Alternative Investments: Risks & Returns THE FAMILY ALTERNATIVE INVESTMENT CONFERENCE February 2007, Monaco Hossein Kazemi, PhD, CFA Managing Partner, AIA Professor of Finance, Univ of Massachusetts kazemi@alternativeanalytics.com 1-413-253-4601 29 South Pleasant St, Amherst, MA 01002 Tel: 413-253-4601
Outline Alternative Investment Universe. Historical & Recent Performance. Risk-Return Characteristics of Hedge. Alternative Investments in Diversified Portfolios. Performance under Various Conditions: Selected Review of 2006 & Preview of 2007. Alternative Betas and Alternative Alphas. Hedge Fund Managers: Persistence & Diversity. of and Investible Indices. Conclusion. 2
Alternative Investment Universe Investment Opportunities Traditional Alternative Modern Alternative Traditional Investments Private Equity Real Estate Commodities Hedge Managed Futures Stocks Bonds 3
Why Alternatives? Alternative Sources of Return Access to broader set of asset classes (e.g., private equity, real estate, commodities). Access to broader set of trading strategies (hedge funds, CTAs). Diversifying risk of portfolios dominated by traditional assets. Enhancing the performance of portfolios dominated by traditional assets. 4
Performance Charts: Traditional Assets Traditional Assets: 90-06 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 NASDAQ Bubble Made AI More Attractive Lower Yield Have Made AI More Attractive Jan-90 Jan-91 Jan-92 Jan-93 Jan-94 Jan-95 Jan-96 Jan-97 Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05 Jan-06 Hi Yld MSCI World Lehman 5
Performance Charts: Traditional Alternatives Traditional Alternatives 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 6 Jan-90 Jan-91 Jan-92 Jan-93 Jan-94 Jan-95 Jan-96 Jan-97 Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05 Jan-06 Consider the High Beta of Private Equity Commodities Real Estate Private Equity
Performance Charts: Hedge Hedge 1250 1050 850 650 450 250 50 7 Jan-90 Jan-91 Jan-92 Jan-93 Jan-94 Jan-95 Jan-96 Jan-97 Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05 Jan-06 Only Hedged Equity Did not Hold Well During the Last Recession Conv Arb Distressed Hedged Eq Eq MN Event Fixed Inc Arb FoF Macro Merg Arb
Risk-Return Chart: 1990-2006 25% 20% Annualized Risk-Returns 90-06 15% 10% 5% 0% Mean Stdev 8 Hi Yld MSCI World Lehman GSCI NCREIF PE Conv Arb Distressed Hedged Eq Eq MN Event Fixed Inc Arb Macro Merg Arb FoF Note the Ratio of Risk to Return for AI versus Traditional Assets
Return Chart: 2006 2006 Returns 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% -5% -10% -15% -20% 9 Hi Yld MSCI World Lehman GSCI NCREIF PE Conv Arb Distressed Hedged Eq Eq MN Event Fixed Inc Arb Macro Merg Arb FoF
Volatility-Return: 1990-2006 Volatility-Return: Quarterly 90-06 20% 18% PE 16% 14% DIST ED GM HE Mean 12% 10% 8% EMN RE MA CA FIA FoF Bond MSCI GSCI 6% 4% 2% 0% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% Standard Deviation 10
