obtain the approximate standard error on the change in consecutive quarterly average estimates of black employment. Assume that black employment estimates for the months in the second quarter are observed to be 11,100,000, 11,200,000, and 11,300,000. Step 1. The average for the second quarter is 11,200,000. The average of the 2 quarters is 11,400,000. Step 2. Obtain the a and b parameters as above and use the formula for s x to compute an approximate standard error for the estimate of 11,400,000, treating it as an estimate for a single month. S x = ^/(O.OOO 125300)01,400,000) 2 +(3139.26)(11,400,000) = 140,000 Step 3. Multiply this result by the factor.84 from table 1H (column labeled "Change in quarterly averages" and row labeled "Labor force and notinlaborforce data other than agricultural employment and unemployment, Black"). This gives an approximate standard error of 118,000 on the estimated change of 400,000 from one quarter to the next. The estimated change clearly exceeds 2 standard errors; therefore, one could conclude from these data that the change in quarterly averages is significant. Table 1H. Factors to be used with tables 1B, 1C, 1D, and 1F to compute the approximate standard errors for levels, rates, and percentages for yeartoyear change of monthly estimates, quarterly averages, change in quarterly averages, yearly averages, and change in yearly averages Factor Characteristic Yearto year change of monthly estimate Quarterly averages Change in quarterly averages Yearly averages Change in yearly averages Agricultural employment: Total or men Women Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Part time 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.40 0.92.82.78.80 0.70.84.88.80 0.79.57.49.59 0.70.70.70.70 Unemployment: Total.. Part time... 1.40 1.40.74.67.88.88.46.42.65.54 Labor force and notinlaborforce data other than agricultural employment and unemployment: Total or white Black Hispanic origin Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Part time... 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.40.87.87.87.79.82.85.84.80.88.90.65.65.65.54.51.70.70.70.70.60 155

Establishment Data ("B" tables) COLLECTION BLS cooperates with State employment security agencies in the Current Employment Statistics (CES) or establishment survey to collect data each month on employment, hours, and earnings from a sample of nonfarm establishments (including government). This sample includes about 390,000 reporting units. From these data, a large number of employment, hours, and earnings series in considerable industry and geographic detail are prepared and published each month. Historical statistics are available athttp:\\stats. bls.gov, the BLS Internet site. Each month, the State agencies collect data on employment, payrolls, and paid hours from a sample of establishments. Data are collected by mail from most respondents; phone collection is used to obtain higher response rates from selected respondents through computerassisted interviews, touchtone selfresponse, and voice recognition technology. The respondents extract the requested data from their payroll records, which must be maintained for a variety of tax and accounting purposes. All firms with 250 employees or more are asked to participate in the survey, as well as a sample of smaller firms. A "shuttle" schedule (BLS form 790 series) is used for mail respondents. It is submitted each month by the respondents, edited by the State agency, and returned to the respondent for use again the following month. The technical characteristics of the shuttle schedule are particularly important in maintaining continuity and consistency in reporting from month to month. The shuttle design automatically exhibits the trends of the reported data covered by the schedule during the year; therefore, the relationship of the current data to the data for the previous months is shown. The schedule also has operational advantages. For example, accuracy and economy are achieved by entering the identification codes and the address of the reporter only once a year. All schedules are edited by the State agencies each month to make sure that the data are correctly reported and that they are consistent with the data reported by the establishment in earlier months and with the data reported by other establishments in the industry. The State agencies forward the data, either on the schedules themselves or in machinereadable form, to BLSWashington. They also use the information provided on the forms to develop State and area estimates of employment, hours, and earnings. At BLS, the data are edited again by computer to detect processing and reporting errors which may have been missed in the initial State editing; the edited data are used to prepare national estimates. It should be noted that for employment, the sum of the State figures will differ from the official U.S. national totals because of the effects of differing industrial and geographic stratification and differences in the timing of benchmark adjustments. CONCEPTS Industrial classification Establishments reporting on Form BLS 790 are classified into industries on the basis of their principal product or activity determined from information on annual sales volume. Since January 1980, this information is collected on a supplement to the quarterly unemployment insurance tax reports filed by employers. For an establishment making more than one product or engaging in more than one activity, the entire employment of the establishment is included under the industry indicated by the principal product or activity. All data on employment, hours, and earnings for the Nation (beginning with August 1990 data) and for States and areas (beginning with January 1990 data) are classified in accordance with the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification Manual (SIC), Office of Management and Budget. Industry employment Employment data, except those for the Federal Government, refer to persons on establishment payrolls who received pay for any part of the pay period which includes the 12th day of the month. For Federal Government establishments, employment figures represent the number of persons who occupied positions on the last day of the calendar month. Intermittent workers are counted if they performed any service during the month. The data exclude proprietors, the selfemployed, unpaid volunteer or family workers, farm workers, and domestic workers. Salaried officers of corporations are included. Government employment covers only civilian employees; military personnel are excluded. Employees of the Central Intelligence Agency and the National Security Agency are also excluded. Persons on establishment payrolls who are on paid sick leave (when pay is received directly from the firm), on paid holiday, on paid vacation, or who work during a part of the pay period even though they are unemployed or on strike during the rest of the period are counted as employed. Not counted as employed are persons who are on layoff, on leave without pay, on strike for the entire period, or who were hired but have not yet reported during the period. Indexes of diffusion of employment change (table B6). These indexes measure the dispersion among industries of the change in employment over the specified time span. 156

