Challenges Of Export Financing - A Study On Ludhiana Exporters In Context To Services Provided By Different Banks

Volume 2, No.8, August 213 Challenges Of Export Financing - A Study On Ludhiana Exporters In Context To Services Provided By Different Banks Ajay Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, PCTE Group of Institutes, Ludhiana ABSTRACT Export is one of the growth drivers of all growing economies. The expansion of exports is well appreciated and takes a major place in the government policy. As the Indian Economy is growing, Exports of the country are also growing. This result in the growth of the exporters requirements and their expectations from the organizations associated with them that provide different kinds of services. And banks are one of the most important links in this export business which participate right form the first step. They provide financial services to the exporters for smooth functioning of their business. So This study is done to find out which sector i.e. Public, Private or foreign can provide exporters with best facilities and also the need arise to know what kind of problems are being faced by the exporters of Ludhiana as the area of Ludhiana exporters has not been studied and focused separately. INTRODUCTION Concept of Export Finance: The exporter may require short term, medium term or long term finance depending upon the types of goods to be exported and the terms of statement offered to overseas buyer. The exporter may also require term finance. The term finance or term loans, which is required for medium and long term financial needs such as purchase of fixed assets and long term working capital. Export finance is short-term working capital finance allowed to an exporter. Finance and credit are available not only to help export production but also to sell to overseas customers on credit. Objectives of Export Finance: a) To cover commercial & Non-commercial or political risks attendant on granting credit to a foreign buyer. b) To cover natural risks like an earthquake, floods etc. An exporter may avail financial assistance from any bank, which considers the ensuing factors: a) Availability of the funds at the required time to the exporter. b) Affordability of the cost of funds. Export Pre Shipment and Post Shipment Finance. Pre Shipment Finance is issued by a financial institution when the seller wants the payment of the goods before shipment. The main objectives behind pre shipment finance or pre export finance are to enable exporter to: a) Procure raw materials. b) Carry out manufacturing process. c) Provide a secure warehouse for goods and raw materials. d) Process and pack the goods. e) Ship the goods to the buyers. f) Meet other financial cost of the business. Types of Pre Shipment Finance a) Packing Credit b) Advance against Cheques/Draft etc. representing Advance Payments. Preshipment finance is extended in the following forms : a) Packing Credit in Indian Rupee b) Packing Credit in Foreign Currency (PCFC) Export Post Shipment Finance. Post Shipment Finance is a kind of loan provided by a financial institution to an exporter or seller against a shipment that has already been made. This type of export finance is granted from the date of extending the credit after shipment of the goods to the realization date of the exporter proceeds. Types of Post Shipment Finance a) Export Bills purchased/discounted. b) Export Bills negotiated c) Advance against export bills sent on collection basis. d) Advance against export on consignment basis e) Advance against undrawn balance on exports f) Advance against claims of Duty Drawback. www.borjournals.com Blue Ocean Research Journals 7

Volume 2, No.8, August 213 Private Banking Private banking is banking, investment and other financial services provided by banks to private individuals who invest sizable assets. The term "private" refers to customer service rendered on a more personal basis than in mass-market retail banking, usually via dedicated bank advisers. It does not refer to a private bank, which is a nonincorporated banking institution. Public bank: A public bank is a banking company in which the State or public actors are the owners. This is a company under state control Foreign banking: International banking is the business carried on by or with a bank that is registered, located or operated in a foreign country. It includes such financial services as lending and account payments secured by a bank customer from an international bank. It is sometimes called offshore banking and often is associated with Swiss banking. Objectives of the research: a. To identify the causes making constraints for availing export finances by the exporters. b. To compare facilities provided by different banks. Research Methodology The Descriptive research design has been selected for conducting the research problem. To conduct this research the primary and secondary data have been collected. The primary data has been collected from direct source of information like Exporters with the help of Questionnaire, Personal Interview, and Telephonic Interview. And the secondary data has been collected through magazine, newspaper & journals. The research sampling unit of various exporters of Ludhiana city and the sample size is 5. The data has been analyzed by mean of charts and other techniques like weighted average method. For this research sampling method is Non-probability, convenience & snowball sampling has been conducted for selecting data. Analysis & Interpretations 1) Exporters availing Export finance Table-1: Information regarding exporters availing export finance Sr. No. Users of Export Finance No. of Exporters 1. Yes 5 2. No Analysis: 1% of exporters are availing Export Finance Interpretation: This reflects that all the Exporters are availing export finance. 2. Exporters availing Export finance from different Institutes/Banks Table-2: Information regarding exporters availing Export finance from different Institutes/Banks Sr. No. Banks/Institutes No. of Exporters 1. Public Bank/Institute 29 2. Private Bank/Institute 19 3. Foreign Bank/Institute 3 4. All of them 1 ANALYSIS: 58% of exporters avail finance from public banks/institutes,38% avails from private banks/institutes,6% avails from foreign banks/institutes while only 2% of them avail it from all of the three banks the exporters are availing finance from public banks and lesser exporters are availing it from private banks while least are availing it from foreign banks. www.borjournals.com Blue Ocean Research Journals 8

