Briefing on the Property/Casualty Insurance Industry:

Briefing on the Property/Casualty Insurance Industry: Function and Financial Overview Maryland Economic Matters Committee Maryland House of Delegates Annapolis, MD January 29, 2015 Robert P. Hartwig, Ph.D., CPCU, President & Economist Insurance Information Institute 110 William Street New York, NY 10038 Tel: 212.346.5520 Cell: 917.453.1885 bobh@iii.org www.iii.org

Presentation Outline The Structure of the Property/Casualty Insurance Industry Organizational & Marketing Structure of Insurers Facts about the P/C Insurance Industry How Property/Casualty Insurance Works Insurance Cycles Drivers of, and Importance of, Profits P/C Insurance: Performance Overview

Structure Overview of the P/C Insurance Industry Very Diverse, Competitive & Innovative Industry 3

How Many? What Types? 2,718 P/C insurance companies in US in 2013* These 2,718 companies consolidate to 1,266 groups Some larger insurance groups have dozens of subsidiaries Baltimore Equitable is the 3 rd oldest insurer in the US, est. in 1794 (George Washington was its president!) Most insurers are small, operate regionally A highly competitive business in most areas and for most types of coverage Lines of Business Personal, Commercial, Multi-Line Primary vs. Reinsurance *Best s Aggregates and Averages, Property/Casualty, 2014 Edition, p. 2. Maryland in 2013 820 insurers wrote $9.95B in P/C premiums in MD 132 wrote pvt. pass. auto 158 wrote homeowners 284 wrote workers comp

What is Reinsurance? Reinsurance is insurance for insurance companies Essential to helping spread risk globally Very important in CAT risk Critical for liability coverages, especially when large awards or settlements are possible Stabilizes results of, and expands capacity of primary insurers Especially important to smaller companies but used by all Supplemented by alternative market which includes structures such as Catastrophe Bonds

Organizational Structure of Insurers Shareholder-owned (Stock) insurers: 776 organizations Policyholder-owned insurers Mutual companies: 397 organizations Reciprocals: 70 organizations Business-owned insurers Captive: Insurance subsidiary wholly owned by a single company whose primary business is not insurance Risk Retention Groups: Businesses (or other organizations) in same/similar industry form and own an insurer Self-Insurance: assumption of its own risk by a business Government-owned insurers: ~20 organizations Partner -owned insurers: (Lloyds): 11 US organizations

Federal Government Insurance Programs Where Government Bears Risk Flood: National Flood Insurance Program HO and most commercial policies exclude flood Crop: National Crop Insurance Program Available for virtually all perils on most crops Basically a federal subsidy to farmers Nuclear: Price-Anderson Act Insures nuclear power facilities Terrorism: Terrorism Risk Insurance Act (TRIA) Just reauthorized for 6 years through 12/31/20 Political Risk: Overseas Private Investment Corporation Pensions: Pension Benefit Guarantee Corporation

Differences in Focus and Strategy Among Insurers Personal Lines (many also sell Life) Sells only/mostly auto and homeowners insurance Examples: State Farm, Allstate, USAA Commercial Lines (some sell Life) Sells only/mostly business insurance Examples : AIG, CNA, ACE Multi-Line (many also sell Life) Sells many different types of insurance Examples : Hartford, Liberty Mutual, Travelers Mono-Line Sells only 1 type of insurance Examples: GEICO, Progressive, Zenith

Why Do Strategies Differ? Some insurers believe that specializing yields certain advantages: Underwriting edge/experience Price advantage since can keep expenses low Customer loyalty Some emphasize wide range of products One brand for many customer needs Product/customer diversification as a business strategy Some emphasize price Some emphasize quality (e.g., service, claims approach) over price Some emphasize long-term financial strength Distribution strategies may vary

What Determines in Which Markets an Insurer Operates? Most insurers started as a regional/niche player E.g., note Farm in many insurance company names Note geographic reference in many company names Note special nature of risk in name (Church Mutual) Some have local reputations and do little advertising Risk Appetite Different insurers are willing/able to accept varying amounts of CAT exposure (may depend on capitalization, expertise, etc.) Some insurers specialize in certain industries E.g., Aviation, marine, energy, medical malpractice

