Summary and Highlights City-Region Profile Key Indicators Population, 2001 682,745 30,007,085 Population Change 1996-2001 1.6% 4.0% % Foreign Born 2.9% 18.2% % BA Degree or higher 17.5% 15.4% Labour Force 562,750 23,901,360 Employment Rate 61.1% 61.5% Unemployed Rate 6.9% 7.4% % 'Creative' occupations 37.1% 29.2% % Science & Tech. Occupations 8.6% 6.4% Bohemians' per 1,000 Labour Force 11.6 13.1 Greg Spencer and Tara Vinodrai Program on Globalization and Regional Innovation Systems (PROGRIS) Munk Centre for International Studies University of Toronto Number of Clusters 1 263 % Employment in Clusters 1.2% 22.1% % Establishments in Clusters 0.9% 19.9% Establishments 20,544 1,048,286 Compound Annual Growth 1998-2005 -0.5% 1.1% 4/19/2006 Average Household Income $ 50,230 $ 58,360 Average Employment Income $ 29,789 $ 31,757 Prepared by Greg Spencer and Tara Vinodrai Page 1 of 13
1 - Demographics Population % Change 1996 2001 1996-2001 Age Groups Under 15 15 to 64 65 and over % 15 to 64 671,890 682,745 1.6% 110,165 483,280 89,290 70.8% 28,846,770 30,007,085 4.0% 5,725,540 20,393,000 3,888,545 68.0% Figure 1.1 - Population by age and gender, 2001 Figure 1.2 - Population by age group, 1996-2001 100+ 95-99 90-94 85-89 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 (40,000) (30,000) (20,000) (10,000) 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 Population Female Male Population (000s) 0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 Under 25 25-44 2001 1996 45-64 65 and over Figure 1.3 - Population by family status, 2001 Spouses Common-law partners Lone parents Children in census families Non-family persons 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% Prepared by Greg Spencer and Tara Vinodrai Page 2 of 13
2 - Migration & Population Change Domestic Migration Intraprovincial Interprovincial Total % Foreign born Migrated post-1991 Migrated pre- 1991 In-flows, 1996-2001 50,315 4,460 54,775 2.9% 1.2% 1.6% Out-flows, 1996-2001 57,980 10,140 68,120 18.2% 6.1% 12.1% Net, 1996-2001 (7,665) (5,680) (13,345) Figure 2.1 - Domestic migration flows between 1996 and 2001 by age Figure 2.2 - Population by place of birth, 2001 75 years and over 70-74 years 65-69 years 60-64 years 55-59 years 50-54 years 45-49 years 40-44 years 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 Born in province of residence Born outside province of residence United States Central and South America Caribbean and Bermuda United Kingdom Other Northern and Western Europe Eastern Europe Southern Europe Africa West Central Asia and the Middle East Eastern Asia South-East Asia Southern Asia Oceania and other 35-39 years 30-34 years 25-29 years 20-24 years 15-19 years 10-14 years 5-9 years -15,000-10,000-5,000 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 Number of migrants Figure 2.3 - Immigrant population by period of immigration, 2001 % of population 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% Before 1961 1961-1970 1971-1980 1981-1990 1991-2001 Non-permanent residents Intra-Provincial - OUT Inter-Provincial - OUT Intra-Provincial - IN Inter-Provincial - IN Prepared by Greg Spencer and Tara Vinodrai Page 3 of 13
3 - Education % College degree or % BA degree % MA degree PhDs per 1 Average years of schooling higher 1 or higher 1 or higher 1 1,000 1 1991 1996 2001 39.0% 17.5% 4.2% 7.6 12.4 12.7 13.2 32.9% 15.4% 3.2% 5.4 12.0 12.3 12.8 Figure 3.1 - Educational attainment for the population 15 years and over, 2001 Figure 3.2 - Change in educational attainment, 1991-2001 Master's Degree or Higher Bachelor's Degree Master's Degree or Higher, 4.2% College certificate or diploma Bachelor's Degree, 13.3% Less than high school certificate, 23.6% Trades certificate or diploma Some postsecondary education 1991 2001 High school certificate only Less than high school certificate 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% % of population, 15 and over College certificate or diploma, 21.5% Figure 3.3 - Educational attainment relative to national average, 2001 Master's Degree or Higher High school certificate only, 18.3% Bachelor's Degree College certificate or diploma Trades certificate or diploma Trades certificate or diploma, 11.0% Some postsecondary education, 8.0% Some postsecondary education High school certificate only Less than high school certificate 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 Prepared by Greg Spencer and Tara Vinodrai Page 4 of 13