Risks & Returns of Alternatives Alternative investments could be used as Risk diversifiers Return enhancers Both Their role depends on which asset class dominates the investor s portfolio Porfolio Risk and Return Contribution Hegde Fund Strategy Stock Portfolio High Grade Bond Portfolio High Yield Bond Portfolio Event Driven Return Enhancer Risk Diversifier Return Enhancer Equity Hedge Return Enhancer Risk Diversifier Return Enhancer Equity Market Neutral Risk Diversifier Return Enhancer Risk Diversifier Merger/Risk Arbitrage Return Enhancer Risk Diversifier Return Enhancer Distressed Return Enhancer Risk Diversifier Return Enhancer Fixed Income Arbitrage Risk Diversifier Risk Diversifier Return Enhancer Convertible Arbitrage Risk Diversifier Risk Diversifier Return Enhancer Macro Return Enhancer Return Enhancer Return Enhancer 11
Diversifiers and Enhancers: A 60/40 Portfolio of MSCI World & Lehman Correlation-Return: Quarterly 90-06 20% 18% 16% 14% Diversifiers DIST PE GM HE ED 12% Mean 10% 8% GSCI FIA RE EMN CA FoF MA 6% 4% Enhancers 2% 0% -0.4-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Correlation 12
Diversifiers and Enhancers: A 60/40 Portfolio of MSCI World & Lehman Beta-Return: Quarterly 90-06 20% 18% PE 16% 14% DIST GM ED HE Mean 12% 10% 8% GSCI FIA CA EMN RE FoF MA 6% 4% 2% 0% -0.8-0.6-0.4-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Beta 13
Model Portfolios We examine several model portfolios. These highlight the benefits of alternative investments How they fit into a diversified portfolio? 14
Model Portfolios MSCI World MSCI Emerging Lehman Agg Lehman HiYld Direction HF Arbitrage HF PE Portfolio GSCI Annualize d Return Annualize d Standard Deviation Sharpe Ratio Type of Portfolio Allocation Percentage Model Portfolio 2 Model Portfolio 1 Aggressive 50.00 20.00 15.00 15.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.51% 12.78% 0.35 Moderately Agg. 60.00 15.00 15.00 10.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.23% 12.90% 0.33 Moderate 65.00 10.00 20.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.87% 12.36% 0.31 Moderately Cons. 60.00 5.00 30.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.47% 10.62% 0.33 Conservative 50.00 0.00 50.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.88% 8.08% 0.36 Aggressive 25.00 10.00 10.00 5.00 10.00 10.00 20.00 10.00 11.55% 8.98% 0.73 Moderately Agg. 35.00 10.00 15.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 15.00 10.00 10.68% 9.34% 0.61 Moderate 40.00 5.00 20.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 15.00 5.00 10.33% 9.13% 0.58 Moderately Cons. 40.00 5.00 30.00 5.00 0.00 5.00 10.00 5.00 9.40% 8.26% 0.53 Conservative 40.00 0.00 45.00 0.00 0.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 8.44% 6.72% 0.51 Annualized Mean 9.13% 14.45% 7.04% 9.22% 15.17% 9.13% 17.31% 8.39% Annualized Std 15.71% 26.74% 4.18% 8.54% 7.64% 3.02% 16.61% 22.47% 15
Model Portfolios Model Portfolios: With & Without Alternative Investments 12% Aggressive Annualized Std Dev 11% 10% 9% 8% Conservative Moderately Conservative Moderately Aggressive Moderate 7% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% 12% 13% 14% Annaulized Mean Model Portfolio 1 Model Portfolio 2 16
