GROSS NATIONAL INCOME INVENTORY (ESA 95) DENMARK

GROSS NATIONAL INCOME INVENTORY (ESA 95) DENMARK

2 SUMMARY CONTENTS Chapter 1. Overview of the system of accounts... 15 Chapter 2. The revisions policy and timetable for provisional and final national accounts... 88 Chapter 3. GDP by the production approach... 90 Chapter 4. GDP by the income approach... 241 Chapter 5. GDP by the expenditure approach... 287 Chapter 6. The balancing procedure and main approaches to validation... 341 Chapter 7. Overview of allowances and adjustments for exhaustiveness... 359 Chapter 8. Transition from GDP to GNI... 372 Chapter 9. Transition from GDP to GNP (ESA 79 definition)... 377 Chapter 10. Main classifications used... 389 Chapter 11. Main data sources used... 401

3 Foreword This description of the sources and methods underlying the Danish estimates of gross national income at market prices has been drafted with reference to Article 4 of the GNP Directive (89/130/EEC, Euratom) on the harmonization of the compilation of gross national product at market prices. Care has also been taken to keep closely to the common layout of the new GNI documentation for the EU countries approved by the GNP Committee at its meeting on 29 October 1999. Further requirements were set out in the Commission Decision (97/178/EF, Euratom) on the definition of a methodology for the transition between the European System of National and Regional Accounts in the Community (ESA 95) and the European System of Integrated Economic Accounts (ESA second edition). The new common layout will make comparisons between countries much easier than hitherto, since the calculations for a given area will have the same number in the table of contents of the documentation for the different countries. This framework for the description of sources and methods has led us to concentrate on factors which are important for the estimate of GDP and GNI (GNP) at current prices, whilst factors which are not important for the levels of these major aggregates are dealt with only briefly, if at all. It also means that in some cases the description follows a stricter logic and has more detail - focusing on final rather than provisional accounts and on levels rather than growth rates - than would be expected from documentation on national accounts written primarily for researchers and short-term economic analysts. However, exhaustive documentation on the most detailed national accounts calculation systems should be of considerable interest to researchers and analysts, too. The documentation is set out so that the text itself discusses the primary statistics underlying the estimates and explains in detail the calculation methods used. The actual documentation on the primary statistics has been collected together in Chapter 11 and consists mainly of links to the "declarations of contents" which Danmarks Statistik makes available to users, to enable them, inter alia, to assess the reliability of the individual statistics. The documentation on the estimate of GNI at market prices consists of eleven chapters. Chapter 1 presents the overall design of the national accounts calculation systems. It looks at them in relation to international manuals and classifications and discusses the timetable for the calculations of provisional and final accounts. There then follows a brief description of the estimate of GDP, GNI and the Danish national accounts in general. Chapter 1 is thus in the nature of a summary, and can be read independently of the rest of the book. As for all the other EU countries, Chapter 1 will be available to the public. In some countries, one or more of the chapters which follow will not be accessible to the public, but will be available only to the Commission, the Court of Auditors and the members of the GNP Committee. This restriction does not apply in Denmark's case, where all the documentation is in the public domain. Chapter 2 discusses the production cycle and revisions policy for the Danish national accounts. N.B: Footnotes against asterisks are translator's notes, whereas numbered footnotes are in the original Danish text. Text in square brackets has also been added by the translator. The Danish term has not changed: both GNI and GNP are "bruttonationalindkomst". As in many previous texts translated in the Commission, the name has been left in Danish in this paper, even though it has an official name in English, "Statistics Denmark".

4 Chapters 3, 4 and 5 are then a detailed review of sources and methods underlying the initial estimates of GDP using the output, income and expenditure approaches respectively. For output and income, they deal more particularly with the accounting statistics database which forms the nucleus of the calculation system for resident producer units. Chapter 6 then describes how the national accounts are balanced to give a single adjusted value for gross domestic product derived from a set of balanced supply and use tables. These are subsequently used to compile input-output tables which are an exact match with the published national accounts. The fixed-price calculations in the final Danish national accounts are also at this detailed product balance level. Chapter 7 gives a general description of the initiatives introduced into the calculation process to ensure that all economic activity which falls within the production boundary and takes place on Denmark's economic territory is included in GDP as calculated by each of the three approaches. This chapter quantifies the explicit allowances for fringe benefits, underreporting and hidden activity ["work in the black economy"]. Chapter 8 documents sources and methods underlying the transition from GDP to GNI whilst Chapter 9 describes the transition from GDPas compiled according to the ESA 95 definitions to GNP as compiled according to the old European national accounts system, the ESA 79. The figures and tables in the documentation refer to 1995, for two reasons: firstly, the national accounts figures for that year are final, and secondly the Member States have to supply especially detailed documentation for that year on the transition from estimates of GNI according to the ESA 95 definitions to estimates based on the ESA 79 definitions. In addition, 1995 is the basis for the fixedprice calculations. In a few cases, estimates are included for years other than 1995 - usually 1992 - to illustrate sources and methods. The new national accounts system introduced in 1997 was developed on the basis of five benchmark years, namely the period 1988-1992, figures for which could be compared with final figures in the previous national accounts system. It should be stressed, however, that by far the largest share of GNI in the Danish national accounts is calculated from independent estimates of levels for a given year. 1988-1992 were generally chosen as benchmarks simply because there are various alternative calculations available for those years which, when taken together, have provided a basis for deciding on the sources and methods described in the present publication. The Danish word for the third way of estimating GDP translates literally as "use".

