Facts about and in Great Britain 1999
and...... in Education and Training At age 16, 51 per cent of girls and 41 per cent of boys had gained five or more passes at grades A*-C of GCSE or grades 1-3 of SCE Standard. 1 32 per cent of girls and 26 per cent of boys had gained two or more A level passes aged 17-19 either at school or at an FE institution or three or more SCE Highers in Years S5/S6. 1... at Work 68 per cent of women and 78 per cent of men of working age are in employment. 2 Employment rates are closest for the under 25s; 59 per cent of young women and 63 per cent of young men are in employment. 2 37 per cent of disabled women and 39 per cent of disabled men of working age are in employment. 2 outnumber men three to one in clerical and secretarial occupations, whilst men outnumber women ten to one in craft and related occupations. 2... combining Work and Family Life 50 per cent of mothers with children aged under 5 are in work, compared with 89 per cent of fathers. 2 65 per cent of mothers with children aged under 5 and working as employees are in part-time work, compared with 3 per cent of fathers. 2 For every 7 children aged under 8 there was only one place in a day nursery or family centre, with a registered childminder or at an out of school club. 3... and their Income employees working full-time earn on average only 80 per cent of the average hourly earnings of men full-time employees. 4 In the adult population, women s individual income is on average only 53 per cent of men s. 5 Sources: 1 Department for Education and Employment; The National Assembly for Wales; The Scottish Executive. 2 Labour Force Survey Spring 1998, Office for National Statistics. 3 Children s Day Care Facilities at 31 March 1998 England, Department for Education and Employment; Population Estimates Unit, Office for National Statistics. 4 New Earnings Survey 1998, Office for National Statistics. 5 s Individual Income 1996/97, s Unit & Department for Social Security 1
Introduction The contents of this annual card have been selected to give a broad picture of the relative position of women and men in Great Britain. Two joint projects by the EOC and the Office for National Statistics (ONS) provide further information. A Brief Guide to Gender Statistics can be obtained from ONS Sales on 01633-812-078 and Social Focus on and can be ordered from The Stationery Office on 0870-600-5522. Copies of this card and other information on gender equality and sex discrimination can be found on the EOC website at www.eoc.org.uk or by contacting: Equal Opportunities Commission Overseas House, Quay Street Manchester, M3 3HN E-mail: info@eoc.org.uk Fax: 0161-835-1657 Tel & Minicom: 0161-833-9244 Please note that the statistics in this booklet are covered by Crown Copyright and are reproduced by permission of the Controller of HMSO. Resident Population, 1997 Total population: 57.3 millions & girls & boys Thousands % of total Thousands % of total Age group population population Under 16 5,695 10 5,998 10 Working age (16-59/64) 16,742 29 18,461 32 Over SRA* (60/65 and over) 6,728 12 3,710 6 All ages 29,165 51 28,169 49 * SRA = State Retirement Age (Source: Population Trends Winter 1998, Office for National National Curriculum Assessments, 1998 School pupils aged 7, 11 & 14 per cent at ENGLAND expected level Girls Boys TA Test TA Test Key Stage 1 - level 2 or above English 86 54-86* 76 54-76* Mathematics 87 86 83 83 Science 87 85 Key Stage 2 - level 4 or above English 72 73 59 57 Mathematics 66 58 64 59 Science 72 69 70 70 Key Stage 3 - level 5 or above English 71 73 53 56 Mathematics 65 59 62 60 Science 63 55 60 57 Teaching Assessment * Results from four tests are reported separately, these are: reading task, reading comprehension, writing & spelling. (Source: National Curriculum Assessments of 7, 11 & 14 year olds in England - 1998, Statistical Bulletin 6/99, Department for Education & Employment) 2
