ADVANSIX ANNOUNCES THIRD QUARTER 2017 FINANCIAL RESULTS. Sales of $367 million, up 13% versus prior year

Similar documents
ADVANSIX ANNOUNCES FOURTH QUARTER AND FULL YEAR 2017 FINANCIAL RESULTS. 4Q17 Sales of $370 million, up 43% versus prior year

ADVANSIX ANNOUNCES SECOND QUARTER 2018 FINANCIAL RESULTS

November 7, Q 2017 Earnings Presentation

Veritiv Announces First Quarter 2018 Financial Results

Milacron Holdings Corp. Reports Third Quarter 2018 Results. Margin expansion and increased cash flow generation highlight solid third quarter

Contact Information: Investor Relations Roper Industries, Inc.

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE

Cooper Standard Reports Record Sales, Strong Net Income and Record Adjusted EBITDA

CommScope Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2018 Results

Cenveo Reports Third Quarter 2016 Results

STURM, RUGER & COMPANY, INC. REPORTS THIRD QUARTER DILUTED EARNINGS OF 53 PER SHARE AND DECLARES DIVIDEND OF 21 PER SHARE

CALLAWAY GOLF COMPANY ANNOUNCES SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED THIRD QUARTER AND YEAR-TO-DATE FINANICAL RESULTS AND INCREASES ANNUAL FINANCIAL GUIDANCE

Burlington Stores, Inc. Announces Operating Results for the Third Quarter and Year-To- Date Period Ended November 2, 2013

MRC Global Announces Third Quarter 2018 Results and $150 Million Share Repurchase Program

Cenveo Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2016 Results

BARNES GROUP INC. REPORTS FOURTH QUARTER AND FULL YEAR 2018 FINANCIAL RESULTS

Horizon Global Reports Financial Results for the First Quarter 2017; Raises Full-Year 2017 Earnings Per Share Guidance and Announces Share Repurchase

MASONITE INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION REPORTS 2013 THIRD QUARTER AND YEAR TO DATE RESULTS

CommScope Reports Fourth Quarter 2017 Results

CTS Announces First Quarter 2018 Results. Strong sales and earnings growth

Cooper Standard Reports Third Quarter Results; Raises Sales Guidance, Affirms Midpoint for Full-year Adjusted EBITDA Margin

CommScope Reports Fourth Quarter 2017 Results

ON Semiconductor Reports Fourth Quarter and 2017 Annual Results

HONEYWELL DELIVERS EARNINGS PER SHARE OF $1.75 AND SALES OF $10.1 BILLION

Cooper Standard Reports Record 2017 Results

The Sherwin-Williams Company Reports 2018 First Quarter Financial Results

LyondellBasell Reports Second Quarter 2017 Earnings

Third Quarter 2018 Results November 8, 2018

Under Armour Reports First Quarter Results

TMS International Corp. Reports Fourth Quarter. and Fiscal Year 2012 Results

Globus Medical Reports 2014 First Quarter Results

RESOLUTE FOREST PRODUCTS Q RESULTS RICHARD GARNEAU, PRESIDENT & CEO JO-ANN LONGWORTH, SVP & CFO

Under Armour Reports Third Quarter Results; Updates Full Year 2018 Outlook

FERRO CONTINUES MOMENTUM WITH STRONG ORGANIC GROWTH IN THE FOURTH QUARTER

Third quarter 2018 net sales of $263 million, a $19 million (8%) increase compared to the third quarter of 2017.

Second Quarter 2018 Results July 31, 2018

Titan International, Inc. Reports Third Quarter 2018 Results

HONEYWELL REPORTS STRONG FOURTH QUARTER AND 2017 RESULTS, RAISES 2018 GUIDANCE TO REFLECT LOWER TAX RATE

ADVANCED DISPOSAL ANNOUNCES FIRST QUARTER RESULTS Operating income increases $8.7 million and net income improves $9.1 million versus prior year

For more information, contact: Brad Pogalz (952)

