22 December 2016 CBDT Circular - FAQs on indirect transfer related provisions under the Income-tax Act The Finance Act, 2012 introduced indirect transfer related provisions under Section 9(1)(i) of the Income-tax Act, 1961 (the Act) and consequently the income deemed to accrue or arise to non-residents directly or indirectly through the transfer of a capital asset situated in India is to be taxed in India with retrospective effect from 1 April 1962. Explanations to Section 9(1)(i) of the Act is as follows: Explanation 5 - An asset or a capital asset being any share or interest in a company or entity registered or incorporated outside India shall be deemed to be and shall always be deemed to have been situated in India, if the share or interest derives, directly or indirectly, its value substantially from the assets located in India. Explanation 6 - Explanation 5 will be applicable, if on the specified date the value of such assets exceeds the amount of INR 10 crore and represents at least 50 per cent of the value of all the assets owned by the company/entity. Explanation 7 carves out the applicability of Explanation 5 to small investors holding no right of management or control of such company/entity and holding less than 5 per cent of the total voting power/share capital/interest of the company/entity that directly or indirectly owns the assets situated in India. Various queries have been received by Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) about the scope of the indirect transfer provisions. In this regard, the CBDT constituted a working group on 15 June 2016 to examine the issues raised by stakeholders. Recently, the CBDT has considered the comments of the working group and issued a circular 1 clarifying provisions of indirect transfer under the Act. The CBDT has issued 19 FAQs in the circular. The FAQs are summarised as follows: Q. No. Question Answer 1 A Fund is set-up in a popular jurisdiction and registered as Foreign Portfolio Investments (FPI) for undertaking investment in Indian securities. It pools monies from retail institutional investors and invests in shares of Indian listed companies. The value of assets in India i.e. shares of Indian companies held by the fund constitute more than 50 per cent of its total assets and exceeds INR10 crores. The fund buys and sells shares on the Indian stock market and pay taxes under Section 115AD of the Act or as per tax treaty rates. On the ongoing Explanation 5 to Section 9(1)(i) of the Act will be applicable in respect of investors in the fund as their case falls within the ambit of Explanation 6 of Section 9(1)(i) of the Act. However, the investors covered under Explanation 7(a)(i) 2 of the Act are excluded. 1 CBDT Circular No. 41/2016 Taxsutra.com 2 No income shall be deemed to accrue or arise to a non-resident from transfer, outside India, of any share of, or interest in, a company or an entity, registered or incorporated outside India referred to in Explanation 5, if such company or entity directly owns the assets situated in India and the transferor (whether individually or along with its associated enterprises), at any time in the twelve months preceding the date of transfer, neither holds the right of management or control in relation to such company or entity, nor holds voting power or share capital or interest exceeding five per cent of the total voting power or total share capital or total interest, as the case may be, of such company or entity
basis, the fund, on request of its unit holders/shareholders, redeems their units/shares. Whether Explanation 5 to Section 9(1)(i) of the Act apply to the above redemption made by the fund? 2 Fund I and Fund II are feeder funds set-up in country X and country Y respectively. Both the feeder funds pool monies from investors and feed that into a master fund set-up in country X. None of the investors of the feeder funds have the right of control or management in the master fund or hold voting power or share capital or interest, directly or indirectly, exceeding 5 per cent in the master fund. The master fund is registered as FPI for undertaking portfolio investment in Indian securities. The value of assets in India i.e. shares of Indian companies held by the master fund constitute more than 50 per cent of its total assets and exceed INR10 crores. Will indirect transfer provisions apply to investors in master-feeder structures, where feeder funds are merely used to pool monies from investors, where none of the ultimate investors hold or will hold right of control or management or voting power or share capital or interest, directly or indirectly, exceeding 5 per cent in the fund and a declaration to this effect is furnished by the feeder fund to the Fund registered as FPI? 3 ABC Co. acting as nominee/distributor is engaged in pooling of funds for the offshore fund registered as FPI. None of the investors investing through nominees/distributors have right of control or management in the offshore fund or hold voting power or share capital or interest, directly or indirectly, exceeding 5 per cent in the offshore fund. ABC Co. is recorded as registered unit holder/shareholder in the books of offshore fund. The value of assets in India i.e. share of Indian companies held by the offshore fund constitute more than 50 per cent of its total assets and exceed INR 10 crores. Whether indirect transfer provisions apply to investors in nominee-distributor type 'structures, which are merely used to pool monies from investors where none of the ultimate investors hold or will hold right of control or management or voting power or share capital or interest, directly or indirectly, exceeding 5 per cent in the fund and a declaration to this effect is furnished by the nominee or distributor to the Fund registered as FPI? 4 Fund X is an offshore fund set up in country A. It pools monies from investors for undertaking portfolio investments in Asia. It invests 90 per cent of its corpus in shares of companies of country B. Fund X has allocated 10 per cent of its corpus for India investments. For this purpose it has set-up an India focused sub-fund domiciled in a tax efficient jurisdiction for investing Since conditions of Explanation 7(a)(ii) 3 to Section 9(1)(i) of the Act are, prima