Volume 2, No.8, August 213 3. Time duration of availing the services from that particular Bank/Banks Table-3: Information regarding Time duration of availing the services from that particular Bank/Banks Sr. No. Time/years No. of exporters 1. Less than 1 year 3 2. 1-3 years 7 3. 3-5 years 14 4. More than 5 years 26 ANALYSIS: 6% of the exporters are availing finance from less than 1 year,14% of them are availing it for 1-3 years,28% of them are availing it for 3-5 years, while 52% of them are availing it for more than 5 years. them are availing finance for more than 5 years, lesser exporters are availing it for 3-5 years and 1-3 years and least of them are availing it for less than 1 year. 4. Exporters preference for the type of export finance Table-4: Information regarding Exporters preference for the type of export finance Sr. No. Type of Export Finance No. of Exporters 1. Pre-shipment 12 2. Post-shipment 11 3. Both 27 ANALYSIS: 24% of the exporters are availing Preshipment finance,22% of them are availing Post shipment finance and 54 % of them are availing Both kinds of Finance) the exporters are availing both kinds of finance while lesser are availing single kind of export finance. 5. Type of Pre-shipment Finance utilized by the exporters Table-5: Information regarding Type of Pre-shipment Finance utilized by the exporters Sr. No. Type of Pre-Shipment Finance No.of Exporters 1. Cashing packing credit loan 42 2. Advance against cheque/draft etc. 1 3. Advance against pledge 3 4. Others 6 ANALYSIS:84% of the exporters are availing cash packing credit loan,2% of them are availing advance against cheque/draft,9 % of them are availing advance against pledge while 12% of them availing others from the given option. the exporters are availing cash packing credit system while lesser are availing advance against cheque/draft & others and least are availing advance against pledge www.borjournals.com Blue Ocean Research Journals 9

Volume 2, No.8, August 213 6. Type of post-shipment finance utilized by the exporters. Table-6: Information regarding type of post-shipment finance utilized by the exporters. Sr. No. Type of Post-shipment Finance No. of Exporters 1. Export bill discounted/purchased 5 2. Export bill negotiated 37 3. Advance against export bills sent on collection basis 15 4. Advance against export on consignment basis 15 5. Advance against undrawn balance on Exports 15 6. Advance against claims of Duty Drawback 2 ANALYSIS:1% of the Exporters are availing Export bill discounted/purchased finance,74% of them are availing export bill negotiated,3% of them are availing advance against export bills sent on collection basis, advance against export on consignment basis & advance against undrawn balance of exports and 4% of them are availing advance against claims on duty drawback. INTERPRETATION: This depicts that all the exporters are availing export bill discounted/purchased, Majority of them are availing export bills negotiated and least of them are availing advance against export on consignment basis, on collection basis & on balance of exports. 7. Various trade services (exports) being offered by Exporter s bank. Table-7: Information regarding various trade services (exports) being offered by Exporter s bank. Sr. No. Trade services No.of exporters 1. Export bill collection 42 2. Export bill purchase 37 3. Export LC advising 33 4. Export LC confirmation 33 5. Transfer LC 26 6. Bank Guarantee 5 ANALYSIS: 1 % of them are being provided with bank guarantee,84% of the Exporters are being provided with export bill collection service,74% of them are being provided with export bill purchase service,66% of them are being provided with export LC advising and Export confirmation,52% of them are being provided with Transfer LC. INTERPRETATION: All the exporters are being provided with Bank Guarantee, majority of them are being provided with export bill collection while least of them are provided with Transfer LC. 8. Trade services utilized by the Exporters Table-8: Trading services Less than Between 25% - Between 51% Above 75% 25% 5 % -75% Export Bill Collection 3 6 3 2 Export Bill Purchase 22 14 1 1 Export LC Advising 6 5 8 13 Export LC confirmation 18 1 3 1 Transfer LC 15 1 1 Bank Guarantee 36 11 1 www.borjournals.com Blue Ocean Research Journals 1

