Demographic and Economic Profile Texas Updated April 2006 Metro and Nonmetro Counties in Texas Based on the most recent listing of core based statistical areas by the Office of Management and Budget (December 2005), 77 counties in Texas are part of metropolitan statistical areas, and 45 counties are part of micropolitan areas. The micropolitan classification defines counties that were previously included in the nonmetropolitan category, and include an urban area with a population of 10,000 to 49,999 plus surrounding counties that are linked through commuting ties. These areas often represent important economic and trade centers in rural areas. The remaining 132 counties in Texas are considered noncore counties. Using the core based statistical area classifications above and the population estimates for 2005, 86.9 percent of Texas residents live in metropolitan areas, 6.9 percent live in micropolitan areas, and 6.2 percent live in noncore areas. Metro and Nonmetro Counties in Texas Source: U.S. Census Bureau and Office of Management and Budget Map Prepared by RUPRI Metropolitan Counties Nonmetro Counties: Micropolitan Counties Noncore Counties 1
Population Texas s population in July 2005 was 22,859,968, up 9.6 percent from the 2000 Census. During the 1990s, the population in Texas grew by 22.8 percent. Nationally, population increased 13.1 percent during the 1990s, and 5.3 percent from April 2000 to July 2005. Within Texas, population growth in metropolitan areas exceeded the nonmetropolitan growth in both time periods. Percent Change in Population Area: 1990-2000 2000-2005 U.S. 13.1% 5.3% Texas 22.8% 9.6% Metropolitan 24.9% 10.8% Nonmetropolitan 10.9% 2.7% Micropolitan 11.7% 3.3% Noncore 10.0% 2.0% Source: U.S. Census Bureau Source: U.S. Census Bureau Census 1990 and 2000 Map Prepared by RUPRI Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates Map Prepared by RUPRI Percent Change in Population, 1990-2000 Population Decrease Increase Less than 10% Increase 10% or More 30% or more increase Percent Change in Population, 2000-2005 Population Decrease Population Increase Less than 10 percent Population Increase 10% or more 68 counties in Texas lost population during the 1990s - all but two of them were nonmetropolitan. During the same period, 37 counties experienced population gains over 30 percent - 26 metropolitan and 11 nonmetropolitan counties. Between the 2000 Census and July 2005, 101 counties in Texas lost population, and the majority (93) of them were nonmetropolitan. Thirteen counties experienced population growth of 20 percent or more - 11 metro and 9 nonmetro counties. The highest growth was in Rockwell County in the Dallas-Fort Worth- Arlington metropolitan area, with a population gain of 46.1 percent over the time period. 2
The Economic Research Service, USDA, classifies counties as population loss counties if the population declined between the 1980 and 1990 censuses and between the 1990 and 2000 censuses. In Texas, 52 counties are classified as population loss counties, 50 of them are nonmetropolitan. ERS County Typology: Population Loss Counties number of residents declined both between 1980 and 1990 and between 1990 and 2000 (ERS, USDA) Source: Economic Research Service, USDA Population Loss Counties Race / Ethnicity The population of Texas is 83.3 percent white and 11.7 percent African American (2004 population estimates data). Nationally, the population is 80.4 percent white and 12.8 percent African American. People of Hispanic origin make up 34.6 percent of Texas s population, compared to 14.1 percent of the total U.S. population. Racial Composition of the Population in Texas and the U.S., 2004 90.0% 80.0% Texas U.S. 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% White African American Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates American Indian Asian Hawaiian/ Pac. Islander Two or More Races 3
Within Texas, the metro population is 82.3 percent white and 12.2 percent African American. The micropolitan population is 89 percent white and 9 percent African American, and the noncore population is 90 percent white and 8.3 percent African American. 100.0% 90.0% 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% Racial Composition of the Population in Texas by CBSA Category, 2004 Metropolitan Micropolitan Noncore People of Hispanic origin make up 35.5 percent of the metro population, 32.3 percent of the micropolitan population, and 24.1 percent of the noncore population in Texas. Many counties in Texas have experienced tremendous increases in the Hispanic population during the 1990s. The Hispanic population more than doubled in 58 Texas counties during the 1990s, most of them in the eastern part of the state. The Hispanic population constitutes a majority of the population in 40 Texas counties, most of them along the southwest border. 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% White African American Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 1990 and 2000 Map Prepared by RUPRI American Indian Asian Hawaiian/ Pac. Islander Two or More Races Hispanic Growth Counties Counties in which the Hispanic population more than doubled between 1990 and 2000 Hispanic Growth Counties Hispanic Majority Counties Counties in which people of Hispanic origin account for over 50% of total population, 2004 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates Map Prepared by RUPRI Hispanic Majority Counties 4