ON Semiconductor Reports Fourth Quarter and 2018 Annual Results

McKESSON REPORTS FISCAL 2017 FOURTH-QUARTER AND FULL-YEAR RESULTS

COVANTA HOLDING CORPORATION REPORTS 2018 SECOND QUARTER RESULTS AND REAFFIRMS 2018 GUIDANCE

Exhibit 99.1 FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE

ON Semiconductor Reports Third Quarter 2018 Results

COVANTA HOLDING CORPORATION REPORTS 2017 THIRD QUARTER RESULTS AND REAFFIRMS 2017 GUIDANCE

WestRock Reports Solid Results in Fiscal 2017 First Quarter

MOLEX REPORTS RESULTS FOR FISCAL 2013 THIRD QUARTER AND ANNOUNCES DIVIDEND INCREASE

GRAINGER REPORTS RESULTS FOR THE 2018 THIRD QUARTER Revenue grows 7.4%; 8.2% excluding foreign exchange and impact of hurricanes

American Railcar Industries, Inc. Reports Second Quarter 2018 Results

FERRO DELIVERS SEVENTH CONSECUTIVE QUARTER OF ORGANIC GROWTH AND REAFFIRMS FULL-YEAR 2018 GUIDANCE

CALLAWAY GOLF COMPANY ANNOUNCES FIRST QUARTER 2012 RESULTS; PROVIDES REVISED GUIDANCE

Clarus Reports Record Third Quarter 2018 Results and Increases Full-Year Adjusted EBITDA Margin Outlook

COVANTA HOLDING CORPORATION REPORTS 2018 THIRD QUARTER RESULTS AND REAFFIRMS 2018 GUIDANCE

Milacron Holdings Corp. Reports Full Year & Fourth Quarter 2018 Results

ADVANCED DISPOSAL ANNOUNCES FOURTH QUARTER RESULTS. Strong cash flow generation and disciplined pricing continues

MASONITE INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION REPORTS 2014 FIRST QUARTER RESULTS

Conduent Reports Third Quarter 2017 Results; Operating Income and Adjusted EBITDA Rise; Strong Cash Flow and Adjusted EPS; Healthy Renewal Rate

Dollar General Corporation Reports Fourth Quarter and Fiscal Year 2017 Financial Results; Company Provides Financial Guidance for Fiscal Year 2018

Atkore International Group Inc. Announces Third Quarter 2018 Results

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS. (In millions, except share amounts) ASSETS:

MACQUARIE INFRASTRUCTURE CORPORATION REPORTS THIRD QUARTER 2016 FINANCIAL RESULTS, INCREASED DIVIDEND

MRC Global Announces Second Quarter 2018 Results

CLARCOR REPORTS FOURTH QUARTER FINANCIAL RESULTS

Ferroglobe Reports Results for First Quarter 2016, its First Quarter as a Newly Combined Company

Q %; 7.8% Q2 50%; 35% Q2 EPS

SENSATA TECHNOLOGIES REPORTS SECOND QUARTER 2017 FINANCIAL RESULTS

GCP Applied Technologies

TIMKENSTEEL CORPORATION (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

For more information, contact: Brad Pogalz (952)

SOUTHPORT, CONNECTICUT, May 8, Sturm, Ruger & Company, Inc. (NYSE-RGR)

ON Semiconductor Reports First Quarter 2018 Results

RESOLUTE FOREST PRODUCTS Q RESULTS RICHARD GARNEAU, PRESIDENT & CEO JO-ANN LONGWORTH, SVP & CFO

Owens Corning Reports Fourth-Quarter and Full-Year 2018 Results

WestRock Reports Fiscal 2018 First Quarter Results

HD Supply Holdings, Inc. Announces Fiscal 2016 Third-Quarter Results

Ooma Reports Fourth Quarter and Fiscal Year 2018 Financial Results

SPS Commerce Reports Third Quarter 2017 Financial Results

Gates Industrial Reports Record Third-Quarter 2018 Results

Washington,D.C FORM8-K. November7,2017. Delaware (Stateorotherjurisdictionof. Rosemont,IL60018

Wayfair Announces Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2018 Results