4 - Employment Employment Rate 2 Unemployment Rate 3 Average hours worked per Female Male 1991 2001 1991 2001 week 1991 2001 1991 2001 61.1% 61.1% 9.1% 6.9% 32.8 33.5 39.2 39.2 61.0% 61.5% 10.2% 7.4% 34.0 34.7 41.6 42.1 Figure 4.1 - Labour force status of the population 15 and over, 2001 Figure 4.2 - Labour force status by gender, 2001 1991 2001 1991 2001 Employed full-time Employed part-time Unemployed Not in the labour force Employed full-time Employed part-time Unemployed Not in the labour force Male Female 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% % of population, 15 and over 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% % of population, 15 and over Figure 4.3 - Employment rate 2 by age, 2001 Figure 4.4 - Self employment by type 4, 2001 Employment rate 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 15-19 years 20-24 years 25-34 years 25-29 years 30-34 years 35-44 years 45-54 years Incorporated Unincorporated Without paid help With paid help Without paid help With paid help 55-64 years 65 years and over 0.0% 1.0% 2.0% 3.0% 4.0% 5.0% 6.0% 7.0% % of employed labour force Prepared by Greg Spencer and Tara Vinodrai Page 5 of 13
5 - Occupational Structure A-B Management, business & finance occupations C-F Natural/social science, health, education & artistic occupations G-J Sales/service, trades & manual labour occupations 1991 1996 2001 1991 1996 2001 1991 1996 2001 31.7% 30.9% 28.9% 24.9% 25.2% 27.5% 43.4% 43.8% 43.6% 28.6% 27.8% 28.2% 18.8% 19.8% 21.3% 52.5% 52.4% 50.5% Figure 5.1 - Occupational structure, 2001 Figure 5.2 - Change in occupational specialization, 1991-2001 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 H Trades, transport & equip. operators, 11.3% J Occup. in processing, mfg. & utilities, 4.3% I Occupations unique to primary industry, 1.1% A Management occupations, 9.1% A Management occupations B Business, finance & admin. occup. C Natural & applied sci. & related occup. B Business, finance & admin. occup., 19.9% D Health occupations E Social sci., educ., govt. & religion occup. F Occupations in art, culture, rec. & sport G Sales & service occupations, 26.9% C Natural & applied sci. & related occup., 8.6% G Sales & service occupations H Trades, transport & equip. operators F Occupations in art, culture, rec. & sport, 3.1% E Social sci., educ., govt. & religion occup., 8.8% D Health occupations, 7.0% I Occupations unique to primary industry J Occup. in processing, mfg. & utilities 2001 1991 Prepared by Greg Spencer and Tara Vinodrai Page 6 of 13
6 - Creative Occupations Bohemians % S&T Trades & Bohemians per 1000 5 S&T Workers Workers 6 Occupational Groups 7 Creative Service Manual Agricultural 4,195 11.6 31,080 8.6% 37.1% 46.3% 16.0% 0.7% 204,305 13.1 1,003,810 6.4% 29.2% 42.7% 23.9% 4.3% Figure 6.1 - Specialization in creative occupations Figure 6.2 - Change in share of labour force, 1991-2001 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 % of total labour force 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% A0 Senior management A1 Specialist managers A2 Managers in retail trade, food & accom. A3 Other managers, n.e.c. Creative Service Trades & Manual 2001 1991 B0 Professionals in business and finance B1 Finance and insurance administrative Agricultural C0 Professionals in natural and applied sciences C1 Technical occup. in natural & applied sci. Figure 6.3 - In-migration of creative workers between 1996 & 2001 D0 Professionals in health D1 Nurse supervisors and registered nurses D2 Technical and related occupations in health E0 Legal, social work, and policy professionals E1 Teachers and professors F0 Professionals in art and culture F1 Technical occup. in art, culture, rec. & sport 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% % creative workers, 2001 Intra-Provincial Inter-Provincial International Prepared by Greg Spencer and Tara Vinodrai Page 7 of 13