What Determines in Which Markets an Insurer Operates? (cont d) Tort Environment Regulatory Environment If viewed as onerous, rigid, capricious, unfair, hostile, or confiscatory, fewer insurers participate Size of Market Growth Opportunities/Demographics Synergies with Other Types of Products Offered

How Is Insurance Regulated? States Remain the Principal Regulator of Insurers in the Wake of Dodd-Frank Solvency, rate & form approval, licensing, product approval, consumer protection and education A Small Number of Insurers Have Received Systemically Important Financial Institution (SIFI) Designations Their ultimate regulator is the Federal Reserve and are subject to more stringent capital requirements Federal Insurance Office (FIO) Is Not a Regulatory Agency

The P/C Insurance Industry (as of year-end 2013) $467.9 billion in Earned Premiums About 51% personal lines, 49% commercial An earned premium is a premium dollar for which insurance coverage has already been provided $1.5 trillion in assets (compared to $3.5 trillion for life insurers) $663.3 billion in Policyholder Surplus (in other industries, this would be called Net Worth ) Surplus is a primary measure of claims-paying ability because it is assets in excess of known obligations

Economic Facts About the Insurance Industry in Maryland Employment Insurers employed 47,930 people in Maryland in 2013 Generated $3.7 billion in payroll Gross State Product Insurers contributed $7.2 billion to Maryland GSP in 2012, accounting for 2.15% of total state GSP Taxes Premium taxes alone totaled $429.4 million in 2013 Claims Payouts P/C insurers paid (or incurred) claims totaling $5.6 billion in 2 L/H claims and benefits paid totaled $8.7

Characteristics of the P/C Insurance Industry Cyclical and Sometimes Volatile, but Financially Conservative & Strong 15

Profitability Peaks & Troughs in the P/C Insurance Industry, 1975 2016F ROE 25% 1977:19.0% 1987:17.3% 20% 1997:11.6% 2006:12.7% 15% 10% 9 Years 2013 10.4% 2015F=6.5% 2016F=6.3% 5% 0% -5% 1975: 2.4% 1984: 1.8% 1992: 4.5% 2001: -1.2% 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15F 16F *Profitability = P/C insurer ROEs. 2011-14 figures are estimates based on ROAS data. Note: Data for 2008-2014 exclude mortgage and financial guaranty insurers. Source: Insurance Information Institute; NAIC, ISO, A.M. Best, Conning 2014E 7.6%

ROE: Property/Casualty Insurance by Major Event, 1987 2014E (Percent) 20% 15% P/C Profitability Is Impacted by Both Cyclicality and Ordinary Volatility Katrina, Rita, Wilma Low CATs Modestly higher CATs 10% Sept. 11 5% 0% -5% Hugo Andrew Northridge Lowest CAT Losses in 15 Years 4 Hurricanes Financial Crisis* Record Tornado Losses 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14* Sandy * Excludes Mortgage & Financial Guarantee in 2008 2014. 2014 figure is through Q3:2014. Sources: ISO, Fortune; Insurance Information Institute. 17

Back to the Future: Profitability Peaks & Troughs in the P/C Insurance Industry, 1950 2014* ROE 25% 20% 1950-70: ROEs were lower in this period. Low interest rates, low inflation, Bureau rate regulation all played a role 1977:19.0% 1970-90: Peak ROEs were much higher in this period while troughs were comparable. High interest rates, rapid inflation, economic volatility all played roles 1987:17.3% 1990-2010s: Déjà vu. Excluding mega- CATs, this period is very similar to the 1950-1970 period 2006:12.7% 15% 10% 1950:8.0% 1959:6.8% 1966-67: 5.5% 1972:13.7% 1997:11.6% 2013 10.4% 5% 0% 1957: 1.8% 1965: 2.2% 1969: 3.9% 1975: 2.4% 1984: 1.8% 1992: 4.5% 2001: -1.2% 2014:H1 7.6% -5% 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14E *Profitability = P/C insurer ROEs. 2011-14 figures are estimates based on ROAS data. Note: Data for 2008-2014 exclude mortgage and financial guaranty insurers. 2014 figure is through Q3. Source: Insurance Information Institute; NAIC, ISO, A.M. Best.

