New York University Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service Health Economics and Payment Systems P11.1832.002 Monday, 4:30 6:10 194 Mercer St. Room 305 Instructor Information: Professor: Brian Elbel, PhD, MPH Email: brian.elbel@nyu.edu Phone: 212.263.4283 Med School Office: 423 E. 23 rd St (at 1 st Ave), #15120N Puck Office: 295 Lafayette St., #3029 Office Hours: TBA/by Appt. For Administrative Matters: Wagner: Rafael Hernandez, 212.998.7477, rafael.hernandez@nyu.edu Med School: Amber Hampton, 212.263.4245, amber.hampton@nyumc.org (Please email Ms. Hampton for scheduling appointments) COURSE OBJECTIVES This course examines the health care system through the lens of microeconomics. In this course we will take the concepts and theories you learned in microeconomics and apply them to health and health care. The goal is to understand what a market-based approach to health care means in the US health care system, how well it currently working or could work, and what the alternative approaches might entail. To tackle this task, in addition to microeconomic theory we will utilize a number of classic and recent empirical papers. It is expected that you will become better equipped to understand and critique such papers over the course of the semester. In particular, the course focuses on how risk and uncertainty, industrial organization, payment systems, and public policy affect incentives, health outcomes, and the economic environment of the health care sector. I hope to make the lectures as interactive as possible and will (hopefully) leave time for discussion at each class. Therefore, I will expect that everyone will have done the reading before class on the day it was assigned, as this will be the basis for our discussion. Depending on the size of the course, we might have a different student/set of students be responsible for leading the discussion each day. Students completing this course should gain the following knowledge and skills: Understand of the distinctive economic characteristics of the health care system, and how they affect resource allocation and the functioning of the health care industry. Understand the extent to which the assumptions inherent in microeconomics are currently being met in the health care market Understand the tools of microeconomics as they apply to the health care sector. Understand the factors affecting the demand for various health care services. Understand the role of insurance in the market for health care services and the implications for efficiency in the allocation of health care resources.
Understand the government's role in providing, financing, and regulating health care services and the ability to evaluate alternative proposals for health care reform. Analyze different health care payment systems and their implications. Understand of how consumers and patients operate within the healthcare system. Understand the behavior of health care providers facing different incentives. Understand the industrial structure of health care institutions and of antitrust law. Analyze the labor markets for physicians and other health care workers. Understand the special attributes of the market for pharmaceutical products and the functioning of the pharmaceutical industry. PREREQUISITES P11.1018 Microeconomics for Public Management, Planning and Policy Analysis P11.1011 Statistical Methods for Public, Nonprofit and Health Management Students must have a working knowledge of basic economic and statistical concepts such as supply-demand analysis, elasticity, economic surplus analysis, decision-making by firms under perfect and imperfect competition, hypothesis testing and multivariable regression. Students are also expected to have a basic understanding of the U.S. health care delivery system. BLACKBOARD AND EMAIL All course materials will be posted on the Blackboard site for this class. Students can login to Blackboard at http://classes.nyu.edu/ using your NYU net ID and password. Some class announcements will be distributed via e-mail (as well as posted on Blackboard), thus, it is important to actively use your NYU e-mail account, or have appropriate forwarding set up on NYUHome (https://home.nyu.edu/). READINGS Required Textbook James W. Henderson, Health Economics and Policy, 4rd edition, Thomson South-Western, 2007. Note: This is available at the NYU bookstore and has also been placed on reserve at Bobst Library. Recommended Textbooks Thomas Rice. The Economics of Health Reconsidered, 2 nd edition, Health Administration Press, 2003. This is a very nice book, which I think many of your will find useful. Sherman Folland, Allen C. Goodman and Miron Stano, The Economics of Health and Health Care, 4th edition, Prentice Hall, 2004. This is a slightly more advanced, but also at times different, look at health economics. Health Care Economics References Victor Fuchs, Who Shall Live? Health, Economics and Social Choice, expanded edition, World Scientific Publishing Co., 1998. This is a good basic book for understanding fundamentals of health care economics. Donald A. Barr, Introduction to U.S. Health Policy, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. This book is an easier read on health care organization, finance delivery and health care policy reform. Frank W. Musgrave, The Economics of U.S. Health Care Policy: The Role of Market Forces, M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 2006. This book provides a good introduction to understanding the role of markets and competition in health care policy.
