APPENDIX 2: SUMMARY OF EVIDENCE TABLE 1: USE OF HEALTHCARE, HEALTH STATUS, MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY SR SR with MA SR with NS QuantE QualE Systematic Reviews SR with Meta analysis SR with Narrative Synthesis Quantitative Evaluations Qualitative Evaluations UN Health facility visits preventive health check-ups for children 0-5 yrs (1SR with MA) Receipt of vitamin A or iron supplements and deworming pills (1SR with MA) Health facility visits for growth monitoring (1 QuantE) Receipt of antenatal care services (1SR with MA) Use of skilled attendance at delivery (1 QuantE) Delivery at hospitals/health facilities (1SR with MA) Use of curative healthcare services in the event of serious child illness (1 QuantE) Joint decision making between spouses (1 QualE) Health facility visits for preventive health check-ups for children 0-5 yrs (2 QuantEs) Health facility visits for growth monitoring for children 0-5 yrs (1 QuantE) Immunisation coverage by children 0-2 yrs (2 QuantEs) Use of antenatal care services (1 QuantE) Use of curative healthcare services in the event of child illness (3 QuantEs) Maternal decision making on resource allocation toward child health (1 QuantE) Disease morbidity for children 6-17 yrs (3 QuantEs) Use of curative healthcare services in the event of child illness (1 QualE) Health facility visits for growth monitoring for children 0-5 yrs (1 QuantE) Use of curative healthcare services for child respiratory disorders (1 QuantE) Disease morbidity for children 6-17 yrs (4 QuantEs) General disease morbidity for children with mothers education>8 grades (1 QuantE) Child mortality for children 6-23 months (1 SR with MA) Health facility visits for preventive health check-ups for children 0-5 yrs (1SR with MA; 2 SRs with NS; 7 QuantEs; 1 QualE) Health facility visits for growth monitoring for children 0-5 yrs (2 SRs with NS; 5 QuantEs) Immunisation coverage for children 0-7 yrs (2 SRs with NS; 3 QuantEs) Receipt of deworming pills and vitamin A supplements by children 0-5 yrs (2 SRs with MA) Receipt of antenatal care services (2 SRs with NS; 1SR with MA; 5 QuantEs; 1 QualE) Use of skilled attendance at delivery (1 SR with NS; 1SR with MA; 2 QuantEs) Delivery at hospitals/health facilities (1 SR with NS; 1SR with MA; 2 QuantEs) Use of curative healthcare services in the event of child illness (2 QuantEs) Maternal decision making on resource allocation toward child health (1 QuantE) Diarrhoea morbidity for children 0-7 yrs (1 QuantE) Use of skilled attendance at delivery (1 QuantE) Use of curative healthcare services in the event of child illness (1 QuantE) Immunisation coverage for children 0-7 yrs (3 QuantEs) Receipt of deworming pills (1 SR with MA) Use of antenatal care services (4 QuantEs) Use of skilled attendance at delivery (1 QuantE) HIV prevalence for children 10-16 yrs (1 SR with NS) Disease morbidity for children 0-18 yrs (3 QuantEs) Neonatal mortality rates 0-28 days (1 QuantE) All-cause under-5 mortality rates (1 QuantE) Use of curative healthcare services in the event of child illness (1 QuantE) Disease morbidity for children 0-5 yrs (1 SR with NS) HIV or HSV2 prevalence for girls 13-22 yrs (1 SR with NS) Risk of HIV acquisition for girls 13-20 yrs (1 QuantE) Pneumonia morbidity for children 0-5 yrs (1 QuantE) Under-5 mortality rates for selected causes e.g. diarrhea, malnutrition (1 QuantE) Infant mortality (0-1 yr) and post neonatal mortality rates (28 days-1 yr) (2 QuantEs) 1