5 CONTENTS Chapter 1. Overview of the system of accounts...15 1.1 Introduction...15 1.1.1 Main approaches used for the Danish national accounts...15 1.1.2 Geographical coverage...15 1.1.3 Connection with the ESA 95, NACE Rev. 1, CPA, COICOP and COFOG...16 1.1.4 Organisation of national accounts work in Danmarks Statistik...17 1.2 Revisions policy and timetable for final and provisional accounts...19 1.2.1 Revisions policy...19 1.2.2 Production cycle for provisional and final national accounts...20 1.3 Outline of the production approach...22 1.3.1 Reference framework - business register...22 1.3.2 Most important sources...23 1.3.2.1 Five main types of accounting statistics...23 1.3.2.2 Valuation in accounting statistics, product statistics and the national accounts...29 1.3.2.3 Periodisation...30 1.3.3 Reasons for the choice of source...31 1.3.4 Accounting statistics database - the intermediate system...33 1.3.4.1 Central database for business accounts...33 1.3.4.2 Systematic double coding of producer units...35 1.3.4.3 Common accounting plan and estimate by kind-of-activity unit...35 1.3.4.4 Method of ensuring consistency...40 1.3.4.5 Uniform principles for the transition from business accounting concepts to national accounts concepts...41 1.3.5 Independence of other methods of estimating GDP...42 1.3.6 Direct versus indirect methods of estimation...43 1.3.7 Direct estimates of levels as opposed to extrapolations...43 1.3.8 Most important initiatives to provide exhaustive coverage...45 1.3.9 From the intermediate system to the target total module...46 1.3.9.1 Functional target total module...46 1.3.9.1.1 Functional target totals...46 1.3.9.1.2 Output...49 1.3.9.1.3 Calculation of intermediate consumption...57 1.3.9.1.4 Changes in inventories divided by type of inventory and product...59 1.3.9.2 Institutional target total module...60 1.3.9.2.1 Transactions in products...60 1.3.9.2.2 Distributive transactions...61 1.3.9.2.3 Financial transactions...62 1.3.9.3 Stocks and flows...62 1.4 Outline of the income approach...64 1.4.1 Reference framework the business register, the central population register and the salary information register (COR)...64 1.4.2 Most important sources...65 1.4.3 Reasons for the choice of source...66 1.4.4 Periodisation...66 1.4.5 Transition from tax-based total wages and salaries in establishment-related employment statistics (ERE) to the compensation of employees in the national accounts...67 1.4.6 Independence of the other methods of calculating GDP...70 1.4.7 Direct versus indirect methods of estimation...71

1.4.8 Direct estimates of levels as opposed to projections...71 1.4.9 Most important exhaustiveness initiatives...71 1.5 Outline of the expenditure approach...71 1.5.1 Reference framework business register, population register...72 1.5.2 Most important sources...73 1.5.3 Reasons for the choice of source...74 1.5.4 Estimates of acquisitions less disposals versus the commodity flow method...76 1.5.5 Independence of the other methods of calculating GDP...76 1.5.6 Direct versus indirect methods of estimation...77 1.5.7 Direct calculations of levels as opposed to projections...77 1.5.8 Most important exhaustiveness initiatives...77 1.6 The balancing process and the main approaches to validation...77 1.6.1 Supply and use tables...77 1.6.2 Validation with the help of labour market accounts...78 1.6.3 Financial sectoral accounts...79 1.7 Overview of the allowances for exhaustiveness...80 1.7.1 Explicit allowances...80 1.7.1.1 Output side...80 1.7.1.2 Income side...81 1.7.1.3 Expenditure side...81 1.7.2 Implicit allowances...81 1.7.2.1 Implicit coverage via price times volume calculations...81 1.7.2.2 Implicit coverage via estimates from the expenditure side...82 1.7.2.3 Implicit coverage via grossing up procedures...82 1.8 Transition from GDP to GNI...83 1.8.1 Reference framework...83 1.8.2 Most important sources...84 1.8.3 Reasons for the choice of source...84 1.8.4 Direct versus indirect methods of estimation...84 1.8.5 Direct estimates of levels as opposed to projections...84 1.9 Transition from GDP (ESA95) to GNP (ESA79 definition)...84 1.9.1 Reference framework...86 1.9.2 Most important sources...86 1.9.3 Reasons for the choice of source...86 1.9.4 Direct versus indirect methods of estimation...87 1.9.5 Direct estimates of levels as opposed to projections...87 Chapter 2. The revisions policy and timetable for provisional and final national accounts...88 2.1 Values in annual prices...88 2.2 Values in fixed prices...88 2.3 Employment, compensation of employees and gross operating surplus...88 2.4 Timetable for provisional and final national accounts...88 Chapter 3. GDP by the production approach...90 3.1 Reference framework...90 3.1.1 Business register...90 3.1.2 Main types of source and method...96 3.1.2.1 Breakdown of the economy into sectors, subsectors and industries...96 3.1.2.2 Sectors with complete accounts and full coverage...97 3.1.2.2.1 General government...98 3.1.2.2.1.1 Delimitation of the sector...98 3.1.2.2.1.2 Subsectors...99 6

