ADB FSD CoP International Insurance Seminar Responding to the Demographic Transition and Managing Longevity Risks Aging and longevity: Implications for life insurers October 22, Manilla Makoto (Mack) Okubo 大久保 亮 General Manager, International Affairs Nippon Life Insurance Company
Contents 2 1 2 3 4 Demographic and social changes Market environment -Low interest r a t e s a n d s h a r e p r i c e s Aging and longevity implications for life insurers in Japan and elsewhere APFF (Asia Pacific Financial Forum) work on insurance and retirement income 5 C o n c l u s i o n Y i n a n d Y a n g
Rapid aging Japan was in the lower-rankings until the 1980s, in the middle in the 1990s, and is already the highest in the early 21st century 3 25 (%) Percentage of 65 Years and Over Population (1950-2010) 20 15 10 5 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Japan Germany Italy France UK Canada US Russia Korea China Brasil India (Source: Statistic Bureau, Data is based on United Nations, "World Population Prospects," The 2010 Revision Note: Data for Japan is based on "Population Census of Japan )
Number of births (000s) Total Fertility Rate (%) Lower fertility rate - Trends in number of births Total fertility rate has dropped from 4.54 in 1947, to 1.91 in 1975, and to 1.26 in 2005 4 3,000 2,500 2,000 4.54 in 1947 Postwar baby boom [1947-49] Second baby boom [1971-74] 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 3.00 1,500 1,000 500 1.58 in 1966 1.91 in 1975 1.37 in 2008 1.26 in 2005 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year 0.00 (Source: Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, Vital Statistics)
Longer lifespan 5 Japanese life expectancy is among the highest in the world. Many Japanese women live alone for around 10 years after their husbands pass away. (Year) M F Female Male Source: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare and National Institute of Population and Social Security Research ; courtesy of Swiss Re Japan.
Savings higher as age increases 6 Savings per household by age in 2010 Savings are 2.7 million yen for a householder under age 30 8.5 times larger at 23.14 million yen for a householder age 60 or older Liabilities to be higher as age increases up to the ages 40 to 49, at which age they peak and begin to decrease (million yen) 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 Savings Liabilities Yearly incom e 500 0 ~ 29 30 ~ 39 40 ~ 49 50 ~ 59 60 ~ 69 70 ~ (Source: Annual report on the family income and expenditure survey. Income and expenditure, Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and communications 2010 )
Changing life insurance needs In recent years, the baby boomers became aged over 50 with independent children, and needs are shifting from death protection to medical and post-retirement coverage 7 Men Death protection Medical coverage Post-retirement coverage - Nursery care 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 Women Medical coverage - Death protection Post-retirement coverage Nursery care 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 (Source: Japan Institute of Life Insurance Survey on coverage )
Japan experienced a low interest rate environment 8 Low interest rates becoming a worldwide trend 14 12 10 Governement / Treasury Bonds(10 year) Interest Rate Japan Germany United Kingdom United States 8 6 4 2 0 1989/01/01 1991/01/01 1993/01/01 1995/01/01 1997/01/01 1999/01/01 2001/01/01 2003/01/01 2005/01/01 2007/01/01 2009/01/01 2011/01/01
Stock market has been also disappointing 9 Low interest rate coincided with poorly-performing stock prices \45,000 \40,000 \35,000 38,915(Dec.29. 89) 8.220%(Sep. 90) 10year JGB 9.0% 8.0% 7.0% \30,000 6.0% \25,000 5.0% \20,000 4.0% \15,000 \10,000 Nikkei225 index 3.0% 2.0% \5,000 1.0% 7,054(Mar.10. 09 ) \0 0.540%(May. 03) '89 '90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 0.0%
The pension system in Japan and longevity risk 10 The public pension provides a whole life annuity and the corporate pension provides a supplement in the form of a lump sum retirement payment or fixed-term annuity Pension system Typical form of payment Other features 1 National Pension whole life annuity - 2 Employees Pension Insurance 3 Corporate Pension 4 Self-Private Pension whole life annuity lump-sum retirement allowance or fixed-term annuity fixed-term annuity survivor s pension some companies provide whole life annuities with a guaranteed term options for whole life annuity with guaranteed term and lump-sum are available Longevity risk is mainly borne by government, employers, and individuals. Life insurers are subject to longevity risk, in case where the option for whole life annuity is chosen by policyholders for self-private pension. (Source: Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare)