7 - Industrial Structure Figure 7.1 - Industry characteristics # Labour force % Labour force % BA or higher % Creative occups. Average income All industries 386,595 100.0% 22.4% 37.1% $ 30,129 11 Agr., forestry, fish. & hunt. 4,060 1.1% 18.7% 24.3% $ 21,642 21 Mining & oil/gas extraction 505 0.1% 26.4% 34.5% $ 36,475 22 Utilities 1,860 0.5% 11.7% 41.9% $ 51,571 23 Construction 15,435 4.0% 7.7% 23.6% $ 31,994 31-33 Manufacturing 35,760 9.2% 10.6% 21.9% $ 30,147 41 Wholesale trade 14,340 3.7% 10.6% 21.2% $ 34,318 44-45 Retail trade 45,895 11.9% 8.7% 17.9% $ 19,154 48-49 Transport & warehousing 14,690 3.8% 5.4% 12.6% $ 31,326 51 Information & cultural ind. 7,320 1.9% 26.0% 51.1% $ 34,298 52 Finance and insurance 18,540 4.8% 24.8% 47.5% $ 37,860 53 Real estate/rental & leasing 5,055 1.3% 16.7% 24.1% $ 29,262 54 Prof., sci. & tech. services 25,260 6.5% 46.5% 75.9% $ 36,997 55 Mgmt. of companies 295 0.1% 40.7% 61.1% $ 41,856 56 Admin./support, & wst. mgt. 13,965 3.6% 11.2% 14.9% $ 20,065 61 Educational services 28,205 7.3% 63.5% 74.9% $ 35,613 62 Health care & soc. assist. 44,855 11.6% 27.0% 49.9% $ 33,635 71 Arts, entertainment & rec. 7,890 2.0% 24.2% 53.3% $ 17,601 72 Accom. & food services 29,280 7.6% 5.9% 12.9% $ 13,768 81 Other services 20,270 5.2% 12.2% 22.1% $ 21,175 91 Public administration 53,110 13.7% 32.0% 47.3% $ 41,062 Figure 7.2 - Industrial specialization - Employment - 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting 21 Mining and oil and gas extraction 22 Utilities 23 Construction 31-33 Manufacturing 41 Wholesale trade 44-45 Retail trade 48-49 Transportation and warehousing 51 Information and cultural industries 52 Finance and insurance 53 Real estate and rental and leasing 54 Prof., scientific & tech. services 56 Admin., support, & waste mgt. services 61 Educational services 62 Health care and social assistance 71 Arts, entertainment and recreation 72 Accommodation and food services 81 Other services 91 Public administration Prepared by Greg Spencer and Tara Vinodrai Page 8 of 13
8 - Clusters Number of clusters 8 1 % employment in clusters 8 1.2% % establishments in clusters 8 0.9% Figure 8.1 - Cluster characteristics, 2001 8 Figure 8.2 - Employment by industry category, 2001 9 Resource-based Agriculture Mining Oil and Gas Wood & Wood Products Maritime Manufacturing Textiles & Apparel Food Steel Automotive Plastics & Rubber Biomedical ICT Manufacturing # Labour force Labour force LQ % Industry LQs > 1 Cluster (yes/no) 7,600 0.45 13.3% NO 2,560 0.43 0.0% NO 1,015 0.24 11.1% NO 5,270 0.64 30.0% NO 2,500 0.73 66.7% NO 2,755 0.62 16.7% NO 9,480 0.94 41.7% NO 4,680 0.62 8.3% NO 4,515 0.43 7.7% NO 6,575 0.68 14.3% NO 4,470 1.48 50.0% YES Figure 8.3 - Establishment growth by industry category, 1998-2005 9,10 4,660 0.83 22.2% NO Clustering Non-Clustering Clustered Non-Clustered Basic Non-Basic % of total employment 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% Weighted compound annual growth rate Service-based ICT Services Finance Business Services Creative & Cultural Higher Education Other Construction Logistics 15,410 1.06 44.4% NO 21,415 1.10 26.7% NO 32,570 1.09 43.8% NO 9,515 0.93 43.8% NO 12,265 1.45 37.5% NO 9,830 0.83 16.7% NO 14,120 0.79 26.9% NO Clustering Non-Clustering 0.0% 0.5% 1.0% 1.5% 2.0% 2.5% 3.0% 3.5% 4.0% 4.5% 5.0% Clustered Non-Clustered Basic Non-Basic Prepared by Greg Spencer and Tara Vinodrai Page 9 of 13
9 - Establishments Establishments 1998 2005 Growth 11 Less than 5 emp. 5 to 199 emp. More than 500 emp. 20,738 20,342-0.28% 56.7% 42.2% 91 1,001,517 1,048,286 0.65% 56.5% 42.5% 2,916 Figure 9.1 - Establishment growth by industry, 1998-2005 11 Figure 9.2 - Industrial specialization - Establishments, 2005 Compound Annual Growth Rate -16% -14% -12% -10% -8% -6% -4% -2% 0% 2% 4% 6% 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting 21 Mining and oil and gas extraction 22 Utilities 23 Construction 31-33 Manufacturing 41 Wholesale trade 44-45 Retail trade 48-49 Transportation and warehousing 1 - Agriculture 2 - Mining, Util. & Constr. 3 - Manufacturing 4 - Whole., Retail & Transport. 