3.1.2.2.1.3 Statistical sources...99 3.1.2.2.1.4 Links with the business register...99 3.1.2.2.1.5 From the accounting plan in public accounts to the national accounts estimate100 3.1.2.2.1.6 Output of government non-market producer units...100 3.1.2.2.1.7 Breakdown of output by industry and product...100 3.1.2.2.1.8 Intermediate consumption...101 3.1.2.2.1.9 Breakdown of inputs by product...101 3.1.2.2.1.10 Other taxes on production less other subsidies on production...101 3.1.2.2.2 Credit institutions...101 3.1.2.2.3 Insurance corporations and pension funds...102 3.1.2.2.4 Publicly controlled non-financial corporations...102 3.1.2.2.4.1 Delimitation of the (sub)sector...102 3.1.2.2.4.2 Statistical sources...103 3.1.2.2.4.3 Estimate of the production account by industry...103 3.1.2.3 Sectors calculated mainly from grossed up accounting statistics...105 3.1.2.3.1 Delimitation...105 3.1.2.3.2 Statistical sources...105 3.1.2.3.3 Accounting plan...105 3.1.2.3.4 Degree of detail...107 3.1.2.3.5 Degree of coverage and method of grossing up...107 3.1.2.3.6 Periodisation...112 3.1.2.3.7 National accounts processing of the grossed up general accounting statistics, consistency check and transition from firm branches to national accounts industries...115 3.1.2.3.7.1 Questionnaire-based accounting statistics received from primary statistics...115 3.1.2.3.7.2 Processing of the questionnaire-based accounting statistics...120 3.1.2.3.7.3 Dividing lines between the accounting statistics system, the tax accounting system and other calculation systems...132 3.1.2.3.7.4 Transition from firm branches to national accounts industries in the tax accounting system...135 3.1.2.3.8 Sector-industry tables...136 3.1.2.4 Industries with output value calculated as price times volume...136 3.1.2.4.1 Agriculture, horticulture and the raising of fur animals...136 3.1.2.4.1.1 Delimitation and consistency vis-à-vis other industries...136 3.1.2.4.1.2 Statistical sources...136 3.1.2.4.1.3 Method of calculation...137 3.1.2.4.1.4 Estimate of intermediate consumption...137 3.1.2.4.1.5 Breakdown of output by product...137 3.1.2.4.1.6 Breakdown of intermediate consumption by product...138 3.1.2.4.2 Dwellings...138 3.1.2.4.2.1 Delimitation and consistency vis-à-vis other industries...138 3.1.2.4.2.2 Statistical sources...138 3.1.2.4.2.3 Method of calculating output...139 3.1.2.4.2.4 Estimate of intermediate consumption...139 3.1.2.4.2.5 Breakdown of inputs by product...140 3.1.2.4.3 Non-profit institutions serving households...140 3.1.2.4.3.1 Delimitation and consistency vis-à-vis other industries...140 3.1.2.4.3.2 Statistical sources...140 3.1.2.4.3.3 Method of calculation...141 3.1.2.4.3.4 Production in private, non-market producer units...141 3.1.2.4.3.5 Breakdown of output by industry and product...141 3.1.2.4.3.6 Breakdown of intermediate consumption by product...142 7

3.1.2.4.4 Private households with employed persons...142 3.1.2.4.4.1 Delimitation...142 3.1.2.4.4.2 Choice of sources...143 3.1.2.4.4.3 Benchmark years versus current years...143 3.1.2.5 Industries where output is estimated from the expenditure side...143 3.1.2.5.1 Letting of non-residential buildings etc. - consistency...143 3.1.2.5.2 Statistical sources...144 3.1.2.5.3 Breakdown of inputs by product...144 3.2 Valuation...145 3.3 Transition from private accounting and administrative concepts to ESA 95 national accounts concepts...145 3.3.1 Uniform principles for the transition from business accounting concepts to national accounts concepts...145 3.3.1.1 Corrections which do not depend on the industry concerned...147 3.3.1.2 Corrections which vary from industry to industry...150 3.3.2 Correlation of accounting data and transition to national accounts estimate in kind-ofactivity units...156 3.3.2.1 Transition to common accounting plan...156 3.3.2.2 Transition from institutional units ("firm branches") to producer units...157 3.4 Direct versus indirect methods of estimation...158 3.5 Direct estimates of levels as opposed to projections...159 3.6 Most important initiatives to provide exhaustive coverage...160 3.7 Agriculture, hunting and forestry (NACE A)...161 3.7.1 Introduction...161 3.7.2 Statistical sources...161 3.7.3 Method of calculation...163 3.7.4 Breakdown of output by product...167 3.7.5 Breakdown of intermediate consumption by product...167 3.8 Fishing (NACE B)...168 3.8.1 Introduction...168 3.8.2 Statistical sources...168 3.8.3 Method of calculation...168 3.8.4 Breakdown of output by product...168 3.8.5 Breakdown of intermediate consumption by product...169 3.9 Mining and quarrying (NACE C)...169 3.9.1 Introduction...169 3.9.2 Statistical sources...169 3.9.3 Method of calculation...170 3.9.4 Breakdown of output by product...170 3.9.5 Breakdown of intermediate consumption by product...171 3.10 Manufacturing (NACE D)...171 3.10.1 Introduction...171 3.10.2 Statistical sources...173 3.10.3 Method of calculation...173 3.10.4 Breakdown of output by product...174 3.10.5 Breakdown of intermediate consumption by product...177 3.11 Electricity, gas and water supply (NACE E)...179 3.11.1 Introduction...179 3.11.2 Statistical sources...180 3.11.3 Method of calculation...180 3.11.4 Breakdown of output by product...182 8