AI and Economic Conditions Here we look at performance of AI under various economic conditions. Economic conditions are measured by various indicators (yield curve, volatility, etc.) We look both at contemporaneous and leading indicators of AI performance. This leads us to have a selected review of 2006 and a preview of 2007. More charts are available upon request. 17
S&P500 s Performance Low Medium High All Dates Min Max Min Max Min Max S&P500 Index Return -17.28% 1.37% 1.69% 5.35% 5.36% 21.30% Relative Relative Relative Mean Stdev Mean Stdev Mean Stdev Mean Stdev Equity Hedge Index -16.3% -3.4% 2.8% -3.3% 13.6% 0.1% 16.4% 10.2% Distressed Securities Index -8.3% 2.3% 2.7% -3.5% 5.7% -1.6% 14.7% 8.0% Macro Index -11.1% -1.5% 4.0% 0.4% 7.3% -1.4% 14.8% 9.1% Index -8.8% 0.4% 3.1% -1.9% 5.8% -1.0% 9.8% 6.7% Equity Market Neutral Index -1.3% -0.2% -1.1% 0.1% 2.3% 0.0% 8.8% 3.4% Convertible Arbitrage Index -5.5% 0.9% 1.7% -1.2% 3.9% -1.2% 9.8% 4.8% Fixed Income: Arbitrage Index 0.8% 0.7% 0.4% -0.7% -1.3% 0.1% 8.1% 5.0% CA Private Equity Index -14.8% -0.4% 6.4% -3.0% 9.0% -1.7% 14.6% 9.3% CA Venture Capital Index -23.5% -7.2% 3.0% -12.8% 20.8% 9.8% 20.6% 27.2% CA Private Equity Portfolio -19.2% -3.5% 4.7% -7.5% 14.9% 4.0% 17.6% 16.8% GSCI TR 18.5% 5.0% -5.2% -4.7% -13.6% -4.2% 8.7% 22.6% DJ-AIGCI 9.7% 2.6% -0.6% -1.9% -9.1% -2.3% 8.9% 14.2% 18
Slope of Yield Curve: Low Medium High All Dates Min Max Min Max Min Max Slope of Yield Curve -0.54% 1.17% 1.19% 2.96% 3.09% 4.38% Relative Relative Relative Mean Stdev Mean Stdev Mean Stdev Mean Stdev Equity Hedge Index 2.6% 1.9% 1.2% 0.0% -3.7% -2.2% 16.4% 10.2% Distressed Securities Index -4.4% 0.3% 1.2% -0.3% 3.2% -0.2% 14.7% 8.0% Macro Index -4.4% -2.3% 0.7% 0.5% 3.7% 1.3% 14.8% 9.1% Index -0.6% 2.2% 1.0% -1.3% -0.3% -1.2% 9.8% 6.7% Equity Market Neutral Index 0.5% -0.3% 2.9% -0.1% -3.3% -0.2% 8.8% 3.4% Convertible Arbitrage Index 2.5% 0.2% -1.6% 0.1% -1.0% -0.4% 9.8% 4.8% Fixed Income: Arbitrage Index -4.2% 0.5% 0.5% -1.1% 3.8% -0.3% 8.1% 5.0% CA Private Equity Index 2.7% 2.2% 0.9% -0.4% -3.4% -2.1% 14.6% 9.3% CA Venture Capital Index 18.9% 13.7% 1.3% -9.1% -19.3% -16.1% 20.6% 27.2% CA Private Equity Portfolio 10.8% 7.6% 1.1% -4.6% -11.4% -8.3% 17.6% 16.8% GSCI TR -8.0% -0.6% 6.2% 6.7% 2.1% -7.7% 8.7% 22.6% DJ-AIGCI -5.6% 0.1% 3.2% 2.7% 2.5% -3.1% 8.9% 14.2% 19
Change in Credit Risk Premium: Low Medium High All Dates Min Max Min Max Min Max Change in Credit Risk -0.28% -0.05% -0.04% 0.01% 0.03% 0.34% Relative Relative Relative Mean Stdev Mean Stdev Mean Stdev Mean Stdev Equity Hedge Index 3.9% 2.0% -1.3% -2.4% -2.7% -0.1% 16.4% 10.2% Distressed Securities Index 7.4% 0.1% -0.6% -3.1% -6.8% 0.9% 14.7% 8.0% Macro Index 2.0% 1.5% -3.1% -2.6% 1.0% 0.7% 14.8% 9.1% Index 1.9% 0.5% 0.3% -1.3% -2.2% 0.7% 9.8% 6.7% Equity Market Neutral Index -0.6% -0.2% 0.0% 0.1% 0.7% 0.2% 8.8% 3.4% Convertible Arbitrage Index 1.6% -0.6% -0.6% 0.3% -1.0% 0.4% 9.8% 4.8% Fixed Income: Arbitrage Index 2.3% 0.2% 0.5% -2.0% -2.8% 1.1% 8.1% 5.0% CA Private Equity Index 1.5% 0.2% 2.3% -1.7% -3.6% 1.3% 14.6% 9.3% CA Venture Capital Index 12.9% 11.0% 2.5% -7.6% -15.1% -9.7% 20.6% 27.2% CA Private Equity Portfolio 7.2% 5.4% 2.4% -4.4% -9.3% -3.5% 17.6% 16.8% GSCI TR 3.9% -11.0% -2.3% -3.8% -1.7% 10.2% 8.7% 22.6% DJ-AIGCI 3.3% -5.1% -0.9% -2.2% -2.5% 5.5% 8.9% 14.2% 20