5 - Finance & Prof. Serv. 7 - Cult. & Hospitality Serv. 8 - Other services 6 - Health & Education 9 - Public Admin. 51 Information and cultural industries 52 Finance and insurance 53 Real estate and rental and leasing 54 Prof., scientific and tech. services 55 Management of companies & enterprises 56 Admin., support, & waste mgt. services 61 Educational services 62 Health care and social assistance 71 Arts, entertainment and recreation 72 Accommodation and food services 81 Other services Figure 9.3 - Distribution of establishments by size, 2005 % of establishments 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% Micro (1 to 9) Small (10 to 49) Medium (50 to 199) Large (200 or more) 91 Public administration Prepared by Greg Spencer and Tara Vinodrai Page 10 of 13
10 - Income Household income 12 Average Median % below LICO 13 Individual income 12 Average total Average emp. $ 50,230 $ 41,864 18.9 $ 27,939 $ 29,789 $ 58,360 $ 46,752 16.2 $ 29,769 $ 31,757 Figure 10.1 - Sources of income for population 15 and over, 2000 Figure 10.2 - Distribution of total income for pop. 15 and over, 2000 % of total income 14% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Employment Govt. Transfers % population 15 years or older 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% Other 0% Under $5K $5K- $10K $10K- $15K $15K- $20K $20K- $25K $25K- $30K $30K- $35K $35K- $40K $40K- $45K $45K- $50K $50K- $60K Over $60K Figure 10.3 - Distribution of household income, 2000 Figure 10.4 - Change in household income distribution, 1995-2000* % of Households 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% Under $10K $10K- $20K $20K- $30K $30K- $40K $40K- $50K $50K- $60K $60K- $70K $70K- 80K $80K- $90K $90K- $100K Over $100K % Change in Households 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% -0.5% -1.0% -1.5% -2.0% Under $10K $10K- $20K $20K- $30K $30K- $40K $40K- $50K $50K- $60K $60K- $70K $70K- 80K $80K- $90K $90K- $100K Over $100K *Constant dollars (2000) Prepared by Greg Spencer and Tara Vinodrai Page 11 of 13
Notes 1 All educational attainment statistics are calculated for the population 15 years and over. 2 The employment rate refers to the number of persons employed expressed as a percentage of the total population 15 years of age and over (excluding institutional residents). 3 The unemployment rate refers to the number of unemployed persons expressed as a percentage of the total labour force 15 years of age and over. 4 Self-employment is defined as persons 15 years of age and over for whom the job reported consisted mainly of operating a business, farm or professional practice, alone or in partnership. Examples include: operating a farm; working on a freelance or contract basis to do a job (e.g. architects, private duty nurses); or operating a direct distributorship selling and delivering products (e.g. cosmetics, newspapers). Respondents were asked to specify if their business was incorporated or unincorporated, as well as if they had paid help or no paid help. 5 Bohemians are defined as artistic occupations and include the following occupational categories: F021 Authors and writers; F031 Producers, directors, choreographers and related occupations; F032 Conductors, composers and arrangers; F033 Musicians and singers; F034 Dancers; F035 Actors and comedians; F036 Painters, sculptors and other visual artists; F121 Photographers; F141 Graphic designers and illustrators; F142 Interior designers; F143 Theatre, fashion, exhibit and other creative designers; F144 Artisans and craftspersons; and F145 Patternmakers, textile, leather and fur products. See Florida (2002) and Gertler et al. (2002). 6 Science and technology workers include the following occupational categories: C0 Professional occupations in natural and applied sciences; and C1 Technical occupations related to natural and applied sciences. See Feinstein and McAlinden (2002). 