RNW All Lines by State, 2004-2013 Average: Highest 25 States 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 20.5 18.4 14.6 The most profitable states over the past decade are widely distributed geographically, though none are in the Gulf region 14.3 13.4 13.3 12.3 12.1 12.0 12.0 11.7 11.4 11.1 11.1 HI AK VT ME WY ND VA ID NH UT WA SC MA NC OH DC CA OR RI WV CT IA NE SD MT MD 10.9 10.8 10.7 10.7 10.5 10.5 10.3 9.9 9.8 9.8 9.6 9.5 Source: NAIC; Insurance Information Institute. 19

RNW All Lines by State, 2004-2013 Average: Lowest 25 States 10 8 6 4 2 0-2 -4-6 -8-10 -12-14 9.2 8.6 8.4 8.3 8.2 8.2 8.1 8.0 7.7 7.7 7.5 7.4 6.8 6.6 6.4 6.1 5.7 5.3 5.2 5.0 4.3 Some of the least profitable states over the past decade were hit hard by catastrophes NM FL TX WI KS MN CO PA AR IL IN AZ MO KY TN NV NJ GA NY DE MI AL OK MS LA 2.5 1.9-6.9-9.3 Source: NAIC; Insurance Information Institute. 20

Three Key Drivers of Profits Underwriting Results Insurance operations Companies sometimes lose money on insurance operations, especially from catastrophic losses Investment Results Earned on money held until needed for claims or expenses Adequacy of Reserves and Capital/Surplus Reserves -- assets dedicated to known/expected claims Capital/surplus -- assets dedicated to unknown/unexpected claims Insurers may need to use profits to strengthen reserves and/or build surplus

U.S. Insured Catastrophe Loss Update 2014 Experiencing Below Average CAT Activity Following a Welcome Respite in 2013 from Very High CAT Losses in 2011/12 22

U.S. Insured Catastrophe Losses ($ Billions, $ 2013) $80 $70 $60 $74.5 2012 was the 3 rd most expensive year ever for insured CAT losses $50 $40 $30 $20 $10 $0 $14.2 $4.9 $8.1 $38.3 $8.9 $26.8 $12.8 $11.1 $3.8 $14.5 $11.7 $6.2 $35.2 $7.7 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14E 2013 Was a Welcome Respite from 2012, the 3 rd Costliest Year for Insured Disaster Losses in US History. Longer-term Trend is for more not fewer Costly Events *Through 12/31/14. Note: 2001 figure includes $20.3B for 9/11 losses reported through 12/31/01 ($25.9B 2011 dollars). Includes only business and personal property claims, business interruption and auto claims. Non-prop/BI losses = $12.2B ($15.6B in 2011 dollars.) Sources: Property Claims Service/ISO; Insurance Information Institute. 23 $16.5 $34.2 $10.7 $7.6 $29.6 $11.6 $14.6 $34.1 $35.5 $12.9 $15.3 $15.3 billion in insured CAT losses estimated for 2014

Inflation Adjusted U.S. Catastrophe Losses by Cause of Loss, 1994 2013 1 Winter Storms, $24.7 Tornado share of CAT losses is rising Wind/Hail/Flood (3), $14.6 Geological Events, $18.4 Terrorism, $24.8 6.4% Events Involving Tornadoes (2), $139.3 6.4% 1.4% 4.8% 3.8% 0.1% 36.0% Fires (4), $5.5 Other (5), $0.2 41.1% Insured cat losses from 1993-2012 totaled $386.7B, an average of $19.3B per year or $1.6B per month Hurricanes & Tropical Storms, $159.1 Wind losses are by far cause the most catastrophe losses, even if hurricanes/ts are excluded. 1. Catastrophes are defined as events causing direct insured losses to property of $25 million or more in 2013 dollars. 2. Excludes snow. 3. Does not include NFIP flood losses 4. Includes wildland fires 5. Includes civil disorders, water damage, utility disruptions and non-property losses such as those covered by workers compensation. Source: ISO s Property Claim Services Unit. 24