Change in Implied Volatility: Low Medium High All Dates Min Max Min Max Min Max Change In VIX -8.56% -0.91% -0.87% 0.40% 0.44% 13.39% Relative Relative Relative Mean Stdev Mean Stdev Mean Stdev Mean Stdev Equity Hedge Index 4.7% -2.4% 3.5% 0.9% -8.0% 0.4% 16.4% 10.2% Distressed Securities Index 6.7% -1.1% 3.5% -1.8% -10.1% 0.3% 14.7% 8.0% Macro Index 1.9% -1.6% 4.4% 1.5% -6.2% -0.5% 14.8% 9.1% Index 1.7% -2.8% 2.9% 0.0% -4.4% 1.7% 9.8% 6.7% Equity Market Neutral Index -1.8% 0.0% 1.1% -0.1% 0.7% 0.1% 8.8% 3.4% Convertible Arbitrage Index 1.9% -1.1% 2.7% -0.6% -4.5% 0.8% 9.8% 4.8% Fixed Income: Arbitrage Index 1.3% -1.6% -0.5% 1.2% -0.9% 0.2% 8.1% 5.0% CA Private Equity Index 2.3% -1.7% 1.6% -1.3% -3.7% 2.4% 14.6% 9.3% CA Venture Capital Index 1.2% -6.2% 10.5% 10.0% -11.2% -6.7% 20.6% 27.2% CA Private Equity Portfolio 1.8% -4.5% 6.1% 4.7% -7.5% -1.5% 17.6% 16.8% GSCI TR 5.4% -4.2% -9.9% -4.9% 4.1% 7.1% 8.7% 22.6% DJ-AIGCI 6.3% -2.0% -8.9% -2.6% 2.2% 3.2% 8.9% 14.2% 21
Short-Term Rates Low Medium High All Dates Min Max Min Max Min Max T-Bill 0.93% 3.34% 3.48% 5.15% 5.16% 8.03% Relative Relative Relative Mean Stdev Mean Stdev Mean Stdev Mean Stdev Equity Hedge Index -5.2% -1.5% -2.4% -2.0% 7.5% 2.2% 16.4% 10.2% Distressed Securities Index 1.7% -1.6% -2.1% 1.7% 0.3% -0.1% 14.7% 8.0% Macro Index 0.5% 1.0% -3.9% -2.6% 3.2% 1.1% 14.8% 9.1% Index -1.3% -1.0% -1.7% 0.3% 2.9% 0.7% 9.8% 6.7% Equity Market Neutral Index -3.2% -0.4% -1.3% -0.1% 4.5% -0.7% 8.8% 3.4% Convertible Arbitrage Index -3.0% -0.2% 1.3% -0.2% 1.7% 0.2% 9.8% 4.8% Fixed Income: Arbitrage Index 1.6% -1.2% -2.5% 1.5% 0.8% -0.7% 8.1% 5.0% CA Private Equity Index -2.2% 1.0% 1.1% -1.3% 1.2% 0.4% 14.6% 9.3% CA Venture Capital Index -23.0% -14.0% 5.8% -4.9% 17.7% 9.8% 20.6% 27.2% CA Private Equity Portfolio -12.6% -5.6% 3.5% -2.9% 9.4% 5.1% 17.6% 16.8% GSCI TR 0.4% -4.3% -9.0% -1.6% 8.3% 5.0% 8.7% 22.6% DJ-AIGCI -0.2% -2.1% -4.6% 1.1% 4.5% 1.1% 8.9% 14.2% 22
Change in Implied Volatility (Lagged) Low Medium High All Dates Min Max Min Max Min Max Prior Quarter Change In VIX -8.56% -0.91% -0.87% 0.44% 0.51% 13.39% Relative Relative Relative Mean Stdev Mean Stdev Mean Stdev Mean Stdev HFRI Equity Hedge Index -0.9% 1.4% -0.1% -0.4% 1.0% -0.7% 16.3% 10.3% HFRI Distressed Securities Index -2.3% -1.0% 0.1% 0.6% 2.2% 0.5% 14.6% 8.0% HFRI Macro Index 1.3% -0.2% 1.5% 1.5% -2.9% -1.3% 14.9% 9.1% HFRI Index 1.1% 0.7% 0.4% 1.3% -1.5% -2.4% 9.7% 6.7% HFRI Equity Market Neutral Index 0.2% -0.5% -1.5% 0.4% 1.4% 0.0% 8.8% 3.5% HFRI Convertible Arbitrage Index -1.8% 0.4% -0.3% 0.0% 2.1% -0.5% 10.1% 4.7% HFRI Fixed Income: Arbitrage Index -1.5% -0.7% 0.0% -0.6% 1.6% 1.2% 8.0% 5.0% CA Private Equity Index -0.6% 1.3% 2.7% 0.3% -2.1% -1.5% 14.8% 9.3% CA Venture Capital Index 4.3% 14.5% 1.4% -10.2% -5.7% -11.4% 20.9% 27.4% CA Private Equity Portfolio 1.9% 7.8% 2.1% -4.6% -3.9% -6.0% 17.8% 16.9% GSCI TR 8.7% 5.5% 3.4% -6.1% -12.3% -1.0% 8.9% 22.7% DJ-AIGCI 5.8% 3.2% 0.9% -4.9% -6.8% 0.6% 9.0% 14.3% 23