WestRock Reports Strong Fiscal 2018 Second Quarter Results

Intermolecular Announces Third Quarter 2017 Financial Results

Owens & Minor Reports 3rd Quarter 2017 Financial Results

STURM, RUGER & COMPANY, INC. REPORTS 2018 DILUTED EARNINGS OF $2.88 PER SHARE AND DECLARES DIVIDEND OF 28 PER SHARE

BARNES GROUP INC. REPORTS SECOND QUARTER 2018 FINANCIAL RESULTS

Advanced Drainage Systems Announces Fourth Quarter and Fiscal 2018 Results

CPSI Announces Third Quarter 2018 Results

McKESSON REPORTS FISCAL 2013 SECOND-QUARTER RESULTS

Broadcom Inc. Announces Second Quarter Fiscal Year 2018 Financial Results and Quarterly Dividend

Wayfair Announces Second Quarter 2018 Results

Q %; 7.1% Q3 106%; 61% Q3 EPS

Performance Food Group Company Reports First-Quarter Fiscal 2018 Results

The Sherwin-Williams Company Reports 2017 Third Quarter Financial Results

Broadcom Limited Announces Fourth Quarter and Fiscal Year 2017 Financial Results and Interim Dividend

Adesto Technologies Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2017 Financial Results

Clarus Reports Record Second Quarter 2018 Results and Raises Full-Year Outlook

HONEYWELL DELIVERS THIRD-QUARTER REPORTED SALES GROWTH OF 6%, OPERATING CASH FLOW GROWTH OF 33%

Intertape Polymer Group Reports 2016 Third Quarter Results

CLARUS CORPORATION (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Transcription:

AdvanSix.com News Release ADVANSIX ANNOUNCES THIRD QUARTER 2017 FINANCIAL RESULTS Sales of $367 million, up 13% versus prior year Cash Flow from Operations of $38 million, up $13 million versus prior year Earnings Per Share of $0.68, up 26% versus prior year Parsippany, N.J., November 7, 2017 - AdvanSix (NYSE: ASIX) today announced its financial results for the third quarter ending 2017. The Company generated strong results across a number of metrics including sales volume, income and operating cash flow. Third Quarter 2017 Highlights Sales up 13% versus prior year, including 5% volume increase, 4% favorable impact of marketbased pricing, and 4% higher raw material pass-through pricing Net Income of $21.3 million, an increase of $4.8 million or 29% versus the prior year EBITDA of $50.3 million, an increase of $12.2 million or 32% versus the prior year EBITDA Margin of 13.7%, up 190 bps versus the prior year Results include $4.4 million unfavorable pre-tax income impact from LIFO reserve adjustment Capital Expenditures of $19.4 million, an increase of $1.9 million versus the prior year Free Cash Flow of $18.3 million, an increase of $11.2 million versus the prior year AdvanSix delivered another strong quarter of sales volume, margin expansion and earnings growth. Continued high plant utilization rates and a favorable supply and demand environment supported a 5% sales volume increase and EBITDA margin expansion of 190 basis points in the quarter. We remain focused on safe and stable operations while driving higher-value product mix and improved cash generation. It has been an outstanding year since our spin-off and we continue to build momentum across the organization, said Erin Kane, president and CEO of AdvanSix. 1