Top 16 Most Costly Disasters in U.S. History $60 $50 $40 $30 $20 $10 $0 (Insured Losses, 2013 Dollars, $ Billions) $4.5 Includes Tuscaloosa, AL, tornado $5.6 Irene (2011) Jeanne (2004) $5.7 Frances (2004) $6.8 Rita (2005) $7.2 Includes Joplin, MO, tornado $7.6 Tornadoes/ Tornadoes/ T-Storms T-Storms (2011) (2011) $7.9 $8.8 $9.3 Hugo (1989) Superstorm Sandy in 2012 was the last mega-cat to hit the US Ivan (2004) Charley (2004) $11.2 $13.6 Wilma (2005) Ike (2008) $24.2 $24.9 $25.9 $19.0 Sandy* (2012) Northridge 9/11 Attack Andrew (1994) (2001) (1992) 12 of the 16 Most Expensive Events in US History Have Occurred Over the Past Decade $49.4 Katrina (2005) Sources: PCS; Insurance Information Institute inflation adjustments to 2013 dollars using the CPI. 25

Total Value of Insured Coastal Exposure in 2012 (2012, $ Billions) New York Florida Texas Massachusetts New Jersey Connecticut Louisiana S. Carolina Virginia Maine North Carolina Alabama Georgia Delaware New Hampshire Mississippi Rhode Island Maryland MD = $17.3B Source: AIR Worldwide $1,175.3 $849.6 $713.9 $567.8 $293.5 $239.3 $182.3 $164.6 $163.5 $118.2 $106.7 $81.9 $64.0 $60.6 $58.3 $17.3 $2,923.1 $2,862.3 In 2012, New York Ranked as the #1 Most Exposed State to Hurricane Loss, Overtaking Florida with $2.862 Trillion. Texas is very exposed too, and ranked #3 with $1.175 Trillion in insured coastal exposure The Insured Value of All Coastal Property Was $10.6 Trillion in 2012, Up 20% from $8.9 Trillion in 2007 and Up 48% from $7.2 Trillion in 2004 $0 $500 $1,000 $1,500 $2,000 $2,500 $3,000 $3,500 26

I.I.I. Poll: Homes Near Hazards Q. If you were to purchase a home today, which of the following summarizes your views on that home s risk of damage from natural disasters... and your decision to purchase that home? Willing to Accept Risk Don t Know 3% 17% Risk Not a Major Consideration 28% 53% Risk a Significant Influence on Purchase More Than Half of the Public Would Be Significantly Influenced by Risk of Damage from Natural Disasters. Close to a Third Do Not Regard Such a Risk To Be a Major Consideration. Source: Insurance Information Institute Annual Pulse Survey. 27

Federal Disaster Declarations Patterns: 1953-2014 Disaster Declarations Set New Records in Recent Years 28

Number of Federal Major Disaster Declarations, 1953-2014* 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 There have been 2,180 federal disaster declarations since 1953. The average number of declarations per year is 35 from 1953-2013, though there few haven t been recorded since 1995. 13 17 18 16 16 7 7 12 12 22 20 25 25 11 11 19 29 17 17 48 46 46 The number of federal disaster declarations set a new record in 2011, with 99, shattering 2010 s record 81 declarations. 38 30 22 25 42 23 15 24 21 34 27 28 23 11 31 38 43 45 32 36 32 75 44 65 50 45 45 49 56 69 48 52 63 75 59 81 54 federal disasters were declared in 2014* 99 47 55 54 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 The Number of Federal Disaster Declarations Is Rising and Set New Records in 2010 and 2011 Before Dropping in 2012-2014 *Through December 31, 2014. Source: Federal Emergency Management Administration; http://www.fema.gov/disasters; Insurance Information Institute. 29

Federal Disasters Declarations by State, 1953 2014: Highest 25 States* Disaster Declarations 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 88 80 75 69 67 60 58 57 Over the past 60 years, Texas has had the highest number of Federal Disaster Declarations 56 56 55 53 53 TX CA OK NY FL LA AL KY AR MO IA IL MS TN WV MN NE KS PA WA OH VA ND SD ME 53 51 51 51 50 50 49 47 47 45 43 40 *Through December 31, 2014. Includes Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia. Source: FEMA: http://www.fema.gov/news/disaster_totals_annual.fema; Insurance Information Institute. 30