Age The age distribution of the metro and nonmetro populations in Texas is shown in the chart to the right. The percent of the population in the 20 to 44 age groups in higher in metro areas, while the percent of the population age 55 and over is higher in the nonmetro areas. Percent of Population 18.0% 16.0% 14.0% 12.0% 10.0% 8.0% 6.0% 4.0% 2.0% Age Distribution of Texas's Metro and Nonmetro Populations, 2000 Metro Nonmetro 0.0% <5 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-59 60-64 65-74 75-84 85+ Age Group Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Older Population Counties Counties in which 20 percent or More of Total Population is Age 65 or Older, 2004 Many counties in Texas have a considerable percentage of older residents. Over 20 percent of the population is age 65 years or older in 40 Texas counties, 38 of them nonmetro counties. 20% or more of total population is 65 or older Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates Map Prepared by RUPRI Source: Economic Research Service, USDA ERS County Typology: Retirement Destination Counties number of residents 60 and older grew by 15 percent or more between 1990 and 2000 due to inmigration (ERS, USDA) ERS Retirement Destination Counties In addition, many counties are destination counties for the retirement aged population. ERS classifies counties as retirement destination counties if the number of residents 60 and older grew by 15 percent or more between 1990 and 2000 due to inmigration. In Texas, 52 counties are retirement destination counties, 20 metropolitan and 33 nonmetropolitan. 5
Educational Attainment The percent of the population age 25 and over that has earned a Bachelor s degree or higher is 24.4 percent in the U.S. and 23.2 percent in Texas. In only 40 Texas counties did over 20 percent of the population have a Bachelor s degree or higher - 23 metropolitan and 17 nonmetropolitan counties. Source: U.S. Census Bureau Census 2000 Percent of Population 25 Years and Over with a Bachelor s Degree or Higher, 2000 Less than 10% 10% to 20% Higher than 20% The chart to the right compares the educational attainment of Texas s metro and nonmetro populations. The percent of the population with high educational attainment (college degree or higher) is greater in metro areas, while the percent of the population with lower educational attainment (high school degree or lower) is greater in nonmetro areas. Graduate/Professional Degree Bachelor's Degree Associate Degree Some college, no degree High school graduate 9th-12th grade, no diploma Less than 9th grade Educational Attainment in Texas Metro and Nonmetro Areas, 2000 Metro Nonmetro Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% Percent of Population 25+ ERS County Typology: Low Education Counties 25 percent or more of residents 25-64 years old had neither a high school diploma nor GED in 2000 (ERS, USDA) ERS classifies counties as low education counties if 25 percent or more of residents 25 to 64 years old had neither a high school diploma nor GED in 2000. In Texas, 100 counties are classified as low education counties, 12 metropolitan and 88 nonmetropolitan counties. Source: Economic Research Service, USDA Low Education Counties 6
Poverty In 2003 the poverty rate was 12.5 in the U.S. and 16.2 percent in Texas (Census Bureau estimates). The poverty rate in Texas counties ranged from 5.4 percent in Collin County to 36.2 percent in Starr County. Four counties in Texas had poverty rates exceeding 30 percent in 2003, 1 metro county (Hidalgo) and 3 nonmetro counties (Willacy, Zavala and Starr). Percent of Population in Poverty, 2003 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates Map Prepared by RUPRI Less than 10% 10% to 14.9% 15% to 19.9% 20% to 29.9% 30% or more ERS defines persistent poverty counties as those counties with poverty rates of 20 percent or more in each decennial census from 1970 through 2000. Nationally, 386 counties are persistent poverty counties, with 46 of them located in Texas. Of these 46 persistent poverty counties, 38 are nonmetro counties. ERS County Typology: Persistent Poverty Counties 20 percent or more of residents were poor as measured by each of the last 4 censuses, 1970, 1980, 1990, and 2000 (ERS, USDA) Source: Economic Research Service, USDA Persistent Poverty Counties 7