Examination Achievements, 1996/7 England Wales Scotland Gt Britain Girls GCSEs and SCE Standard Grades* 5 or more grades A*-C or 1-3 50.0 48.9 60.8 51.0 1-4 grades A*-C or 1-3 26.0 23.6 24.6 25.8 1 or more D-G or 4-7, no higher grades 17.4 19.0 10.2 16.8 No graded results 6.5 8.5 4.4 6.4 2 or more GCE A levels or 3 or more SCE Highers^ 32.5 30.4 35.0 31.6 Boys GCSEs and SCE Standard Grades* 5 or more grades A*-C or 1-3 40.5 38.6 48.9 41.2 1-4 grades A*-C or 1-3 24.8 22.9 30.7 25.2 1 or more D-G or 4-7, no higher grades 26.0 26.4 15.4 25.0 No graded results 8.8 12.2 4.9 8.6 2 or more GCE A levels or 3 or more SCE Highers^ 26.7 23.1 25.4 25.5 * examination achievements of pupils in their last year of compulsory education ^ examination achievements of pupils in schools and students in FE aged 17-19 at the end of the academic year in England and Wales as a percentage of the 18 year old population; and of pupils in Years S5/S6 in Scotland as a percentage of the 17 year old population. (Source: Department for Education and Employment, The National Assembly for Wales, The Scottish Executive) Modern Apprenticeships, 1999 ENGLAND & WALES Selected sectors Thousands % of sector Thousands % of sector Engineering manufacture 0.8 4 19.4 96 Business administration 12.8 79 3.4 21 Motor industry 0.3 3 10.4 97 Construction 0.2 2 9.2 98 Retailing 5.6 59 3.9 41 Hotel & catering 3.7 46 4.4 54 Electrical installation engineering 0.1 1 8.0 99 Hairdressing 7.4 92 0.6 8 Health & social care 6.0 89 0.7 11 Childcare 3.9 97 0.1 3 Accountancy 2.3 58 1.7 42 Customer service 2.7 68 1.3 32 Travel service 2.3 86 0.4 14 Information technology 0.8 29 1.9 71 Total for these sectors 49.0 43 65.5 57 (Source: TEC delivered Government supported training: work-based training for young people and for adults - England and Wales,Statistical First Release 14/1999, Department for Education and Employment) 3
Examinations: Entries and Results, 1996/7 Entries for all ages in schools and FE sector colleges Entries % passes at Entries % passes at Thousands C or above# Thousands C or above# GCSE/SCE Standard grade English 325 64 333 48 French 204 57 178 42 Mathematics 342 47 345 47 Single Award Science 38 22 39 18 Double Award Science* 235 49 234 48 Design & Technology* 69 54 78 39 Craft, Design & Technology 23 55 96 41 Business Studies 70 56 63 48 Home Economics 95 45 18 26 Art & Design 121 70 113 52 Geography 133 58 171 51 History 125 61 118 53 Any subject 380 78 384 70 GCE A level/sce Higher grade English 43 58 25 57 French 21 63 8 63 Mathematics 33 66 54 63 Biological Sciences 40 56 26 53 Chemistry 24 64 29 62 Physics 10 68 33 61 Business Studies 23 57 20 51 Art & Design 26 70 16 61 Geography 22 64 27 56 History 27 56 21 57 Social Studies* 52 46 25 42 # SCE Standard grades 1-3 * England & Wales only (Source: Education and Training Statistics for the UK 1998, Department for Education and Employment) NVQ/SVQ Awards by Occupational Group, 1997/8 UNITED KINGDOM Major occupational groups* Thousands % of group Thousands % of group Managers & administrators 46.4 66 24.4 34 Professional 17.2 80 4.4 20 Associate professional & technical 16.7 63 10.0 37 Clerical & secretarial 60.8 57 46.0 43 Craft & related 9.2 10 79.5 90 Personal & protective 66.6 73 25.0 27 Sales 16.4 73 6.1 27 Plant & machine operatives 3.2 19 13.3 81 Miscellaneous 4.8 39 7.4 61 All occupations 241.7 53 216.3 47 * occupational group is determined by the subject of the qualification awarded and not by current job (Source: Vocational qualifications in the UK 1997/98, Statistical Bulletin 9/99, Department for Education and Employment) 4
GNVQ/GSVQ Awards by Occupational Group, 1997/8 UNITED KINGDOM Major occupational groups* Thousands % of group Thousands % of group Managers & administrators 2.6 Associate professional 18.0 59 12.6 41 Clerical & secretarial 14.8 42 20.3 58 Craft & related 2.3 Personal & protective 15.2 63 9.0 37 Unknown 3.1 All occupations^ 52.4 54 45.0 46 less than 1,000 * occupational group is determined by the subject of the qualification awarded and not by current job ^ including those not shown separately (Source: Vocational qualifications in the UK 1997/98, Statistical Bulletin 9/99, Department for Education and Employment) Students in Higher Education Institutions, 1997/8 First degree undergraduates Thousands Subject area Full-time Part-time Full-time Part-time Medicine & dentistry 14.2 13.2 Subjects allied to medicine 33.1 18.5 11.2 2.1 Biological sciences 37.3 1.8 24.0 1.0 Veterinary science 1.7 0.9 Agriculture & related subjects 3.9 0.1 3.4 0.1 Physical sciences 17.3 0.8 30.2 