7 Following the method outlined in Florida (2002), we have divided the Canadian occupational structure into four broad categories: creative occupations; service occupations; trade and manual labour occupations; and agricultural and related occupations. These are defined using the National Occupational Classification for Statistics (NOCS) at the 2-digit level. - Creative occupations include: A0 Senior management occupations; A1 Specialist managers; A2 Managers in retail trade, food and accommodation services; A3 Other managers, n.e.c.; B0 Professional occupations in business and finance; B1 Finance and insurance administrative occupations; C0 Professional occupations in natural and applied sciences; C1 Technical occupations related to natural and applied sciences; D0 Professional occupations in health; D1 Nurse supervisors and registered nurses; D2 Technical and related occupations in health; E0 Judges, lawyers, psychologists, social workers, ministers of religion, and policy and program officers; E1 Teachers and professors; F0 Professional occupations in art and culture; and F1 Technical occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport. - Service occupations include: B2 Secretaries; B3 Administrative and regulatory occupations; B4 Clerical supervisors; B5 Clerical occupations; D3 Assisting occupations in support of health services; E2 Paralegals, social services workers and occupations in education and religion, n.e.c.; and G Sales and Service Occupations. - Trades and manual labour occupations include: H Trades, Transport and Equipment Operators and Related Occupations; I2 Primary production labourers; and J Occupations Unique to Processing, Manufacturing and Utilities. - Agriculture and related occupations include: I0 Occupations unique to agriculture, excluding labourers; and I1 Occupations unique to forestry operations, mining, oil and gas extraction and fishing, excluding labourers. 8 The method for identifying and defining cluster is based on previous ISRN work (see Spencer and Vinodrai 2005). Clusters are defined as constellations of industries defined using the North American Industrial Classification Systems (NAICS) at the 4-digit level based on patterns of location and colocation within the Canadian space economy. Constellations of industries must meet three criteria within a particular place to be defined as a cluster: 1) there must be 1,000 or more employees; 2) the overall employment LQ must be greater than or equal to 1; and 3) at least half of the industries that comprise a particular cluster in a particular place must have an individual employment LQ greater than or equal to 1. 9 The method for identifying and defining cluster is based on previous ISRN work (see Spencer and Vinodrai 2005). We divide industries and employment into four categories: Non-basic, basic, nonclustered, and clustered. Non-Basic industries are those industries which do not demonstrate a pattern of geographic concentration in particular places. Basic industries are those industries which are geographically concentrated in particular places but do not exhibit patterns of systematic co-location with other industries. The remaining industries have the potential to cluster but do not always do so. Therefore, non-clustered employment is in those industries which do co-locate with other industries, but do not exhibit cluster characteristics in a particular location (see above). Clustered employment is that employment in industries which co-locate with other industries and exhibit cluster characteristics (see above). 10 Growth is calculated as a weighted compound annual growth rate (CAGR). The growth rate is weighted according to the size distribution of establishments within a particular group of industries in a place. 11 Growth is measured as a compound annual growth rate (CAGR). 12 Canadian censuses were conducted in 1996 and 2001. Income data relate to the calendar year prior to the census year, i.e. 1995 and 2000 respectively. 13 Low income cut-offs (LICO) are established by Statistics based on national family expenditure patterns on food, shelter, and clothing. LICOs reflect a consistent and well-defined methodology that identifies those who are substantially worse-off than average. Prepared by Greg Spencer and Tara Vinodrai Page 12 of 13