Health Care Services The designation of areas or populations as medically underserved is based on an index of four variables - the ratio of primary medical care physicians per 1,000 population, the infant mortality rate, the percent of the population with incomes below the poverty level, and the percent of the population age 65 and over (Health Resources and Services Administration, HHS). Within Texas, much of the state is considered medically underserved, shown in the map below. Medically Underserved Areas and Populations in Texas Medically Underserved Area Medically Underserved Population Data Source: Heath Resources and Services Administration, HHS Map Created by RUPRI Community Information Resource Center Interactive Map Room: http://circ.rupri.org Governor defined Health Professional Shortage Areas (HPSAs) are those areas that have shortages of primary medical care, dental or mental health providers and may be urban or rural areas, population groups, or medical or other public facilities (Health Resources and Services Administration, HHS). Within Texas, many areas of the state are designated as primary care HPSAs for the total and/or low income populations, shown in the map below. Health Professional Shortage Areas (Primary Care) in Texas Total Population Data Source: Heath Resources and Services Administration, HHS Map Created by RUPRI Community Information Resource Center, Interactive Map Room: http://circ.rupri.org Low Income Population 8
Per Capita Income Texas s per capita income trends have closely mirrored the nation. Texas s income has lagged slightly behind over most of the time period, with the exception of the early 1980s. In 2003, per capita income in Texas was $29,074, compared to $31,472 for the U.S. $35,000 $30,000 U.S. Texas Per Capita Income in Texas and the U.S., 1969-2003 ($2003) $25,000 $20,000 $15,000 $10,000 $5,000 $- 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Economic Information System Within Texas, 49 counties, most of them nonmetro counties (36), had per capita income less than $20,000 in 2003, and five counties (all nonmetro) had per capita income below $15,000 in 2003. Eighteen counties had per capita income exceeding $30,000 in 2003 - the majority of them (12) were metro. Per Capita Income, 2003 Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Economic Information System Less than $15,000 $15,000 to $19,999 $20,000 - $24,999 $25,000 to $29,999 $30,000 or more 9
Nonmetro per capita income in Texas has lagged behind metro. In 2003, metro per capita income was $30,141, compared to only $22,149 in nonmetro areas. $35,000 $30,000 $25,000 $20,000 Per Capita Income in Texas Metro and Nonmetro Portions, 1969-2003 Metro Nonmetro $15,000 $10,000 $5,000 $- 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 The per capita income gap between metro and nonmetro areas is measured with nonmetro income as a percent of metro. The gap in Texas had been on the rise through most of the 1990s, but has decreased somewhat over the past three years. In 2003, nonmetro per capita income was 73.5 percent of metro per capita income. Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Economic Information System 100.0% 95.0% 90.0% 85.0% 80.0% 75.0% 70.0% 65.0% 60.0% 55.0% Per Capita Income Gap in Texas: Nonmetro PCI as a percent of Metro PCI, 1969-2003 50.0% 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Economic Information System Within Texas, there are several counties in which a large portion of total personal income is derived from transfer payments. Transfer payments include retirement and disability payments, social security benefits, public assistance, and medical benefits. High Transfers Counties, 2003 Counties in which over 30% of total personal income was from transfer payments in 2003 High Transfers Counties Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Economic Information System 10
Employment Structure In 2003, government and government enterprises accounted for the largest shares of total employment both in Texas (14.6%) and the U.S. (14.2%). Retail trade made up the next largest employment sector, accounting for 11.0 percent of employment both in Texas and the U.S. Employment by Major Industry, U.S. and Texas, 2003 Farm Forestry, fishing, related activities Mining Utilities Construction Manufacturing Wholesale trade Retail Trade Transportation & warehousing Information Finance & insurance Real estate & rental & leasing Professional & technical services Management of companies & enterprises Administrative & waste services Educational services Health care & social assistance Arts, entertainment, & recreation Accommodation & food services Other services, except public administration Government & government enterprises Texas U.S. 0.0% 2.0% 4.0% 6.0% 8.0% 10.0% 12.0% 14.0% 16.0% Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Economic Information System The ERS economic typology classifies counties into one of five industry categories of specialization or as nonspecialized. The map to the right shows the classification of Texas s counties by this economic typology. The map illustrates the diversity of the Texas economy, with areas specializing in each of the industry sectors. Source: Economic Research Service, USDA Texas Counties by ERS Economic Typology Farming Mining Manufacturing Government Services Nonspecialized 11