UN General disease morbidity for girls and boys 0-5 yrs (1 QuantE) HIV or HSV2 prevalence for girls 13-22 yrs (1 SR with NS) Use of curative healthcare services in the event of child illness (1 QuantE) NO STUDIES FOUND Delivery at hospitals/health facilities (2 QuantEs) Use of antenatal care services (1 QuantE) Use of skilled attendance at delivery (2 QuantEs) NO STUDIES FOUND Use of antenatal care services (1 QuantE) HIV or HSV2 prevalence for 12 yr. old girls (1SR with NS) TABLE 2: EVIDENCE SUMMARY: FOOD SECURITY, NUTRITION PRACTICES AND STATUS UN Consumption of starch, eggs, meat and dairy, for children 1-7 yrs (2 QuantEs, I QualE) Number of meals consumed by infants 6-24 m/o (2 QuantEs) Height-for-age z scores for children 0-5 yrs (1 SR with MA) Height-for-age z scores for children with mothers education>8 grade or living in households with a protected water source (1 QuantE) Consumption of four or more food groups for children 6-23 m/o, total food groups consumed for children 6-59 m/o, household diet diversity score and food consumption score for children for 24-59 m/o (1 QuantE) Consumption of cereals, fruits, vegetables & proteins (I QualE) Consuming 1 meal more than children from control households (I QualE) Consumption of eggs and fish by children >6 m/o (1 QuantE) Height-for-age z scores for children 0-5 yrs (2 SRs with NS; 1 SR with MA) Height-for-age z scores for boys 0-8 yrs (3 QuantEs) Height-for-age z scores for children 0-5 yrs whose mothers can read (1 QuantE) Weight-for-height z scores for children 0-5 yrs (1 QuantE) BMI for age z scores for children 0-9 yrs (2 QuantEs) Mother s knowledge about importance of exclusive breastfeeding until 6 m/o (1 QuantE) Mother s knowledge regarding the right age an infant should start eating food (other than breast milk) (1 QuantE) Exclusive breastfeeding for children <6 m/o & breastfeeding during 1st hr of birth (1 QualE) Consumption of iron & vitamin A rich foods for children 6-23 m/o (1 QualE) 2
UN Consumption of vegetables, fruits, nuts & seeds for children 1-7 yrs (1 QuantE) Height-for-age Z scores for children 0-3 yrs (4 QuantEs) Height-for-age z scores <-2SD or stunting or <-3SD or severe stunting for children 0-6 yrs (2 QuantEs) Weight-for- age and weight- for-height z scores for children 0-3 yrs (4 QuantEs) Underweight or severe underweight for children between 5-6 yrs (1 QuantE) Anthropometry (stunting, wasting & underweight) (2 QuantEs) Incidence of moderate & severe anemia in children 0-3 yrs (1 QuantE) Weight-for-height z scores <-3SDor severe wasting for children3-4.5 yrs (1 QuantE) Incidence of moderate & severe anemia for children 6m/o-6yrs (1 QuantE) Height-for-age z scores <-2SD or stunting for children upto 10 yrs (1 QuantE) Severe acute malnutrition (weight-for-length (WLZ) Z-score =< -3 and/or mid-upper arm circumference =<11.5 cm and/or bipedal edema) & moderate acute malnutrition (-3 WLZ<-2 and/or 11.5 MUAC<12.5 cm) for children 6-23 m/o (1 QuantE: cash plus supplementary food) Consumption of meat by children >6 m/o (1 QuantE) Maternal knowledge on early initiation of breastfeeding (1 QuantE) Initiation of breastfeeding w/in 24 hrs of birth (2 QuantEs) Exclusive breastfeeding for children <6 m/o (1 QuantE) Height-for-age z scores for children 0-9 yrs (7 QuantEs) Height-for-age z scores <-2SD or stunting for children 0-9 yrs (5 QuantEs) Weight-for-height z scores for children 0-5 yrs (1 QuantE) Weight-for-height z scores <-2SD or wasting for children 2-9 yrs (1 QuantE) Middle-upper-arm circumference (MUAC) scores for children 0-4 yrs (1 QuantE) Height-for-age z score for children 0-5 yrs, when conditionality is other than health (e.g. cash for work, or a saving requirement) (1 SR with MA) Height-for-age z score for children 0-5 yrs in household facing income shocks, with school aged children to divert funds towards (1 QuantE) Height-for-age z scores <-2SD or stunting for children 0-5 yrs (2 SRs with NS) Height-for-age z scores <-2SD or stunting for children 2-9 yrs with mothers with > than high-school education (2 QuantEs) Weight-for-height