3.11.5 Breakdown of intermediate consumption by product...182 3.12 Construction (NACE F)...183 3.12.1 Introduction...183 3.12.2 Statistical sources...184 3.12.3 Method of calculation...187 3.12.4 Breakdown of output by product...190 3.12.5 Breakdown of intermediate consumption by product...192 3.13 Trade and repair (NACE G)...193 3.13.1 Introduction...193 3.13.2 Statistical sources...193 3.13.3 Method of calculation...194 3.13.4 Breakdown of output by product...194 3.13.5 Breakdown of intermediate consumption by product...195 3.14 Hotels and restaurants (NACE H)...195 3.14.1 Introduction...195 3.14.2 Statistical sources...196 3.14.3 Method of calculation...196 3.14.4 Breakdown of output by product...196 3.14.5 Breakdown of intermediate consumption by product...197 3.15 Transport etc. (NACE I)...197 3.15.1 Introduction...197 3.15.2 Statistical sources...197 3.15.3 Method of calculation...199 3.15.4 Breakdown of output by product...201 3.15.5 Breakdown of intermediate consumption by product...201 3.16 Financial intermediation (NACE J)...201 3.16.1 Introduction...201 3.16.2 Statistical sources...202 3.16.3 Method of calculation...203 3.16.4 Breakdown of output by product...209 3.16.5 Breakdown of intermediate consumption by product...209 3.17 Real estate, renting and business activities (NACE K)...209 3.17.1 Introduction...209 3.17.2 Statistical sources...210 3.17.3 Method of calculation...211 3.17.4 Breakdown of output by product...220 3.17.5 Breakdown of intermediate consumption by product...221 3.18 Public administration, defence and social security (NACE L)...221 3.18.1 Introduction...221 3.18.2 Statistical sources...223 3.18.3 Method of calculation...223 3.18.4 Breakdown of output by product...224 3.18.5 Breakdown of intermediate consumption by product...224 3.19 Education (NACE M)...224 3.19.1 Introduction...224 3.19.2 Statistical sources...225 3.19.3 Method of calculation...225 3.19.4 Breakdown of output by product...225 3.19.5 Breakdown of intermediate consumption by product...225 3.20 Health and welfare institutions (NACE N)...226 3.20.1 Introduction...226 9

3.20.2 Statistical sources...226 3.20.3 Method of calculation...227 3.20.4 Breakdown of output by product...227 3.20.5 Breakdown of intermediate consumption by product...227 3.21 Organisations, recreational and cultural activities etc. (NACE O)...227 3.21.1 Introduction...227 3.21.2 Statistical sources...228 3.21.3 Method of calculation...230 3.21.4 Breakdown of output by product...230 3.21.5 Breakdown of intermediate consumption by product...230 3.22 Private households with employed persons (NACE P)...231 3.22.1 Introduction...231 3.22.2 Statistical sources...231 3.22.3 Method of calculation...232 3.22.4 Breakdown of output by product...232 3.22.5 Intermediate consumption by product...232 3.23 Treatment of international organisations...232 3.24 Taxes on products excluding VAT...232 3.24.1 Introduction...232 3.24.2 Principles underlying the estimation and periodisation...233 3.25 VAT...233 3.25.1 Introduction...233 3.25.2 Principles underlying the estimation and periodisation...234 3.25.3 Comparison and analysis, theoretical versus actual VAT resources...235 3.26 Subsidies on products...239 3.26.1 Introduction...239 3.26.2 Recording principles and periodisation...240 Chapter 4. GDP by the income approach...241 4.1 Reference framework...241 4.1.1 Reference framework the business register, the central population register and the salary information register (COR)...241 4.1.2 Structure of statistics on persons...243 4.1.2.1 Basic information, statistical registers and classification modules...243 4.1.2.2 Classification modules...245 4.1.2.3 Statistical registers...247 4.1.2.4 Structure of the combined statistical system...249 4.1.3 Linkage of registers...250 4.1.4 Content analysis...251 4.1.5 Creation of statistical registers...253 4.1.6 Administrative data as a source of statistics...254 4.1.7 Content...255 4.1.8 Identifiers...256 4.1.9 Time references...257 4.1.10 The register as a statistical model...257 4.1.11 Stability...258 4.1.12 Quality...258 4.1.13 Use of multiple sources...259 4.1.14 Integrated data collection...262 4.1.15 Legal basis...262 4.1.16 Examples of integrated data collection - the Workplace Project, the ERE statistics...263 4.2 Valuation...265 10

