Presentation to CIEBA: Trends in 2015 Pension Fund Data Goldman Sachs Asset Management May 2016 THESE MATERIALS ARE PROVIDED SOLELY ON THE BASIS THAT THEY WILL NOT CONSTITUTE INVESTMENT ADVICE AND WILL NOT FORM A PRIMARY BASIS FOR ANY PERSON'S OR PLAN'S INVESTMENT DECISIONS, AND GOLDMAN SACHS IS NOT A FIDUCIARY WITH RESPECT TO ANY PERSON OR PLAN BY REASON OF PROVIDING THE MATERIAL OR CONTENT HEREIN. PLAN FIDUCIARIES SHOULD CONSIDER THEIR OWN CIRCUMSTANCES IN ASSESSING ANY POTENTIAL INVESTMENT COURSE OF ACTION. This material is provided for educational purposes only and should not be construed as investment advice or an offer or solicitation to buy or sell securities.
Top 5 concerns of US corporate Defined Benefit (DB) Plan Sponsors in 1H 2016 Based on research and conversations with corporate defined benefit pension plans, the following themes surfaced: 1. How to achieve their return targets in a low return environment 2. Impact of higher plan costs from increased Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) flat and variable rate premiums 3. Equity risk still dominates asset risk in their portfolios despite steady reductions to this asset class in recent years 4. Want to hedge more interest rate risk, but concerned about doing it at these levels as well as reallocating capital away from growth seeking assets when still underfunded 5. They have lots of good ideas, but have difficulty from a governance perspective getting them approved and implemented Source: Goldman Sachs Asset Management, as of May 2016; Please see additional disclosures at the end of this presentation. 1
Low interest rates, mortality changes and negative cash flow have all contributed to low funded %s 110% 108% 100% 101% Aggregate GAAP Funded % 90% 84% 90% 92% 93% 82% 85% 90% 83% 82% 80% 79% 79% 78% 79% 70% '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 (E YTD) Source: Goldman Sachs Asset Management; company reports; analysis based upon the US plans (when specified) of S&P 500 companies; as of April 2016; for illustrative purposes only. The figures here are estimated and are subject to potentially significant revisions over time. Actual figures may vary significantly from the information presented above. 2
The distribution of funded ratios is leaning to the left 35% 30% Median Funded %: 80% 31% 29% Percentage of Plans in Sample 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 20% 13% 7% 0% <70% 70%-80% 80%-90% 90%-100% >100% 2015 GAAP Funded Status Source: Goldman Sachs Asset Management; company reports; analysis based upon the US plans (when specified) of S&P 500 companies; all data for fiscal year 2015; for illustrative purposes only. Please see additional disclosures at the end of this presentation. 3
Funded status attribution analysis: Various factors generally offset each other in 2015 88% S&P 500 Funded %, US Plans Only (When Specified) 86% 84% 82% 82.8% 3.5% (3.3%) (1.5%) 1.9% (1.1%) (0.1%) 82.2% 80% 2014 Actuarial Gains Interest Cost Service Cost Contributions Benefit Payments Actual Asset Returns 2015 Source: Goldman Sachs Asset Management; 2015 company reports; analysis based upon the US plans (when specified) of S&P 500 companies 4
Majority of plans in 2015 had negative plan asset returns and were cash flow negative Plan Asset Returns Benefit Payments vs Contributions Plan Asset Loss 74% Plan Asset Gain 26% Cash Flow Negative 82% Cash Flow Positive 18% Source: Goldman Sachs Asset Management; 2015 company reports; analysis based upon the US plans (when specified) of S&P 500 companies. 5
The increase in discount rates in 2015 has already been erased YTD in 2016 7.5 7.2 7.0 6.7 Average GAAP Discount Rate 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 6.1 5.8 5.6 5.8 6.2 6.2 5.8 5.4 4.7 4.8 4.3 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.5 3.0 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 (YTD E) Source: Goldman Sachs Asset Management; company reports; analysis based upon the US plans (when specified) of S&P 500 companies; analysis for each year only includes those companies with a December fiscal year-end. The 2016 YTD figure is estimated and is subject to potentially significant revisions over time. Actual figures may vary significantly from the information presented above. 6