Beginning with August 1990 data, the overall indexes are calculated from 356 seasonally adjusted employment series (3digit industries) covering all nonfarm payroll employment in the private sector. The manufacturing diffusion indexes are based on 139 3digit industries. To derive the indexes, each component industry is assigned a value of 0, 50, or 100 percent, depending on whether its employment showed a decrease, no change, or an increase, respectively, over the time span. The average value (mean) is then calculated, and this percent is the diffusion index number. The reference point for diffusion analysis is 50 percent, the value which indicates that the same number of component industries had increased as had decreased. Index numbers above 50 show that more industries had increasing employment, and values below 50 indicate that more had decreasing employment. The margin between the percent that increased and the percent that decreased is equal to the difference between the index and its complement, i.e., 100 minus the index. For example, an index of 65 percent means that 30 percent more industries had increasing employment than had decreasing employment (65( 10065) = 30). However, for dispersion analysis, the distance of the index number from the 50percent reference point is the most significant observation. Although diffusion indexes are commonly interpreted as showing the percent of components that increased over the time span, it should be remembered that the index reflects half of the unchanged components as well. (This is the effect of assigning a value of 50 percent to the unchanged components when computing the index.) Industry hours and earnings Average hours and earnings data are derived from reports of payrolls and hours for production and related workers in manufacturing and mining, construction workers in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in private serviceproducing industries. Production and related workers. This category includes working supervisors and all nonsupervisory workers (including group leaders and trainees) engaged in fabricating, processing, assembling, inspecting, receiving, storing, handling, packing, warehousing, shipping, trucking, hauling, maintenance, repair, janitorial, guard services, product development, auxiliary production for plant's own use (e.g., power plant), recordkeeping, and other services closely associated with the above production operations. Construction workers. This group includes the following employees in the construction division: Working supervisors, qualified craft workers, mechanics, apprentices, helpers, laborers, etc., engaged in new work, alterations, demolition, repair, maintenance, etc., whether working at the site of construction or working in shops or yards at jobs (such as precutting and preassembling) ordinarily performed by members of the construction trades. Nonsupervisory employees. These are employees (not above the working supervisory level) such as office and clerical workers, repairers, salespersons, operators, drivers, physicians, lawyers, accountants, nurses, social workers, research aides, teachers, drafters, photographers, beauticians, musicians, restaurant workers, custodial workers, attendants, line installers and repairers, laborers, janitors, guards, and other employees at similar occupational levels whose services are closely associated with those of the employees listed. Payroll. This refers to the payroll for full and parttime production, construction, or nonsupervisory workers who received pay for any part of the pay period which includes the 12th day of the month. The payroll is reported before deductions of any kind, e.g., for oldage and unemployment insurance, group insurance, withholding tax, bonds, or union dues; also included is pay for overtime, holidays, vacation, and sick leave paid directly by the firm. Bonuses (unless earned and paid regularly each pay period); other pay not earned in the pay period reported (e.g., retroactive pay); tips; and the value of free rent, fuel, meals, or other payment in kind are excluded. Employee benefits (such as health and other types of insurance, contributions to retirement, etc., paid by the employer) are also excluded. Hours. These are the hours paid for during the pay period which includes the 12th of the month for production, construction, or nonsupervisory workers. Included are hours paid for holidays, vacations, and for sick leave when pay is received directly from the firm. Overtime hours. These are hours worked by production or related workers for which overtime premiums were paid because the hours were in excess of the number of hours of either the straighttime workday or the workweek during the pay period which included the 12th of the month. Weekend and holiday hours are included only if overtime premiums were paid. Hours for which only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of premiums were paid are excluded. Average weekly hours. The workweek information relates to the average hours for which pay was received and is different from standard or scheduled hours. Such factors as unpaid absenteeism, labor turnover, parttime work, and stoppages cause average weekly hours to be lower than scheduled hours of work for an establishment. Group averages further reflect changes in the workweek of component industries. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours. The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are prepared by dividing the current month's aggregate by the average of the 12 monthly fig 157

ures for 1982. For basic industries, the hours aggregates are the product of average weekly hours and production worker or nonsupervisory worker employment. At all higher levels of industry aggregation, hours aggregates are the sum of the component aggregates. Average overtime hours. The overtime hours represent that portion of the average weekly hours which exceeded regular hours and for which overtime premiums were paid. If an employee were to work on a paid holiday at regular rates, receiving as total compensation his or her holiday pay plus straighttime pay for hours worked that day, no overtime hours would be reported. Because overtime hours are premium hours by definition, weekly hours and overtime hours do not necessarily move in the same direction from month to month. Such factors as work stoppages, absenteeism, and labor turnover may not have the same influence on overtime hours as on average hours. Diverse trends at the industry group level also may be caused by a marked change in hours for a component industry where little or no overtime was worked in both the previous and current months. Average hourly earnings. Average hourly earnings are on a "gross" basis. They reflect not only changes in basic hourly and incentive wage rates but also such variable factors as premium pay for overtime and lateshift work and changes in output of workers paid on an incentive plan. They also reflect shifts in the number of employees between relatively highpaid and lowpaid work and changes in workers' earnings in individual establishments. Averages for groups and divisions further reflect changes in average hourly earnings for individual industries. Averages of hourly earnings differ from wage rates. Earnings are the actual return to the worker for a stated period of time; rates are the amount stipulated for a given unit of work or time. The earnings series do not measure the level of total labor costs on the part of the employer since the following are excluded: Irregular bonuses, retroactive items, payments of various welfare benefits, payroll taxes paid by employers, and earnings for those employees not covered under production worker, construction worker, or nonsupervisory employee definitions. Average hourly earnings, including lumpsum wage payments. These series are compiled only for aircraft (SIC 3721) and guided missiles and space vehicles (SIC 3761) manufacturing. The same concepts and estimation methods apply to these series as apply to the average hourly earnings series described above; the one difference between the series is definitional. The payroll data used to calculate this series include lumpsum payments made to production workers in lieu of general wage rate increases; such payments are excluded from the definition of gross payrolls used to calculate the other average hourly earnings series. For each sample establishment in SIC 3721 and SIC 3761 covered by a lumpsum agreement, the reported payroll data are adjusted to include a prorated portion of the lumpsum payment. Such payments are generally made once a year and cover the following 12month period. In order to spread the payment across this time period, a prorated portion of the payment is added to the payroll each month. This prorated portion is adjusted by an exit rate to reduce the lumpsum amount to account for persons who received the payment but left before the payment allocation period expired. Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime. Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime premium pay are computed by dividing the total production worker payroll for the industry group by the sum of total production worker hours and onehalf of total overtime hours. No adjustments are made for other premium payment provisions, such as holiday work, lateshift work, and overtime rates other than time and onehalf. Railroad hours and earnings. The figures for Class I railroads plus Amtrak (excluding switching and terminal companies) are based on monthly data summarized in the M3(X) report of the Interstate Commerce Commission and relate to all employees except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICC group I) who received pay during the month. Average hourly earnings are computed by dividing total compensation by total hours paid for. Average weekly hours are obtained by dividing the total number of hours paid for, reduced to a weekly basis, by the number of employees. Average weekly earnings are derived by multiplying average weekly hours by average hourly earnings. Average weekly earnings. These estimates are derived by multiplying average weekly hours estimates by average hourly earnings estimates. Therefore, weekly earnings are affected not only by changes in average hourly earnings but also by changes in the length of the workweek. Monthly variations in such factors as the proportion of parttime workers, stoppages for varying reasons, labor turnover during the survey period, and absenteeism for which employees are not paid may cause the average workweek to fluctuate. Longterm trends of average weekly earnings can be affected by structural changes in the makeup of the work force. For example, persistent longterm increases in the proportion of parttime workers in retail trade and many of the services industries have reduced average workweeks in these industries and have affected the average weekly earnings series. Real earnings. These earnings are in constant dollars and are calculated from the earnings averages for the current month using a deflator derived from the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI W). The reference year for these series is 1982. 158