z scores<-2sd or wasting for children 2-9 yrs (1 QuantE) Weight-for-height z scores >+2 SD or overweight/obesity for girls 7-8 yrs (1 QuantE) Underweight for children 0-46 m/o or thinness for children 2-7 yrs (3 QuantEs) UN Consumption of meat and bread flour by children 6 m/o-17 yrs (1 QualE) Eating fewer or smaller meals & going to bed hungry for children 6 m/o-17 yrs (1 QuantE) UN Number of meals eaten per day for girls in grade 6 (1 QuantE) Humanitarian Contex Consumption of cereals and vegetables daily and meat and fish on five out of seven days for children with severe acute malnutrition (1 QualE) Food consumption scores for children with severe acute malnutrition (1 QualE) Food consumption scores for pregnant and lactating women (1 QualE) Consumption of dairy or dairy products for children with severe acute malnutrition (1 QualE) 3
TABLE 3: EVIDENCE SUMMARY: COGNITIVE AND NON-COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT AND PSYCHOSOCIAL WELLBEING UN Visual reception, receptive language, expressive language as well as total cognitive scores (a combination of these) for children 4.5-6 yrs (1 QuantE) Children s future outlook about their lives and self-esteem (1 QuantE, 1 QualE) Children s feelings of self-confidence and self-efficacy (1 QuantE) Non-cognitive outcomes (sticker test score) (1 QuantE) Language, vocabulary (receptive and expressive), memory (short, long and associative), processing speed, visual integration, motor skills (leg, fine) and socialpersonal development (3 QuantEs) Psychosocial health (satisfaction with friendship & life and not acting bothered or upset) for children 7-17 yrs (1 QuantE) Experience of psychological distress by girls 13-22 yrs (1 QuantE) Experience of psychological distress by girls 13-22 yrs (1 QuantE) Children s expression of isolation and disempowerment, feelings of insecurity, interpersonal trust issues as well as worry and stress (1 QualE) UN UN TVIP, language, associative and short-term memory, social personal development, leg motor skills, fine motor skills (1 QuantE) Gross motor skills (1 QuantE) 4
TABLE 4: EVIDENCE SUMMARY: CHILD EDUCATION UN School enrolment (2 SRs with MA, 2 QuantEs) School attendance (2 SRs with MA, 1 QuantE) Student school completion rate (1 SR with MA) Grade progression & grade for age for children >13 yrs (1 QuantE) Arithmetic, reading as well as shape recognition scores for children upto age 6 (1 QuantE) School enrolment (1 QuantE, 1 QualE) Children returning to school (1 QualE) School enrolment (4 SRs with MA) School attendance (4 SRs with MA, 3 QuantEs) Hours spent in school, if grant given to mothers (1 QuantE) Student school completion rate (1 SR with MA) Grade progression for both boys and girls 11-14 yrs (1 QuantE) Average schooling gap for children 6-12 yrs (1 QuantE) Grade for age (1 QuantE) Math test scores for children 11-14 yrs (1 QuantE) English language scores for girls (1 QuantE) School attendance for children 14-17 yrs (1 QuantE) Standardized test scores that measure learning in mathematics and language (2 SRs with MA) Highest grade completed for children 13-17 yrs (1 QuantE) Matriculation into academic high or vocational school for children 13-17 yrs (1 QuantE) Schooling gaps for children 13-17 yrs (1 QuantE) Standardized test scores that measure learning in mathematics and language (2 SRs with MA) Math test scores for girls (1 QuantE) Practical competencies for girls relevant in the job market (1 QuantE) School absenteeism (3 QuantEs) Grade repetition for children 5-17 yrs (1 QuantE) School dropout rates (1 SR with MA) Hours spent in school, if grant given to fathers (1 QuantE) Hours spent in school (1 QuantE) School dropout rates (2 SRs with MA) School attendance (1 QuantE) 5