Funded status varies notably across sectors 100% Aggregate funded status by sector 95% 90% 85% 80% 75% 70% 65% 60% 71% 84% 77% 85% 76% 92% 90% 83% 84% 83% Source: Goldman Sachs Asset Management; company reports; analysis based upon the US plans (when specified) of S&P 500 companies; all data for fiscal year 2015; for illustrative purposes only. Please see additional disclosures at the end of this presentation. 7
as does the size of pension plans Aggregate US Pension Assets and Liabilities by Sector (in $B) 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 $B 47 67 70 84 85 110 180 153 402 528 166 180 85 94 153 127 96 105 80 87 Assets Liabilities Source: Goldman Sachs Asset Management; company reports; analysis based upon the US plans (when specified) of S&P 500 companies; all data for fiscal year 2015; for illustrative purposes only. Please see additional disclosures at the end of this presentation. 8
Contributions as a percentage of outstanding deficits appeared to be meaningful for many sectors 30% Contributions as a % of deficit 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 9.1% 12.9% 12.9% 8.5% 6.0% 25.1% 6.1% 15.9% 10.4% 19.9% 0% Source: Goldman Sachs Asset Management; company reports; analysis based upon the US plans (when specified) of S&P 500 companies; all data for fiscal year 2015; for illustrative purposes only. Please see additional disclosures at the end of this presentation. 9
However, the impact of contributions was generally insufficient to offset collective impact of yearly service and interest costs Sum of service and Interest costs net of contributions as a percentage of liabilities 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0% 5.1% 3.8% 2.5% 3.9% 4.7% 3.5% 3.3% 3.8% 3.9% 3.8% Source: Goldman Sachs Asset Management; company reports; analysis based upon the US plans (when specified) of S&P 500 companies; all data for fiscal year 2015; for illustrative purposes only. Please see additional disclosures at the end of this presentation. 10
Funding relief has contributed to relatively low contribution activity in recent years 70 65 65 60 58 58 55 GM 55 55 Contributions (in $ billions) 50 45 40 35 39 47 47 47 37 50 40 AT&T 35 30 29 30 25 26 20 2002 2003* 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013* 2014 2015 * Sizable contributions by General Motors in 2003 ($18bn) and AT&T in 2013 ($9.4bn) upwardly skewed total S&P 500 contributions for those years. Source: Goldman Sachs Asset Management; company reports; analysis based upon the US plans (when specified) of S&P 500 companies. 11
Fixed income allocations exceed equities as plans continue to pursue de-risking actions 70 Equity Debt Other Real Estate Asset-Weighted Actual Asset Allocations (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Aging society moves more participants into retiree status '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 42% 38% 15% 5% Funded % 84% 90% 92% 93% 101% 108% 79% 82% 85% 79% 78% 90% 83% 82% Source: Goldman Sachs Asset Management; company reports; analysis based upon the US plans (when specified) of S&P 500 companies. 12
Average US corporate DB pension plan expected return on assets assumption continues to decline 9.0% 9.0% Equal-weighted average expected return assumption of S&P 500 companies, US Plans only (when specified) 8.5% 8.0% 7.5% 7.0% 8.5% 8.3% 8.3% 8.2% 8.1% 8.1% 8.0% 7.9% 7.7% 7.5% 7.3% 7.2% 7.1% 6.5% '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 Source: Goldman Sachs Asset Management; company reports; analysis based upon the US plans (when specified) of S&P 500 companies. 13
Every year from 2011 2015 has had more reductions than any year since 2003: no longer a barrier to de-risking? % of S&P 500 Companies, US Plans Only When Specified 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 % of Companies Lowering EROA Assumption (LHS) Average Decline in EROA Assumption in bps (RHS) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Average Reduction in EROA Assumption in BPs Source: Goldman Sachs Asset Management; company reports; analysis based upon the US plans (when specified) of S&P 500 companies. 14