Review of 2006: Three Short-Term Trends Year started well: Equity oriented funds performed well. Yield curve play hurt global macro and fixed income arbitrage. Shake up in convertible arbitrage was over and the strategy started to recover. Event driven and global macro managers started to perform well in March & April Not so merry May: Negative and volatile equity and bond markets Worst month in two years for many mangers Many shifted into defensive positions Tipping point Investors stopped worrying about inflation, interest rates, and oil Markets quickly turned around, but many managers were slow to react. Performance did not pick up until the end of 4 th quarter Amaranth: a vanishing act. Impact on multi-strategy funds Further push by pension funds 24
Persistence of Performance: Indices (Last 12 Quarters) Best Q4-03 Q1-04 Q2-04 Q3-04 Q4-04 Q1-05 Q2-05 Q3-05 Q4-05 Q1-06 Q2-06 Q3-06 S&P500 GSCI Private Eq GSCI Private Eq GSCI Private Eq GSCI Private Eq Equity Hedge GSCI S&P500 GSCI Distressed Distressed VC PE Portfolio Eq MN PE Portfolio Private Eq PE Portfolio Distressed Private Eq Private Eq Private Eq Macro GSCI PE Portfolio S&P500 Private Eq Lehman Agg Equity Hedge Equity Hedge Distressed Lehman Agg Distressed Equity Hedge S&P500 Lehman Agg Distressed Distressed VC PE Portfolio VC Private Eq PE Portfolio PE Portfolio Equity Hedge Private Eq PE Portfolio Distressed VC Fixed Inc Arb S&P500 VC PE Portfolio Fixed Inc Arb Private Eq Equity Hedge Macro Lehman Agg VC Fixed Inc Arb Equity Hedge Convert Arb Fixed Inc Arb Convert Arb Macro PE Portfolio Eq MN VC Macro Eq MN Distressed S&P500 S&P500 Convert Arb Distressed PE Portfolio Eq MN Eq MN Macro Equity Hedge Distressed Macro Distressed VC VC Fixed Inc Arb Convert Arb Eq MN Equity Hedge Convert Arb Eq MN PE Portfolio Fixed Inc Arb S&P500 Fixed Inc Arb Macro Macro Eq MN Worst Fixed Inc Arb Convert Arb VC S&P500 Convert Arb Macro Lehman Agg VC Fixed Inc Arb Lehman Agg Macro Convert Arb Convert Arb Eq MN Lehman Agg Equity Hedge Eq MN Eq MN Fixed Inc Arb Eq MN Fixed Inc Arb Lehman Agg Equity Hedge Convert Arb S&P500 Convert Arb Fixed Inc Arb Lehman Agg Lehman Agg Equity Hedge Macro Lehman Agg VC Macro S&P500 GSCI Convert Arb GSCI Lehman Agg GSCI GSCI S&P500 GSCI 25
Outlook 2007: What May Lie Ahead Continued institutionalizations Alternative Beta products. Further move toward permanent capital base. Can distressed securities strategy finally find the supply? Divergence of global monetary policies could benefit global macro M&A and other corporate events should continue to benefit event driven strategies. No sign of pick up in volatility means no relief for arbitrage strategies. 26
Alternative Betas & Alphas Using a single-factor benchmark (e.g., MSCI World), most hedge funds appear to have positive alpha. Using a multi-factor model, most hedge fund managers (about 75%) fail to deliver alpha on a consistent basis. Sources of returns for most hedge fund managers are from alternative betas (e.g., various types of credit, volatility, currency, commodity, illiquidity risks), rather than skill. A priori it is difficult to identify which managers will have positive alpha on a consistent basis. On average, hedge funds represent an expensive vehicle for accessing alternative sources of risk-return (betas). Using a multi-factor model we can see that average alpha of managers has been declining. Most top performing managers are closed or lack capacity 27
