DISASTER RISK REDUCTION Prof. Vinod K. Sharma Sr. Professor, Disaster Management and Environment Indian Institute of Public Administration New Delhi
What makes South Asia unique?
Why Disaster Management is important for Foresters Environment Management and DRR Forestry and Ecosystem Services Forestry and Climate Change Environment (EIA) and Development Foresters and Disaster Response ICS (Incident Command System)
Natural Disasters in India Floods Droughts Earthquake Landslides Cyclone Forest Fire
Floods
Droughts
Earthquake
Tropical cyclones
Why Disaster Management is Important Orissa Super Cyclone 1999 Gujarat Earthquake 2001 Tsunami 2004 J&K Earthquake 2005 Mumbai Flood 2005 Surat Flood 2006 Kosi Flood 2009 Sikkim Earthquake 2011 Uttarakhand Disaster 2013
Historical Background Famine Code (1900) Yokohama World Conference 1994 National Centre for Disaster Management 1995 World Conference on Disaster Reduction 2005 Disaster Management Act-2005 National Institute of Disaster Management 2003 National Disaster Management Authority 2005???
Understanding HAZARDS and DISASTERS A RARE OR EXTREME NATURAL OR HUMAN-MADE EVENT THAT THREATENS TO ADVERSELY AFFECT HUMAN LIFE, PROPERTY OR ACTIVITY TO THE EXTENT OF CAUSING A DISASTER
WHAT IS DISASTER A SERIOUS DISRUPTION OF THE FUNCTIONING OF A SOCIETY, CAUSING WIDESPREAD HUMAN, MATERIAL, OR ENVIRONMENTAL LOSSES WHICH EXCEED THE ABILITY OF THE AFFECTED SOCIETY TO COPE USING ONLY ITS OWN RESOURCES
Tsunami Andaman & Nicobar Islands & coastal areas 2004 Major Natural Disasters : 1990-2013 Earthquakes Uttarkashi 1991 Latur (Killari) 1993 Jabalpur 1997 Chamoli 1999 Kutchchh, Gujarat 2001 J&K 2005 Earthquake, J&K Oct.8, 2005 Earthquake, Gujarat January 26, 2001 Cyclones East & West Godavari 1992& dist.of Andhra Pradesh 1996 Kutchchh, Gujarat 1998 Orissa 1999 Floods Punjab 1993 Kerala 1994 Punjab & Haryana 1996 Mumbai 2005 Tsunami Dec.26, 2004
Floods Floods in the Indo-Gangetic- Brahmaputra plains are an annual feature On an average, a few hundred lives are lost Millions are rendered homeless Lakhs of hectares of crops are damaged every year
Wind and Cyclones During the Period 1877-2005 in a 50 km wide strip following cyclonic activity have taken place: 283 cyclones (106 severe) on the East Coast 35 cyclones (19 severe) on West Coast In the 19 severe cyclonic storms, death toll > 10,000 lives In 21 cyclones in Bay of Bengal (India and Bangladesh) 1.25 million lives have been lost
Earthquakes 10.79% land is liable to severe earthquakes (intensity MSK IX or more) 17.49% land is liable to MSK VIII (similar to Latur/Uttarkashi) 30.79% land is liable to MSK VII (similar to Jabalpur earthquake) Biggest quakes in Andamans, Kuchh, Himachal, Kashmir, Bihar and the North Eastern States)
Earthquakes in last 200 years
Why Himalaya is highly seismic
Nepal is highly Seismic
Historical Earthquakes
Landslides The Indian Subcontinent with diverse physiographic, seismotectonic and climatologic conditions is subjected to varying degree of landslide hazards. The himalayas including Northeastern mountain regions being the worst affected followed by a section of the Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats and Vindhyas. Accounts for considerable loss of life and damage to communication routes, human settlements, agricultural fields and forest lands.