ESTIMATING METHODS The Current Employment Statistics (CES) or establishment survey estimates of employment are generated through an annual benchmark and monthly sample link procedure. Annual universe counts or benchmark levels are generated primarily from administrative records on employees covered by unemployment insurance (UI) tax laws. These annual benchmarks, established for March of each year, are projected forward for each subsequent month based on the trend of the sample employment, using an estimation procedure called the link relative. Benchmarks and sample link relatives are computed for each of 1,698 basic estimation cells defined by industry, size, and geography for the CES national estimates, and summed to create aggregate level employment estimates. Benchmarks The establishment survey constructs annual benchmarks in order to realign the samplebased employment totals for March of each year with the Ulbased population counts for March. These population counts are much less timely than samplebased estimates; however, they provide an annual pointintime census for employment. Population counts are derived from the administrative file of employees covered by UI. All employers covered by UI laws are required to report employment and wage information to the appropriate State employment security agency four times a year. Approximately 98 percent of inscope private employment is covered by UI. A benchmark for the remaining 2 percent is constructed from alternate sources, primarily records from the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Social Security Administration. The full benchmark developed for March replaces the March samplebased estimate for each basic cell. The monthly samplebased estimates for the year preceding and the year following the benchmark are also then subject to revision. Monthly estimates for the year preceding the March benchmark are readjusted using a "wedge back" procedure. The difference between the final benchmark level and the previously published March sample estimate is calculated and spread back across the previous 11 months. The wedge is linear; eleventwelfths of the March difference is added to the February estimates, tentwelfths to the January estimates, and so on, back to the previous April estimates which receive onetwelfth of the March difference. This assumes that the total estimation error since the last benchmark accumulated at a steady rate throughout the current benchmark year. Estimates for the 11 months following the March benchmark are also recalculated each year. These postbenchmark estimates reflect the application of samplebased monthly changes to new benchmark levels for March, and the recomputation of bias adjustment factors for each month. Bias factors are updated to take into account the most recent experience of the estimates generated by the monthly sample versus the full universe counts derived from the UI. Following the revision of basic employment estimates, all other derivative series (e.g., production workers, average hourly earnings) are also recalculated. New seasonal adjustment factors are calculated and all data series, usually for the previous 5 years, are reseasonally adjusted, prior to full publication of all revised data in of each year. Monthly estimation Estimates are derived from a sample of approximately 390,000 business establishments nationwide. A current month's estimate is derived as the product of the previous month's estimate and a sample link relative for the current month. A bias adjustment factor is then applied to this result primarily to help account for new business births during the month. Stratification. The sample is stratified into 1,698 basic estimation cells for purposes of computing national employment, hours, and earnings estimates. Cells are defined primarily by detailed industry, and secondarily by size for a majority of cells. In a few industries, mostly within the construction division, geographic stratification is also used. Industry classification is in accordance with the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification Manual (SIC); most estimation cells are defined at the 4digit SIC level. This detailed stratification pattern allows for the production and publication of estimates in considerable industry detail. Subindustry stratification by size is important because major statistics which the survey measures, particularly employment change and average earnings, often vary significantly between establishments of different size. Stratification reduces the variance of the published industry level estimates. Link relative technique. A ratio of the previous to the current month's employment is computed from a sample of establishments reporting for both months this ratio is called a "link relative." For each basic cell, a link relative is computed and applied to the previous month's employment estimate to derive the current month's estimate. Thus a March benchmark is moved forward to the next March benchmark through application of monthly link relatives. Basic cell estimates created through the link relative technique are aggregated to form published industry level estimates, for employment, as described in table 2A. Basic estimation and aggregation methods for the hours and earnings data are also shown in table 2A. Bias adjustment. Bias adjustment factors are computed at the 3digit SIC level, and applied each month at the basic cell level, as part of the standard estimation procedures. The main purpose of bias adjustment is to reduce a primary source of nonsampling error in the survey, the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firm births. There is a several month lag between an 159

Table 2A. Summary of methods for computing industry statistics on employment, hours, and earnings Employment, hours, and earnings Basic estimating cell (industry, region, size or region/size cell) Aggregate industry level (division and, where stratified, industry) Monthly data All employees Production or nonsupervisory workers, women employees Average weekly hours Average weekly overtime hours Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Allemployee estimate for previous month multiplied by ratio of all employees in current month to all employees in previous month, for sample establishments which reported for both months. 1 Allemployee estimate for current month multiplied by (1) ratio of production or nonsupervisory workers to all employees in sample establishments for current month, (2) estimated ratio of women to all employees. 2 Production or nonsupervisory worker hours divided by number of production or nonsupervisory workers. 2 Production worker overtime hours divided by number of production workers. 2 Total production or nonsupervisory worker payroll divided by total production or nonsupervisory worker hours. 2 Product of average weekly hours and average hourly earnings. Sum of allemployee estimates for component cells. Sum of production or nonsupervisory worker estimates, or estimates of women employees, for component cells. Average, weighted by production or nonsupervisory worker employment, of the average weekly hours for component cells. Average, weighted by production worker employment, of the average weekly overtime hours for component cells. Average, weighted by aggregate hours, of the average hourly earnings for component cells. Product of average weekly hours and average hourly earnings. Annual average data All employees, women employees, and production or nonsupervisory workers Average weekly hours Average weekly overtime hours Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Sum of monthly estimates divided by 12. Annual total of aggregate hours (production or nonsupervisory worker employment multiplied by average weekly hours) divided by annual sum of employment. Annual total of aggregate overtime hours (production worker employment multiplied by average weekly overtime hours) divided by annual sum of employment. Annual total of aggregate payrolls (product of production or nonsupervisory worker employment by weekly hours and hourly earnings) divided by annual aggregate hours. Product of average weekly hours and average hourly earnings. Sum of monthly estimates divided by 12. Annual total of aggregate hours for production or nonsupervisory workers divided by annual sum of employment for these workers. Annual total of aggregate overtime hours for production workers divided by annual sum of employment for these workers. Annual total of aggregate payrolls divided by annual aggregate hours. Product of average weekly hours and average hourly earnings. 1 The estimates are computed by multiplying the above product by bias adjustments factors, which compensate for the underrepresentation of newly formed enterprises and other sources of bias in the sample. 2 The sample productionworker ratio, womenworker ratio, average weekly hours, average overtime hours, and average hourly earnings are modified by a wedging technique designed to compensate for changes in the sample arising mainly from the voluntary character of the reporting. The wedging procedure accepts the advantage of continuity from the use of the matched sample and, at the same time, tapers or wedges the estimate toward the level of the latest sample average. 160