Average Alpha Has Declined Estimated Alpha of of 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0-1 -2 28 Jan-06 Alpha % Per Year Jan-96 Jan-97 Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05
Alternative Betas: Exposures of Various Strategies (90-06) Alpha Equity Premium Hi Yld Prem Term Premium Small Cap Premium Value Premium Comm Premium VIX Emerging Mkt Prem Convertible Arbitrage 0.30% 1.74% 18.87% 9.44% 1.64% 0.54% 1.44% 0.03% 0.96% Distressed Securities 0.59% 3.58% 37.96% 5.19% 4.24% 6.33% 1.58% -0.27% 5.41% Equity Hedge 0.74% 30.63% -0.51% 8.30% 33.59% -17.06% 5.51% -0.25% 4.89% Equity Market Neutral 0.26% 8.26% -3.31% 15.38% 5.49% 2.57% 2.03% 0.02% -2.54% Event-Driven 0.52% 20.85% 26.15% 5.79% 11.54% 4.04% 1.61% -0.37% 3.16% Fixed Income: Arbitrage 0.23% -9.63% 16.01% 25.83% -0.91% 1.29% 1.89% -0.22% 5.14% Macro 0.59% 3.58% 6.27% -38.57% 13.30% -5.21% 2.33% -0.52% 12.79% Merger Arbitrage 0.29% 13.69% 12.27% 10.99% 3.03% 6.43% 0.80% -0.17% 0.16% Composite 0.30% 2.48% 0.06% 8.28% 11.50% -8.14% 4.29% -0.40% 11.55% 29
Percentage of Returns Explained By These Factors: Mutual vs Hedge 30
Why Replication Strategies? Alphas for most hedge funds have been declining. More than 80% of the returns for most hedge funds comes from exposure to alternative betas. Hedge funds: Lack transparency. Lack liquidity. Lack capacity (the good ones). Expose one to manager risk. Expose one to style drift. Can go short replication strategies (Hedging hedge fund exposure!) Due diligence cost is very small. Investments do not have to be lumpy. Replication portfolios are typically well diversified. 31
Alternative Betas: Replication of Hedge Nov 04 - Jan 07 AIA Tracker Long-Short Equity Beta Against Mean Stdev HFRX DJ AIA Tracker 8.9% 6.2% 1.00 0.78 HFR HE 7.6% 5.2% 1.00 0.68 DJ Eq L/S 6.8% 6.8% 1.16 1.00 Growth of $100: AIA Tracker, HFRX, DJ 125 120 115 110 105 100 95 90 32 Oct-04 Nov-04 Dec-04 Jan-05 Feb-05 Mar-05 Apr-05 May-05 Jun-05 Jul-05 Aug-05 Sep-05 Oct-05 Nov-05 Dec-05 Jan-06 Feb-06 Mar-06 Apr-06 May-06 Jun-06 Jul-06 Aug-06 Sep-06 Oct-06 Nov-06 Dec-06 DJ HFRX AIA Tracker
Replication Strategies: Multi-Factor Approach The performance of a benchmark is tracked on monthly/daily basis through investment in a basket of liquid investments (small/large cap, value/growth, high/low quality bonds, vanilla options, etc). The objective to have a small tracking error on a monthly/daily basis. What happens if certain risk premiums disappear (value vs growth or small vs large)? What happens if a major source of return is not available through liquid traditional assets (e.g., illiquidity, certain credit risks)? Replication strategies buy what managers bought last period. Could lead to a situation where replication strategy is buying what managers are selling. Multi-factor approach is used by: Merrill Lynch, JP Morgan, Partners Group. Example: AIA Tracker 33
