Sustainable Recovery and Reconstruction Framework (SURRF) Saroj Kumar Jha Program Manager Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery The World Bank Group, Washington DC 1
The definitional challenge ISDR defines Recovery as Decisions and actions taken after a disaster with a view to restoring or improving the pre-disaster living conditions of the stricken community, while encouraging and facilitating necessary adjustments to reduce disaster risk. Recovery (rehabilitation and reconstruction) affords an opportunity to develop and apply disaster risk reduction measures. -Source: UN ISDR 2
Phases of earthquake disaster response One month after Wenchuan earthquake 3
The recovery that we should avoid.. In 1954, an earthquake caused massive damage in then-orleansville, Algeria. A building boom followed but with indications of negligence and lax controls. Then, just 26 years later in October 1980, the same town, but now called El Asnam following Algerian independence, was again devastated by an earthquake. In 1970, after the catastrophic cyclone in Bangladesh(then East Pakistan), a number of cyclone shelters were built in areas adjacent to Bay of Bengal. These porly designed, ill-sited and often located beyond a reasonable distance had to be abandoned. Following the cyclone in 1991, cyclone shelters had to redesigned, enlarged, and relocated closer to the population centers. In 1984, after a major landlside in Venezuela, several thousands of people were settled on steep and degraded slopes. Though considered safe and viable then, unplanned and uncontrolled local development made the slopes unstable and as a result, more than 15000 people died in a massive mudslide and floods in 1999. 4
Sustainable Recovery and Reconstruction Framework (SURRF) Vision Well functioning society and economy Elements Damage and Needs Assessment Stategic Planning Resource Mobilization Revival of Economy SURFF Recovery continuum Pre-disaster planning Relief Reconstruction Development Cross-Cutting Issues Gender Empowerment Social protection Stakeholders Evaluation Environment Guiding principles Good practices Government led Local participation Capcity and institution building Risk reduction 5
Recovery & Reconstruction: Opportunity for Sustainable Development Creating a Vision What do we want to have when we are finished? (More than just stronger buildings) What are the objectives at household, community, and national level? People living, working, and investing with confidence Well-designed infrastructure, social and health services Growth-oriented economy Reduced vulnerability Example: Kobe Hyogo Phoenix Plan Target completion: 2005 5 pillars: welfare society, rich culture, growing industry, disaster-resistance, multi-centered urban development Kobe Destruction 6
Guiding Principles for Recovery Transfer of Lessons Each disaster is unique no blueprint for effective recovery But lessons from good practice can be drawn Importance of sharing information South south cooperation Government led with int l support Combination of national and international expertise Local Participation Example Pakistan, Gujarat: Owner-driven reconstruction using local materials Government provided training to match demand and financial assistance (e.g. tax exemptions, tranche payments) and materials Reconstruction Construction Material Hut in Pakistan 7
Guiding Principles for Recovery Capacity and institution building, policy making Focal point institutions Turkey Emergency Management General Directorate National Disaster Management Authority in Pakistan Tasks: Policies, coordination, standards, monitoring, capacity building Policies: Japan: Seismic Retrofitting Act; Gujarat: Earthquake Rehabilitation Plan; Turkey: Compulsory insurance for residential buildings Integration of risk reduction Gujarat: Ensuring code standards through third party quality control (National Council for Cement and Building Materials) Paradigm shift in Turkey: In the past Fate Reactive Recovery Wait and see Ex-post Crisis management Ad-hoc efforts Development at risk New strategic approach Choice Proactive Mitigation Anticipate and prevent Ex-ante Risk management Comprehensive approach Sustainable development 8
Elements of a Recovery Process Joint Damage and Needs Assessment Estimates of the damages and needs in all social and economic sectors Base for a comprehensive recovery and reconstruction strategy Strategic planning Design of framework and plans Gujarat: Atlas with maps for preparation of development plans and public awareness Assessment of Damages and Losses by Sector Traditional markets on specific streets Traffic congestion Large central market area Market streets for pedestrians Gujarat Planning Maps Green spaces No hierarchy of streets Existing Plots have no proper access Well planned street network Proposed Proper access for all plots 9