establishment opening for business and its appearing on the UI universe frame and being available for sampling. Because new firms generate a portion of employment growth each month of the year, nonsampling methods must be used to capture this growth, otherwise substantial under estimation of total employment levels would occur. Formal bias adjustment procedures have been used by the establishment survey since the late 1960s. Prior to the 1983 benchmark, bias adjustments were derived from a simple mean error model, which averaged undercount errors for the previous 3 years to arrive at bias projections for the coming year. The undercount errors were measured as the difference between samplebased estimate results and benchmark levels. This procedure eventually proved inadequate during periods of rapidly changing employment trends, and the bias adjustment methodology was revised. Research done in the early 1980's indicated that bias requirements were strongly correlated with current employment growth or decline. Based on this research, a revised method was developed which incorporated the sample data on employment growth over the most recent two quarters, and a regressionderived coefficient for the significance of that change, to adjust the mean error model results. This change in methodology provided a more cyclically sensitive bias model. The regressionadjusted mean error model has been in use since 1983, for the production of national estimates. The current model still has limitations in its ability to react to changing economic conditions or changing error structure relationships between the samplebased estimates and the UI universe counts. A principal limitation is the inability to incorporate UI universe counts as they become available on an ongoing basis, with a 6 to 9month lag from the reference period. Thus, the current quarterly outputs from the model are subject to intervention analysis, and adjustments can be made to its results, prior to the establishment of final bias levels for a quarter. Review is done primarily in terms of detection of outlier (i.e., abnormally high or low) values, and by comparison of CES sample and bias trends with the most recent quarterly observations of UI universe counts. The BLS currently has under study improved bias models using a Kalman filter technique, which would allow a more formal, structured incorporation of each quarter's UI universe counts in the bias modeling process. Although the primary function of bias adjustment is to account for employment resulting from new business formations, it also adjusts for other elements of nonsampling error in the survey, because the primary input to the modeling procedure is total estimation error. Significant among these nonsampling error sources is a business death bias. When a sampled firm closes down, most often it simply does not respond to the survey that month, rather than reporting zero employment. Followup with nonrespondents may reveal an outofbusiness firm, but this information is often received too late to incorporate into monthly estimates, and the firm is simply treated as a nonrespondent for that month. Because the bias adjustments incorporated into the estimates represent a composite of a birth bias, death bias, and a number of other differences between the samplebased estimates and the population counts, the monthly bias adjustment levels have no specific economic meaning in and of themselves. Table 2B summarizes bias adjustments for the 198898 period. The table displays the average monthly "bias added" and the average monthly "bias required" with the benchmark revisions for each year. Bias added shows the average amount of bias which was added each month over the course of an interbenchmark period. For example, the bias added for is listed as 150,000; this represents the average of bias adjustments made each month over the period April 1997 through March. Bias required is computed retrospectively, after the March benchmark for a given year is known. Bias required figures are calculated by taking the difference between a March estimate derived purely from the sample (i.e., a series calculated without bias adjustment) and the March benchmark. Dividing this figure by 12 gives the average monthly bias required figure. The bias required is thus defined as the amount of bias adjustment which would have achieved a zero benchmark error. The difference between the total bias required and the total bias added is then, by definition, approximately the benchmark revision amount, for any given year. Also provided in the table for illustration, are the MarchtoMarch changes. As discussed above, the overtheyear changes indicate correlation with the bias added and bias required figures. THE SAMPLE Design The emphasis in the establishment survey is on producing timely data at minimum cost. Therefore, the primary goal of its design is to sample a sufficiently large segment of the universe to provide reliable estimates that can be published both promptly and regularly. The present sample allows BLS to produce preliminary total nonfarm employment estimates for each month, including some limited industry detail, within 3 weeks after the reference period, and data in considerably more detail with an additional 1month lag. The CES survey, which began over 50 years age, predates the introduction of probability sampling methods and has operated as a quota sample since its inception. The sampling plan used is a form of sampling with probability proportionate to size, known as "sampling proportionate to average size of establishment". This is an optimum allocation design among strata because sampling variance is proportional to the average size of establishments. The universe of establishment employment is highly skewed, with a large percentage of total employment concentrated in relatively few establishments. Because vari 161

ance on a population total estimate is a function of percentage universe coverage achieved by the sample, it is efficient to sample larger establishments at a higher rate than smaller establishments, assuming the cost per sample unit is fairly constant across size classes. Under the survey design, large establishments fall into a certainty strata for sample selection. The size of the sample for the various industries is determined empirically on the basis of experience and cost considerations. For example, in a manufacturing industry with a high proportion of total employment concentrated in a small number of establishments, a larger percent of total employment is included in the sample. Consequently, the sample design for such industries provides for a complete census of the large establishments, with a relatively few chosen from among the smaller establishments. For an industry in which a large proportion of total employment is concentrated in small establishments, the sample design again calls for inclusion of all large establishments but also for a more substantial number of smaller ones. Many industries in the trade and services divisions fall into this category. To keep the sample to a size which can be handled by available resources, it is necessary to have a sample design for these industries with a smaller proportion of total universe coverage than is the case for most manufacturing industries. Coverage The establishment survey is the largest monthly sampling operation in the field of social statistics. Table 2C shows the latest benchmark employment levels and the approximate proportion of total universe employment coverage, at the total nonfarm and major industry division levels. The coverage for individual industries within the divisions may vary from the proportions shown. Reliability The establishment survey, like other sample surveys, is subject to two types of error, sampling and nonsampling error. The magnitude of sampling error, or variance, is directly related to the size of the sample and the percentage of universe coverage achieved by the sample. The establishment survey sample covers over onethird of total universe employment; this yields a very small variance on the total nonfarm estimates. Measurements of error associated with sample estimates are provided in tables 2D through 2G. Benchmark revision as a measure of survey error. The sum of sampling and nonsampling error can be considered total survey error. Unlike most sample surveys which publish sampling error as their only measure of error, the CES can derive an annual approximation of total error, on a lagged basis, because of the availability of the independently derived universe data. While the benchmark error is used as a measure of total error for the CES survey estimate, technically, it actually represents the difference between two independent estimates derived from separate survey processes (i.e., the CES sample process and the UI universe process) and thus reflects the errors present in each program. Historically, the benchmark revision has been very small for total nonfarm employment. Over the past decade, percentage benchmark error has averaged 0.3 percent, with a range from zero to 0.7 percent. Table 2D shows the most current benchmark revisions, along with 10year mean revisions and mean absolute revisions for major industries. Mean revisions give an indication of bias in the estimates; unbiased estimates have a mean revision close to zero, as over and under estimations cancel out over time. Mean absolute revisions give an overall indicator as to the accuracy Table 2B. March employment benchmarks and bias adjustments for total private industries, March 198898 (in thousands) Benchmark Average monthly bias Year Employment 1 Revision 2 Added 3 Required 4 Overtheyear employment change 5 1988 1989 86,180 89,015 310 93 114 131 88 123 3,007 2,835 1990 1991 1992. 1993. 1994. 1995. 1996. 1997.. 90,546 88,790 88,347 89,790 92,730 96,175 98,158 101,040 103,965 261 583 130 288 688 511 72 518 85 85 61 33 83 115 144 129 130 150 63 12 22 107 171 187 135 173 157 1,531 1,756 443 1,443 2,940 3,445 1,983 2,882 2,925 1 Universe counts for March of each year are used to make annual benchmark adjustments to the employment estimates. About 98 percent of the benchmark employment is from unemployment insurance administrative records, and the remaining 2 percent is from alternate sources. Data represent benchmark levels as originally computed. 2 Difference between the final March samplebased estimate and the benchmark level for total private employment. 3 The average amount of bias adjustment each month over the course of an interbenchmark period, i.e., from April of the prior year through March of the given year. 4 The difference between the March benchmark and the March estimate derived solely from the sample without bias adjustment, converted to a monthly amount by dividing by 12. 5 MarchtoMarch changes in the benchmark employment level. NOTE: Data in this table exclude government employment because there is no bias adjustment for this sector. 162