Volume 2, No.8, August 213 ANALYSIS:6% Of the exporters are availing less than 25% of export bill collection while 72% of them are availing less than 25% of bank guarantee,26% of them are availing above 75% of Export LC advising,28% of them are availing between 25%-5% of export bill purchase & 16% of them are availing 51-75% of export LC advising. the exporters are availing less than 25% of Bank guarantee while lesser are availing above 75%of Export LC Advising, and least are availing between 25-5% of Export LC advising and that of between 51-75% of Export LC confirmation. 9. Export finance services utilized by the exporters Table-9: Information regarding the extent of Export finance services utilized by the exporters Finance Services Less than 25% Between 25% - 5% Between 51% -75% Above 75% Factoring 11 8 1 Forfeiting 2 2 1 2 Discounting 5 17 4 9 Packing credit 3 16 6 6 Gold card Scheme 6 5 2 2 Suppliers credit 5 5 1 Buyer s credit 8 1 1 ANALYSIS:22%of the exporters are availing less than 25%of Factoring services,16%of them are availing less than 25% of buyer s credit,16%of them are availing between 25%-5% of factoring,4 % of them are availing between 25-5%& more than 75% of Forfeiting,34%of the are availing between 25-5% of Discounting and 18 % of them are availing above 75% of Discounting,32% of them are availing between 25-5% of packing Credit,12 % of them are availing less than 25% of Gold Card scheme,1 % of them are availing less than 25 % & between 25-5%of suppliers credit while 2 % of the are availing between 51%-75% of factoring services,2% of 51-75% of Forfeiting,1%of them are availing less than 25% of Discounting,9 % of them are availing less than 25% of packing credit,4 % of them are availing between 51-75% and more than 75% of gold Card scheme,2% of them are aviling between 25-5 and more than 75% of Buyer s Credit. the exporters are availing between 25%-5% of Discounting & packing Credit, lesser are availing less than 25% of factoring & buyer s credit and more than 75% of discounting and least of them are availing forfeiting and buyer s credit. 1. Factors being considered rated while selecting a service by the exporters Table-1: Sr. No. Factors of Service No. of Exporters Weighted mean 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th Total/1 1. Ease of operational ability 14 4 23 9 14.1 2. Price of service or product 19 16 14 1 9.7 3. Level of complex ability 15 29 2 9 11.5 4. Brand of the bank 2 1 11 36 18.1 www.borjournals.com Blue Ocean Research Journals 11

Volume 2, No.8, August 213 Weighted mean of Factors being considered rated while selecting a service by the exporters Table-1.1 Factors Weighted mean Rank Ease of Operational ability 14.1 2 Price of service or product 9.7 4 Level of complex ability 11.5 3 Brand of the bank 18.1 1 ANALYSIS: Brand of the bank has the highest weighted mean of 18.1 followed by 14.1 of ease of operational ability then 11.5 of level of complex ability and 9.7 of price of the product or service.. 11. Foreign exchange services utilized by the exporters INTERPRETATION: The figure depicts that brand of the bank is the main preference of the exporters while the next preference is for ease of operational ability and least preferred among these is the price of the service or product Table-11: Information regardiing Foreign exchange services utilized by the exporters Sr. No. Foreign Exchange Services No. of Exporters 1. Forward 39 2. Options 3 3. Swaps 4. Spot 21 5. Remittance services 29 ANALYSIS:78% of the exporters avail forward, 58% avail remittance services,42% avail spot,9% avail options,% avail swaps the exporters are availing forward and least of them are availing options and no exporter is availing swap. 12. Rating of factors of services provided by exporter s Bank a) Private Bank Table-12: Facilities Documentation Procedure Easy Transfer Overall service of services Banks Very good 7 6 1 13 Good 1 12 9 5 Average Poor Very poor ANALYSIS:26% of the exporters are giving 5 th rank(very good) to the overall service of the private banks while 24% of the exporters are giving 4 th rank to the procedure of the private banks,12% of them are giving 5 th rank to procedure while 1% of them are giving 4 th rank to overall experience. INTERPRETATION: Majority of the users of private bank are in the favour of their overall experience. www.borjournals.com Blue Ocean Research Journals 12