Offsetting between longevity risk and mortality risk 11 Japanese life insurers exposure to longevity risk is limited but gradually increasing Changes in Product Portfolio (Number of Policies in Force) Longevity risks only on whole-life medical/pensions Mortality risks (Source: Life Insurance Association of Japan)
Insurance business models and consumers 12 Different business models by jurisdiction that reflect: Different risk preference Expected roles of the insurers State of development of financial markets Investment-type products Protection-type products Mortality risk Longevity risk
Other measures to mitigate longevity risk 13 Longevity Risk Transfer Buy-out & Buy-in Longevity Swaps Longevity as asset class for investors? Longevity Hedge Transaction Structure (Source: Deutsche Bank AG)
Joint Forum Paper on longevity risk transfers 14 Joint Forum consultation paper Longevity risk transfer markets: market structure, growth drivers and impediments, and potential risks (issued for comments by 18 October 2013) Supervisory communication and cooperation Appropriate knowledge, skills, expertise and information Review policies (taking into account social policies) Review rules and regulations on measurement, management and disclosure of longevity risk Expected and unexpected increases in life expectancy Monitoring the LRT between corporates, banks, (re)insurers and the financial markets Bank Exposure to longevity tail risk Longevity and mortality data
APFF (Asia Pacific Financial Forum) APFF: Public-private collaboration in developing financial systems Importance of regional public-private collaboration: Legal and regulatory frameworks Financial market infrastructure Financial market integration APFF: informal, inclusive and advisory public-private platform for collaboration in the development of common strategies for developing sound, efficient and integrated Asia-Pacific financial markets Governments and regulatory bodies Private sector International organizations (IFIs, SSBs, others)
APFF: Draft Work Program Initial Phase (2013-15/16) APFF WORK STREAMS: Insurance and retirement income Trade finance Lending infrastructure Financial market infrastructure Capital Markets + Linkages and structural issues
APFF: Insurance & Retirement Income Workstream To help develop policies/regulations to support long-term business roles of insurance and pensions and development of retirement systems Initial Work Plan: Gap analysis: survey on insurance, investment, pensions, accounting, regulations Defining proposed list of deliverables, timeframes, benchmarks, action plans Collaborate with interested authorities Contributors (initial list): Nippon Life (sherpa), ADB, AIA Group, Australian APEC Study Centre, ASEAN Secretariat, AustralianSuper, Australian Treasury (tbc) Barnert Global, Cathay Life, IAG, International Insurance Society, Jardine Matheson, Manulife, OECD, PIMCO, Prudential Asia, Samsung Life (tbc), OJK Indonesia (tbc), ASIFMA (observer)
APFF: Focus on insurance & Retirement Income Helping to develop policy and regulatory frameworks that will enable insurers and pension funds to: effectively provide long-term funding; support financial stability and economic and infrastructure development and; serve the needs of aging society. Seeking to help in identifying and addressing regulatory, accounting and other issues that constrain insurers and pension funds from playing these roles Aiming to provide advice on the development and funding of retirement systems to foster sustainable institutions, as well as on economic incentives and financial literacy initiatives
Conclusion: yin and yang 19 Tao of macro-prudential supervision and risk management with a holistic framework Some words from Taoism Be aware that the world is cyclical Don t go to the extreme, otherwise you will fall Bring the balance of yin and yang to the universe In order to manage the world, control yourself In order to implement international standards, you should first know your own country (Photo Tao Garden, Chang Mai, Thailand)
Aging and longevity - Implications for life insurers 20 Makoto Okubo, General Manager, International Affairs, Nippon Life Insurance Company Any questions? email to m-okubo@nliinter.com or visit www.insurance-finance.com