facie, fulfilled by the investors in the Feeder Funds I and II, income of such non-resident investors from transfer of their interests in the feeder funds would not be deemed to accrue or arise in India. Since conditions of Explanation 7(a)(ii) to Section 9(1)(i) of the Act are prima facie fulfilled by the investors in the nominee/distributor company, income of such non-resident investors from transfer of their interest in the nominee/distributor would not be deemed to accrue or arise in India. Indirect transfer provisions under Section 9(1)(i) of the Act read with Explanation 5 thereto will be applicable in the case of Fund X since the value of shares/units held by it in the sub-fund derives its value substantially from assets located in India, irrespective of shareholding of the 3 No income shall be deemed to accrue or arise to a non-resident from transfer, outside India, of any share of, or interest in, a company or an entity, registered or incorporated outside India referred to in Explanation 5, if such company or entity indirectly owns the assets situated in India and the transferor (whether individually or along with its associated enterprises), at any time in the twelve months preceding the date of transfer, neither holds the right of management or control in relation to such company or entity, nor holds any right in, or in relation to, such company or entity which would entitle him to the right of management or control in the company or entity that directly owns the assets situated in India, nor holds such percentage of voting power or share capital or interest in such company or entity which results in holding of (either individually or along with associated enterprise) a voting power or share capital or interest exceeding five per cent of the total voting power or total share capital or total interest, as the case may be, of the company or entity that directly owns the assets situated in India.
exclusively in Indian securities. Will indirect transfer provisions apply to Fund X using a separate Indian focused sub-fund for India investments, where none of the ultimate investors hold or will hold right of control or management or voting power or share capital or interest exceeding 5 per cent in the offshore fund? 5 An offshore listed fund is registered as an FPI for undertaking portfolio investment in Indian securities. The value of Indian assets i.e. shares of Indian companies held by the offshore listed fund constitute more than 50 per cent of its total assets and exceed INR10 crores. The investors or unit holders of the offshore listed fund keep on changing on daily basis and settlement of funds for buying and selling is done through stock exchange prescribed settlement mechanism. Will indirect transfer provisions apply on the transfer of shares or units of an offshore listed entity? 6 Fund P and Fund Q are formed as 'Corporate' entities in Country A. The value of assets in India i.e. shares of Indian companies held by Fund P constitute more than 50 per cent of its total assets. On account of a scheme of amalgamation, Fund P is merged into Fund Q in Country A. The merger is tax neutral in Country A. Consequent to the merger, investors of Fund P became investors in Fund Q. Whether the shareholders or investors of Fund P is liable to tax in India on account of indirect transfer provisions, though the amalgamation of Fund P and Fund Q is not regarded as a 'transfer' under Section 47(viab) 4 of the Act? 7 Fund X and Fund Y are 'non-corporate' entities formed in Country A. Company Z is a SPV formed in a tax efficient jurisdiction exclusively for Indian investments. Fund X holds 100 per cent of shareholding of Company Z. On account of a scheme of amalgamation, Fund X is merged into Fund Y in Country A. The merger is tax neutral in Country A. Consequent to the merger, investors of Fund X became investors in Fund Y. Whether indirect transfer provisions apply in case of offshore amalgamation or demergers of foreign 'noncorporate' entities? 8 Fund X is registered as an FPI. As on last date of the preceding accounting period, the value of assets in India i.e. shares of Indian companies held by Fund X constitute more than 50 per cent of its total assets and exceed INR 10 crores. However, as on the date of transfer, the value of assets in India held by Fund X is ultimate investors. Explanation 5 to Section 9(1)(i) of the Act will be applicable in respect of investors in the fund also, as their case falls within the ambit of Explanation 6 of Section 9(1)(i) of the Act. However, the investors covered under Explanation 7(a)(i) of the Act are excluded. Under the existing provisions, exemption under Section 47(viab) of the Act does not extend to the shareholders/investors of the amalgamating foreign company. Hence, such shareholders/investors will be liable to tax in India under Section 9(1)(i) of the Act. The provisions of Section 47 5 of the Act apply only in respect of amalgamation of corporate entities. The amalgamation of non-corporate entities will attract the provisions of Section 9(1)(i) of the Act. Under Explanation 6 to Section 9(1)(i) of the Act, the value of the asset of an offshore entity deriving its value substantially from assets located in India, will be computed as on the specified date as per clause (d) 6 of the said 4 The transaction shall not be regarded as transfer if any transfer, in a scheme of amalgamation of a capital asset being a share or shares held in an Indian company, by the amalgamating foreign company to the amalgamated foreign company, if at least twenty-five per cent of the shareholders of the amalgamating foreign company to the amalgamated foreign company if such transfer does not attract tax on capital gains in the country, in which the amalgamating company is incorporated 5 Transaction not regarded as transfer under the Act 6 specified date means the (i) Date on which the accounting period of the company or, as the case may be, the entity ends preceding the date of transfer of a share or an interest; or (ii) Date of transfer, if the book value of the assets of the company or, as the case may be, the entity on the date of transfer exceeds the book value of the assets as on the date referred to in sub-clause (i), by fifteen per cent.