In 2015, 4/10 sectors had service and interest costs which exceeded return assumptions 12% 10.9% 10% 8% 6% 7.2% 7.4% 7.7% 7.0% 7.0% 6.6% 6.0% 7.7% 8.0% 6.7% 5.9% 7.2% 7.3% 7.7% 7.6% 7.7% 6.7% 8.6% 4.3% 4% 2% 0% EROA (Asset weighted) Service and Interest Costs as % of US Assets Source: Goldman Sachs Asset Management; company reports; analysis based upon the US plans (when specified) of S&P 500 companies; all data for fiscal year 2015; for illustrative purposes only. Please see additional disclosures at the end of this presentation. 15
Reductions to Expected Return on Assets (EROA) assumptions continuing in 2016 Sorted by Numerical Change Expected Data for US plans only (when specified) Month Return on Plan of Fiscal Plan Assets Numerical Directional Assets Ticker Company Name Industry Year end 2016 2015 Change Change ($ Millions) FDX FedEx Corporation Air Freight and Logistics May 6.50% 7.75% -1.25% Lower 23,006 IBM Intl. Business Machines Corp. IT Consulting and Other Services December 7.00% 7.50% -0.50% Lower 51,716 DD E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Diversified Chemicals December 8.00% 8.50% -0.50% Lower 17,497 CAT Caterpillar Inc. Const. Mach. & Heavy Trucks December 6.90% 7.40% -0.50% Lower 11,440 KMB Kimberly-Clark Corporation Household Products December 4.84% 5.21% -0.37% Lower 1,754 MMM 3M Company Industrial Conglomerates December 7.50% 7.75% -0.25% Lower 13,966 MET MetLife, Inc. Life and Health Insurance December 6.00% 6.25% -0.25% Lower 8,490 FE FirstEnergy Corp. Electric Utilities December 7.50% 7.75% -0.25% Lower 5,338 XEL Xcel Energy Inc. Electric Utilities December 6.87% 7.09% -0.22% Lower 2,884 GM General Motors Company Automobile Manufacturers December 6.30% 6.38% -0.08% Lower 61,072 BA The Boeing Company Aerospace and Defense December 7.00% 7.00% 0.00% Unchanged 56,514 T AT&T, Inc. Integrated Tele. Services December 7.75% 7.75% 0.00% Unchanged 50,909 GE General Electric Company Industrial Conglomerates December 7.50% 7.50% 0.00% Unchanged 45,720 F Ford Motor Co. Automobile Manufacturers December 6.75% 6.75% 0.00% Unchanged 41,252 LMT Lockheed Martin Corporation Aerospace and Defense December 8.00% 8.00% 0.00% Unchanged 32,096 NOC Northrop Grumman Corp. Aerospace and Defense December 8.00% 8.00% 0.00% Unchanged 23,950 RTN Raytheon Company Aerospace and Defense December 8.00% 8.00% 0.00% Unchanged 18,063 HON Honeywell International Inc. Aerospace and Defense December 7.75% 7.75% 0.00% Unchanged 16,349 EXC Exelon Corporation Electric Utilities December 7.00% 7.00% 0.00% Unchanged 14,347 JPM JPMorgan Chase & Co. Diversified Banks December 6.50% 6.50% 0.00% Unchanged 14,125 C Citigroup Inc. Diversified Banks December 7.00% 7.00% 0.00% Unchanged 12,137 PRU Prudential Financial, Inc. Life and Health Insurance December 6.25% 6.25% 0.00% Unchanged 11,914 PEP Pepsico, Inc. Soft Drinks December 7.50% 7.50% 0.00% Unchanged 11,397 DE Deere & Company Agricultural and Farm Machinery October 7.30% 7.30% 0.00% Unchanged 11,164 IP International Paper Company Paper Products December 7.75% 7.75% 0.00% Unchanged 10,923 AA Alcoa Inc. Aluminum December 7.75% 7.75% 0.00% Unchanged 8,077 D Dominion Resources, Inc. Multi-Utilities December 8.75% 8.75% 0.00% Unchanged 6,166 DOW The Dow Chemical Company Diversified Chemicals December 7.87% 7.85% 0.02% Higher 13,517 Source: Goldman Sachs Asset Management; company reports; as of May 2016; analysis represents companies where we observed a public disclosure of the EROA assumption to be used in fiscal 2016 for its US DB plans. Any reference to a specific company or security does not constitute a recommendation to buy, sell, hold or directly invest in the company or its securities. 16
Larger plans tend to be better funded, utilize a more diversified asset allocation and anticipate higher expected return on assets Aggregate funded ratio: 82% Wtg Avg EROA: 7.38% # of companies: 35 > $10bn Alts/Real Estate/Other 22% Equity 35% Fixed Income 43% $3bn - $10bn Alts/Real Estate/Other 21% Fixed Income 38% Equity 41% Aggregate funded ratio: 81% Wtg Avg EROA: 7.46% # of companies: 62 Aggregate funded ratio: 82% Wtg Avg EROA: 7.09% # of companies: 86 $1bn - $3bn Alts/Real Estate/Other 11% Fixed Income 44% Equity 45% $100mm - $1bn Alts/Real Estate/Other 9% Fixed Income 43% Equity 48% Aggregate funded ratio: 75% Wtg Avg EROA: 6.84% # of companies: 100 Source: Goldman Sachs Asset Management; company reports; all data for fiscal year 2015 population: S&P 500 (US plans only when specified); pie charts designated by plan asset size. 17