Summary third quarter 2017 financial results for the Company are included below: Third Quarter 2017 Results ($ in Thousands, Except Earnings Per Share) 3Q 2017 3Q 2016 Sales $366,660 $323,953 Net Income 21,274 16,460 Earnings Per Share (Diluted) $0.68 $0.54 EBITDA (1) 50,338 38,109 EBITDA Margin % (1) 13.7% 11.8% Cash Flow from Operations 37,679 24,614 Free Cash Flow (1)(2) 18,258 7,047 (1) See Non-GAAP Measures included in this press release for non-gaap reconciliations (2) Net cash provided by operating activities less capital expenditures Sales volume in the quarter increased 5% versus the prior year driven by continued high utilization rates at our manufacturing sites. Pricing overall increased 8% versus the prior year, including a 4% favorable impact from raw material pass-through pricing driven by increases in benzene and propylene costs (inputs to cumene which is a key feedstock to our products). Market-based pricing was a 4% benefit compared to the prior year driven by favorable industry supply and demand dynamics in our nylon and caprolactam product lines partially offset by a decline in ammonium sulfate pricing. Sales by product line represented the following approximate percentage of our total sales: 3Q 2017 3Q 2016 Nylon 28% 29% Caprolactam 19% 16% Ammonium Sulfate Fertilizers 20% 22% Chemical Intermediates 33% 33% EBITDA of $50.3 million in the quarter increased $12.2 million from EBITDA of $38.1 million in the prior year primarily due to higher sales volume and the favorable impact of market-based pricing. The Company recorded a non-cash $4.4 million LIFO inventory reserve adjustment (unfavorable pre-tax income impact) due to a reduction in inventories since December 31, 2016 primarily associated with overall lower raw material levels. 2

Outlook Continued benefits from strong operating rates 4Q 2017 planned turnaround impact on pre-tax income expected to be approximately $20 million, consistent with prior outlook 2018 global nylon industry conditions expected to be similar to 2017 Ammonium sulfate fertilizer prices expected to increase seasonally; Challenging agriculture fundamentals expected through 2018 spring planting season Capital Expenditures tracking to approximately $90 million for the full year 2017; Reinvestment priorities in safe and stable operations expected to continue in 2018 with incremental investments in high-return growth and cost savings projects Operational and financial performance has been robust on a year-to-date basis with sales volume up 4% and cash flow from operations increasing by $32 million. We are in the process of completing our fall turnarounds in the fourth quarter with a relentless focus on safety and productivity. Building upon this foundational year, we will enhance our focus on longer term value creation in 2018 through a maturing pipeline of high-return growth and cost savings investments, all while ensuring end-to-end business efficiency, said Kane. Conference Call Information AdvanSix will discuss its results during its investor conference call today starting at 9:00 a.m. ET. To participate on the conference call, dial (844) 855-9494 (domestic) or (412) 858-4602 (international) approximately 10 minutes before the 9:00 a.m. ET start, and tell the operator that you are dialing in for AdvanSix s third quarter 2017 earnings call. The live webcast of the investor call as well as related presentation materials can be accessed at http://investors.advansix.com. Investors can hear a replay of the conference call from 12 noon ET on November 7 until 12 noon ET on November 14 by dialing (877) 344-7529 (domestic) or (412) 317-0088 (international). The access code is 10112796. About AdvanSix AdvanSix is a leading manufacturer of Nylon 6, a polymer resin which is a synthetic material used by our customers to produce engineered plastics, fibers, filaments and films that, in turn, are used in such end-products as automotive and electronic components, carpets, sports apparel, fishing nets and food and industrial packaging. As a result of our backward integration and the configuration of our manufacturing facilities, we also sell caprolactam, ammonium sulfate fertilizer, acetone and other intermediate chemicals, all of which are produced as part of our Nylon 6 integrated manufacturing chain. More information on AdvanSix can be found at http://www.advansix.com. Forward Looking Statements This release contains certain statements that may be deemed forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. All statements, other than statements of historical fact, that address activities, 3