Persistence of Performance: Indices (1994 to 2006) Best 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 GSCI GSCI GSCI PE Portfolio MSCI World PE Portfolio GSCI MSCI World GSCI GSCI GSCI GSCI PE Portfolio PE Portfolio PE Portfolio Real Estate Real Estate Macro Macro Equity MN Equity Hedge PE Portfolio GSCI Equity Hedge Fixed Inc Arb MSCI World MSCI World Convert Arb Convert Arb MSCI World Lehman Equity MN Equity Hedge Equity Hedge Convert Arb Lehman Equity Hedge Convert Arb Lehman Macro Equity Hedge MSCI World Equity MN Equity MN Distressed Macro Lehman Distressed Fixed Inc Arb Distressed Equity MN Real Estate Macro Lehman Macro Macro Equity MN Lehman Real Estate Equity Hedge Macro Distressed Fixed Inc Arb Fixed Inc Arb MSCI World MSCI World MSCI World Real Estate Distressed Distressed PE Portfolio PE Portfolio Convert Arb Lehman Equity Hedge Equity MN Convert Arb Convert Arb Real Estate Distressed Fixed Inc Arb Distressed Real Estate Convert Arb Equity Hedge Distressed Real Estate Equity MN Lehman Macro Equity Hedge PE Portfolio Macro Lehman Convert Arb Distressed Lehman Equity Hedge Real Estate Macro MSCI World Equity Hedge Macro Distressed Fixed Inc Arb Fixed Inc Arb Real Estate Equity MN Convert Arb Convert Arb Distressed Fixed Inc Arb MSCI World Fixed Inc Arb Fixed Inc Arb MSCI World PE Portfolio Equity MN Fixed Inc Arb Fixed Inc Arb Equity MN Worst Real Estate Real Estate GSCI GSCI Lehman PE Portfolio GSCI PE Portfolio Equity MN Convert Arb Lehman 34
Persistence of Performance: Managers Persistence of Return is not Common Among Managers 50.0% 40.0% Persistence of Excess Return: Equity Long/Short 30.0% July 04 - Oct 06 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% -10.0% -20.0% -20.0% -10.0% 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0% Jan 02 - Jun 04 35
Persistence of Performance: Managers Persistence of Risk or Exposure is more common July 04 - Oct 06 40.0% 35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% Persistence of Excess Volatility: Equity Long/Short 5.0% 0.0% 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0% 90.0% 100.0% Jan 02 - Jun 04 36
Not All Managers Are Created Equal Convertible Arb Distribution of Managers Returns: 04-06 25.00% 20.00% 15.00% Frequency 10.00% 5.00% 0.00% -0.04 : -0.03-0.03 : -0.02-0.02 : -0.01-0.01 : 0.01 0.01 : 0.02 0.02 : 0.03 0.03 : 0.04 0.04 : 0.05 0.05 : 0.06 0.06 : 0.08 0.08 : 0.09 0.09 : 0.10 0.10 : 0.11 0.11 : 0.12 0.12 : 0.13 0.13 : 0.14 0.14 : 0.16 0.16 : 0.17 0.17 : 0.18 0.18 : 0.19 Return 37
Not All Managers Are Created Equal Hedge Equity Managers Distribution of Betas: 04-06 18.00% 16.00% 14.00% 12.00% Frequency 10.00% 8.00% 6.00% 4.00% 2.00% 0.00% -2.50 : -2.17-2.17 : -1.84-1.84 : -1.51-1.51 : -1.18-1.18 : -0.85-0.85 : -0.52-0.52 : -0.19-0.19 : 0.14 0.14 : 0.47 0.47 : 0.80 0.80 : 1.13 1.13 : 1.46 1.46 : 1.79 1.79 : 2.12 2.12 : 2.45 2.45 : 2.78 2.78 : 3.11 3.11 : 3.44 3.44 : 3.77 3.77 : 4.10 Betas 38