Reviewing potential tools in the pension risk management toolbox: Liability Management Corporate Finance Potential Tool Description Potential applicability may include, e.g. ASSET ALLOCATION Implement Glide Path Adjust asset allocation as funded status Plans that want to adjust asset allocation dynamically changes. and seek to ensure that improvements to funded levels are locked in through better asset/liability management. Extend Duration of Shift current fixed allocations away from May be a first step in a de-risking program. May be Fixed Income Barclays Agg-type exposure to longer- helpful for plans that are notably underhedged interest term benchmarks like Barclays Long rate risk. Gov/Credit. Increase Allocation Reduce allocations to equities and other After extending duration of existing allocations, plans to Fixed Income return seeking assets in favor of liability may seek to increase the actual allocation to hedging fixed income. physical long-duration bonds. Diversify Away from Reduce allocations to equities in favor of Underfunded and/or open plans that still need Equity Beta alternative asset classes as well as other returns but which would like to reduce drawdown means of sourcing growth. risk. Annuity Buy-In Buying an annuity held within plan. May be a first step for plans, including those who ultimately transfer some obligations to an insurance company through the purchase of a group annuity contract. Super Majority Employ an asset allocation consisting May have the effect of linking performance of the Bond Allocation almost entirely of fixed income. company's stock to its own operations (not the equity values of other companies). Rebalancing Risk management exercise designed to A typical practice for institutional investors. keep actual portfolio weights in line with strategic targets. Source: Goldman Sachs Asset Management; as of April 2016. 18
Reviewing potential tools in the pension risk management toolbox: Liability Management Corporate Finance Potential Tool Description Potential applicability may include, e.g. HEDGING POLICIES Overlay & Leverage Interest rate swaps and other forms of Plans that want to hedge interest rate risk but leverage to extend duration and increase the also want to preserve return seeking assets. plan's hedge ratio. Custom Liability Shift fixed income benchmark from As funded status and the allocation to fixed income Benchmark publicly available benchmarks to one rises, shifting to such a benchmark can potentially based on the plan's liability cash flows. increase the efficacy of the LDI program. Completion Engage a fixed income manager to Can potentially increase liability hedging efficacy Manager complete differences between all long and LDI accountability. duration manager positions and the custom liability benchmark. Longevity Transfer the risk of participants living Plans concerned about potential adverse actuarial Swap longer than expected to a third party. experience. Long Corporate, Buy long corporate bonds and hedge Plans waiting for higher interest rates levels to hedge Duration Hedged the interest rate risk using overlays. the interest rate risk but may want to purchase corporate bonds before potential scarcity value increases, or find level of credit spreads attractive. FIDUCIARY MANAGEMENT Strategic Partnership Engage an external manager to advise Sponsors that may be resource constrained the plan and execute the investment and who are looking for a strategic partner management strategy, including to help them through the various stages of helping with many of the tools noted their plan's life cycle. elsewhere such as liability hedging and preparing for risk transfer. Source: Goldman Sachs Asset Management; as of April 2016. 19