only 47 per cent of its total assets. The book value of assets as on the date of transfer does not exceed by at least 15 per cent of the book value of assets as on the last day of accounting period preceding the date of transfer. Will indirect provisions apply even if the offshore transfer does not fulfill the substantial value test as contemplated under clause (a) to Explanation 6 of section 9(1)(i) of the Act on the date of transfer? 9 Company A is an Indian public limited company listed on a recognised stock exchange in India. Many FPls (including offshore listed funds) invest in Company A under the FPI route. At the offshore level, the shares or units of the FPI are bought and sold on daily basis and the investors in the FPI keep on changing frequently. How should Company A in such circumstances determine whether the value of assets in India held by an FPI investor exceeds 50 per cent of its total assets? In case FPI has invested in multiple Indian companies, there are practical challenges for Indian concerns to comply with this provision. 10 FPls are mainly portfolio investors and not strategic investors. The gains earned by FPls on sale or transfer of Indian securities is liable to tax in India in accordance with provisions of the Act. lf indirect transfer provisions are made applicable to these FPls, then there is a possibility of double taxation of the same income i.e. tax on gains earned on direct transfer of Indian securities by the FPls and tax on gains earned by investors of the FPls on redemption of units in the FPls. Hence, exemption should be provided for FPls. 11 The 5 per cent threshold for exempting small shareholder should be increased. Additionally, the meaning of the term 'associated enterprise' in the context of FPls should be defined in line with the definition provided by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) for the purpose of ascertaining common beneficial ownership of FPls i.e. more than 50 per cent common beneficial ownership. 12 The monetary value of threshold of INR 10 crores of Indian investment for triggering applicability of indirect transfer provisions for FPls should be increased to INR 100 crores. 13 In case of an FPI which is listed on an overseas stock exchange, frequent trading of share or units takes place on the overseas exchange every day. Hence, FPls that are regulated and listed on the recognised stock exchange should be excluded from the purview of indirect transfer provisions. Explanation. In the illustration alongside, the specified date will be the date on which the accounting period of such entity ends preceding the date of transfer. The indirect provisions will apply since the offshore transfer fulfils the substantial value test as on the specified date. Reporting requirement under Section 285A of the Act triggers when shares of the foreign company/entity derive their value substantially from assets located in India. Since Section 285A and Rule 114DB are recently introduced, their practical implementation should first be seen. Exemption is already provided for small investors in Explanation 7 to Section 9(1)(i) of the Act. The 5 per cent threshold is reasonable for excluding small shareholders from the ambit of the indirect transfer provisions. Alignment of the definition of ' associated enterprise' with the SEBI definition is not required as the definition of associated enterprise under the Act is well-founded and is based on the concept of management, control and capital of an enterprise. INR 10 crore threshold is reasonable. The circumstances to determine taxability under the indirect transfer provisions are provided in Explanation 6 and Explanation 7 of Section 9(1)(i) of the Act. Therefore, carve-out to specifically exclude FPls regulated and listed on overseas stock exchanges from the ambit of the indirect transfer provisions is not feasible.