1.3 Mathematical sciences 5.8 0.1 9.6 0.1 Computer science 8.1 0.9 34.5 3.2 Engineering & technology 11.4 0.5 66.5 6.9 Architecture, building & planning 5.4 0.9 16.7 4.3 Social, economic & political studies 41.1 2.8 29.7 2.0 Law 19.2 3.3 13.9 3.6 Business & administrative studies 50.2 5.2 49.4 4.5 Librarianship & information science 7.6 0.5 4.8 0.2 Languages 41.9 2.1 17.0 0.9 Humanities 17.7 1.7 15.0 1.0 Creative arts & design 40.5 1.8 29.3 1.0 Education 35.9 3.1 10.8 0.9 Combined 60.5 5.2 45.8 3.3 All subjects 452.9 49.4 425.9 36.7 less than 50 (Source: Students in Higher Education Institutions 1997/98, Higher Education Statistics Agency) 5
Students in Further Education, 1995/96 ENGLAND Programme area Thousands % of prog. Thousands % of prog. area area Science 240 56 193 44 Agriculture 21 48 23 52 Construction 7 8 83 92 Engineering 20 9 210 91 Business 356 64 203 36 Hotel & catering 68 57 52 43 Health & community care 327 73 118 27 Art & design 115 60 75 40 Humanities 436 61 280 39 Basic education 125 59 86 41 All programme areas 1,713 56 1,322 44 (Source: Further Education Funding Council) LABOUR MARKET DEFINITIONS People of working age women aged 16 to 59 and men aged 16 to 64. In employment people aged 16 or over who did some paid work in the reference week; those who had a job they were temporarily away from; those on government-supported training and employment programmes; and those doing unpaid work for their own or a family business. The employment rate is expressed as a percentage of the group which includes those in employment, the ILO unemployed and those outside the labour market. ILO Unemployed an International Labour Organisation (ILO) recommended measure, which counts as unemployed those aged 16 and over who are without a job, are available to start work in the next two weeks, and have been seeking a job in the last four weeks or are waiting to start a job already obtained. The unemployment rate is expressed as a percentage of the economically active. Economically Active people aged 16 and over who are either in employment or ILO unemployed. The economic activity rate is expressed as a percentage of those economically active plus those outside the labour market. Outside Labour Market also often described as economically inactive, those who are neither in employment nor ILO unemployed. Children s Day Care, 1998 ENGLAND No. of places % of places Thousands Places in a day nursery or family centre, with a registered childminder or at an out of school club 686 64 of which: Day nurseries/family centres 223 21 Childminders 371 35 Out of school club 92 9 Playgroup places 384 36 Total places 1,070 100 Number of under 8s (mid-1998) 5,037 Number of children for each place (excluding playgroups) 7 (Source: Children s Day Care Facilities at 31 March 1998 England, Department for Education & Employment; Population Estimates Unit, Office for National 6
Economic Activity by Marital Status, 1998 People of working age Thousands per cent Married or Not married or cohabiting Total cohabiting Single Separated, divorced or widowed In employment 7,635 2,487 1,131 11,253 Employment rate 72 62 59 68 ILO unemployed 275 265 109 649 Unemployment rate 3 10 9 5 Economically active 7,910 2,752 1,240 11,901 Economic activity rate 74 69 65 72 Outside labour market 2,750 1,264 671 4,685 In employment 9,988 3,527 745 14,261 Employment rate 85 67 65 78 ILO unemployed 416 518 110 1,044 Unemployment rate 4 13 13 7 Economically active 10,404 4,045 855 15,305 Economic activity rate 88 77 75 84 Outside labour market 1,413 1,222 289 2,925 Economic Activity by Disability Status, 1998 People of working age Disabled* Not disabled Thousands per cent Disabled* Not disabled In employment 857 10,396 975 13,286 Employment rate 37 73 39 84 ILO unemployed 83 566 137 907 Unemployment rate 9 5 12 6 Economically active 940 10,962 1,112 14,193 Economic activity rate 41 77 44 90 Outside labour market 1,360 3,325 1,390 1,535 * Disability Discrimination Act definition of current disability is a health problem or disability which significantly limits the ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities, or a progressive illness. 7