4.3 Transition from accounting and administrative concepts to ESA 95 national accounts concepts265 4.4 Direct versus indirect methods of estimation...266 4.5 Direct estimates of levels as opposed to projections...266 4.6 Most important allowances for exhaustiveness...266 4.7 Compensation of employees...267 4.7.1 Statistical sources...267 4.7.2 Methods of calculation...275 4.8 Other taxes on production...279 4.9 Other subsidies on production...281 4.10 Gross operating surplus and mixed income...282 4.10.1 Statistical sources...282 4.10.2 Methods of calculation...282 4.11 Mixed income...284 4.12 Consumption of fixed capital...284 Chapter 5. GDP by the expenditure approach...287 5.1 Reference framework - business register, population register...287 5.2 Principles underlying the estimate...288 5.2.1 Valuation...288 5.2.2 Most important sources...289 5.2.2.1 Statistical sources for the individual final expenditure components...289 5.2.2.2 Reasons for the choice of source: competing information...290 5.2.2.2.1 Information on the same variable from different points of view...290 5.2.2.2.2 Choice between the household budget survey (FU) and information from other sources 290 5.2.2.2.3 Choice between external trade statistics and settlements statistics from the Nationalbank...291 5.2.2.2.4 Estimates of acquisitions less disposals versus the commodity flow method...292 5.2.2.2.5 Independence of the other methods of calculating GDP...292 5.3 Transition from business accounts and administrative concepts to the ESA 95 national accounts concepts...293 5.4 Direct versus indirect methods of estimation...293 5.5 Direct estimates of levels as opposed to projections...293 5.6 Most important exhaustiveness initiatives...293 5.7 Household final consumption expenditure...294 5.7.1 Calculation of independent initial estimates, expenditure approach...294 5.7.2 Statistical sources...294 5.7.3 Methods of calculation...298 5.7.4 Balancing in the framework of the national accounts product balance system...302 5.8 NPISH final consumption expenditure...305 5.9 Government final consumption expenditure...305 5.10 Acquisitions less disposals of tangible fixed assets...307 5.10.1 Introduction...307 5.10.2 Expenditure-based estimates...308 5.10.3 Estimates using the commodity flow method...313 5.10.4 Breakdown by industry of total capital formation in the economy, divided by type...314 5.10.4.1 Capital formation divided by industry...314 5.10.4.2 Government non-commercial capital formation...314 5.10.4.3 Public corporations' capital formation...314 5.10.4.4 Industries covered by the questionnaire-based accounting statistics...315 5.10.4.5 Other sources of information on industries...318 5.10.4.6 Capital formation in construction, broken down by industry...318 11

5.10.4.7 Capital formation in transport equipment, broken down by industry...319 5.10.4.8 Capital formation in machinery and equipment, broken down by industry...320 5.11 Acquisitions less disposals of intangible fixed assets...320 5.11.1 Introduction...320 5.11.2 Exploratory drilling...321 5.11.3 Software and large databases...321 5.11.3.1 Purchased software and large databases...321 5.11.3.2 Own-produced software...323 5.11.4 Entertainment, literary or artistic originals...323 5.12 Additions to the value of non-produced non-financial assets...324 5.13 Changes in inventories...325 5.13.1 National accounts principles versus the principles in business accounts...325 5.13.2 Opening and closing stocks...325 5.13.3 Accounting figures underlying the calculation of inventories broken down by industry.325 5.13.4 Intermediate system: breakdown of inventories by good...327 5.13.5 Calculation of national accounts changes in inventories...330 5.13.6 Inventories calculated from information on products - 2063 inventories and energy inventories...333 5.13.7 Special changes in inventories - other 2064 inventories...335 5.13.8 Correlation between changes in inventories calculated on the basis of either inventory totals broken down by industry or information on individual products...335 5.14 Valuables...337 5.15 Exports of goods...337 5.16 Exports of services...338 5.17 Imports of goods...340 5.18 Imports of services...340 Chapter 6. The balancing procedure and main approaches to validation...341 6.1 Supply and use tables as a framework for balancing the functional national accounts...341 6.1.1 Definitions...341 6.1.2 The place of supply and use tables in the system of national accounts...345 6.1.3 Supply and use tables and the compilation of national accounts...345 6.1.3.1 A powerful tool for integrating GDP(O) and GDP(E) plus to some extent GDP(I)...345 6.1.3.2 The supply and use table framework: rationale and limitations...348 6.1.4...351 6.1.4 Construction of supply and use tables...351 6.1.4.1 Architecture of a system of national accounts based on supply and use tables...351 6.1.4.2 Basic statistics required...351 6.1.4.3 Filling the gaps if some of the basic statistics are missing...352 6.1.4.4 Benchmark versus current years...352 6.1.5 The balancing process...353 6.1.5.1 Drawing up the initial estimates to be balanced...353 6.1.5.2 Keeping track of uses at different price levels...354 6.1.6 From supply and use tables to symmetric input-output tables...355 6.1.6.1 Technology assumptions...355 6.1.6.2 The treatment of imports...356 6.2 Other methods of validating the GDP estimate...357 Chapter 7. Overview of allowances and adjustments for exhaustiveness...359 7.1 Explicit allowances...359 7.1.1 Allowances for farmers' output for own consumption etc....359 7.1.2 Own output of software and large databases...360 12

7.1.3 Output of entertainment, literary or artistic originals...360 7.1.4 Fringe benefits for employees...360 7.1.5 Work in the black economy, underreporting and the associated VAT fraud...365 7.2 Implicit allowances...368 7.3 Validation: comparisons with employment data from demographic sources...369 Chapter 8. Transition from GDP to GNI...372 8.1 Compensation of employees to and from the ROW...372 8.2 Taxes on production and imports...373 8.3 Subsidies...373 8.4 Interest...373 8.5 Distributed income of corporations...374 8.6 Reinvested earnings on foreign direct investments...374 Chapter 9. Transition from GDP to GNP (ESA 79 definition)...377 Chapter 10. Main classifications used...389 10.1 Classifications by industry...389 10.2 Classifications of consumption...394 Chapter 11. Main data sources used...401 11.1 Sources for the output-based estimate of GDP...401 11.2 Sources for the income-based estimate of GDP...430 11.3 Sources for the expenditure-based estimate of GDP...436 13

