DEVELOPMENT OF THE U.S. BANKING SYSTEM 2.1 Creation of a National Currency 2.2 Banking Before 1913 2.3 Modern Banking Slide 1 Cengage/South-Western
GOALS 2.1 CREATION OF A NATIONAL CURRENCY Identify different types of currency. Explain how currency evolved through the early days of the United States to what it is today. Slide 2 Cengage/South-Western
TERMS Currency Slide 3
WHAT IS CURRENCY? Medium of exchange Something people use to trade things of value Anything from grain to metal to money Currency All media of exchange circulating in a country Slide 4
CLASSIFYING CURRENCY Metallic currency Paper currency Government currency Bank currency Deposit currency Slide 5
SHIFTING MEANINGS Before World War I Many countries had governments that did not issue paper money. Paper currency meant only notes issued by large banks. In the United States, currency meant the money that the government printed. After the war The idea of currency took on the broader sense used today. Slide 6
checkpoint What is currency? Slide 7
THE GROWTH OF AMERICAN CURRENCY Colonial cash English pounds and shillings Real A Spanish dollar Paper money English or foreign bank notes Paper money issued by the Continental Congress Slide 8
CURRENCY IN THE UNITED STATES 1792 Mint Act authorizes coins 1794 U.S. mint begins operation 1864 National Banking Act Established standards Taxed state bank notes 1913 Federal Reserve Act establishes banking system of today Slide 9
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MORE THAN A MEDIUM OF EXCHANGE Currency does more than serve as a medium of exchange. Can provide recognition for individuals or events that are of national historical significance Quarters commemorating each of the 50 states were issued between 1998 and 2008. Slide 11
checkpoint What was the most common medium of exchange in Colonial America? When did the U.S. government begin to issue paper currency? Slide 12
GOALS 2.2 BANKING BEFORE 1913 Identify the reasons for the establishment and expiration of both the First and Second Banks of the United States. Describe the continuing problems that led to the Federal Reserve Act. Slide 13 Cengage/South-Western
TERMS Federal Reserve Act Slide 14
BANKS IN THE YOUNG UNITED STATES The First Bank of the United States Duration of charter 1791-1811 Ownership 80% held by private investors and foreign governments 20% held by U.S. government The Second Bank of the United States Duration of charter 1816-1836 U.S. government owned Slide 15
checkpoint Why did the two first U.S. National banks fail? Slide 16
STEPS TOWARD CENTRAL BANKING The National Banking Act of 1864 Comptroller of the Currency Issued charters to national banks Issued national bank notes Federal Reserve Act In 1913, created a system to stabilize the banking system Slide 17
checkpoint What was the purpose of the National Banking Act of 1864? Slide 18
GOALS 2.3 MODERN BANKING Explain why Congress established the Federal Reserve System. Identify recent challenges faced by the banking system. Slide 19 Cengage/South-Western
TERMS Reserve liquidity Great Depression Margin Bank run Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) Slide 20
TERMS Inflation Stagflation Recession Slide 21
A TRUE NATIONAL BANKING SYSTEM Reserves Percentage of deposits that are set aside to help with liquidity drops Reserve liquidity Ways to convert the reserves readily into cash Slide 22
THE FEDERAL RESERVE ACT OF 1913 Central banking system Flexible and adaptable Board of directors Controlled district reserve banks Member banks could borrow money to meet demand Monitored and protected entire banking system Slide 23
BANKS IN CRISIS Great Depression (1929-1939) Worst economic crisis of Western industrialized nations through the end of the twentieth century Margin Buying a stock for a fraction of its price and then reselling it for a profit Full purchase price of stock is not paid Bank run When many people try to withdraw their money at once Slide 24
THE BANKING ACTS OF 1933 AND 1935 Glass-Steagall Act Separated commercial banking from investment banking Required bank holding companies to be examined by the Federal Reserve Board Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) Guarantees deposits against bank failures Banking Act of 1935 Expanded the monetary controls of the Federal Reserve Board Slide 25
checkpoint What brought about the creation of the Federal Reserve in 1913? What is a bank run? Slide 26
RECENT BANKING Inflation and Banking Inflation A rise in general prices Stagflation A combination of a stagnant economy, high inflation, and high unemployment Recession A decline in total production lasting a minimum of two consecutive quarters Slide 27
DEREGULATION Early 1980s Laws passed to let banks compete with other financial firms Mid 1980s Government intervention to assist failed S&Ls Mid 2007 Mortgage crisis Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 Slide 28
THE REVOLUTION CONTINUES The Federal Reserve dropped interest rates multiple times To stimulate the economy Check21 Mortgage crisis Credit crisis Federal intervention to rescue large financial institutions on the brink of failure Slide 29
checkpoint Why is inflation a potentially serious economic threat? Why were banks deregulated in the early 1980s? Slide 30