Other Required Readings All other readings are posted on Blackboard. Microeconomics Reference N. Gregory Mankiw, Principles of Microeconomics, 3rd edition, Harcourt College Publishers, 2004. COURSE REQUIREMENTS Readings Before each class, students should complete the readings for that week and be prepared to summarize and discuss them in class. This course really will rely heavily on the readings. Assignments There will be two take-home assignments (due March 3 rd and April 28 th ). Each assignment will include questions to be answered using the concepts and methods learned in class and in the readings. Assignments will be posted on Blackboard two weeks before they are due. While you may work with your classmates on the assignments, each person is responsible for and must write up their own work. Exams Two in-class exams will be given (March 10 th and May 5 th ). Both exams will focus on problem solving with questions that involve quantitative and graphical analysis and interpretation. Exam questions will also include multiple choice responses and open-ended questions that will require some writing. Both exams will be closed note/closed book. Class Participation Participation and discussion are expected. Throughout the semester, discussion questions and newspaper articles may be distributed in class or posted on Blackboard, and students will be encouraged to comment on them in class or in discussion forums on Blackboard. Grading Overall course grades will be based on the following weights (note that this is subject to change slightly): 30% take-home assignments (each weighted equally) 60% in-class exams (mid-term and final exams weights to be decided) 10% participation ACADEMIC INTEGRITY As members of the NYU Wagner community, we are all expected to adhere to the highest standards of intellectual and academic integrity. Wagner, as a community, has adopted a disciplinary process, which is available at http://www.nyu.edu/wagner/current/policies/. It is important that all Wagner students are aware of both the type of activities that qualify as infractions and the consequences of academic dishonesty. You are encouraged to review the academic code as soon as possible and to use it as a resource to guide you academically and professionally.
COURSE SCHEDULE Date Topic Readings Assignments January 28 nd February 4 th February 11 th February 18 th February 25 th Introduction to Health Economics Principles of economics applied to health; What does it take for a market to function; special characteristics of health care, health care spending; Tools of economic analysis The Production of Health Health production functions: what produces good health?; elasticities of health with respect to health care and other factors; externalities and public goods Market Failures and the Role of Government Current condition of health care market(s); What does this mean?; Imperfect Competition; Government involvment NO CLASS (President s Day) Health Insurance and the Demand for Health Care (I) Demand for health care; elasticities of demand, price and income; principal-agent relationship; supplier-induced demand Henderson: chapters 1 and 2 (up to p.39), appendix 2B, chapter 3 (p.58-64) Arrow, K. Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care. American Economic Review. December 1963. T. Rice: The Economics of Health Reconsidered. Ch 1 and 2. Henderson: chapter 3 (p.68-73), chapter 5 (up to p.137) Mokdad et al, Actual Causes of Death in the United States, 2000. JAMA 291, 10, 2004 Cutler et al. The Value of Medical Spending in the US NEJM 2006 Feldstein, P. Health Care Economics, Ch. 2. Optional: Gruber J, The Economics Of Tobacco Regulation Health Affairs, 2002 Henderson: chapter 3 (rest of chapter) Baumol and Blinder: chapter 5 The Shortcomings of the Free Market o Folland, Goodman and Stano: chapter 19 Government Intervention in Health Care Markets Henderson: chapter 5 (p.137-150) Manning W et al., Health Insurance and the Demand for Medical Care: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment American Economic Review, 1987