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15 1. Overview of the system of accounts 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Main approaches used for the Danish national accounts The Danish national accounts are built up around an integrated set of supply and use tables and accounts for the institutional sectors. The initial GDP estimates are to a large extent calculated independently from the output, expenditure and income points of view and balanced for the final, annual calculations in a detailed product balance system covering around 2 750 products, some 2 300 of which are goods and 450 or so services. The result is a balanced set of supply and use tables and the integrated production and generation of income accounts that go with them for industries and institutional sectors. The sector-industry tables are thus an integral part of the final annual national accounts. With the balanced supply and use tables as a starting point, symmetrical, industry x industry-type input-output tables are constructed annually on the basis of the "industry technology assumption". As from reference year 1995, the Danish national accounts have included financial (transaction) accounts and balance sheets for financial assets plus the associated accounts for other changes in the volume of assets and revaluation accounts. All that remains is to add non-financial balance sheets to give a full set of ESA 95 accounts. Like various other countries, Denmark has already started work on this latest expansion, which will result in an estimate of national wealth and of the wealth of the individual sectors. So far, official estimates are available of fixed assets (fixed capital stock) in line with the ESA 95 for the whole of the period 1966-2000. The Danish national accounts consist of both annual and quarterly accounts. The official balance of payments estimate tallies in full with the national accounts rest-of-the-world account. The difference between the two sets of figures is due solely to geographical coverage. 1.1.2 Geographical coverage The Danish national accounts cover the economic territory of the Kingdom of Denmark with the exception of the Faeroes and Greenland. The geographical coverage in the nationally published accounts thus tallies with the delimitation of Denmark's economic territory as regards application of the GNP Directive, as laid down in Commission Decision 91/450/EEC, Euratom. No correction has to be made for geographical coverage when switching from the national estimate of GNI to the accounts as submitted to the EU in accordance with the GNP Directive.

1.1.3 Connection with the ESA 95, NACE Rev. 1, CPA, COICOP and COFOG As from the 1997 publication, the Danish national accounts have been compiled in accordance with the guidelines in the European System of Accounts (ESA 95). Before that date, they were based on the UN manual "System of National Accounts 1968" (1968 SNA). Changes are still being made to bring the figures reported under the GNP Directive into line with the definitions in the previous edition of the European system of national accounts, the ESA 79. The time series of national accounts figures according to the ESA 95 are extrapolated back to 1966. For all years with final national accounts from 1966 inclusive there are input-output tables in current prices and fixed 1995 prices and corresponding series of Laspeyres chain indices for volume changes at the most detailed level of publication. For years from 1988 inclusive, there are supply and use tables based on the ESA 95 and covering around 2 750 product balances in both current and fixed 1995 prices. The only case where definitions depart from the ESA 95 is the recording of payments on the harmonised VAT basis which accrue to the EU in connection with the third own resource. According to the ESA 95 paragraph 4.14, this resource should count as taxes on products paid by residents to the EU (D.211). When implementing the ESA 95, Denmark found this rule unrealistic from the economic point of view - a view which was subsequently and independently expressed by the European Court of Auditors in a special report on VAT and GNP receipts. Instead, these payments are counted as a current transfer from Denmark to the EU institutions under international cooperation. The whole of the revenue from VAT is counted as income for the resident general government sector. With this one exception, the Danish national accounts comply in full with the ESA 95 definitions. As regards the classifications of industries, both the primary statistics and the national accounts are based on the NACE Rev. 1. The Danish branch classification Dansk Branchekode, DB 93, second edition, is a national, more detailed version of the NACE Rev. 1. This Danish version of the NACE Rev.1 will be referred to in this description of sources and methods as "DK-NACE". As regards commodity classifications, both product statistics covering manufacturing and external trade statistics use the EU's CN (Combined Nomenclature). The national accounts' product classification (around 2 750 products) likewise complies with the CN classification for practical reasons, but at a higher level of aggregation. The national accounts' product balances can, however, be converted to the EU's CPA product classification at the 4-digit level without any problems. This is a much more detailed level than is required by the ESA 95 Regulation, which merely stipulates supply and use tables at the 2-digit CPA level corresponding to 60 product groups. The Danish national accounts are consequently fully harmonised with the CPA on the products side. As regards the classification of household final consumption, the Danish national accounts are based on the international classification of individual consumption by purpose, COICOP, and there are no exceptions of any kind. The most detailed consumption grouping comprises 72 groups. The breakdown is substantially more detailed than is required by the ESA 95 Regulation. All units and transactions in the general government sector are classified according to the COFOG, again at a much more detailed level than is required by the ESA 95 Regulation. Product transactions involving general government are cross-classified by transaction type (ESA 95), by industry for the producer unit concerned (NACE Rev. 1), by sector for the institutional unit concerned (ESA 95) and by function for the relevant transaction (COFOG). 16