A DISASTER AS THE INTERFACE BETWEEN NATURAL HAZARDS AND VULNERABLE CONDITIONS Disaster The Progression of Vulnerability Hazard 1 Underlying Causes 2 Dynamic pressures 3 Unsafe conditions Poverty Limited access to Power structures resources Ideologies Economic systems General preconditioning factors Lack of Local institutions education training appropriate skills local investment local markets press freedom Macro-forces population expansion urbanization environmental degradation Fragile physical environment dangerous locations dangerous buildings and infrastructure Fragile local economy livelihoods at risk low income levels Public actions Disaster = Vulnerability + Hazard Trigger events Earthquake High winds Flooding Volcanic eruption Landslide Drought War, civil conflict Technological accident
Vulnerability Capacity to Cope High Low Exposure to Hazard High Low Vulnerability High Vulnerability Low Very Low Vulnerability Low Vulnerability
DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE Preparedness Disaster Relief Mitigation Rehabilitation Reconstruction
LINKING DISASTERS AND DEVELOPMENT The cause and effect relationship between disasters and development has been ignored Disasters were seen in the context of emergency response Development programs were not assessed in the context of disasters Communities under disaster stress were seen as too turbulent for development initiatives
The Relationship Between Disasters and Development Development can increase vulnerability Development can reduce vulnerability Disaster can set back development Disaster can provide development opportunities
AIMS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT Reduce (avoid, if possible) the potential losses from hazards Assure prompt and appropriate assistance to victims when necessary Achieve rapid and durable recovery
ELEMENTS OF DISASTR MANAGEMENT Disaster preparedness planning - Vulnerability and risk assessment Disaster response - Disaster assessment Rehabilitation & reconstruction Disaster mitigation
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AIMS : To minimize the adverse effects of a hazard Through effective precautionary actions To ensure timely, appropriate, and efficient organization and delivery of relief
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS FRAMEWORK Vulnerability Assessment Planning Institutional Framework Information Systems Resource Base Warning Systems Response Mechanisms Public Education and Training Rehearsals
PLANNING A PLAN MUST : Have a clearly stated objective or set of objectives Reflect a systematic sequence of activities in a logical and clear manner Assign specific tasks and responsibilities Integrate its activities, tasks and responsibilities to enable the overall
Disaster Management System in India Disaster Management Act 2005 National Disaster Management Authority State Disaster Management Authority District Disaster Management Authority National Policy for Disaster Management 2009
National Disaster Response Fund & National Disaster Mitigation Fund Section 46 of the Disaster Management Act envisages establishment of two funds, namely, National Disaster Response Fund and National Disaster Mitigation Fund These funds were to be operational from April, 2007 Similar funds are to be established at the State and District levels Guidelines to be issued by the NDMA for the use of these funds
The World Bank s Emergency Lending Assistance Drought Assistance to NABARD, 1988: US$350 Million Andhra Pradesh Cyclone Emergency Reconstruction Project,1990: US$ 210 Million Maharashtra Emergency Earthquake Rehabilitation Program, 1994: US$217 Million Andhra Pradesh Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project, 1997: US$150 Million Gujarat Emergency Earthquake Reconstruction, 2001: US$443 Million Emergency Tsunami Reconstruction, 2005: US$465 Million
International Assistance India does now allow any International Appeal to be issued for relief While Indian receives international assistance for long-term recovery and reconstruction, it doesn t make any active effort to seek funds (Appeal / Donors conferences) Multilateral and bilateral Assistance is availed for technical support International assistance is channeled through the NGOs
Philanthropy Corporate Sector handling recovery and reconstruction programs on their own: FICCI-CARE and CII-Abhiyan Partnership in Gujarat Contributions by the Corporate and Citizens to Prime Minister s and Chief Minister s Relief Funds States provide fraternal contributions to other disaster-affected states
Role of Forests in Disaster Mitigation Case Study of Tamil Nadu Tsunami 2004 Coastal Zone Management Cyclones Landslides Earthquake Drought Climate Change
Integrated coastal zone management: Mangrove ecosystem Local Tradition and People s livelihood Study Area Transferable Indigenous Knowledge (TIK) Application to other areas: Process Technology (PT)
Fodder and Firewood Collection Livelihood Dependency Fishing by hand picking Fishing by boat in canals Traditional Lifestyle Canal fishing with bunding method
A mangrove species (Excoecaria agallocha) being worshipped as temple tree in Chidambaram Source of culture and livelihood - Medicinal value, has been tested over several past disasters
But mangrove wetlands have been disappearing in the global scale in the 20 th century Rate of loss is 1-2% per year. This is greater than the loss of tropical rainforests and coral reefs
6 months Bringing forward TIK through PT Synergy of IOT and PT 8 years after
Who should protect mangrove?
In 1996~2003, great efforts in mangrove plantation and conservation project was implemented by the Forest Department of Tamil Nadu in cooperation with M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation Synergy of IOT and PT 1986 2002
2004 Tsunami Concrete Boat Jetty Coastal Buffer Zone
Lessons For Transferability Indigenous knowledge are built in people s lifestyle, and many cases local communities possibly do not recognize its potential or due to change in lifestyle, it is forgotten Sometimes, it needs external facilitators to revitalize the TIK, and engage wider stakeholders in participatory approach Therefore, the synergy of TIK and PT is important, and needs to practiced together
DM Act 2005 Came into force on 26 December 2005 An act to provide for the effective management of Disasters and for matters connected there with or incidental there to Comprehensive Act covering natural and human induced disasters 11 Chapters and 79 Sections Cover all phases of Disaster Management
DM Act 2005 Chapter 1 definitions Chapter 2, Section 3-13 NDMA Chapter 3 Section 14-25- SDMA Chapter 4 Section 25 and 35 -DDMA Chapter 5 Measures by the Government Chapter 6 Local Authority Chapter 7 National Institute of Disaster Management Chapter 8 National Disaster Response Force Chapter 9 Finance, Accounts and Audit Chapter 10 Offences and Penalties
DM Act 2005 Definition of Disaster Catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence in any area, arising from natural or man-made causes, leading to accident, and resulting in substantial loss of life or human suffering or damage to, and destruction of property, or damage to, or degradation of environment, and is of such a nature and/or magnitude as to be beyond the coping capacity of the community of the affected area.