events or developments that our management intends, expects, projects, believes or anticipates will or may occur in the future are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements may be identified by words like "expect," "anticipate," "estimate," outlook, "project," "strategy," "intend," "plan," "target," "goal," "may," "will," "should" and "believe" or other variations or similar terminology. Although we believe forward-looking statements are based upon reasonable assumptions, such statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, which may cause the actual results or performance of the company to be materially different from any future results or performance expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Such risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to: our inability to achieve some or all of the anticipated benefits of the spin-off from Honeywell including uncertainty regarding qualification for expected tax treatment, indebtedness incurred in connection with the spin-off, and operating as an independent, publicly traded company; fluctuations in our stock price; general economic and financial conditions in the U.S. and globally; growth rates and cyclicality of the industries we serve; the impact of scheduled turnarounds and significant unplanned downtime and interruptions of production or logistics operations as a result of mechanical issues or other unanticipated events such as fires, severe weather conditions, and natural disasters; price fluctuations and supply of raw materials; adverse trade and tax policies; extensive environmental, health and safety laws that apply to our operations; litigation associated with chemical manufacturing and our business operations generally; loss of significant customer relationships; protection of our intellectual property and proprietary information; cybersecurity incidents; failure to maintain effective internal controls; and prolonged work stoppages as a result of labor difficulties. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this release. Such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance, and actual results, developments and business decisions may differ from those envisaged by such forward-looking statements. We identify the principal risks and uncertainties that affect our performance in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016. Non-GAAP Financial Measures This press release includes certain non-gaap financial measures intended to supplement, not to act as substitutes for, comparable GAAP measures. Reconciliations of non-gaap financial measures to GAAP financial measures are provided in this press release. Investors are urged to consider carefully the comparable GAAP measures and the reconciliations to those measures provided. Non-GAAP measures in this press release may be calculated in a way that is not comparable to similarlytitled measures reported by other companies. # # # Contacts: Media Investors Debra Lewis Adam Kressel (973) 526-1767 (973) 526-1700 debra.lewis@advansix.com adam.kressel@advansix.com 4

Assets Current assets: AdvanSix Inc. Condensed Consolidated and Combined Balance Sheets (Unaudited) (Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts) 2017 December 31, 2016 Cash and cash equivalents $ 39,986 $ 14,199 Accounts and other receivables net 152,511 131,671 Inventories net 100,474 128,978 Other current assets 8,684 7,690 Total current assets 301,655 282,538 Property, plant and equipment net 597,877 575,375 Goodwill 15,005 15,005 Other assets 35,105 32,039 Total assets $ 949,642 $ 904,957 Liabilities Current liabilities: Accounts payable $ 177,688 $ 222,929 Accrued liabilities 27,630 25,396 Income taxes payable 18 86 Deferred income and customer advances 801 25,567 Current portion of long-term debt 10,125 Total current liabilities 216,262 273,978 Deferred income taxes 147,461 114,200 Long-term debt 254,995 264,838 Postretirement benefit obligations 25,372 33,544 Other liabilities 2,941 3,035 Total liabilities 647,031 689,595 Equity Common stock, par value $0.01; 200,000,000 shares authorized and 30,482,966 shares issued and outstanding 305 305 Preferred stock, par value $0.01; 50,000,000 shares authorized and 0 shares issued and outstanding Additional paid in capital 255,709 242,806 Retained earnings/(accumulated deficit) 49,617 (24,714) Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (3,020 ) (3,035) Total equity 302,611 215,362 Total liabilities and equity $ 949,642 $ 904,957 5

AdvanSix Inc. Condensed Consolidated and Combined Statements of Operations (Unaudited) (Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts) Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended 2017 2016 2017 2016 Sales $ 366,660 $ 323,953 $ 1,104,805 $ 932,201 Costs, expenses and other: Costs of goods sold 309,629 285,091 923,268 804,471 Selling, general and administrative expenses 19,086 11,695 54,022 33,949 Other non-operating expense (income), net 2,133 (635) 6,381 (1,792) 330,848 296,151 983,671 836,628 Income before taxes 35,812 27,802 121,134 95,573 Income taxes 14,538 11,342 46,803 36,712 Net income $ 21,274 $ 16,460 $ 74,331 $ 58,861 Earnings per common share Basic $ 0.70 $ 0.54 $ 2.44 $ 1.93 Diluted $ 0.68 $ 0.54 $ 2.40 $ 1.93 Weighted average common shares outstanding Basic 30,482,966 30,482,966 30,482,966 30,482,966 Diluted 31,159,710 30,482,966 31,013,606 30,482,966 6

