Social Policy for Shared Prosperity Embracing the Future How does your country compare? 1
2018 Policy Forum and Ministerial Meeting on Social Policy 14-15 May 2018, Montréal, www.oecd.org/social/ministerial/ More information: www.oecd.org/social Follow us on twitter: @_social Image credits: cover page Leon del Monte
Table of contents Public social spending...1 Working but still in poverty...2 Income inequality...3 Relative child poverty...4 Gender wage gap...5 Unpaid work for men and women...6 Population ageing...7 Not in employment, education or training...8 Self-employment...9 Acceptance of homosexuality...10 Older workers...11 Housing cost burden...12 Migrant populations...13 Motherhood s effects on employment...14 Old-age poverty by gender...15
Public social spending As a percentage of GDP, 2016 or latest available year countries and selected non-member countries Brazil Costa Rica Colombia Argentina South Africa China Indonesia India 2.6 2.3 31.5 30.8 29.0 28.9 28.7 27.8 27.1 27.0 25.3 25.1 24.6 24.1 23.1 22.8 22.0 21.8 21.5 21.0 20.6 20.2 19.7 19.5 19.4 19.3 19.3 19.1 18.6 17.4 17.2 16.1 16.1 15.8 15.2 14.7 14.5 13.5 12.6 11.2 10.4 8.7 8.0 7.5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Data estimates are for 2016, except Indonesia (2010), China, India, and South Africa (2012), (2013), (2014) and Argentina, Brazil,,, Colombia, Costa Rica and (2015). Source: (2016), Social Expenditure Database (www.oecd.org/social/expenditure.htm) and estimates from CEPAL (2016), Base de Datos de Inversión Social for Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica. Source: database on Short-Term Labour Market Statistics and estimates based on national labour force surveys. 1
Working, but still in poverty living in households with a working-age head and a least one worker, with income below the poverty line*, 2015 or latest year, countries and selected non-member countries China India Costa Rica Brazil Russian Federation South Africa Lithuania 16.8 15.9 15.5 15.3 14.8 14.2 13.8 13.7 13.3 13.1 12.4 11.7 11.0 11.0 10.5 9.0 8.8 8.5 8.4 8.2 7.6 7.2 7.1 7.1 6.6 6.6 6.4 6.1 6.0 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.6 5.2 4.8 4.5 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.5 0 5 10 15 20 25 Note: * Poverty line is 50 of the national median equivalised disposable income. Source: (2018) Income Distribution Database, URL: http://oe.cd/idd 18.5 25.6 2
Levels of income inequality Gini coefficient of disposable income inequality, 2015 or latest year Total population, countries and selected non-member countries Low income inequality High income inequality South Africa China India Costa Rica Brazil Russian Federation Lithuania Source: database on Short-Term Labour Market Statistics and estimates based on national labour force surveys. 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 Low income inequality High income inequality Data refer to the total population and are based on equivalised household disposable income, i.e. income after taxes and transfers adjusted for household size. The Gini coefficient takes values between 0 (where every person has the same income), and 1 (where all income goes to one person). Source: (2018) Income Distribution Database, URL: http://oe.cd/idd 3
Children living in relative income poverty of children (0-17) living in families with income below the poverty line*, 2015 or latest year available member countries and selected non-member countries 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 China South Africa Brazil Costa Rica India Russian Federation Lithuania 3.7 2.9 33.1 32.4 30.1 27.5 25.3 23.6 23.2 22.1 21.1 20.7 19.9 19.7 19.3 19.1 18.9 17.1 Child poverty rate 16.3 15.5 Poverty rate for total population 14.8 14.1 13.4 13.1 13.0 12.2 12.1 11.8 11.3 11.3 11.2 11.0 10.5 10.2 9.9 9.6 9.5 9.2 9.1 7.3 7.2 7.1 7.0 Source: database on Short-Term Labour Market Statistics and estimates based on national labour force surveys. Note: * Poverty line is 50 of the national median equivalised disposable income. Source: Child Well-Being Data Portal, URL: oe.cd/child-well-being 4
Gender wage gap Full-time employees, 2016 or latest available year countries and selected non-member countries countries Lithuania Colombia Costa Rica 21.1 21.1 19.3 18.2 18.1 18.1 17.0 16.9 16.8 16.5 16.3 15.5 14.4 14.3 14.3 14.1 14.1 13.9 13.4 12.5 11.5 11.1 9.9 9.9 9.4 7.8 7.1 7.1 6.9 5.8 5.6 5.0 4.7 4.5 3.4 1.8 28.3 25.7 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 36.7 Source: database on Short-Term Labour Market Statistics and estimates based on national labour force surveys. The gender wage gap is defined as the difference between median earnings of men and women, as a percentage of median earnings of men. Source: Gender Data Portal www.oecd.org/gender/data 5
Unpaid work for men & women Amount of daily unpaid work for women and men (15-64), in hours 2015 or latest available year ( and selected non-member countries) Hours 0h 1h 2h 3h 4h 5h 6h India * * * * * * South Africa China* * 0h 51m 0h 44m 0h 40m 1h 36m 1h 25m 1h 31m 1h 49m 1h 42m 2h 16m 2h 10m 2h 09m 2h 07m 2h 15m 2h 21m 2h 12m 2h 09m 2h 25m 2h 15m 2h 20m 2h 14m 2h 39m 2h 30m 2h 30m 2h 37m 2h 28m 2h 40m 2h 33m 2h 51m 2h 46m 2h 47m 2h 48m 3h 06m 3h 26m 3h 54m 3h 47m 3h 47m 3h 44m 3h 44m 3h 43m 4h 03m 4h 02m 4h 02m 3h 55m 4h 14m 4h 13m 4h 10m 4h 09m 4h 09m 4h 08m 4h 29m 4h 28m 4h 26m 4h 24m 4h 24m 4h 56m 4h 49m 4h 46m 4h 46m 5h 11m 5h 08m 5h 06m 5h 28m Source: database on Short-Term Labour Market Statistics and estimates based on national labour force surveys. 5h 51m Unpaid work includes: housework, shopping, child & adult care, volunteering & other unpaid work 6h 23m Hours Note: Reference years vary across countries. The * denotes that time use estimates are not fully comparable, due to a difference in the reference age group. Source: Gender Data Portal based on the Time-Use Database www.oecd.org/gender/data/ 6