Federal Disasters Declarations by State, 1953 2014: Lowest 25 States* 50 40 43 40 40 38 38 37 Over the past 60 years, Wyoming and Rhode Island had the fewest number of Federal Disaster Declarations Disaster Declarations 30 20 10 35 33 29 29 28 28 27 26 25 25 24 23 22 19 17 17 15 13 11 11 9 0 NC AK IN GA VT WI NJ NH MA OR HI NM MI PR MD MT AZ ID CO CT NV SC DE DC UT RI WY *Through December 31, 2014. Includes Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia. Source: FEMA: http://www.fema.gov/news/disaster_totals_annual.fema; Insurance Information Institute. 31

GROWTH & CAPACITY P/C Insurance Industry Is Growing Modestly and Capacity Is Increasing 32

Net Premium Growth: Annual Change, 1971 2016F (Percent) 25% 20% 15% 10% 1975-78 1984-87 2000-03 Net Written Premiums Fell 0.7% in 2007 (First Decline Since 1943) by 2.0% in 2008, and 4.2% in 2009, the First 3- Year Decline Since 1930-33. 2015-16F: 4.0% 2014E: 3.9%* 2013: 4.6% 2012: +4.3% 5% 0% -5% 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15F 14F *Actual figure based on data through Q3 2014. Shaded areas denote hard market periods Sources: A.M. Best (historical and forecast), ISO, Insurance Information Institute. 33

Direct Premiums Written: Total P/C Percent Change by State, 2007-2013 Pecent change (%) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 74.6 36.9 31.9 27.4 25.2 24.9 22.5 22.2 Top 25 States North Dakota was the country s growth leader over the past 6 years with premiums written expanding by 74.6%, fueled by the state s energy boom 16.6 15.9 15.7 14.5 14.5 14.3 12.6 11.9 11.8 11.2 10.5 10.3 9.9 9.8 9.3 9.1 9.0 8.6 0 ND SD OK NE KS IA VT TX WY TN MN AR AK IN WI CO MI KY OH NJ LA SC VA AL MO NM Sources: SNL Financial LC.; Insurance Information Institute. 34

Direct Premiums Written: Total P/C Percent Change by State, 2007-2013 Bottom 25 States Pecent change (%) 10 5 0-5 -10-15 -20 8.5 MS 8.2 CT 7.9 US 7.8 NC 7.6 GA 7.3 7.0 6.9 6.2 5.9 5.6 5.3 4.2 4.1 3.5 Growth was negative in 7 states and DC between 2007 and 2013 NY MD MA UT WA PA IL RI NH ID 1.6 MT 1.0 ME 0.4 OR -0.7 CA -1.7 FL -1.9 DC -4.1 AZ -5.7 WV -6.7 HI -12.6 NV -15.3 DE Sources: SNL Financial LC.; Insurance Information Institute. 35

US Policyholder Surplus: 1975 2014* ($ Billions) $750 $700 $650 $600 $550 $500 $450 $400 $350 $300 $250 $200 $150 $100 $50 $0 Surplus as of 9/30/14 was a record $673.9, up 3.2% from $653.3 of 12/31/13, and up 53.6% ($234.5B) from the crisis trough of $437.1B at 3/31/09 Surplus is a measure of underwriting capacity. It is analogous to Owners Equity or Net Worth in non-insurance organizations 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 The Premium-to-Surplus Ratio Stood at $0.73:$1 as of 9/30/14, a Near Record Low (at Least in Recent History) * As of 9/30/14. Source: A.M. Best, ISO, Insurance Information Institute.

Catastrophe Bond Issuance and Outstanding: 1997-2014 Risk Capital Amount ($ Millions) 2014 Has Seen the Largest Cat Bond Ever - $1.5 Billion (Florida Citizens). Bond Issuance Set a Record. Source: Guy Carpenter. 37

INVESTMENTS: THE NEW REALITY Investment Performance is a Key Driver of Profitability Depressed Yields Will Necessarily Influence Underwriting & Pricing 38

Distribution of Invested Assets: P/C Insurance Industry, 2013 $ Billions All Other, 10% Bonds, 62% Cash, Cash Equiv. & ST Investments, 6% Stocks, 22% Total Invested Assets = $1.5 Trillion Source: Insurance Information Institute Fact Book 2015, A.M. Best.