of the estimates; the larger the value, the further the estimate was from the final benchmark level. Estimated standard errors for employment, hours, and earnings. The hours and earnings estimates for the basic estimating cells do not have universe data sources available and therefore are not subject to benchmark revisions, although the broader groupings may be affected slightly by changes in employment weights. Like the employment estimates, the hours and earnings estimates are also subject to sampling and nonsampling errors. Estimates of the sampling error for employment, hours, and earnings were computed using the method of random groups and are expressed as relative standard errors (standard error divided by the estimate). Relative standard errors for individual industries with the specified number of employees are presented in table 2E and for major industries in table 2F. Multiplying the relative standard error by its estimated value gives the estimate of the standard error. The errors presented here are based on averages observed from sample data over the March 1994 through March 1995 period. Standard errors for differences between industries and times. The standard error of a difference is required to test for significant differences between estimates from two different industries. Since the estimates for the two industries are independent, the standard error of a difference is the square root of the sum of the estimated variance of each estimate, S, 2 and S 9 2. S difference The CES sample overlaps almost entirely from month to month, so monthly estimates are not independent. The covariance between these estimates must be accounted for when testing the significance of the change in estimates over time. The standard error of the change can be estimated as follows. S change = yj^ + s 2 2ps,s 2 If Si = S2, then: S change = Conservative estimates of p after one month are 0.8 for employment, 0.6 for average weekly hours, and 0.8 for average hourly earnings. If the bias is small, then the standard error can be used to construct approximate confidence intervals or range of values that include the true population value. If the process of selecting a sample from the population were repeated many times and an estimate and its standard error calculated for each sample, then approximately 68 percent of the intervals from one standard error below the estimate to one standard error above the estimate would include the true population value. Noneconomic code changes. A major source of benchmark revision at the major industry division level and below are noneconomic code changes, which are introduced into the universe data in the first quarter of each calendar year. Approximately onethird of all establishments in the universe are included in the universe program's annual Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) refiling survey. Corrections to individual establishments' SIC and ownership codes are made through this process. The volume of these corrections has often been quite large and had substantial effects on universe employment distributions at the industry levels, but effects on total nonfarm employment have been minimal. In, BLS and its State partners completed a multiyear conversion to a new refiling schedule, which uses a random selection method to target onethird Table 2C. Employment benchmarks and approximate coverage of BLS employment and payrolls sample, March Industry Total Mining Construction Manufacturing Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade.. Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate... Services Government: Federal State Local Benchmarks (thousands) 124,050 592 5,474 18,805 6,497 6,742 21,724 7,269 36,862 2,662 4,702 12,721 Number of establishments 304,495 2,853 24,798 51,168 2 15,925 23,106 56,653 21,510 72,329 8J40 20,447 Sample coverage 1 Number (thousands) 42,498 Employees 212 994 8,287 2,071 1,072 4,469 1,981 8,057 2,662 4,004 8,689 Percent of benchmarks 34 36 18 44 32 16 21 27 22 100 85 68 Counts reflect reports used in final estimates. Because not all establishments report payroll and hours information, hours and earnings estimates are based on a smaller sample than employment estimates. 2 The Interstate Commerce Commission provides a complete count of employment for Class I railroads plus Amtrak. Hours and earnings estimates are derived from a sample. 3 Total Federal employment counts by agency for use in national estimates are provided to BLS by the Office of Personnel Management. Detailed industry estimates for the Executive Branch, as well as State and area estimates of Federal employment, are based on a sample of reports covering about 62 percent of employment in Federal establishments. 163

Table 2D. Current (March ) and historical benchmark revisions (Numbers in thousands) Industry March benchmark revision Level Percent 10year average mean percent revision Actual Absolute Total 44 0 0.3 Total private 85 0.3 Goodsproducing 91.4.2.7 Mining Metal mining Coalmining Oil and gas extraction Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels 15 0 1 14 1 0 1 1.0.2.7.3.4 1.6 Construction General building contractors Heavy construction, except building Special trade contractors 15 22 12 25.3 1.7 1.7.7.2.6.9.2 1 2 1.0 Manufacturing 61.3.3.7 Durable goods 75.7.4.8 Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Computer and office equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Electronic components and accessories... Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Aircraft and parts Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing 9 7 1 0 1 12 14 4 6 6 11 1 1 9 7 1 1.3.2 0.4.8.6 1.0.3.9.6.2 1.0.2.5.3.7.4.3.3.2.4 1.0 1.2.9 (1).4 1.7.7 1.6 1.0 1.3.7 1.6 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 Nondurable goods 14.2.2.7 Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Leather and leather products 18 0 1 6 7 1 6 5 3 1 1 0.2.8 1.0.6.3 1.2.2.2.3.4.2.2 1.0.9.9 1.4.7.8.9 1.7 1 Serviceproducing 47 (D.3 Transportation and public utilities Transportation Railroad transportation Local and interurban passenger transit Trucking and warehousing Water transportation Transportation by air Pipelines, except natural gas Transportation services Communications and public utilities Communications Electric, gas, and sanitary services 41 54 1 5 31 6 19 0 6 13 13 0.6 1.3.4 1.0 1.6 0 1.3.6.9 0.2.4 1.0.4 1.6.4.6.8.2.3 1.0 1.0 2 1.7 Wholesale trade Durable goods Nondurable goods 2 25 23 (D.6.8.3.3.3 1 1.3 1.0 See footnotes at end of table. 164

Table 2D. Current (March ) and historical benchmark revisions Continued (Numbers in thousands) Industry March benchmark revision Level Percent 10year average mean percent revision Actual Absolute Retail trade Building materials and garden supplies General merchandise stores Department stores Food stores Automotive dealers and service stations New and used car dealers Apparel and accessory stores Furniture and home furnishings stores Eating and drinking places Miscellaneous retail establishments 99 25 55 29 57 10 16 34 32 77 33 0.5 2 1.3 1.7.4 1.0 1.2 0.3.3.4 1.2 1.0.9.8.9 0.6 1.6.9 1.2 1.0 1.4 1.3 1.0 Finance, insurance, and real estate Finance Depository institutions Commercial banks Savings institutions Nondepository institutions Mortgage bankers and brokers Security and commodity brokers Holding and other investment offices Insurance Insurance carriers Insurance agents, brokers, and service Real estate 56 34 0 8 6 33 33 3 5 14 11 3 8.8 1.0 0.5 10.7.5 2.6.7.4.6.2.6 1.5.2.4.5.3.4 1.2 1.3 1.4.9 5.8 5.9 1 1.4 1.6 1 Services 2 Agricultural services Hotels and other lodging places Personal services Business services Services to buildings Personnel supply services Help supply services Computer and data processing services Auto repair, services, and parking Miscellaneous repair services Motion pictures Amusement and recreation services Health services Offices and clinics of medical doctors Nursing and personal care facilities Hospitals Home health care services Legal services Educational services Social services Child day care services Residential care Museums and botanical and zoological gardens Membership organizations Engineering and management services Engineering and architectural services Management and public relations Services, nee 2 2 5 13 15 23 53 34 4 15 6 8 66 53 12 5 27 7 9 33 12 21 4 1 91 54 12 16 1 (1).3.3 1.0.2 1.7 1.2.3 1.3 1.6 1.4.5.7.3.7 1.0.9 1.4.5.5 1 1.7 1.4 1.6.7.9.5.4 1.4.5 1.3 1.3 1.6.3.7.9.5.8 1.2.9.7.3.2.6.5 1.4.6 1.7 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.6.8.8.8 1.0 1.3 1 Government Federal Federal, except Postal Service State Education Other State government Local Education Other local government 41 0 0 39 25 14 2 16 18.2 0 0.8 1.2.5 (Ḍ 2.3 (1) 0 0.2 (D (D 0).3 0 0.6 1.2.5.2.3.4 1 Less than 0.05 percent. 1 Includes other industries, not shown separately. 165