Population ageing 65+ year-olds as of working age population 2015 and 2050, and selected non-member countries 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 * Russian Federation * Argentina * China * Brazil * India * South Africa * Indonesia * Saudi Arabia 2015 2050 Source: database on Short-Term Labour Market Statistics and estimates based on national labour force surveys. Note: * represents non-member countries. Graphic shows number of people older than 65 years per 100 people of working-age (20-64), 2015 and projected figures for 2050 Source: (2017), Preventing Ageing Unequally Fig 3.3, URL: oe.cd/pau2017 7
Not in employment, education or training of 15- to 29-year-olds who are not in employment, education or training (NEETs), 2016 or latest available year member countries and selected non-member countries Costa Rica Brazil Colombia Lithuania 5.1 18.3 18.1 17.1 16.0 15.5 14.7 14.7 14.5 14.1 14.1 14.1 14.0 13.8 13.6 13.4 12.6 12.1 11.8 11.6 11.4 11.3 10.7 10.3 9.8 9.6 9.5 9.0 8.9 8.6 7.8 7.2 23.1 21.9 21.8 21.1 20.5 25.5 25.4 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 29.8 Source: database on Short-Term Labour Market Statistics and estimates based on national labour force surveys. Source: calculations based on national labour force surveys and the Education Database. See also: http://www.oecd.org/youth.htm 8
Self-employment Self-employed workers as a share () of all workers 2016, countries and selected non-member countries Colombia Brazil Russian Federation 26.5 25.5 23.9 20.7 17.9 17.8 17.2 16.9 16.9 16.8 16.2 15.4 15.2 15.1 14.8 14.2 14.0 12.8 12.7 11.8 11.5 10.7 10.6 10.4 10.1 10.0 9.1 8.6 7.5 7.0 6.4 34.1 32.9 32.4 31.5 Source: database on Short-Term Labour Market Statistics and estimates based on national labour force surveys. 51.3 0 10 20 30 40 50 Note: Data on self-employment refers to 2014 in, 2015 in and Brazil, and is not available in,,, Costa Rica and Lithuania. Source: Employment and Labour Market Statistics Database and 9
Acceptance of homosexuality Evolution of the acceptance of homosexuality in countries between 1981-2000 and 2001-2014 (1=low acceptance, 10=high acceptance) South 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Low acceptance of homosexuality Source: database on Short-Term Labour Market Statistics and estimates based on national labour force surveys. High acceptance of homosexuality Source: Valfort (2017), LGBTI in Countries: A Review (http://oe.cd/lgbti). 10
Older workers Employment rate for 60-64- and 65-69-year-olds, 2016 member countries and selected non-member countries* * Colombia * Lithuania * Brazil * Costa Rica * South Africa 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Source: Pensions at a Glance 2017: and G20 countries (Fig. 1.3) Data for refer to 2015 URL: oe.cd/pag 11
Housing cost burden Median of the mortgage (principal repayment and interest payments) or rent burden (private market and subsidised rent) as a share of household s disposable income, 2016 or latest year Rent (private and subsidised) Owner with mortgage 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 * Lithuania 31 31 30 29 28 28 27 27 27 27 25 25 25 23 22 22 22 22 22 21 20 19 19 18 16 16 15 15 13 12 10 6 Rent data not available 34 Note: *non-member country Data refer to 2015 for,,,,,,,,, &. Data refer to 2012 for and 2011 for. Source: Affordable Housing Database. URL: oe.cd/ahd 12
Migrant populations Foreign-born as a percentage of the total population 2000 and 2015 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Source: database on Short-Term Labour Market Statistics and estimates based on national labour force surveys. Note: Data refer to 2000 or to the closest year with available data and to 2015 or most recent available year. average refers to the average of countries presented. Data refer to foreign instead of foreign-born population for and. Total population estimates are from the UN. Source: International Migration Outlook 2017 13
Motherhood s effects on employment Gender gap in employment rate (male minus female) No children and with at least one child aged 0-14 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 points * Lithuania 4.8 22.6 A gender gap (male minus female) greater than 0 means that the employment rate is lower for women than for men. A negative gap means that the employment rates is highter for women than that for men. Source: database on Short-Term Labour Market Statistics and estimates based on national labour force surveys. points Note: *Lithuania is candidate for accession to the Data refer to 25- to 54-year-olds. 2014 or latest available year. Source: (2017), The Pursuit of Gender Equality: An uphill battle, Fig. 11.5. More data on gender: oe.cd/gender 14
Old-age poverty by gender Relative income poverty* among 66+ year-olds, 2015 or latest year, men and women, and selected non-member countries 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Costa India Rica India South Africa Lithuania Russian Federation Brazil Men All 66+ Source: database on Short-Term Labour Market Statistics and estimates based on national labour force surveys. Women Note: * Income below 50 of the national median equivalised disposable income. Source: (2018) Income Distribution Database, http://oe.cd/idd 15
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