Financial Scrutiny Unit Briefing Earnings in Scotland 2013

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The Scottish Parliament and Scottish Parliament Infor mation C entre l ogos. Financial Scrutiny Unit Briefing Earnings in Scotland 2013 Andrew Aiton 8 January 2014 The Office for National Statistics released the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE) 2013 Provisional results on 12 December 2013. Using this data, this briefing provides a brief overview of earnings in Scotland. 14/01

CONTENTS ANNUAL SURVEY OF HOURS AND EARNINGS (ASHE) DATA... 3 ANNUAL PAY... 3 Figure 1: Scottish and UK Annual Pay 2013... 3 Table 1: Gross annual pay for full-time employees... 3 Table 2: Gross annual pay for part-time employees... 4 EARNING TRENDS... 4 Figure 2: Increase in earnings and CPI: 2007 onwards... 4 PUBLIC/PRIVATE SECTOR PAY... 4 Table 3: Gross full-time annual pay for Public and Private sector employees... 5 Figure 3: Scottish Public and Private sector pay by decile... 5 PAY BY GENDER... 5 Table 4: Median full-time hourly earnings (excluding overtime) by Gender... 6 Table 5: Median part-time hourly earnings (excluding overtime) by Gender... 6 Figure 4: Pay by Gender in Scotland... 6 GENDER PAY GAP... 6 Table 6: Gender Pay Gap... 7 PAY BY INDUSTRY... 7 Table 7: Gross Annual Pay by Industry... 7 SOURCES... 8 RELATED BRIEFINGS... 10 2

ANNUAL SURVEY OF HOURS AND EARNINGS (ASHE) DATA All the data in this briefing is taken from the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE) 2013 Provisional results, published by the Office of National Statistics (2013a). The survey provides a wide variety of earning statistics for employees across the UK. It does not cover the selfemployed. ASHE is based on a 1% sample of employee jobs taken from the PAYE records of HMRC covering the pay period over the year to 5 April 2013. Where figures are adjusted for inflation, the April 2013 Consumer Price Inflation (CPI) figure, 2.4%, is used. The CPI is used in this instance as it is used for uprating pensions, wages and some benefits and can aid in the understanding of inflation on family budgets. Because of the potential for sampling errors for smaller groups, including local areas and small industries, there is a wider margin of error than for the data on Gender, Public/Private Sectors and Scotland as a whole. ANNUAL PAY Figure 1: Scottish and UK Annual Pay 2013 The full-time median annual pay in Scotland increased by 2.7% over the year to April 2013, with the UK seeing an increase of 2.1%. While Scotland saw a higher increase than the UK average the median annual pay for full-time employees is still below the UK average. Scotland has seen an increase in real terms in annual pay compared to the UK which has seen a real term decrease. Table 1: Gross annual pay for full-time employees Annual percentage change Median Cash (%) Real (%) Scotland 26,472 2.7 0.3 UK 27,017 2.1-0.3 The survey showed Scotland had a higher proportion of part-time workers than the UK as a whole. The median gross annual pay for part-time employees in Scotland is higher than the UK 3

average but increased at a slower pace that the UK average over the year to April 2013. However both the UK and Scottish part-time annual pay have increased in real terms. Table 2: Gross annual pay for part-time employees Annual percentage change Median Cash (%) Real (%) Scotland 9,391 2.9 0.5 UK 8,901 3.3 0.9 EARNING TRENDS The main figure sited by the ONS when looking at earning trends is the median full-time gross weekly earnings. The ONS report on the 2013 ASHE provisional release has pointed out that between 1997 (the first year for which ASHE data are available) and 2013 median full-time gross weekly earnings increased by 61%. This growth has been driven by an average rise of 4% each year from 1997 to 2008, which has been above the rate of inflation. However, growth has been at a lower level from 2009 onwards. Figure 2: Increase in earnings and CPI: 2007 onwards 5% 4% CPI UK Scotland 3% 2% 1% 0% 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Source: ONS Like the UK, for the fifth year running median full-time pay in Scotland has increased below the rate of inflation. However Scotland outperformed the UK in 2009, 2010 and 2012 in terms of gross weekly pay increases. 2011 saw the biggest gap between wage increases and the rate of inflation for both the UK and Scotland. 1 The most recent data shows that for 2013 Scotland saw an increase of 2.1% and the UK saw an increase of 2.2%. PUBLIC/PRIVATE SECTOR PAY The public and private sectors are comprised of different workforces. The public sector has a higher proportion of graduate-level and professional occupations than the private sector which has a greater number of lower paid occupations such as bar and restaurant staff, hairdressers, 1 UK and Scotland 2013 figures, and the Scottish figure for 2011, are based on provisional results while all previous years use revised data. 4

