Sex-disaggregated data for the SDG indicators in Asia and the Pacific: What and how? Regional trends on gender data collection and analysis Rajesh Sharma UNDP Bangkok Regional Hub ISSUES (1) In the past, main focus on emergency response and relief with no efforts to systematically understand the impacts and causal factors No data about disasters being collected and analyzed leading to lack of understanding of disaster-development linkages Poor understanding of the disaggregated impacts of disasters Significant efforts needed to collect, record, and analyze disaggregated data to understand the impacts and target actions for identifying and reducing risks 1
What is the latest discourse on gender and DRR? - some relevant TRENDS Early days- making women visible Shift: women as vulnerable towards recognising their capacities; women as born vulnerable to realizing their strength of resilience. Gendered disaster vulnerabilities across the age spectrum Role of women in sustainability in DRR, development and recovery Beginnings of a shifting from vulnerability reduction and aid, to economic opportunities and investments to support gendered DRR and recovery Context Gender disaggregated data is: - Helpful in identifying gender differentiated needs in shaping the early warning systems, preparedness plans, loss reduction, post-disaster recovery programmes, and allocation of funding - Needed across sectors (demography, education, housing, land, livelihood, health, social services, etc) to provide insights for planning interventions and investments to reduce losses - Helpful to promote a dialogue for integrated approaches rather than a silo approach based on data/evidence - Essential for design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of DRR programmes 2
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) World Leaders have committed to 17 Global Goals and 169 Targets to achieve 3 extraordinary things in the next 15 years. End extreme poverty. Fight inequality & injustice. Fix climate change. At least 4 goals have 7 clear targets on DRR and Climate Change Adaptation. 3
Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, Goal resilient 1: and End sustainable poverty in all its forms everywhere Target 11.5: By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected and substantially Target 1.5: decrease By the 2030, direct build economic the losses relative resilience to global of gross the domestic poor and product those caused by disasters, including water-related disasters, with a focus on in protecting vulnerable the poor situations and people in and vulnerable situations reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related Target 11.b: By 2020, substantially increase the number of extreme cities and human events settlements and adopting other and implementing integrated policies and plans towards economic, social and inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation environmental to climate change, shocks resilience to and disasters, and disasters. develop and implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, holistic disaster risk management at all levels Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, Goal resilient 1: 2: End End and poverty hunger, sustainable in all achieve its forms food everywhere security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable Target 11.5: By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected and substantially Target agriculture 1.5: decrease By the 2030, direct build economic the losses relative resilience to global gross domestic product caused by Target 2.4: of By the 2030, poor ensure and disasters, including water-related disasters, with a focus on those sustainable protecting the vulnerable food poor production and people situations systems in vulnerable situations and implement resilient agricultural and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain Target 11.b: By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and extreme ecosystems, events that and strengthen other implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, economic, capacity resource for adaptation efficiency, social to mitigation climate and and adaptation change, to extreme climate change, weather, resilience drought, to disasters, environmental shocks and and flooding develop and and implement, other in disasters line with the and Sendai Framework disasters that progressively for Disaster Risk improve Reduction land 2015-2030, and holistic disaster risk management at all levels soil quality. 4
Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable Target 11.5: By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected and substantially decrease the direct economic losses relative to global gross domestic product caused by disasters, including water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations Target 11.b: By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, and develop and implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, holistic disaster risk management at all levels Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable Target 11.5: By 2030, significantly reduce the number Target 13.1: Strengthen resilience and of deaths and the number of people affected and substantially adaptive capacity decrease to the climate-related direct economic hazards losses relative and natural to global disasters gross domestic in all countries product caused by disasters, including water-related disasters, with a focus on Target protecting 13.2: the Integrate poor and people climate in vulnerable change situations measures into national policies, strategies and planning Target 11.b: By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing Target 13.3: integrated Improve policies education, and awarenessraising and human and institutional capacity plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, and on develop climate and change implement, mitigation, in line with adaptation, the Sendai Framework impact reduction for Disaster and Risk early Reduction warning 2015-2030, holistic disaster risk management at all levels 5
SFDRR: Goal SFDRR: Four Priorities for Action 6