Portfolio of Managers is Needed to Access Strategies Correlation 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 Naïve Diversification Correlation with Composite of Strategy Indices 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Num ber of in Portfolio Convertible Arbitrage Equity Market Neutral Event Driven Distressed Securities Merger Arbitrage 39
Benefits of of Reduced due diligence costs. Diversification by style: diversification across hedge fund strategies. Access to managers that are closed. May offer increased liquidity. Asset allocation: there is some evidence that hedge fund returns are predictable. Diversification by fund family and managers: reduced business risk and diversification of judgment. Investible Hedge Fund indices my serve as alternative. 40
But They Are Not Created Equal Distribution of FOF Returns: (2001-9/2006) 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 41-4.5% -2.7% -0.8% 1.0% 2.9% 4.7% 6.5% 8.4% 10.2% 12.1% 13.9% 15.8% 17.6% 19.5% 21.3% 23.2% 25.0%
18.3% 42 But They Are Not Created Equal Distribution of FOF Annualized Stdev 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 16.7% 15.0% 13.3% 11.6% 9.9% 8.2% 6.5% 4.8% 3.2% 1.5%
But They Are Not Created Equal Distribution of FOF Correlation to S&P 500 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 43-0.39-0.30-0.22-0.13-0.04 0.04 0.13 0.21 0.30 0.39 0.47 0.56 0.64 0.73 0.82 0.90
Conclusion: Alternatives, The Next Bubble? Commodities (futures based): Investment has grown by 50% last year. Exceeding $100 billion. GSCI and DJ-AIG are major indices. Recent addition: Bach Commodity Index. Physical investment exceeds $2 trillion. Commercial Real Estate: Liquid investments (REITS) have doubled to $800 billion. Represents 5% of total global commercial real estate. Private Equity: Represented by limited partnerships. Total investment exceeds $1 trillion. Dominated by pension and endowments. Individuals hold about 15%. Hedge : Steady growth reaching $1 trillion. Becoming increasingly institutionalized. Alternatives cover about 8% of the total investment universe (about $70 trillion) 44
Is There a Bubble? Bubbles: Gains in asset prices far beyond their fundamental values. No known definite test to determine we are in a bubble. Typically, we find out about a bubble when the correction is already underway. What are the typical signals: High recent returns (about 5 year). Expensive valuation metrics (yield below cost of carry). Speculative activity measured by volume and flows. Excessive leverage. Each group of Alternatives may satisfy some of these tests. But none satisfies all of them. Oil represented the best case last year. 45
Candidates For the Bubble Commercial real estate (REIT): High returns: Yes High valuations: Close Flows & Volume: Close Leverage: No Commodities: High returns: Yes in most cases High valuations: No Flows & Volume: Yes (through retail market) Leverage: Normal levels Private Equity: High returns: No High valuations: Difficult to detect Flows & Volume: Yes Leverage: Normal Hedge : High returns: No High valuations: Difficult to detect Flows and volume: Yes Leverage: Normal (below pre 1998 period). 46