17 1.1.4 Organisation of national accounts work in Danmarks Statistik Danmarks Statistik's organisation chart as at 1 November 2001 is attached in Annex 1 and the organisation chart for national accounts in Annex 2. Danmarks Statistik is divided into four directorates, three for statistics on particular fields and a horizontal one for user services. Under the Act on Danmarks Statistik [Lov om Danmarks Statistik], the institution is independent of government as regards all technical aspects of statistics. It is headed by a Board of Governors whose members are appointed by the Minister for Economic Affairs. Since the Act was passed in 1966, the members of the Board have been experienced representatives of the business world, the world of research and local government. No ministries are represented. Under the legislation, the National Statistician, who is appointed as a permanent official, is responsible for the technical and administrative management of the institution and is also Chairman of the Board. He reports directly to the Minister for Economic Affairs on all administrative and economic issues, and refers to the Ministry matters relating to EU legislation on statistics. It is Danish parliamentary practice for all draft EU legislation which is to be negotiated in the Council to be put before the Folketing's Europe Committee, which gives the Minister a negotiating brief. This ensures that Parliament retains control over the extremely important share of statistical output which arises from EU legislation and which therefore actually comes within the scope of the Board. From the organisational point of view, responsibility for national accounts falls to the Directorate for Economic Statistics. The work is divided among three divisions known as "National Accounts", " National Wealth" and "Public Finances and Prices". The National Accounts division is responsible for the estimates of national accounts, including the capital account, and for balancing them, again including the capital account. The official balance of payments calculation and symmetrical inputoutput tables, along with regional and environmental accounts, are also produced by this division. Note that balance of payments statistics are worked out in the National Accounts unit in Danmarks Statistik, although the primary statistics work on settlements statistics, and thus the most important resource input, is done by Danmarks Nationalbank. Thus a single unit in a single institution is responsible for compiling the balance of payments and the rest-of-the-world account for the national accounts, which means that the two sets of statistics are fully coordinated even in the most provisional quarterly estimates. The National Wealth division is responsible for all administrative uses of the national accounts in the EU apart from the Stability and Growth Pact (the GNP Directive, the harmonised basis of VAT, plans for the definitive VAT system). The division is also responsible for managing arrangements Denmark makes to comply with the GNP Directive. The division oversees the returns on the GNP questionnaire and calculates any corrections to the nationally published figures which may be needed for compliance with the guidelines approved by the GNP Committee. In particular, the division oversees the switch from ESA 95 to ESA 79 definitions. It is responsible for the development and production of the accounts from the financial account to the final balance sheet, inter alia calculations of the financial sector accounts, the stock of fixed capital goods and national wealth. The National Wealth division also compiles all the national accounts estimates from production account to final balance sheet for financial sectors S.121 to S.125. Finally, it carries out various research and development activities connected with national accounts, such as productivity calculations and analyses.

The Public Finances and Prices division calculates the general government sector for national accounts purposes, including the sector's financial transactions and balance sheet accounts. For Sector S.13, general government, the division does not therefore produce primary statistics but supplies a full set of national accounts figures in accordance with the ESA 95. Since the figures which the Public Finances and Prices division supplies to the National Accounts division and the National Wealth division are included in the balancing of the overall national accounts, any changes as compared with the figures initially supplied are extrapolated back in the statistical systems in Public Finances and Prices, so that the detailed figures published for general government and the national accounts standard tables are an exact match. The Public Finances and Prices division is responsible for statistical returns under the protocol on excessive deficits, but administrative responsibility for these returns lies with the Departement [= Secretariat] of the Ministry of Economic Affairs. In addition to certain areas of national accounts, the Division covers accounting statistics for industries which have traditionally been dominated by publicly controlled corporations, price statistics (consumer price indices, wholesale price indices, purchasing power parities, real estate sales statistics), financial primary statistics and statistics on bankruptcies and forced sales. The national accounts figures for agriculture and horticulture are calculated in the Agriculture division of the Business Statistics Directorate. These are input directly - with a few changes - into the national accounts. The Agricultural Statistics division comes under the Business Statistics Directorate. Danmarks Statistik is the Danish administrative authority for the GNP Directive and the fourth own resource. The head of the National Wealth division is Denmark's representative on the Management Committee (GNP Committee) set up under Article 6 of the GNP Directive. As the administrative authority in this field, Danmarks Statistik has an obligation to brief the government on matters of principle or fiscal issues which are of importance for Denmark. As regards fiscal aspects, Danmarks Statistik, as an administrative authority, is on a par with a Departement. Similarly, administration of the institution is audited by Rigsrevisionen [the National Audit Office of Denmark]. 18

19 1.2 Revisions policy and timetable for final and provisional accounts 1.2.1 Revisions policy Since the Danish national accounts are constructed around a detailed product balance system, revising the levels of the individual variables in a long time series of national accounts is inevitably a very heavy task. It involves a further adjustment of the product balances, and substantial changes here can often affect a very large number of cells in the supply and use matrices. Since the main purpose of national accounts is to produce a basis for an overall assessment of structural and short-term developments in the economy, great importance has to be attached to continuity in time series, and any errors in levels which have emerged will therefore normally not be corrected until there are major revisions, which take place at intervals of 10 to 15 years. In addition, it has generally been our experience that there are fewer errors in levels than might otherwise have been the case because ultimately the figures have to be fitted into a consistent system which tackles problems of levels at the primary statistics stage. The resources available do not allow major revisions, in which all sources and methods underlying the national accounts and all levels of the individual variables are reassessed, to be undertaken at more frequent intervals than stated above. Annex 10 documents our experience over the years with corrections of levels and growth rates in the main national accounts aggregates during major revisions. In general, figures for the level of GDP/GNI have been shown to be veryrobust throughout the history of national accounts, i.e. since the Second World War. That is not to say that new statistical sources cannot be incorporated on an ongoing basis, as and when they come into being. The point is, however, that if new and improved statistical sources reveal that the previous figures have been at the wrong level, but a switch to a more accurate level would give a misleading picture of year-on-year growth, the level correction is not incorporated into the current calculations. Instead, the break is noted with a view to including the correction in the next major revision, whilst the new and better statistical source can be used immediately in the calculation of growth rates for the relevant variables. In other words, in such cases the new statistical source is used to project the previous levels for the variables in question. But to some extent more minor adjustments in level are made all the time. Since the statistical or methodological reasons for errors in levels in the individual national accounts series may be assumed to have roughly the same effect period after period, it is possible to obtain reasonably correct growth rates despite the errors. Against this background, we can choose to consider the growth rates in the final national accounts figures as genuine and then to assess the quality of the provisional versions of the annual and quarterly figures in the light of their ability to hit the target which is the growth rate in the final national accounts. These final national accounts, along with their symmetrical input-output tables, are available for a given year just under three years after the end of that year. The first national accounts for a given calendar year are at present published around 23 March of the following year. The annual figures in this first publication appear as a simple sum of the year's four quarters based on the quarterly national accounts as available at that point. Development work began in 2000 to speed up publication of the quarterly national accounts. As from 2002 inclusive, the publication date is expected to be brought