Volume 2, No.8, August 213 B. Public Bank Table-12.1: Facilities Documentation Procedure Easy Transfer Overall service of services Banks Very good 15 13 18 22 Good 13 15 11 7 Neutral 1 1 ANALYSIS:44% of the exporters are giving very good to overall experience of the public bank and 3% of the exporter are giving good to procedure of the public bank,14 % are giving good to overall experience and 26% are giving very good to procedure and good to documentation. INTERPRETATION:This depicts that majority of the exporters are in the favour of overall experience of the public banks followed by procedure C. Foreign Bank Table-12.2: Facilities Documentation Procedure Easy Transfer of Overall service services Banks Very good 1 1 1 Good 2 2 2 2 Neutral 1 ANALYSIS: 2% of the exporters are giving very good to documentation, Easy transfer of services and to overall experience,4% of the exporters are giving good to all the factors of foreign bank. INTERPRETATION: This depicts that least of the exporters are in the favour of foreign banks as only 1 person rated it for very good overall experience. 13. Difficulties faced while availing financing facilities from the different Banks Table 13 Banks Private Banks Public Banks Foreign Banks Problems Financing costs/fees 1 2 1 Financing term 18 Risk associated 7 2 2 Legal issues 1 9 3 Features Weighted mean Quality of services 13.7 Price & fee of services 12.9 Variety 15 Accessibility 14.8 Hospitality 14.9 Customer relationship management 13.5 www.borjournals.com Blue Ocean Research Journals 13

Volume 2, No.8, August 213 ANALYSIS: 2% of the exporters are facing financing cost problem from private banks, while 36% of the exporters faced financing term problem from public banks,4% of the them faced risk problem from foreign banks and 9% of them faced legal issues from foreign banks.. INTERPRETATION: This depicts the majority of private bank users are facing cost problem and all public bank users are facing financing term problem and foreign bank users are facing risk problem 14. Features rated based on the exporter s experience with their Bank/Banks Features Table-14: StronglyAgree 5 4 Agree 3 Neutral 2 Disagree Strongly Disagree 1 Weighted mean Total/15 Quality of services 13 65 Price & Fee of 6 Services 3 Variety 25 125 Accessibility 22 11 Hospitality 24 12 Customer relationship 23 Management 115 3 12 31 124 25 1 28 112 26 14 6 24 7 21 13 39 21 63 5 26 5 193 5 225 5 222 5 224 5 22 13.7 12.9 15 14.8 14.9 13.5 Table-14.1: ANALYSIS: Most of the exporters has rated variety with 15 weighted average followed by Hospitality with 14.9 weighted average, then accessibility with 14.8,Quality of services with 13.7,customer relationship management with 13.5, price & fee of services with weighted average of 12.9. INTERPRETATION: This depicts that variety and hospitality has been featured by majority of the exporters while least of them rated price & fee of services. 15. Rating of satisfaction level from the services being provided the bank/banks Table-15: Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree 1 29 11 ANALYSIS: 58%of the exporters rated Agree from the services provided by their banks, 22% of them rated neutral and 2% of them rated Strongly agree with satisfaction level. the exporters are agreed on satisfaction level while lesser are strongly agreed and neutral. www.borjournals.com Blue Ocean Research Journals 14