March 3 rd Health Insurance and the Demand for Health Care (II) Basics concepts of risk and insurance; demand for insurance; moral hazard Henderson: chapter 6 (up to p.165) Pauly, M. The Economics of Moral Hazard: Comment. American Economic Review. June. 1968. Nyman J. Is Moral Hazard Inneficient? The Policy Implication of New Theory. Health Affairs, Sept/Oct 2004. Gladwell, M. The Moral Hazard Myth, The New Yorker, August 29, 2005 Optional: Robinson JC, Health Savings Accounts The Ownership Society in Health Care NEJM, 2005. Lee TH and Zapert K, Do High- Deductible Health Plans Threaten Quality of Care? NEJM, 2005. Assignment 1 due March 10 th Midterm Exam (in class) Exam March 17 th March 24 th March 31 st NO CLASS (Spring Recess) Consumer Behavior in the Health Care System: Behavioral Economics Role of the consumer in market based system; Where do we currently see choice in the HC system; How do consumers respond to choice currently Guest Lecture: Joseph Morreale: The Supply of Health Care: Hospitals and Other Health Care Providers Hospital markets; for-profit vs. not-for-profit; medical education; market for physicians; market for nurses Schlesinger and Elbel. Bounded Rationality and the Conceptual Underpinnings of Health Policy: A rationale and Roadmap for Addressing the Challenges of Choice in Medical Settings. Working Paper., 2007. Richard Frank, Behavioral Economics and Health Economics NBER Working paper 10881. Jessica Greene Paper on Consumer Behavior Henderson: chapter 8, 9 Sloan FA, Commercialism in Nonprofit Hospitals J Policy Analysis and Management, 1998 Grumback, Kevin, Fighting Hand To Hand Over Physician Workforce Policy Health Affairs, 2002 Buerhaus PI et al., New Signs of a Strengthening U.S. Nurse Labor Market? Health Affairs Web Exclusive, 2004
April 7 th April 14 th Payment Systems, Cost Controls and Managed Care Traditional and prospective payment systems; Managed care; Types of managed care; supplyside and demand-side cost sharing Managed care s future; Pay for performance Risk Management and Health Insurance Adverse Selection and the Uninsured Adverse selection; Risk adjustment; Death Spiral; Health insurance; The uninsured Henderson: chapters 7 and 15 Mays GP et al., Managed Care Rebound? Health Affairs Web Exclusive, 2004. Felt-Lisk et al. Making Pay-for- Performance Work in Medicaid. Health Affairs June 2007 Optional: Rosenthal MB et al., Paying for Quality: Providers Incentives For Quality Improvement Health Affairs, 2004 Hellinger FJ, The Effect of Managed Care on Quality: A Review of Recent Evidence Arch Intern Med, 1998 Ellis R and McGuire T, Supply-side and Demand-side Cost Sharing in Health Care J Economic Perspectives, 1993 Henderson: chapter 6 (pp.165-179) Morris, Devlin and Parkin chapter 6: Health Insurance and Health Care Financing Cutler DM and Zeckhauser RJ, Adverse Selection in Health Insurance NBER Working Paper, 1997 Rothschild and Stiglitz, Equilibrium in Competitive Insurance Markets: An Essay on the Economics of Imperfect Information The Quarterly Journal of Economics. Nov. 1976. Reschovsky JD et al., Why Employer- Sponsored Insurance Coverage Changed, 1997-2003 Health Affairs, 2002.
April 21 st Expanding Health Insurance Coverage and Expanding Access to Care Single-payer system; individual and employer mandates; medical savings accounts; tax credits; barriers to reform Henderson: chapter 17 Woolhandler S and Himmelstein D, Paying For National Health Insurance And Not Getting It Health Affairs, July 2002 Emanuel EJ and Fuchs VR, Health Care Vouchers A Proposal for Universal Coverage, NEJM, 2005. Palmisano DJ et al., Expanding Insurance Coverage Through Tax Credits, Consumer Choice, and Market Enhancements JAMA, 2004 Sinaiko AD, Employers Responses to A Play-Or-Pay Mandate: An Analysis Of California s Health Insurance Act Of 2003 Health Affairs Web Exclusive, 2004 April 28 th Innovation, Medical Technology and the Pharmaceutical Industry Benefits of innovation to the health care; relation to market based system; Who is innovating and paying for innovation; Pharma industry snapshot Henderson: chapter 13 Berndt, Ernst, Pharmaceuticals in U.S. Health Care: Determinants of Quantity and Price J Economic Perspectives, 2002 Danzon PM and Pauly MV, Insurance and New Technology: From Hospital to Drugstore Health Affairs, 2001 Assignment 2 due May 5 th FINAL EXAM (in class) Final Exam