Cash flows from operating activities: AdvanSix Inc. Condensed Consolidated and Combined Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) (Dollars in thousands) Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended 2017 2016 2017 2016 Net income $ 21,274 $ 16,460 $ 74,331 $ 58,861 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash (used for) provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization 12,565 10,307 35,524 29,964 Loss on disposal of assets 47 630 1,236 1,246 Deferred income taxes 19,978 4,510 40,478 29,206 Stock based compensation 2,067 5,686 Accretion of deferred financing fees 148 444 Changes in assets and liabilities: Accounts and other receivables (12,880 ) (5,344 ) (20,825 ) (20,117) Inventories 31,013 (2,346 ) 28,504 13,581 Accounts payable (19,736 ) 3,698 (33,893 ) (161) Income taxes payable (5,017 ) (68 ) Accrued liabilities 2,461 (2,788 ) 2,234 (9,690) Deferred income and customer advances (784 ) (966 ) (24,766 ) (23,501) Other assets and liabilities (13,457 ) 453 (10,414 ) (12,922) Net cash provided by operating activities 37,679 24,614 98,471 66,467 Cash flows from investing activities: Expenditures for property, plant and equipment (19,421 ) (17,567 ) (67,206 ) (56,859) Other investing activities (1,325 ) (133 ) (5,387 ) (461) Net cash used for investing activities (20,746 ) (17,700 ) (72,593 ) (57,320) Cash flows from financing activities: Proceeds from long term debt 270,000 270,000 Payment of debt issuance costs (1,770 ) (1,770) Borrowings from revolving credit facility 32,500 40,000 308,500 40,000 Payments to revolving credit facility (32,500 ) (308,500 ) Payment of revolving credit facility fees (1,016 ) (1,016) Distribution to Honeywell in connection with the Spin-Off (269,347) (269,347) Principal payments of capital leases (21 ) (91 ) Net decrease in invested equity (6,817 ) (9,050) Net cash (used for) provided by financing activities (21 ) 31,050 (91 ) 28,817 Net increase in cash and cash equivalents 16,912 37,964 25,787 37,964 Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period 23,074 14,199 Cash and cash equivalents at the end of period $ 39,986 $ 37,964 $ 39,986 $ 37,964 Non-Cash Investing Activities: Capital expenditures included in accounts payable $ 17,228 $ 19,935 7

AdvanSix Inc. Non-GAAP Measures (Dollars in thousands) Reconciliation of Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities to Free Cash Flow Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended 2017 2016 2017 2016 Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities $ 37,679 $ 24,614 $ 98,471 $ 66,467 Expenditures for Property, Plant and Equipment (19,421 ) (17,567 ) (67,206) (56,859) Free Cash Flow (1) $ 18,258 $ 7,047 $ 31,265 $ 9,608 (1) Free Cash Flow is a non-gaap measure and defined as Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities less Expenditures for Property, Plant and Equipment The Company believes that this metric is useful to investors and management as a measure to evaluate our ability to generate cash flow from business operations and the impact that this cash flow has on our liquidity. Reconciliation of Net Income to EBITDA Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended 2017 2016 2017 2016 Net Income $ 21,274 $ 16,460 $ 74,331 $ 58,861 Interest Expense 1,961 5,373 Income Taxes 14,538 11,342 46,803 36,712 Depreciation and Amortization 12,565 10,307 35,524 29,964 EBITDA (2) $ 50,338 $ 38,109 162,031 125,537 Prior Year One-Time Benefit (3) 15,500 EBITDA Excluding Prior Year One-Time Benefit $ 162,031 $ 110,037 Sales $ 366,660 $ 323,953 $ 1,104,805 $ 932,201 EBITDA Margin (4) 13.7% 11.8% 14.7% 13.5% EBITDA Margin Excluding Prior Year One- Time Benefit 14.7% 11.8% (2) EBITDA is a non-gaap measure and defined as Net Income before Interest, Income Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (3) Prior Year One-Time Benefit reflects the $15.5 million one-time benefit in 1Q 2016 related to the termination of a long-term supply agreement (4) EBITDA Margin is defined as EBITDA divided by Sales The Company believes these non-gaap financial measures provide meaningful supplemental information as they are used by the Company s management to evaluate the Company s operating performance, enhance a reader s understanding of the financial performance of the Company, and facilitate a better comparison among fiscal periods and performance relative to its competitors, as these non-gaap measures exclude items that are not considered core to the Company s operations. 8