UN School enrolment (1 SR with MA, 1 QuantE) School attendance (1 SR with MA) Student school completion rate (1 SR with MA) Grade progression for children 6-16 yrs (1 QuantE) NO EVIDENCE FOR THIS MODALITY Composite test scores, language art test scores and math test scores (1 SR with MA) Mathematics, and English reading comprehension test scores for girls in the age group of 13-22 yrs (1 QuantE) Practical competencies for girls relevant in the job market (1 QuantE) School dropout rates (1 SR with MA) UN School enrolment (1 SR with MA, 1 QuantE) School attendance (1 SR with MA) Parents ability to send children to school and universities (1 QualE) School enrolment (1 SR with MA) School attendance (2 SRs with MA) Student school completion rate (1 SR with MA) Years of education completed for girls with > 5 years of schooling (1 QuantE) Student performance as a composite & separate math and language learning (1 SR with MA) Years of education completed for girls with > 10 years of schooling (1 QuantE) School dropout rates (1 SR with MA) 6
Table 5: EVIDENCE SUMMARY: CHILD PROTECTION UN Children working in own-agricultural activities and non-farm enterprises (1 QuantE) Child participation in household chores (I SR with NS) Age at which a child 5-17 yrs enters the labour force (1 QuantE) Hours a child works in a week (1 QuantE) Hours spent per typical day on paid activities as well as on all kinds of work including hours spent on household chores (2 QuantEs) Age at marriage & probability of every being married for girls 13-22 yrs (I SR with NS) Mothers taking on main carer responsibilities & spending more time caring for their younger children (2 QuantEs) Increase in time spent by mothers in caring for children as compared to their adolescent daughters (who seem to be devoting more time to schooling) (1 QuantE) Incentivizing people towards providing foster/kinship care to orphans, often however leading upto orphans being adopted for purely financial reasons (1 QualE) Returning home for children separated from their families (1 QualE) Incentivizing people towards providing foster/kinship care to orphans, often however leading using them as a source of labour (1 QualE) Improving parent child relationships (1 QualE) Returning home for children separated from their families (1 QualE) Taking young children with them to the work sites, leaving them in the care of older children or, in some cases, locking them in the house (1 QualE) Child participation in wage labour (1 QuantE) Child participation in wage labor (I SR with NS, 5 QuantEs) Children returning to school and leaving work (1 QualE) Likelihood of pregnancy for girls 12-24 yrs (1 QuantE) Sexual debut for both males and females 15-25 yrs (1 QuantE) Transactional sex & age-disparate sex for girls & incidence of multiple partners for boys 10-18 yrs (1 QuantE) Child participation in wage labor (1 QuantE) Child participation in wage labour (2 QuantEs) Child participation in wage labour (1 QuantE) Child participation in wage labor (1 SR with MA, I SR with NS, 2 QuantEs) Hours spent in wage and household labor (I SR with NS) Probability of childbearing & total number of live births amongst girls 13-22 yrs (I SR with NS) Probability of marriage before age 18 for girls 14-18 yrs (1 QuantE) Reliance on extended family members like aunts or uncles or even children less than 10 years of age (1 QuantE) 7
UN Child participation in wage labour and household chores (1 QuantE) Participation in nonfarm own business labor for boys (1 QuantE) Participation in nonfarm own business labour for girls (1 QuantE) UN Age at marriage & probability of every being married for girls 13-22 yrs (I SR with NS) Probability of childbearing & total number of live births amongst girls 13-22 yrs (I SR with NS) Child participation in wage labour (1 QuantE) 8