Property/Casualty Insurance Industry Investment Income: 2000 2014 1 ($ Billions) $60 Investment earnings are still below their 2007 pre-crisis peak $50 $49.5 $52.3 $54.6 $51.2 $47.1 $47.6 $49.2 $48.0 $47.4 $45.7 $40 $38.9 $37.1 $36.7 $38.7 $39.6 $30 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14* Due to persistently low interest rates, investment income fell in 2012, 2013 and 2014. 1 Investment gains consist primarily of interest and stock dividends. *2014 figure is estimated based on annualized data through Q3. Sources: ISO; Insurance Information Institute.

U.S. Treasury Security Yields: A Long Downward Trend, 1990 2014* 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% Yields on 10-Year U.S. Treasury Notes have been essentially below 5% for a full decade. U.S. Treasury yields plunged to historic lows in 2013. Longerterm yields have rebounded a bit. 4% 3% 2% 1% 0% Recession 2-Yr Yield 10-Yr Yield '90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 Since roughly 80% of P/C bond/cash investments are in 10-year or shorter durations, most P/C insurer portfolios will have low-yielding bonds for years to come. *Monthly, constant maturity, nominal rates, through Dec. 2014. Sources: Federal Reserve Bank at http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h15/data.htm. National Bureau of Economic Research (recession dates); Insurance Information Institute. 41

Book Yield on Property/Casualty Insurance Invested Assets, 2007 2016F (Percent) 4.6 4.4 4.2 4.0 3.8 4.42 4.19 3.95 3.71 3.74 Book yield in 2014 is down 114 BP from pre-crisis levels 3.6 3.4 3.2 3.52 3.38 3.28 3.20 3.13 3.0 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14E 15F 16F The yield on invested assets continues to decline as returns on maturing bonds generally still exceed new money yields. The end of the Fed s QE program in Oct. 2014 should allow some increase in longer maturities while short term interest rate increases are unlikely until mid-to-late 2015 Sources: Conning.

CYBER RISK & CYBER INSURANCE P/C Insurance Is an Innovative Industry Cyber Insurance Is a Recent Example 43

Data Breaches 2005-2014, by Number of Breaches and Records Exposed # Data Breaches/Millions of Records Exposed 800 222.5 783 700 656 662 619 600 498 500 446127.7 447 419 87.9 85.6 400 66.9 321 300 35.7 200 157 19.1 16.2 22.9 17.3 100 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Millions 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 # Data Breaches # Records Exposed (Millions) The Total Number of Data Breaches Rose 28% While the Number of Records Exposed Was Relatively Flat (-2.6%) * 2014 figures as of Jan. 12, 2014 from the ITRC. Source: Identity Theft Resource Center. 44

Data/Privacy Breach: Many Potential Costs Can Be Insured Costs of notifying regulatory authorities Costs of notifying affecting individuals Defense and settlement costs Regulatory fines at home & abroad Data Breach Event Lost customers and damaged reputation Forensic costs to discover cause Business Income Loss Cyber extortion payments Source: Zurich Insurance; Insurance Information Institute 45

The Three Basic Elements of Cyber Coverage: Prevention, Transfer, Response Loss Prevention Loss Transfer (Insurance) Post-Breach Response (Insurable) Cyber risk management today involves three essential components, each designed to reduce, mitigate or avoid loss. An increasing number of cyber risk products offered by insurers today provide all three. Source: Insurance Information Institute research. 46

I.I.I. Released its Second Cyber Report in 2014: Cyber Risk: The Growing Threat I.I.I. s 2 nd report on cyber risk released June 2014 Provides information on cyber threats and insurance market solutions Global cyber risk overview Quantification of threats by type and industry Cyber security and cost of attacks Cyber terrorism Cyber liability Insurance market for cyber risk 3 rd Report in Q2 2015 47

Conclusion The P/C insurance industry is highly competitive It s a highly cyclical/volatile business The industry is financially very strong Profitability depends not only on claims activity but also investment returns and other factors Many factors influence price (rate) and availability General & individual risk rating factors Nature of regulation has significant impact on competition, consumer choice, and price

Q & A 49

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