14 The benefit of exemption provided for transactions in internal restructuring is currently restricted only to FPls classified as 'companies'. Can this benefit be extended to non-corporate FPls and to the shareholders or unit holders of all the FPls? 16 Indirect transfer provisions are to be applied if, on a specified date, the fair market value of Indian assets exceeds a specified threshold. Specified date for this purpose generally means the date on which accounting period of the company or entity ends, preceding the date of transfer of share or an interest. The specified date should be prescribed as the date of transfer. 19 Given the FPI operational structure and the challenges to comply with indirect transfer tax provisions, it is suggested that FPls should be relieved from the withholding tax requirement. Alternatively, the threshold for enforcing such requirement on the FPIs may be increased. Further, it should be clarified that no interest or penalty for failure to deduct taxes at source will be levied and the FPI will not be treated as an 'assessee in default' or the 'representative assessee', on account of retrospective application of indirect transfer provisions. The benefit of exemption under Section 47 of the Act does not extend to shareholders/investors of the amalgamating foreign company. Hence, such shareholders/investors will be liable to tax in India under Section 9(1)(i) of the Act. Further, the provisions of Section 47 of the Act apply only in respect of amalgamation of corporate entities, subject to certain conditions. As such, the amalgamation of non-corporate entities will attract the provisions of Section 9(1)(i) of the Act As per Clause (d) of the Explanation 6 to Section 9(1)(i) of the Act specified date means (i) the date on which the accounting period of such entity ends preceding the date of transfer (ii) date of transfer if the book value of the assets of the entity on the date of transfer exceeds the book value of the assets on the date mentioned in (i) by 15 per cent. Taking the specified date alone as the date of transfer may result in abuse of the provision. The provisions of withholding tax, interest and penalty shall apply as per the Act. The circular also provides clarifications on the following FAQs: The clarification was sought on the rules to determine the fair market value of Indian assets vis-a-vis global assets. However, it has been clarified that the CBDT vide Notification 7 prescribed Rule 11UB and Rule 11UC in the Income-tax Rules, 1961 (the Rules) to provide for method of determination of the fair market value of assets and apportionment of income for the purposes of Section 9(1)(i) of the Act. The stakeholders have also sought to specifically provide the manner of the determination of cost of an acquisition in the hands of the non-resident transferor (including clarity on availing of indexation benefit and benefit of foreign exchange fluctuation) to avoid any disputes. However, it has been clarified that the Rule 11UB and Rule 11UC prescribe the method for determination of the value of assets and apportionment of income for the purposes of Section 9(1)(i) of the Act. The availing of an indexation benefit/foreign exchange fluctuation will be as per the Act. It is suggested that the indirect transfer provisions should be made operational only after a reasonable time of prescribing necessary rules by the government. However, the CBDT has clarified that the indirect transfer provisions and rules have already been operationalised. 7 Notification S.O.2226(E), dated 28 June 2016
Our comments The controversy with respect to taxation of indirect transfer of assets located in India came into the limelight in the landmark case of Vodafone International Holdings 8. Subsequently, vide Finance Act, 2012, amendments are made in the Act to include the indirect transfer related provisions. However, the amendment created a lot of ambiguity and brought about an uncertainty with respect to the scope and coverage of the provisions. In order to resolve such ambiguity and comment on the implications of such amendments, the Government invited the suggestions of the Expert Committee. Subsequently, in the Finance Bill 2015, the government has introduced certain amendments to the indirect transfer provisions with a view to resolve some of the ambiguities in the provisions. CBDT has now issued FAQs to clarify concerns raised by the investor community while considering a strict legal interpretation of the provisions related to indirect transfer. However, some of the practical challenges faced by investors in the Private Equity (PE) space have not been addressed. The CBDT has clarified that the threshold limit with respect to taxation of indirect transfer assets is reasonable and is not likely to be reviewed in the near future. Further, indirect transfer provisions will not apply to investors in nominee-distributor type structures, which are merely used to pool monies from investors where the prescribed conditions are fulfilled by investors. The CBDT clarified that Section 9(1)(i) read with Explanation 5 thereto will be applicable in case of an offshore fund, where the value of shares/units held by it in the sub-fund derives its value substantially from assets located in India, irrespective of the shareholdings of the ultimate investors. The FPI community was expecting clarification to the effect that when the FPI itself is taxed in India, the investors above FPI should not get taxed again for the same income. The alternative expectation was that the minimum shareholding threshold in the offshore entity for trigger of indirect transfer provisions would be increased from 5 per cent to a much higher percentage. Contrary to these expectations, the clarification does not provide any relaxation and provides that the investors would also be liable to tax in India even if the FPIs have paid the tax at the first instance in relation to the same income. Further, there is no relief even in relation to an increase in the minimum shareholding threshold for the trigger of indirect transfer provisions. Having said the above, the FPIs may explore the provisions of the applicable tax treaty to mitigate the above outcomes. 8 Vodafone International Holdings BV v. UOI [2012] 341 ITR 1 (SC)
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