Reviewing potential tools in the pension risk management toolbox: Asset Management Corporate Finance Potential Tool Description Potential applicability may include, e.g. PLAN DESIGN Close/Freeze Plan New hires do not enter the DB plan Plans that wish to slow the growth of the gross and/or new accruals cease for pension obligation. employees (new or existing). Switch to Cash Change benefit accrual formula from one Sponsors that want to maintain a DB plan but Balance Formula based on final pay to one where accruals may view a cash balance formula as being are based on crediting and interest rates less volatile and portable for the participant. and the value to the participant is expressed as a notional account balance. RISK TRANSFER Lump sum window Offer TV participants a one-time option Sponsors looking to reduce PBGC flat rate premiums for terminated vested (TV) to replace their lifetime pension annuity as well as those looking to reduce the gross size participants with a payment representing the of the pension liability. May be most applicable present value of future pension payments. for plans with a large number of TV participants with small balances. Annuitization of Purchase a group annuity contract for Sponsors looking to reduce PBGC flat rate premiums Retired Participants retired participants to transfer the risk as well as those looking to reduce the gross size to a third party insurance company. of the pension liability. May be most applicable for plans with a high percentage of obligations residing in the retiree cohort. Source: Goldman Sachs Asset Management; as of April 2016. 20
Reviewing potential tools in the pension risk management toolbox: Asset Management Liability Management Potential Tool Description Potential applicability may include, e.g. CONTRIBUTION STRATEGIES Revisit Existing Policy Consideration of a policy that is focused Plans looking to minimize costs by linking on reducing PBGC variable rate premiums. contribution policy to PBGC premiums. Borrow to Fund Issue debt, contribute proceeds and Strategy that takes into account low interest rates allocate the contribution to long duration while at the same time increasing funded levels fixed income to increase the hedge given to reduce PBGC variable rate premiums. the higher funded status. In-kind Contribution Contribute in-kind to plan subject to Increase funded levels to, among other things, regulatory constraints. reduce PBGC variable rate premiums. FINANCIAL REPORTING Mark to Market Adjust reporting whereby gains and losses Sponsors who would like to simplify the accounting, Accounting on plan assets and liabilities are recognized potentially make its reporting more comparable to in full in the year when they are generated. peers, and align financial reporting with de-risking strategies. In the current environment, it also may reduce or eliminate ongoing amortization expenses. Pro Forma Rather than adjust actual GAAP accounting, Similar to companies that want to simplify the Accounting back out certain pension-related expenses reporting but without changing actual GAAP from GAAP earnings to derive an adjusted accounting policies. EPS figure. Spot Rate Method A more granular approach to calculating No change to plan economics, but generally may for Discount Rate the discount rate used to value service and lower recognized GAAP pension expense. interest cost. Source: Goldman Sachs Asset Management; as of April 2016. 21
Disclosures THESE MATERIALS ARE PROVIDED SOLELY ON THE BASIS THAT THEY WILL NOT CONSTITUTE INVESTMENT ADVICE AND WILL NOT FORM A PRIMARY BASIS FOR ANY PERSON'S OR PLAN'S INVESTMENT DECISIONS, AND GOLDMAN SACHS IS NOT A FIDUCIARY WITH RESPECT TO ANY PERSON OR PLAN BY REASON OF PROVIDING THE MATERIAL OR CONTENT HEREIN. PLAN FIDUCIARIES SHOULD CONSIDER THEIR OWN CIRCUMSTANCES IN ASSESSING ANY POTENTIAL INVESTMENT COURSE OF ACTION. THIS MATERIAL DOES NOT CONSTITUTE AN OFFER OR SOLICITATION IN ANY JURISDICTION WHERE OR TO ANY PERSON TO WHOM IT WOULD BE UNAUTHORIZED OR UNLAWFUL TO DO SO. This information discusses general market activity, industry or sector trends, or other broad-based economic, market or political conditions and should not be construed as research or investment advice. This material has been prepared by GSAM and is not financial research nor a product of Goldman Sachs Global Investment Research (GIR). It was not prepared in compliance with applicable provisions of law designed to promote the independence of financial analysis and is not subject to a prohibition on trading following the distribution of financial research. The views and opinions expressed may differ from those of Goldman Sachs Global Investment Research or other departments or divisions of Goldman Sachs and its affiliates. Investors are urged to consult with their financial advisors before buying or selling any securities. This information may not be current and GSAM has no