Table 2E. Relative standard errors 1 for estimates of employment, hours, and earnings (In percent) Size of employment estimate 50,000 100,000 200,000 500,000 1,000,000 2,000,000 Employment 1.4 1.8.6.4.3 Average weekly hours 1.2.9.7.6 Average hourly earnings 1.7 1.3 1 Relative errors were estimated with sample data from March 1994March 1995. Table 2F. Relative standard errors 1 for estimates of employment, hours, and earnings by industry (In percent) Industry Total private Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Employment 0.8.4.3.2.2.2 Average weekly hours 0.6.5.2.2.2 Average hourly earnings 0.2 1.3.4.5.5 1.0.4.3 Relative errors were estimated with sample data from March 1994 March1995. of all UI universe units for refiling in a given year. Previously, refiling procedures called for each major industry division to be refiled every third year. The refiling schedule refinement was made because of large benchmark revisions and corresponding distortions in overtheyear employment trend measurement for specific industries..7.4 Revisions between preliminary and final data. First preliminary estimates of employment, hours, and earnings, based on less than the total sample, are published immediately following the reference month. Final revised samplebased estimates are published 2 months later when nearly all the reports in the sample have been received. Table 2G presents the rootmeansquare error, the mean percent, and the mean absolute percent revision that may be expected between the preliminary and final employment estimates. Revisions of preliminary hours and earnings estimates are normally not greater than 0 of an hour for weekly hours and 1 cent for hourly earnings, at the total private nonfarm level, and may be slightly larger for the more detailed industry groupings. STATISTICS FOR STATES AND AREAS (Tables B7, B14, and B18) As explained earlier, State agencies in cooperation with BLS collect and prepare State and area employment, hours, and earnings data. These statistics are based on the same establishment reports used by BLS, however, BLS uses the full CES sample to produce monthly national employment estimates, while each State agency uses its portion of the sample to independently develop a State employment estimate. The CES area statistics relate to metropolitan areas. Definitions for all areas are published each year in the issue of Employment and Earnings that contains State and area annual averages (usually the issue). Changes in definitions are noted as they occur. Additional industry detail may be obtained from the State agencies listed on the inside back cover of each issue. Caution in aggregating State data. The national estimation procedures used by BLS are designed to produce accurate national data by detailed industry; correspondingly the State estimation procedures are designed to produce accurate data for each individual State. State estimates are not forced to sum to national totals nor vice versa. Because each State series is subject to larger sampling and nonsampling errors than the national series, summing them cumulates individual State level errors and can cause distortions at an aggregate level. This has been a particular problem at turning points in the U.S. economy, when the majority of the individual State errors tend to be in the same direction. Due to these statistical limitations, the Bureau does not compile or publish a "sumofstates" employment series. Additionally, BLS cautions users that such a series is subject to a relatively large and volatile error structure, particularly at turning points. 166

Table 2G. Errors of preliminary employment estimates Industry Rootmeansquare error of monthly level 1 Actual Mean percent revision Absolute Total 57,900 1.0 Total private 47,800 0 Goodsproducing 13,900 0 Mining Metal mining Coalmining Oil and gas extraction Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels 1,800 300 700 1,700 300 0 0.2 0.2.4.6.4.2 Construction General building contractors Heavy construction, except building Special trade contractors 8,100 4,100 3,300 5,000 0.3.3 Manufacturing 9,500 0 0 Durable goods 6,400 0 0 Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products... Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Computer and office equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Electronic components and accessories... Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Aircraft and parts Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing 1,300 1,200 1,200 1,700 1,300 2,200 2,600 1,800 2,200 1,400 4,200 3,600 1,600 1,600 900 0 0 0 0 0.3 0 0 0 0 0.2.2.2.3.4.2.2.3.2.2 Nondurable goods 4,800 Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Leather and leather products 2,700 500 1,200 2,700 1,100 1,700 1,700 1,000 1,400 600 0.6 0 0 0 0 0 1.0.2.2.4.4 Serviceproducing 54,500 0 Transportation and public utilities Transportation Railroad transportation Local and interurban passenger transit Trucking and warehousing Water transportation, Transportation by air Pipelines, except natural gas Transportation services Communications and public utilities Communications Electric, gas, and sanitary services 9,800 9,400 2,100 3,700 5,800 1,400 6,400 200 1,100 4,100 3,800 1,600.2.3.2 0.2.7.5.2.7.4.7.2.2 Wholesale trade Durable goods Nondurable goods 7,600 4,300 4,800 See footnotes at end of table. 167

Table 2G. Errors of preliminary employment estimates Continued Industry Rootmeansquare error of monthly level 1 Actual Mean percent revision Absolute Retail trade Building materials and garden supplies... General merchandise stores Department stores Food stores Automotive dealers and service stations. New and used car dealers Apparel and accessory stores Furniture and home furnishings stores... Eating and drinking places Miscellaneous retail establishments 31,100 2,800 19,400 18,500 5,800 3,000 1,200 5,700 3,100 9,400 7,900 0 0 0 0 0 0.2.5.6.4.2.2 Finance, insurance, and real estate Finance Depository institutions Commercial banks Savings institutions Nondepository institutions Mortgage bankers and brokers Security and commodity brokers Holding and other investment offices Insurance Insurance carriers Insurance agents, brokers, and service. Real estate 6,200 3,800 2,500 2,100 1,100 1,500 1,100 1,100 1,700 2,700 2,400 1,200 2,800 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3.2.4.2.5.2 Services 2 Agricultural services Hotels and other lodging places Personal services Business services Services to buildings Personnel supply services Help supply services Computer and data processing services Auto repair, services, and parking Miscellaneous repair services Motion pictures Amusement and recreation services Health services Offices and clinics of medical doctors Nursing and personal care facilities Hospitals Home health care services Legal services Educational services Social services Child day care services Residential care Museums and botanical and zoological gardens. Membership organizations Engineering and management services Engineering and architectural services Management and public relations Services, nee 28,700 2,700 6,000 5,800 12,300 2,500 10,500 10,300 2,800 2,000 1,000 6,200 9,400 5,500 2,500 1,600 3,300 2,000 1,400 12,600 9,700 4,400 1,400 600 3,200 5,100 2,300 3,400 500 0 0 00 0.200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3.2.3.2.3.3.2.2.8.5 0.3.5.3.6.2.5.2.3.8 Government Federal Federal, except Postal Service. State Education Other State government Local Education Other local government 19,500 8,300 7,600 11,800 9,900 4,800 16,800 14,200 11,300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2.3.2.4 1 The rootmeansquare error is the square root of the mean squared error. The mean squared error is the square of the difference between the final and preliminary estimates averaged across a series of monthly observations. 168 2 Includes other industries, not shown separately. NOTE: Errors are based on differences from January 1994 through December.