SFDRR: Seven Global targets A. Substantially reduce global disaster mortality by 2030, aiming to lower the average per 100,000 global mortality rate in the decade 2020 2030 compared to the period 2005 2015 B. Substantially reduce the number of affected people globally by 2030, aiming to lower the average global figure per 100,000 in the decade 2020 2030 compared to the period 2005 2015 C. Reduce direct disaster economic loss in relation to global gross domestic product (GDP) by 2030 D. Substantially reduce disaster damage to critical infrastructure and disruption of basic services, among them health and educational facilities, including through developing their resilience by 2030 E. Substantially increase the number of countries with national and local disaster risk reduction strategies by 2020 F. Substantially enhance international cooperation to developing countries through adequate and sustainable support to complement their national actions for implementation of the present Framework by 2030 G. Substantially increase the availability of and access to multi-hazard early warning systems and disaster risk information and assessments to people by 2030 Linking the SDGs with SFDRR: Integrate DRR concerns into the global development agenda and contextualize within the national development and risk management context; Harmonize the SDGs and Sendai Framework targets and indicators to help synergize the implementation of SDGs and SFDRR at national and sub-national levels; Strengthen international cooperation on DRR and utilize the opportunity to increase partnerships at regional and global levels; Develop some uniform methodology for gathering information and data for SDGs and Sendai Framework indicators and their analysis, along with mutually accessible databases especially on DRR aspect; Focus targets and indicators on socio-economic, environmental and governance aspects as also on the community resilience aspects along with the physical impacts of disasters; Establish global, regional, national and sub-national baselines to monitor progress globally, regionally and nationally; and Support creation of composite indices to help make a comparative analysis with in-country progress as well as with countries/regions with a similar development and risk management context. 7
UNDP efforts in setting up national disaster loss and damage databases To understand the impacts of disasters, UNDP actively started implementing DesInventar methodology in 2002 in Odisha state of India The 2004 tsunami disaster brought forward the need for disaggregated data for planning recovery and risk reduction Maldives, Sri Lanka, Tamil Nadu (India), Thailand and Indonesia UNDP has supported more than 30 countries globally in setting up national disaster loss and damage databases National Disaster Loss and Damage Databases in Asia Timor-Leste 220,000 records First event in 1815AD 15 countries 16 8
Disaster Loss Database for Cambodia deaths from disasters (2000-2015) disaggregated at commune level 17 Disaggregation of mortality data in Cambodia 18 9
About national disaster loss and damage database Data captured at high resolution sub-district level Information about occurrences and impacts are captured over a long period of time (20-30 years) Direct impacts of an event Event details (date, location, intensity) Population affected (death, injured, affected, ) Damages and losses to sectors (education, road, health, etc.) Analysis undertaken at provincial, district and sub-district levels to derive emerging trends and patterns of events and impacts to feed into national and sub-national planning Most UNDP supported databases collect data disaggregated at sub-national level (usually sub-district or equivalent) However, according to the HFA Progress Review: Sex and age disaggregated data (SADD), which is key in creating the evidence for addressing gender needs and priorities in DRR policy formulation is lacking: Gender disaggregated data was available only in 14% of the countries and many countries stated a total absence of gender disaggregated data. Post Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) PDNA guidelines have been formulated for gender considerations to be included: Pre-disaster situation Effects of disaster in terms of losses and damages Disaster impact on macro-economy and human development Recovery and reconstruction needs However, according to the HFA Progress Review: Gender aspects are included in only 33% of post-disaster needs assessment methodologies in the region. 10
Nepal PDNA UNDP and UN Women supported gender sensitive Nepal PDNA The assessment collected sex disaggregated data for deaths, the impacts on loss of livelihoods, housing and other key sectors A dedicated chapter on gender and social inclusion highlighting the implications of poverty and human development impacts for women, people with disabilities, marginalized groups and their immediate need for targeted recovery assistance. Based on the PDNA, UNDP has developed a comprehensive recovery programme pursuing a gender-sensitive approach to recovery: Women as leaders, Women s ability to influence, negotiate, interface with decision-makers, and Women s participation in various networks, learning opportunities, public participation and financial inclusion. Voices of Women from the Nepal Earthquake https://undpasiapac.exposure.co/voices-of-women-from-the-nepalearthquake Summary- spaces for enhancing gender data, analysis and application 1. Community level: (household, Community based Disaster Risk Management, Community Resilience, Community based Adaptation) 2. Post- disaster assessments 3. National (sub national) disaster loss and damage databases 4. Regional mechanisms: Gender Statistics (TWG) 5. Global: SFDRR, SDGs 6. Programmes: example: UNDP GSIC 7. Global Centre for Disaster Statistics (UNDP and Tohoku University partnership) 11
Despite progress, challenges remain. Key questions for consideration: 1) Policy level: - Does the government know or understand why its important to collect SADD? - What needs to be done for regular and systematic collection of SADD? 2) Institutional level: - Who should anchor the collection of SADD? - Is the same baseline available across all sectors? 3) Local level: - Who at the local level is responsible for data collection? - Is there capacity at the sub-national level to collect SADD? 4) Application of SADD: - How can SADD be applied to improve: - post disaster recovery - risk assessments - risk reduction strategies? Thank you rajesh.sharma@undp.org Twitter @hsejar2010 12