obligation to provide any updates or changes. Views and opinions expressed are for informational purposes only and do not constitute a recommendation by GSAM to buy, sell, or hold any security. Views and opinions are current as of the date of this presentation and may be subject to change, they should not be construed as investment advice. This material is provided at your request for informational purposes only. It is not an offer or solicitation to buy or sell any securities. Although certain information has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, we do not guarantee its accuracy, completeness or fairness. We have relied upon and assumed without independent verification, the accuracy and completeness of all information available from public sources. Past performance does not guarantee future results, which may vary. The value of investments and the income derived from investments will fluctuate and can go down as well as up. A loss of principal may occur. Economic and market forecasts presented herein reflect a series of assumptions and judgments as of the date of this presentation and are subject to change without notice. These forecasts do not take into account the specific investment objectives, restrictions, tax and financial situation or other needs of any specific client. Actual data will vary and may not be reflected here. These forecasts are subject to high levels of uncertainty that may affect actual performance. Accordingly, these forecasts should be viewed as merely representative of a broad range of possible outcomes. These forecasts are estimated, based on assumptions, and are subject to significant revision and may change materially as economic and market conditions change. Goldman Sachs has no obligation to provide updates or changes to these forecasts. Case studies and examples are for illustrative purposes only. Any reference to a specific company or security does not constitute a recommendation to buy, sell, hold or directly invest in the company or its securities. It should not be assumed that investment decisions made in the future will be profitable or will equal the performance of the securities discussed in this document. Confidentiality No part of this material may, without GSAM s prior written consent, be (i) copied, photocopied or duplicated in any form, by any means, or (ii) distributed to any person that is not an employee, officer, director, or authorized agent of the recipient. 2016 Goldman Sachs. All rights reserved. 22
Disclosures This information discusses general market activity, industry or sector trends, or other broad-based economic, market or political conditions and should not be construed as research or investment advice. This material has been prepared by GSAM and is not a product of Goldman Sachs Global Investment Research. The views and opinions expressed may differ from those of Goldman Sachs Global Investment Research or other departments or divisions of Goldman Sachs and its affiliates. Investors are urged to consult with their financial advisors before buying or selling any securities. This information may not be current and GSAM has no obligation to provide any updates or changes This material is provided for educational purposes only and should not be construed as investment advice or an offer or solicitation to buy or sell securities. Goldman Sachs does not provide accounting, tax, or legal advice. Notwithstanding anything in this document to the contrary, and except as required to enable compliance with applicable securities law, you may disclose to any person the US federal and state income tax treatment and tax structure of the transaction and all materials of any kind (including tax opinions and other tax analyses) that are provided to you relating to such tax treatment and tax structure, without Goldman Sachs imposing any limitation of any kind. Investors should be aware that a determination of the tax consequences to them should take into account their specific circumstances and that the tax law is subject to change in the future or retroactively and investors are strongly urged to consult with their own tax advisor regarding any potential strategy, investment or transaction. 2016 Goldman Sachs. All rights reserved. Compliance code: 47696-OTU-263441 Date of First Use: May 2016. 23