Region, State, and Area Labor Force Data ("C" tables) FEDERALSTATE COOPERATIVE PROGRAM Labor force and unemployment estimates for States, labor market areas (LMAs), and other areas covered under Federal assistance programs are developed by State employment security agencies under a FederalState cooperative program. The local unemployment estimates which derive from standardized procedures developed by BLS are the basis for determining eligibility of an area for benefits under Federal programs such as the Job Training Partnership Act. Annual average data for the States and 334 areas shown in table C3 are published in Employment and Earnings (usually the issue). For regions, States, selected metropolitan areas, and central cities, annual average data classified by selected demographic, social, and economic characteristics are published in the BLS bulletin, Geographic Profile of Employment and Unemployment. Labor force estimates for counties, cities, and other small areas have been prepared for administration of various Federal economic assistance programs and may be ordered from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. The report "Unemployment in States and Local Areas" is published monthly through GPO and is available in microfiche form only, on a subscription basis. ESTIMATING METHODS Monthly labor force, employment, and unemployment estimates are prepared for the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and over 6,500 areas, including nearly 2,400 LMAs, counties, and cities with a population of 25,000 or more. Regional aggregations are derived by summing the State estimates. The estimation methods are described below for States (and the District of Columbia) and for sub State areas. At the sublma (county and city) level, estimates are prepared using disaggregation techniques based on decennial and annual population estimates and current unemployment insurance data. A more detailed description of the estimation procedure is contained in the BLS document, Manual for Developing Local Area Unemployment Statistics. Estimates for States Current monthly estimates. Effective January 1996, civilian labor force and unemployment estimates for all States and the District of Columbia are produced using models based on a "signalplusnoise" approach. The model of the signal is a time series model of the true labor force which consists of three components: A variable coefficient regression, a flexible trend, and a flexible seasonal component. The regression techniques are based on historical and current relationships found within each State's economy as reflected in the different sources of data that are available for each State the Current Population Survey (CPS), the Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey, and the unemployment insurance (UI) system. The noise component of the models explicitly accounts for auto correlation in the CPS sampling error and changes in the average magnitude of the error. In addition, the models can identify and remove the effects of outliers in the historical CPS series. While all the State models have important components in common, they differ somewhat from one another to better reflect individual State characteristics. Two models one for the employmenttopopulation ratio and one for the unemployment rate are used for each State. The employmenttopopulation ratio, rather than the employment level, and the unemployment rate, rather than the unemployment level, are estimated primarily because these ratios are usually more meaningful for economic analysis. The employmenttopopulation ratio models use the relationship between the State's monthly employment from the CES and the CPS. The models also include trend and seasonal components to account for movements in the CPS not captured by the CES series. The seasonal component accounts for the seasonality in the CPS not explained by the CES, while the trend component adjusts for longrun systematic differences between the two series. The unemployment rate models use the relationship between the State's monthly unemployment insurance (UI) claims data and the CPS unemployment rate, along with trend and seasonal components. In both the employmenttopopulation ratio and unemployment rate models, an important feature is the use of a technique that allows the equations to adjust automatically to structural changes that occur. The regression portion of the model includes a builtin tuning mechanism, known as the Kalman Filter, which revises a model's coefficients when the new data that become available each month indicate that changes in the data relationships have taken place. Once the estimates are developed from the models, levels are calculated for employment, unemployment, and labor force. Benchmark correction procedures. Once each year, monthly estimates for all States and the District of Columbia are adjusted, or benchmarked, by BLS to the annual average CPS estimates. The benchmarking technique employs a pro 169

cedure (called the Denton method) which adjusts the annual average of the models to equal the CPS annual average, while preserving, as much as possible, the original monthly seasonal pattern of the model estimates. Estimates for substate areas Monthly labor force, employment, and unemployment estimates for two large substate areas New York City and the Los AngelesLong Beach metropolitan area are obtained using the same modeling approach as for states. Estimates for the nearly 2,400 remaining LMAs, are prepared through indirect estimation techniques, described below. Preliminary estimate employment The total civilian employment estimates are based largely on CES data. These "placeofwork" estimates must be adjusted to refer to place of residence as used in the CPS. Factors for adjusting from place of work to place of residence have been developed on the basis of employment relationships at the time of the 1990 decennial census. These factors are applied to the CES estimates for the current period to obtain adjusted employment estimates, to which are added estimates for employment not represented in the CES agricultural employees, nonagricultural selfemployed and unpaid family workers, and private household workers. Preliminary estimate unemployment. In the current month, the estimate of unemployment is an aggregate of the estimates for each of two categories: (1) Persons who were previously employed in industries covered by State UI laws; and (2) those who were entering the civilian labor force for the first time or reentering after a period of separation. SubState adjustment for additivity. Estimates of employment and unemployment are prepared for the State and all LMAs within the State. The LMA estimates geographically exhaust the entire State. Thus, a proportional adjustment is applied to all substate preliminary LMA estimates to ensure that they add to the independently estimated State totals for employment and unemployment. For California and New York, the proportional adjustment is applied to all LMAs other than the two modeled areas, to ensure that the LMA estimates sum to an independent modelbased estimate for the balance of State. Benchmark correction. At the end of each year, substate estimates are revised. The revisions incorporate any changes in the inputs, such as revisions in the CESbased employment figures, corrections in UI claims counts, and updated historical relationships. The updated estimates are then readjusted to add to the revised (benchmarked) State estimates of employment and unemployment. 170