Economic Activity by Age Group, 1998 People aged 16 and over Thousands per cent 16-24 25-44 45-64 65 and over In employment 1,757 5,954 3,867 168 Employment rate 59 71 58 3 ILO unemployed 209 324 123 Unemployment rate 11 5 3 Economically active 1,966 6,277 3,990 172 Economic activity rate 66 75 60 3 Outside labour market 1,028 2,074 2,636 4,834 In employment 1,986 7,525 4,750 266 Employment rate 63 88 73 7 ILO unemployed 319 455 271 Unemployment rate 14 6 5 Economically active 2,305 7,979 5,020 275 Economic activity rate 73 93 77 8 Outside labour market 836 595 1,494 3,345 less than 10,000 Employment by Occupation, 1998 Employees and self-employed aged 16 and over Major occupational groups Thousands % of group Thousands % of group Managers & administrators 1,385 33 2,816 67 Professional 1,082 39 1,669 61 Associate professional & technical 1,305 50 1,314 50 Clerical & secretarial 2,892 75 984 25 Craft & related 281 9 2,877 91 Personal & protective 1,906 67 938 33 Sales 1,299 64 736 36 Plant & machine operatives 468 19 1,993 81 Other occupations 1,000 48 1,064 52 All occupations* 11,618 45 14,394 55 * includes those not stating occupation 8
Employment by Ethnic Origin, 1998 People of working age In employment ILO unemployed Thousands Rate (%) Thousands Rate (%) Black - Caribbean 118 64 14 10 Black - African 47 44 12 20 Indian 164 57 17 9 Pakistani & Bangladeshi 45 21 13 23 Chinese & other Asian 70 50 Mixed & other origins 92 53 15 14 All non-white groups 536 48 79 13 White 10,714 69 570 5 All ethnic groups 11,253 68 649 5 Black - Caribbean 111 70 18 14 Black - African 83 64 16 17 Indian 245 73 24 9 Pakistani & Bangladeshi 122 53 33 21 Chinese & other Asian 87 61 11 11 Mixed & other origins 92 59 21 18 All non-white groups 739 64 122 14 White 13,519 79 922 6 All ethnic groups 14,261 78 1,044 7 less than 10,000 Flexible Working Arrangements, 1998 Employees aged 16 and over Thousands % of Thousands % of employees employees Any flexible working arrangement 2,552 23.7 1,889 15.6 Flexible working hours 1,156 10.7 966 8.0 Annualised hours contract 354 3.3 403 3.3 Term time working 774 7.2 161 1.3 Job sharing 160 1.5 17 0.1 Nine day fortnight 11 0.1 41 0.3 Four & a half day week 138 1.3 284 2.4 Zero hours contract 83 0.8 66 0.6 None of these/don t know 7,788 72.3 9,653 79.9 All employees* 10,767 100 12,077 100 * includes those not responding to the question on flexible work. 9
Occupational Segregation, 1998 Employees and self-employed aged 16 or over Selected occupations Thousands % of Thousands % of employees employees Drivers of road goods vehicles 16 3 451 97 Production, works & maintenance managers 30 8 361 92 Warehouse & storekeepers 49 13 323 87 Computer analyst/programmers 52 21 193 79 Technical & wholesale reps. 55 25 166 75 Marketing & sales managers 137 26 388 74 Chefs & cooks 127 52 119 48 Secondary teachers 180 53 159 47 Sales assistants 896 74 307 26 Waiters & waitresses 154 75 51 25 Book-keepers & financial clerks 519 75 169 25 Computer & records clerks 231 77 69 23 Counter clerks & cashiers 252 78 69 22 Cleaners & domestics 555 81 129 19 Catering assistants 189 82 41 18 Retail check-out operators 167 82 36 18 Primary & nursery teachers 302 86 48 14 Nurses 418 89 51 11 Care assistants & attendants 461 92 40 8 Employment Type by Family Type, 1998 People of working age with dependent children Thousands per cent Lone parent Married or Lone parent Married or cohabiting cohabiting Employees* 680 3,405 79 4,340 full-time 287 1,322 70 4,229 part-time 393 2,083 111 % part-time 58 61 3 Self-employed 45 339 13 918 All in employment^ 733 3,774 93 5,271 Employment rate 44 68 59 89 ILO unemployed 142 172 17 247 ILO unemployment rate 16 4 15 4 Outside labour market 780 1,584 47 400 * includes those not stating full-time/part-time ^ Employees, self-employed, on government programmes or unpaid family workers. less than 10,000 10