Volume 2, No.8, August 213 16. Exporters wish to switch over to some other bank Table-16: Information regarding Exporters wish to switch over to some other bank Sr. No. Responses No. of exporters 1. Yes 14 2. No 36 ANALYSIS: 72% of the exporters said No, while 28% of them said Yes the exporters did not wish to switch over to another ank while least of them wished to switch over to another banks Facts & Findings As per the data analysis & interpretation: a) 1% of exporters are availing Export Finance b) 58% of exporters avail finance from public banks/institutes,38% avails from private banks/institutes,6% avails from foreign banks/institutes while only 2% of them avail it from all of the three banks c) 6% of the exporters are availing finance from less than 1 year,14% of them are availing it for 1-3 years,28% of them are availing it for 3-5 years, while 52% of them are availing it for more than 5 years. d) 24% of the exporters are availing Pre-shipment finance,22% of them are availing Post shipment finance and 54 % of them are availing Both kinds of Finance) e) 1% of the Exporters are availing Export bill discounted/purchased finance,74% of them are availing export bill negotiated,3% of them are availing advance against export bills sent on collection basis, advance against export on consignment basis & advance against undrawn balance of exports and 4% of them are availing advance against claims on duty drawback. f) 1 % of them are being provided with bank guarantee, 84% of the Exporters are being provided with export bill collection service, 74% of them are being provided with export bill purchase service, 66% of them are being provided with export LC advising and Export confirmation,52% of them are being provided with Transfer LC. g) 6% Of the exporters are availing less than 25% of export bill collection while 72% of them are availing less than 25% of bank guarantee,26% of them are availing above 75% of Export LC advising,28% of them are availing between 25%- 5% of export bill purchase & 16% of them are availing 51-75% of export LC advising. h) Brand of the bank has the highest weighted mean of 18.1 followed by 14.1 of ease of operational ability then 11.5 of level of complex ability and 9.7 of price of the product or service i) 78% of the exporters avail forward, 58% avail remittance services,42% avail spot,9% avail options,% avail swaps j) 2% of the exporters are facing financing cost problem from private banks, while 36% of the exporters faced financing term problem from public banks,4% of the them faced risk problem from foreign banks and 9% of them faced legal issues from foreign banks. k) 58%of the exporters rated Agree from the services provided by their banks,22% of them rated neutral and 2% of them rated Strongly agree with satisfaction level. Conclusion Public sector and private sector had almost equal number of respondents where as foreign banks have less number of respondents, reason being that foreign banks are new and they are not having plethora of branches as compare to that of public and private sector banks. Maximum numbers of people are using the services from the same bank from a period of more than 5 years. Respondents prefer public sector banks as they consider them to be more trustworthy, reliable, government owned, better branches network, cost of operation s is less, old financial institutes etc. Other respondents those who prefer private sector banks as compared to that of the public sector banks consider them as more customer centric. Private sector banks have better customized services, more diversified services, better quality of the services, and hospitality etc. They provide convenience at the door step of the customer. They have more of the customer centric operations Summary Public sector and private sector had almost equal number of respondents where as foreign banks have less number of respondents, reason being that foreign banks are new and they are not having plethora of branches as compare to that of public and private www.borjournals.com Blue Ocean Research Journals 15

Volume 2, No.8, August 213 sector banks. Maximum numbers of people are using the services from the same bank from a period of more than 5 years. Respondents prefer public sector banks as they consider them to be more trustworthy, reliable, government owned, better branches network, cost of operation s is less, old financial institutes etc. Other respondents those who prefer private sector banks as compared to that of the public sector banks consider them as more customer centric. Private sector banks have better customized services, more diversified services, better quality of the services, and hospitality etc. They provide convenience at the door step of the customer. They have more of the customer centric operations. References [1] Natalia Vila López (213) [2] Financing new venture exporters (212) [3] The impact of venture capital financing method on SME performance and internationalization (211) [4] Mehmet Haluk Köksal, Tarek Kettaneh( 211) Books [5] Cherunilam Francis (29), International Marketing,Himalaya publishing House Pvt.ltd Mumbai,pg 247-258 [6] Vij Madhu(29), Financial management,excel Books New Delhi,Pg 161-179 Links(websites) [7] http://export.gov/solutions/ [8] http://www.emeraldinsight.com/help/index.htm [9] http://www.palgravejournals.com/jibs/index.html [1] http://www.hsbcnet.com/transaction/tradeservices/export-services [11] http://www.scribd.com/doc/17526816/innovation -in-products-and-services-in-international- Banking [12] http://www.hangseng.com/hsb/eng/per/pdf/per_e.pdf [13] http://www.scribd.com/doc/14612433/canpublic-sector-banks-in-india-compete-withprivate-and-foreign-banks [14] http://eximbank.india.com/anr_full.pdf [15] http://www.eximbankindia.com/eou.asp [16] http://www.sbifactors.com/ [17] http://www.icicibank.com/corporate/forextreasury-ser/forex/overview.html [18] http://www.pnbdubai.com/page.php?caption=tra definance www.borjournals.com Blue Ocean Research Journals 16