salespersons and cashiers. The proportion of people working in the Public sector in Scotland is higher than the UK as a whole. Median gross full-time annual pay in the public sector, in both Scotland and the UK, is higher than that in the private sector. The difference in Scotland between the sectors is greater than that between the UK averages. Whist both public and private sector pay increased in Scotland over the year, earnings in the private sector saw the largest percentage increase - just above the rate of inflation at 2.5%. Table 3: Gross full-time annual pay for Public and Private sector employees Scotland UK Sector Median Annual percentage change Cash (%) Real (%) Public 29,439 2.1-0.3 Private 24,603 2.5 0.1 Public 29,515 2.0-0.4 Private 25,795 2.2-0.2 When breaking down the pay of Public and Private sectors workers in Scotland into deciles only the top 10% of workers in the private sector get paid more on average than those in the public sector. Figure 3: Scottish Public and Private sector pay by decile 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 Public Private 0 10 20 25 30 40 60 70 75 80 90 PAY BY GENDER One measure used for comparing male and female pay is hourly pay excluding overtime. This is used because men are more likely to be in full-time employment and work over-time than women, therefore annual pay does not provide a fair comparison. Using this measurement, average full-time earnings for women in Scotland in 2013 were 8.2% lower than average male earnings. At the UK level full-time pay has increased for both men and women but only men saw a real increase (ie. above the rate of inflation). In Scotland men witnessed an increase in full-time pay 5

at the rate of inflation while women saw an increase 0.8 percentage points above the rate of inflation. Table 4: Median full-time hourly earnings (excluding overtime) by Gender Scotland UK Median Annual percentage change Cash (%) Real (%) Male 13.27 2.4 0.0 Female 12.26 3.2 0.8 Male 13.60 2.5 0.1 Female 12.24 1.9-0.5 Part-time pay at the UK level has seen an increase above the rate of inflation for both men and women. However Scotland has seen higher growth in part-time pay than the UK particularly for women. The current median part-time pay for women in Scotland is the second highest in the UK, behind London ( 9.99 per hour) when broken down by region. Table 5: Median part-time hourly earnings (excluding overtime) by Gender Scotland UK Median Annual percentage change Cash (%) Real (%) Male 7.95 4.8 2.4 Female 8.82 5.3 2.9 Male 7.95 3.0 0.6 Female 8.40 3.2 0.8 Figure 4: Pay by Gender in Scotland GENDER PAY GAP The gender pay gap is defined as the difference between men s and women s hourly earnings as a percentage of men s earnings. 2 The UK gender pay gap for all employees (full-time and part-time) increased from 19.6% in 2012 to 19.7% in 2013. The Scottish gender pay gap for all employees has narrowed from 17.6% in 2012 to 17.0% in 2013. 2 Office for National Statistics (2013a) 6

Table 6: Gender Pay Gap 2012 2013 Change (Percentage Points) Scotland 17.6% 17.0% -0.6 UK 19.6% 19.7% +0.1 PAY BY INDUSTRY When looking at a breakdown of gross annual pay most industries in Scotland have seen an increase in pay with the Agriculture, forestry and fishing industry has seen the biggest increase at 12.3%. The Professional, Scientific and Technical Activities industry has seen the biggest decrease in wages at -4.1% The top earning industry in Scotland is Mining and Quarrying (which includes Oil and Gas) while the lowest earning industry is Accommodation and food services activity. However the low level of pay in the Accommodation and food services can be attributed to the high number of parttime employees with an estimated 51% of employees working part-time. Table 7: Gross Annual Pay by Industry Industry Median ( ) Annual change (%) Accommodation and food service activities 10,558-2.4 Administrative and support service activities 16,724-0.4 Agriculture, forestry and fishing 22,749 12.3 Arts, entertainment and recreation 15,864 6.6 Construction 26,179 0.6 Education 22,672 3 Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 33,238 1.6 Financial and insurance activities 27,334 5.8 Human health and social work activities 19,559 0.1 Information and communication 28,229 1 Manufacturing 26,383 5.7 Mining and quarrying 45,295 11.5 Professional, scientific and technical activities 26,170-4.1 Public administration and defence; compulsory social security 26,508-2.3 Real estate activities 21,070 2.6 Transportation and storage 26,339 9 Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation 29,594 2.2 Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles 14,514 3.6 7

SOURCES Office for National Statistics (2013a), Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, 2013 Provisional Results Available online at: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/ashe/annual-survey-of-hours-andearnings/2013-provisional-results/stb-ashe-statistical-bulletin-2013.html (Accessed on 16 December 2013) Office for National Statistics (2013b), Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, 2012 Revised Results Available online at: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/ashe/annual-survey-of-hours-andearnings/2012-revised-results/index.html (Accessed on 16 December 2013) Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings All Editions, Available online at: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/ashe/annual-survey-of-hours-and-earnings/index.html (Accessed on 16 December 2013) 8

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RELATED BRIEFINGS SB 12-75 Earnings in Scotland 2012 (422KB pdf) Scottish Parliament Information Centre (SPICe) Briefings are compiled for the benefit of the Members of the Parliament and their personal staff. Authors are available to discuss the contents of these papers with MSPs and their staff who should contact Andrew Aiton on extension 85188 or email andrew.aiton@scottish.parliament.uk. Members of the public or external organisations may comment on this briefing by emailing us at spice@scottish.parliament.uk. However, researchers are unable to enter into personal discussion in relation to SPICe Briefing Papers. If you have any general questions about the work of the Parliament you can email the Parliament s Public Information Service at sp.info@scottish.parliament.uk. Every effort is made to ensure that the information contained in SPICe briefings is correct at the time of publication. Readers should be aware however that briefings are not necessarily updated or otherwise amended to reflect subsequent changes. www.scottish.parliament.uk 10

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