forward to around 1 March, as an offshoot of the EMU statistics action plan. In the following 2 ¾ years or so to the final national accounts, successive versions of provisional annual accounts are produced, incorporating the primary statistics on an annual basis as and when they become available. There is no balancing in the form of adjusted supply and use tables until the final national accounts. For the quarterly and provisional accounts, there is only a partial product balance-based adjustment of resources and uses. More specifically, the technical coefficients from the SUTs of the latest final year are used, in combination with the product statistics for manufacturing and external trade statistics, to validate the initial supply and use calculations and produce a first automatic balance which is then adjusted manually. Thus the first two stages of the RAS procedure known from input-output analysis are carried out in connection with the provisional national accounts. The first stage is to divide all use categories by product in accordance with the structure of the latest final national accounts. The second stage is to work out the difference between resources and uses of each product and to divide the difference first of all pro rata with the initially estimated uses, with resources remaining unchanged. By summing over products, adjusted national accounts are obtained after this second stage, i.e. resources and uses balance. However, the differences between these figures and the initial estimates will be substantial with this automatic adjustment. The marginal totals after the horizontal distribution are now considered as a set of alternative initial estimates arrived at on the basis of the "product figures", i.e. from the supply of the individual products. After that, a weighted average of the original initial estimates and the alternative initial estimates is worked out to give a set of modified initial estimates which result in non-balanced national accounts. The balancing is then carried out manually, not at product level but at industry/use category level. During this phase of the adjustment, the product dimension is thus eliminated. The fact that the adjustments in the course of the balancing process are not broken down by product means that there is no fully adjusted product balance system underlying the quarterly and provisional accounts. The purpose of the procedure described above is - bearing in mind the short time available, of course, for the production of provisional and quarterly accounts - to make full use of the product information in the SUTs and in the current production statistics and external trade statistics. The comparison of supplies and uses made here must be considered as one of the key factors reducing uncertainty in the calculation. 20 1.2.2 Production cycle for provisional and final national accounts The production cycle for final, provisional and quarterly national accounts can be see in Table 1. "Nyt" means "Nyt fra Danmarks Statistik", which is a rapid publication aimed primarily at informing the press that statistics are now being published. "Statistiske Efterretninger" reports the national accounts figures in greater detail. The most detailed figures appear in annual publications and in the databanks. During 2001, as a result of the action plan for EMU statistics, which aims to speed up the publication of short-term economic statistics, the quarterly national accounts are being produced more quickly. With publication planned for the end of November 2001, the production time for the quarterly accounts will be shortened from just under three months to just under two months.

21 Table 1 Planned publication deadlines for 2001 national accounts Quarterly/annual figures 1 Quarterly figures 3rd qu. 2000 Coverage of calculation 4th qu. 1999 3rd qu. 2000 Annual figures 1999, Final figures 1997 non-financial NA Provisional figures (December version) for 1998-1999 Symmetrical input-output table Financial transaction accounts Financial balance sheets (closing) Final figures for 1997 Projected figures for 1998-1999 Final figures for 1995-1997 Provisional figures for 1998-1999 Final figures for 1995-1997 Provisional figures for 1998-1999 Fixed capital stock Final figures for by kind and industry 1992 (opening) Provisional figures for 1993-2000 Quarterly figures 4th qu. 2000 Annual figures 2000 (June version) Quarterly figures 1st qu. 2001 Quarterly figures 2nd qu. 2001 Quarterly figures 3rd qu. 2001 1st qu. 2000-4th qu. 2000 Provisional figures for 2000 2nd qu. 2000-1st qu. 2001 3rd qu. 2000-2nd qu. 2001 4th qu. 2000-3rd qu. 2001 Fixed capital stock Final figures for by kind and industry 1997 (opening) Provisional figures for 1998-2001 Annual figures 2000, Final figures 1998 non-financial NA Provisional figures (December version) for 1999-2000 Nyt and/or databanks Publication 2 Statistiske Efterretn. End Beginning December 2000 January 2001 Beginning January 2001 Beginning January 2001 End January 2001 3 End January 2001 3 Beginning February 2001 End March 2001 Beginning July 2001 End June 2001 Mid- January 2001 Beginning June 2001 Beginning June 2001 Beginning June 2001 Beginning April 2001 Mid- July 2001 Beginning July 2001 End Beginning September 2001October 2001 End End November 2001 November 2001 Mid- Beginning December 2001 January 2002 Beginning January 2002 Mid- January 2002 Annual publication March 2001 April 2001 March 2002 1 Annual figures are different from quarterly figures in that they give information at a more detailed level and include a breakdown of the economy into institutional sectors. 2 In addition, certain figures will be included in the "Konjunkturstatistik" publication. 3 Data supplied to Eurostat plus data access.