Elements of a Recovery Process Resource Mobilization: Finances Funds typically diverted from longterm development Multi-Donor Fund (Indonesia) Risk transfer (Turkey Catastrophe Insurance Pool) Clearly distinguished roles of different players (Pakistan) Private Sector Participation Human capacity: Gujarat: training of engineering students to inspect buildings, schooling of masons to match demand Risk assessment and reduction experts Logistical capacity Speed: Restoring decades of development in a short time period Flexibility Transportation Disaster Community Management Participation Others Urban Infrastructure, Health Rural & Cottage Industry Rural Water Supply Education Public Buildings Agriculture Project Management Dams & Irrigation Shares of Recovery Finances Spent in Gujarat by Sector 10 Housing Mobilizing Human Capacity: Training after Pakistan earthquake
Elements of a Recovery Process Basic Services and Social Protection Cash transfer schemes, grants in kind, start-up grants Restoring health, education and other basic services Infrastructure reconstruction and development Creation of intermedidate job opportunities Economic recovery and development Re-establishing livelihoods and reduce poverty Strengthening institutional capacities Local institutions, decentralize management Strengthening information and coordination mechanisms Efficiency of the interventions, phasing of recovery operations Building disaster prevention in recovery and reconstruction Reduce vulnerability to future hazards Quake-proof hospital reconstruction in Pakistan Drainage work in Gujarat 11
Cross-Cutting Issues in Recovery Empowering individuals and communities To reflect concerns and needs of the affected Reduces social tensions and leads to more sustainable development Gender mainstreaming Gujarat: Joint ownership of house by husband and wife Protection of the vulnerable Livelihood program Cash Grants for vulnerable households: Managed by central Gov. and executed by local Gov. Social rehabilitation and protection Quick recovery of schools, hospitals and other social services Environment Resourceful: Use of rubble for recycling Water, greenery, and public spaces: part of urban planning Community Participation 12 Gov. High School Rebuilding in Pakistan
Cross-Cutting Issues in Recovery Multiple stakeholder coordination Partnerships are crucial Key stakeholders: Local and nations Government, Private Sector, Civil Society, NGOs, UN agencies, International Organizations, Donors All parties need to be able to track progress (who is doing what where) Internet, good communications (Indonesia: regular newspaper) Evaluation Monitoring Impact Evaluation Internal and international validation Communication 13 Code compliance evaluation
Disaster Recovery and Reconstruction is a core expertise of the World Bank Experience in Disaster Response More than 600 World Bank financed disaster responses For instance: 60 Earthquakes, 243 Floods, 76 Storms More than 60 damage and needs assessments Total Lending Amount 1984-2005 Non-meteorological disasters (earthquakes, volcanoes): $ 8.1 billion Meteorological disasters (floods, storms, others): $ 8.9 billion Types of Assistance Damage and needs assessments Recovery and reconstruction Risk Financing and Insurance Analytical and Advisory Activities Training and Capacity building Disaster Prevention Emergency Preparedness 14
World Bank offers global knowledge and innovative finance -Rapid Response Policy for flexible and innovative financing of emergency operations -The Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery(GFDRR) Post-Disaster Emergency Recovery Loans Asset restoration, reconstruction of economic, social, and physical systems Additional Financing The Bank can provide Additional Financing in the context of ongoing projects Technical Assistance Damage and needs assessments, recovery and reconstruction planning Global Knowledge and Good Practices Build back good enough 15
Packaging Global knowledge and Innovative Finance Disaster Response to Disaster Prevention: Investment Loans Turkey Marmara Earthquake Reconstruction (2000): $ 505 Million Istanbul Seismic Risk Mitigation (2005): $ 400 Million Property Catastrophe Insurance Program Public-private sector partnerships to establish efficiently priced insurance for homeowners; In Turkey, 2.7 million of such policies sold in 2007 Contingency Loans Offering immediate liquidity after a disaster with Catastrophe Risk Deferred Drawdown Option (CatDDO), for instance in Turkey Catastrophe Risk Insurance Accessing the international catastrophe reinsurance markets on competitive terms Advisory Services Technical guidance for government to mainstream risk reduction Peer to peer learning through South-South Cooperation Support in developing a long-term plan of action and institutional frameworks The World Bank assists borrowers in designing their disaster risk management programs and works with them in defining a risk financing solution most adapted to their needs 16