Employment Type by Age of Youngest Dependent Child, 1998 People of working age Thousands per cent No dependent Age of youngest dependent child 0-4 5-10 11 or over children Employees* 1,357 1,309 1,419 6,283 full-time 480 451 677 4,298 part-time 877 857 742 1,984 % part-time 65 66 52 32 Self-employed 130 127 127 389 All in employment^ 1,499 1,449 1,558 6,747 Employment rate 50 68 76 72 ILO unemployed 147 102 65 335 ILO unemployment rate 9 7 4 5 Employees* 1,940 1,247 1,232 7,518 full-time 1,884 1,212 1,203 6,754 part-time 56 35 29 764 % part-time 3 3 2 10 Self-employed 355 288 287 1,269 All in employment^ 2,301 1,541 1,522 8,896 Employment rate 89 89 87 73 ILO unemployed 132 68 64 780 ILO unemployment rate 5 4 4 8 * includes those not stating full-time or part-time ^ Employees, self-employed, on government programmes or unpaid family workers. less than10,000 Members of Parliament, 1999 UNITED KINGDOM Political party No. of MPs % of MPs No. of MPs % of MPs in party in party Conservative 14 9 147 91 Labour 101 24 315 76 Liberal Democrats 3 7 43 93 Other parties* 3 8 33 92 All parties 121 18 538 82 * includes speaker and independent MP (Source: House of Commons Weekly Information Bulletin, August 1999) 11
Members of the European Parliament, 1999 UNITED KINGDOM Political party No. of MEPs % of MEPs No. of MEPs % of MEPs in party in party Conservative 3 8 33 92 Labour 10 34 19 66 Liberal Democrats 5 50 5 50 Other parties & independents 3 25 9 75 All parties 21 24 66 76 (Source: The Guardian, 15 June 1999) Full-Time Earnings 1978, 1998 Average gross hourly earnings, excluding the effects of overtime, and weekly earnings of full-time employees on adult rates. Ratio of W s to M s Hourly earnings (pence per hour) earnings 1978 All* 148.0 204.9 72 1998 All 822 1026 80 Manual 514 710 72 Non-manual 889 1294 69 Weekly earnings (pounds per week) 1978 All* 56.4 89.1 63 1998 All 309.6 427.1 72 Manual 210.8 328.5 64 Non-manual 330.1 506.1 65 * women aged 18 & over, men aged 21 & over (Source: New Earnings Surveys 1978 & 1998, Office for National Part-time Employees by Age Group, 1998 Part-time employees aged 16 and over Thousands % part-time Thousands % part-time 16-24 693 41 471 26 25-44 2,268 41 188 3 45-64 1,696 49 224 6 65 and over 113 90 99 71 All ages 4,770 44 983 8 12
Part-time Earnings, 1998 Gross pay* in main job of part-time employees aged 16 and over Ratio of W s to M s earnings Hourly earnings ( ) 5.58 5.65 99 Weekly earnings ( ) 98 90 109 * respondents are asked for their total pay before deductions the last time they were paid, or if not yet paid, how much is expected Relative Earnings of Couples, 1996/97 Gross weekly earnings from employment or self-employment where both partners work 16 hours a week or more. % of couples Woman earns over 10 per cent more 16 Woman earns 5 to 10 per cent more 2 Earnings are within +/- 5 per cent 7 Man earns 5 to 10 per cent more 2 Man earns over 10 per cent more 73 All couples 100 (Source: Social Focus on and, Equal Opportunities Commission/Office for National Members of Pension Schemes, 1994-96 Employee membership of occupational and personal pension schemes. per cent Full-time Part-time Full-time Professional 79 67 89 Employers & managers 78 59 88 Intermediate non-manual 80 53 85 Junior non-manual 65 34 75 Skilled manual 56 30 72 Semi-skilled manual* 46 23 64 Unskilled manual 39 16 54 All socio-economic groups 67 33 77 * includes personal services (Source: Social Focus on and, Equal Opportunities Commission/Office for National 13
Individual Income by Source, 1996/7 Average gross weekly personal income of all people aged 16 or over per week % of total per week % of total income income Earnings 94 61 192 66 Self employment 7 5 34 12 Occupational pensions/annuities 7 5 21 7 Investment 7 5 10 3 Benefit income, including state pension 33 22 27 9 Other 4 3 5 2 Total income 153 100 289 100 (Source: s Individual Income 1996/97, s Unit & Department for Social Security) Accounts, Savings & Investments, 1996/7 Percentage of people having the items listed per cent Single adult families Couple families Woman s Man s name or name or joint names joint names Current account 65 73 82 86 Other bank/building society account* 45 42 60 56 Premium bonds 15 14 20 21 Stocks & shares 9 11 16 21 Post Office account 9 7 7 5 TESSA 7 6 11 11 National Savings bonds 5 3 5 4 PEPs 4 5 8 10 Unit trusts 3 3 5 6 Save as you earn 1 1 1 2 Gilts 1 1 1 Any of the above 81 84 91 92 * Excluding current accounts and TESSAs less than 0.5% (Source: Social Focus on and, Equal Opportunities Commission/Office for National 14
Overseas House,Quay Street Manchester M3 3HN E-mail: info@eoc.org.uk Website: www.eoc.org.uk Fax: 0161 835 1657 Tel. & Minicom: 0161 833 9244