Seasonal Adjustment Over the course of a year, the size of the Nation's labor force, the levels of employment and unemployment, and other measures of labor market activity undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make it easier to observe the cyclical and other nonseasonal movements in the series. In evaluating changes in a seasonally adjusted series, it is important to note that seasonal adjustment is merely an approximation based on past experience. Seasonally adjusted estimates have a broader margin of possible error than the original data on which they are based, because they are subject not only to sampling and other errors but are also affected by the uncertainties of the seasonal adjustment process itself. Seasonally adjusted series for selected labor force and establishmentbased data are published monthly in Employment and Earnings. Household data Since January 1980, national labor force data have been seasonally adjusted with a procedure called Xll AR1MA (AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average), which was developed at Statistics Canada as an extension of the standard Xll method. A detailed description of the procedure appears in The Xll ARIMA Seasonal Adjustment Method by Estela Bee Dagum, Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 12 564E, January 1983. BLS uses an extension of Xl 1 ARIMA to allow it to adjust more adequately for the effects of the presence or absence of religious holidays in the April survey reference period and of Labor Day in the September reference period. This extension was applied for the first time at the end of 1989 to three personsatwork labor force series which tested as having significant and welldefined effects in their April data associated with the timing of Easter. At the beginning of each calendar year, projected seasonal adjustment factors are calculated for use during the January period. In of each year, BLS calculates and publishes in Employment and Earnings projected seasonal adjustment factors for use in the second half, based on the experience through. Revisions of historical data, usually for the most recent 5 years, are made only at the beginning of each calendar year. However, as a result of the revisions to the estimates for 197081 based on 1980 census population counts, revisions to seasonally adjusted series in early 1982 were carried back to 1970. In 1994, data were revised only for that year because of the major redesign and 1990 censusbased population controls, adjusted for the estimated undercount, introduced into the Current Population Survey. In 1996, 199093 data also were revised to incorporate these 1990 censusbased population controls and seasonally adjusted series were revised back to 1990. Subsequent revisions are only carried back to 1994. All labor force and unemployment rate statistics, as well as the major employment and unemployment estimates, are computed by aggregating independently adjusted series. For example, for each of the three major labor force components agricultural employment, nonagricultural employment, and unemployment data for four sexage groups (men and women under and over 20 years of age) are separately adjusted for seasonal variation and are then added to derive seasonally adjusted total figures. The seasonally adjusted figure for the labor force is a sum of eight seasonally adjusted civilian employment components and four seasonally adjusted unemployment components. The total for unemployment is the sum of the four unemployment components, and the unemployment rate is derived by dividing the resulting estimate of total unemployment by the estimate of the labor force. Because of the independent seasonal adjustment of various series, components will not necessarily add to totals. In each January issue (March issue in 1996), Employment and Earnings publishes revised seasonally adjusted data for selected labor force series based on the experience through December, new seasonal adjustment factors to be used to calculate the civilian unemployment estimate for the first 6 months of the following year, and a description of the current seasonal adjustment procedure. Establishment data Effective in 1996, with the release of the March 1995 benchmark revisions, BLS began using an updated version of the Xl2 ARIMA software developed by the Bureau of the Census to seasonally adjust national establishmentbased employment, hours, and earnings series. The conversion to Xl2 AREMA allows BLS to refine its seasonal adjustment procedures to control for survey interval variations, sometime referred to as the 4 vs. 5week effect. While the CES survey is referenced to a consistent concept, the pay period including the 12th day of the month, inconsistencies arise because there are variations of 4 or 5 weeks between the week of the 12th in any given pair of months. In highly seasonal months and industries, this variation can be an important determinant of the magnitude of seasonal hires or layoffs that have occurred at the time the survey is taken, thereby complicating seasonal adjustment. 171

The interval effect adjustment is accomplished through the REGARIMA (regression with autocorrelated errors) option in the X12 software. This process combines standard regression analysis, which measures correlations between two or more variables, with ARIMA modeling, which describes and predicts the behavior of a data series based on its own past history. In this application, the correlations of interest are those between employment levels in individual calendar months and the length of the survey intervals for those months. The REGARIMA models estimate and remove the variation in employment levels attributable to 11 separate survey intervals, one specified for each month, except March. March is excluded because there are always 4 weeks between the February and March surveys. Effective with the release of the March 1997 benchmarks, seasonally adjusted series for employment, hours, indexes of aggregate hours, and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers from 1989 forward incorporate refinements to the seasonal adjustment process to correct for distortions related to the method of accounting for the varying length of payroll periods across months a calendar effect. REGARIMA modeling also is used to indentify, measure, and remove this calendar effect for the publication level seasonally adjusted hours and earnings series. Projected seasonal factors for the establishmentbased series are calculated and published twice a year, paralleling the procedure used for the household series. Revisions to historical data (usually the most recent 5 years) are made once a year, coincident with benchmark revisions. All series are seasonally adjusted using multiplicative models in X12; additive models are not considered. Seasonal adjustment factors are computed and applied at component levels. For employment series, these are generally the 2 digit SIC levels. Seasonally adjusted totals are arithmetic aggregations for employment series and weighted averages of the seasonally adjusted data for hours and earnings series. Seasonally adjusted average weekly earnings are the product of seasonally adjusted average hourly earnings and average weekly hours. Average weekly earnings in constant dollars, seasonally adjusted, are obtained by dividing the average weekly earnings series by the seasonally adjusted Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPIW), and multiplying by 100. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, are obtained by multiplying average weekly hours by production or nonsupervisory workers and dividing by the 1982 annual average base. For total private, total goodsproducing, total private serviceproducing, and major industry divisions, the indexes of aggregate weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, are obtained by summing the aggregate weekly hours for the appropriate component industries and dividing by the 1982 annual average base. Seasonally adjusted data are not published for a number of series characterized by small seasonal components relative to their trendcycle and/or irregular components. These series, however, are used in the aggregation to higher level seasonally adjusted series. Seasonal adjustment factors for Federal Government employment are derived from unadjusted data which include Christmas temporary workers employed by the Postal Service. The number of temporary census workers for the decennial census, however, are removed prior to the calculation of seasonal adjustment factors. The standard procedure for seasonal adjustment for the local education employment series was improved with the 1997 benchmark. In the past, the seasonal factors for this industry were derived using the standard seasonal adjustment procedure of a logarithmic transformation of the data as input for the multiplicative decomposition of the series. However, in recent years, the forecasted seasonal factors have failed to adequately reflect the changing behavior of this industry in the summer months. The factors for this industry are now derived using a squareroot transformation of the data as input for an additive decomposition of the series. These modifications produce seasonal factors that better reflect current industry seasonal patterns. However, the annual averages of seasonally adjusted and unadjusted series will not be equal. BLS also makes special adjustments for floating holidays for the establishmentbased series on average weekly hours and manufacturing overtime hours. From 1988 forward, these adjustments are now accomplished as part of the X12 ARIMA/REGARIMA modeling process. The special adjustment made in November each year to adjust for the effect of poll workers in the local government employment series also is incorporated into the X12 process from 1988 forward. Revised seasonally adjusted national establishmentbased series based on the experience through March, new seasonal adjustment factors for MarchOctober, and a description of the current seasonal adjustment procedure appear in the issue of Employment and Earnings. Revised factors for the September April 2000 period will appear in the December issue. Beginning in 1993, BLS introduced publication of seasonally adjusted nonfarm payroll employment data by major industry for all States and the District of Columbia (table B7). Seasonal adjustment factors are applied directly to the employment estimates at the division level (component series for manufacturing and trade) and then aggregated to the State totals. The recomputation of seasonal factors and historical revisions are made coincident with the annual benchmark adjustments. State estimation procedures are designed to produce accurate (unadjusted and seasonally adjusted) data for each individual State. BLS independently develops a national employment series; State estimates are not forced to sum to national totals. Because each State series is subject to larger sampling and nonsampling errors than the national series, summing them cumulates individual State level errors and can cause significant distortions at an aggregate level. Due to these statistical limitations, BLS 172