Data Sources and References Data Sources Statistics. 2001. Census family status, age groups and sex for population in private households. Catalogue No. 95F0314XCB2001004. Ottawa, ON: Statistics. Statistics. 2001. Immigrant status and period of immigration and place of birth of respondent for immigrants and non-permanent residents. Catalogue No. 97F0009XCB2001002. Ottawa, ON: Statistics. Statistics. 2001. Components of migration (in- and out-), mother tongue, age groups and sex for migrants 5 years and over. Catalogue No. 97F0008XCB2001009. Ottawa, ON: Statistics. Statistics. 2001. Total, average and median years of schooling, age groups and sex for population 15 years and over, 1991 to 2001 Censuses. Catalogue No. 97F0017XCB2001008. Ottawa, ON: Statistics. Statistics. 2001. Highest degree, certificate or diploma, age groups and sex for population 15 years and over, 1991 to 2001 Censuses. Catalogue No. 97F0017XCB2001006. Ottawa, ON: Statistics. Statistics. 2001. Labour force activity, immigrant status and period of immigration, visible minority groups, age groups and sex for population 15 years and over, 1991 to 2001 Censuses. Catalogue No. 97F0012XCB2001002. Ottawa, ON: Statistics. Statistics. 2001. Hours worked in the reference week, immigrant status and period of immigration, age groups and sex for employed labour force, 1991 to 2001 Censuses. Catalogue No. 97F0012XCB2001005. Ottawa, ON: Statistics. Statistics. 2001. Class of worker, age groups and sex for labour force 15 years and over. Catalogue No. 95F0385XCB2001004. Ottawa, ON: Statistics. Statistics. 2001. Occupation - 1991 SOC, age groups and sex for labour force 15 years and over, 1991 to 2001 Censuses. Catalogue No. 97F0012XCB2001024. Ottawa, ON: Statistics. Statistics. 2001. Occupation - 2001 NOCS, class of worker and sex for labour force 15 years and over. Catalogue No. 97F0012XCB2001017. Ottawa, ON: Statistics. Statistics. 2005. Canadian Business Patterns, 1998-2005. Catalogue No. 61F0040XCB. Ottawa, ON: Statistics. Statistics. 2001. Household income groups in constant dollars and household type for private households, 1995 and 2000. Catalogue No. 97F0020XCB2001005. Ottawa, ON: Statistics. Statistics. 2001. Profile of income of individuals, families and households, social and economic characteristics of individuals, families and households, housing costs, and religion for CMAs and CAs. Catalogue No. 95F0492XCB2001004. Ottawa, ON: Statistics. Statistics. 2001. Profile of income of individuals, families and households, social and economic characteristics of individuals, families and households, housing costs, and religion. Catalogue No. 95F0492XCB2001007. Ottawa, ON: Statistics. References Feinstein, A. and McAlinden, S.P. 2002. Michigan: The High-Technology Automotive State. Report prepared for the Michigan Economic Development Corporation. (August). [Available at www.cargroup.org] Florida, R. 2002. Rise of the Creative Class. New York: Basic Books. Gertler, M.S., Florida, R., Gates, G., and Vinodrai, T. 2002. Competing on creativity: Ontario s cities in North American context. Report prepared for the Institute of Competitiveness and Prosperity and the Ontario Ministry of Enterprise, Opportunity and Innovation. (November) [Available at http://www.utoronto.ca/progris/recentpub.htm] Spencer, G. and Vinodrai, T. 2005. Clustering matters: Evidence from the ISRN s cluster indicators project. Presented at the Ontario Network on the Regional Innovation System (ONRIS) Ministry of Research and Innovation (MRI) / Ministry of Economic Development and Trade (MEDT) Joint Fall Workshop, Toronto, Ontario, November 4, 2005. Statistics. 2001. Occupation - 2001 NOCS, selected labour force, demographic, cultural, educational and income characteristics and sex for population 15 years and over. Catalogue No. 97F0012XCB2001050. Ottawa, ON: Statistics. Statistics. 2001. Industry - 1997 NAICS, selected labour force, demographic, cultural, educational and income characteristics and sex for population 15 years and over. Catalogue No. 97F0012XCB2001046. Ottawa, ON: Statistics. For further information, please contact: Greg Spencer: (416) 946-3054 or greg.spencer@utoronto.ca Tara Vinodrai: (416) 964-8921 or tara.vinodrai@utoronto.ca Last Updated: April 19, 2006 Prepared by Greg Spencer and Tara Vinodrai Page 13 of 13