Unemployment In 2004 the unemployment rate for Texas was 6.1 percent, compared to 5.5 percent for the U.S. Within Texas, the unemployment rate ranged from 2.7 percent (King County) to 15.2 percent (Maverick County). Seven counties in Texas, all nonmetro, had unemployment rates of over 10 percent in 2004. Unemployment Rate, 2004 Les than 5% Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Local Area Unemployment Statistics 5% to 7.4% 7.5% to 9.9% 10% or higher ERS classifies counties as low employment counties if fewer than 65 percent of the residents aged 21 to 64 were employed in 2000. In Texas, 41 counties are classified as low employment counties - the majority of them are nonmetro (34). ERS County Typology: Low Employment Counties less than 65 percent of residents 21-64 years old were employed in 2000 (ERS, USDA) Source: Economic Research Service, USDA Low Employment Counties 12
Agriculture Agriculture is an important industry in many parts of the state. Fifty-six counties are classified by the Economic Research Service as Farming dependent (see map on page 11.) The map below shows the value of agricultural products sold in 2002 for Texas counties. Three counties had over $500 million in sales of agricultural products - Castro, Parmer, and Deaf Smith Counties. Market Value of Agricultural Products Sold, 2002 Source: Census of Agriculture, 2002 USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service Less than $10M $10M - $49.9M $50M - $99.9M $100M to $499.9M $500M or more Average farm size in Texas is 567 acres, and 18 percent of farms are over 500 acres in size. As shown in the map below, the largest farms in Texas are in the western part of the state. Percent of Farms in County that are 500 Acres or Larger, 2002 Less than 10% Source: Census of Agriculture, 2002 USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service 10% to 29.9% 30% to 49.9% 50% or more 13
Entrepreneurship The CFED Development Report Card rates each state on its entrepreneurial energy, evaluating the extent to which new firms are generated and whether they are contributing to employment growth. The rating of each state is shown in the map below. Texas receives a grade of B on this indicator. CFED Development Report Card for the States Entrepreneurial Energy Grade A B C D F Not shown: Alaska (C) and Hawaii (D) Source: CFED One county level indicator for entrepreneurship is self employed as a percent of private nonfarm employment. The map below illustrates this indicator in Texas counties. The self employed account for over 40 percent of private nonfarm employment in Starr, Llano and Real Counties, and for over 60 percent of employment in Waller County. Entrepreneurship in Texas: Self Employed as a Percent Of Nonfarm Private Employment, 2003 Less than 10% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Nonemployer Statistics and Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Economic Information System 10% to 19.9% 20% to 29.9% 30% to 39.9% 40% or more 14
Data Sources and References Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Economic Information System http://www.bea.gov/bea/regional/reis/ Bureau of Labor Statistics, Local Area Unemployment Statistics http://www.bls.gov/lau/home.htm CFED Development Report Card for the States http://drc.cfed.org/ Economic Research Service, USDA, 2004 County Typology http://www.ers.usda.gov/briefing/rurality/typology/ Health Resources and Services Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, Designations of Health Professional Shortage Areas and Medically Underserved Areas and Populations http://www.bhpr.hrsa.gov/shortage/ National Agricultural Statistics Service, USDA. 2002 Census of Agriculture http://www.nass.usda.gov/census_of_agriculture/index.asp Office of Management and Budget, Statistical Area Definitions and Guidance on Their Uses http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/bulletins/fy05/b05-02.html RUPRI Community Information Resource Center Interactive Map Room http://circ.rupri.org/ U.S. Census Bureau Census 2000 http://www.census.gov/main/www/cen2000.html Population Estimates http://www.census.gov/popest/estimates.php Metropolitan and Micropolitan Area Classifications http://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/metrodef.html Nonemployer Statistics http://www.census.gov/epcd/nonemployer/ Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/saipe/saipe.html 15
For Comments and Questions on this Report: Bobby Gierisch Director, RUPRI State Policy Programs (512) 452-2351 gierisch@sbcglobal.net Kathleen K. Miller RUPRI Program Director (573) 882-5098 miller@rupri.org Contact RUPRI Rural Policy Research Institute Truman School of Public Affairs University of Missouri-Columbia 214 Middlebush Hall Columbia, MO 65211 (573) 882-0316 Voice [573] 884=5310 FAX http://www.rupri.org Report Prepared by Kathleen K. Miller, RUPRI Program Director 16