National Disaster Management Authority National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) headed by the Prime Minister with up to a maximum of nine members nominated by Prime Minister. The Authority may constitute an Advisory Committee consisting of experts in the field of disaster management. The Authority shall be assisted by a National Executive Committee of Secretaries to be constituted by Central Government.
National Disaster Management Authority Lay down the policies, plans and guidelines for disaster management. The National Executive Committee shall prepare a National Disaster Management Plan in consultation with the State Governments. The National Plan shall include measures for o prevention and mitigation of disasters, o integration of mitigation measures in the plans, o preparedness and capacity building. NDMA shall recommend guidelines for the minimum standards of relief provided to persons affected by disaster
www.ndma.gov.in
State Disaster Management Authority SDMA with eight members to be nominated by the Chief Minister and the Chairperson of the State Executive Committee. One of the members may be designated as the Vice-Chairperson of the State Authority by the Chief Minister. SDMA may constitute an Advisory Committee of experts, as and when necessary.
State Disaster Management Authority SDMA shall be responsible for laying down the policies and plans for disaster management in the State. SDMA shall recommend guidelines for providing minimum standards of relief to persons affected by disaster in the State, not less than the minimum standards in the guidelines set by the National Authority. SDMA will be assisted by the State Executive Committee.
District Disaster Management Authority The State Government shall establish a District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA) in each district. The District Authority will be headed by District Magistrate and shall consist of members, not exceeding seven, as may be prescribed by the State Government. The District Authority shall act as the district planning, coordinating and implementing body for disaster management.
National Institute of Disaster Management The Central Government shall constitute the National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) NIDM shall: plan and promote training and research in disaster management Start documentation, development of national level information base of disaster management policies, prevention mechanisms, mitigation measures.
DDMA Structure (section 25) Collector as Chairperson Not exceeding 7 members Elected Rep. as Co-Chair [Zila Parishad] CEO [An officer not below the rank of ADM to be appointed] SP police representative
FINANCE National, State, District Mitigation Fund National, State, District Response Fund Ministry or Department to make provision for fund in annual budget for disaster management activities as set out in disaster management plan During any threatening disaster situation, disaster National/State/District authority if satisfied that immediate procurement of provision or materials are necessary (50) it may authorize the concerned department to make emergency procurement and in such case SOP e.g. inviting tenders shall be waived
NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE AND MITIGATION FUND A National Disaster Response Fund will be constituted and funded by the Central Government, and grants may be made by any person/institution. National Disaster Mitigation Fund started for mitigation projects. The State Government shall establish Disaster Response Fund and Disaster Mitigation Fund at State and District Levels. Every Ministry/Department of Central and State
OFFENCES AND PENALTIES Whoever makes a false claims or misappropriates relief materials can be penalized If one is spreading false information can be penalized Any officer on whom any duty has been imposed by or under this act and who ceases or refuses to perform or withdraws from the duties of office shall, unless he has obtained express written permission of his official superior or has other lawful excuse for so doing, can be punishable
NATIONAL POLICY ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT National Policy on Disaster Management (NPDM) was approved by the Union Cabinet on 22 October 2009. The process for preparation was initiated in 2003 following the transfer of the subject of disaster management from the Ministry of Agriculture to the Ministry of Home in 2002 Disaster Management Act 2005 mandated the National Disaster Management Authority to lay down policies on disaster management.
covers all aspects of disaster management - institutional, legal and financial arrangements, disaster prevention, mitigation and preparedness, techno-legal regime, response, relief and rehabilitation, reconstruction and recovery, capacity development, knowledge management and research and development.
1. Preamble, 2. Approach and Objectives, 3. Institutional and Legal Arrangements, 4. Financial Arrangements; 5. Disaster Prevention, 6. Mitigation And Preparedness, 7. Techno-Legal Regime; Response, 8. Relief And Rehabilitation; 9. Reconstruction And Recovery; 10.Capacity Development; 11.Knowledge Management, 12. Research And Development 13.Road Ahead.
OBJECTIVES OF POLICY Promoting a culture of Prevention and Preparedness Ensuring Mitigation measures based on Stateof-the-Art technology and environmental sustainability Mainstreaming DM concerns into the Developing Planning Process Putting in place a streamlined Institutional Techno-Legal Framework
OBJECTIVES OF POLICY Promoting a productive partnership with the Media to create awareness and contributing towards Capacity Development Ensuring efficient Response and Relief with a caring approach towards the needs of the vulnerable sections of the Society Undertaking Reconstruction as an opportunity to build back better
200 YEARS OLD BUILDINGS IN UTTRAKHAND
Hyogo Framework for Action Three main Strategic Goals Integration DRR in Sustainable Development Capacity Building-Resilience to hazards Systematic incorporation of risk reduction approaches in to the emergency preparedness, response and recovery programmes
Five Action Points of HFA Make DRR a priority Know the risk and take action Build Understanding and Awareness Reduce Risk Be prepared and Ready to Act
Post Script. In training avoid overload
recognise the importance of creativity and innovation
THANK YOU