Gender and Adaptation Finance: Double Mainstreaming for Sustainable Development Climate Adaptation Challenges from a Gender Perspective CSO Messages for Rio+20 Joint Parallel Event, Heinrich Böll Foundation UN-NGLS IATP WOCAN CSW 55, New York, February 22, 2011 Liane Schalatek liane@boell.org Heinrich Böll Foundation North America 1638 R Street, NW, Suite 120 Washington, DC 20009, USA www.hbfus.org
Introduction So far, dedicated climate finance mechanisms with limited benefit for LDCs and poorest and most disadvantaged within countries Women as a group generally least considered by modern climate financing mechanisms Reasons: lack of capital, market access, knowledge, skills, decision-making powers LAST 3 YEARS: proliferation of over 60 new bilateral and multilateral instruments and funds for climate financing Shift from UNFCCC/GEF to WB and MDBs LONG-TERM: development of a new global climate finance architecture with new and existing funds (Cancun Agreement for a Green Climate Fund ) CHALLENGE: to ensure that gender is an important consideration in ongoing climate finance negotiations and in fund operationalization and disbursement NEEDED: Double Mainstreaming of climate policy in sustainable development policy, which acknowledges the necessity for gender mainstreaming No Climate Justice without Gender Justice Heinrich Böll Foundation North America 1638 R Street, NW, Suite 120 Washington, DC 20009, USA www.hbfus.org
Rio Principles and Message for Rio +20 RIO +20 theme of green economy women and gender advocacy to ensure that Rio +20 defines sustainable development as low-carbon, climate-resilient, gender-equitable development Rio +20 to strengthen and reconfirm important set of Rio Principles (some of which are reflected in UNFCCC and should guide climate finance considerations): Polluter Pays Principle (RP 16) Human centered approach (RP1) Intergenerational Equity (RP 3) Common but differentiated responsibilities (RP 7) Public information and participation of all concerned citizens (RP 10) Special role of women in environmental management and development (RP 20)
Human-rights based approach to climate change Human choices influence pace of climate change and policy responses to it Not just a technological-scientific phenomenon Focus on human impacts and capabilities Compatibility of UNFCCC and UN human rights treaties confirmed by legal experts Coherent implementation necessary without consideration of human rights impacts in funding adaptation and mitigation action, human rights violations are likely EXAMPLES: Right to Adequate Food biofuel production might exacerbate food insecurity Gender Equality and Women s Rights -- inclusion of gender-differentiated mitigation and adaptation capabilities to prevent gender discrimination Heinrich Böll Foundation North America 1638 R Street, NW, Suite 120 Washington, DC 20009, USA www.hbfus.org
Important Climate Finance Considerations UNFCCC FINANCE CRITERIA: adequate, sustainable, predictable, based on polluter pays principle, additional (= on top of development assistance & recognized ODA goal of.7% of GDP) Needs to address linkages between development, poverty eradication, climate action Not climate aid but mandatory and compensatory transfer payments North to South (UNFCCC preamble: common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities... ;) Should be delivered as grants, not repayable (even if concessional) loans CURRENTLY: reliance on mostly voluntary payments with contributions and disbursements lagging far behind pledges Missing, but needed: gender policies and guidelines, gender action plans, gender indicators, gender budgeting, gender audits for climate finance and stronger participation of gender advocates in planning and decisionmaking
Recent Cost Estimates Climate Finance Adaptation: $20-100 billion per year in 2030 (World Bank WDR 2010) >$67 billion per year by 2020 (African Group, 2009) $28-59 billion per year by 2030 (UNFCCC, 2008) Agriculture: $2.5 billion per year between 2010-2050 (WB) Mitigation: $ 139-175 billion per year in 2030 (WDR 2010) $200 billion per year by 2020 (African Group, 2009) > $65 billion per year by 2030 (UNFCCC, 2008) Agriculture: $14 billion per year by 2030 (UNFCCC, 2008) IN COMPARISON: G20 at London Summit (Spring 2009) committed US$1.1 trillion for IMF and MDBs to stabilize the global finance system Total ODA spending of OECD countries in 2010 was US$126 billion Industrialized countries to this day subsidize the production of fossil fuels with yearly US$ 67 billion minimum
Current Funding: Pledged vs. Deposited vs. Approved vs. Disbursed Total of 22 dedicated climate funds, in US$ millions 30,000.00 $26,890.06 25,000.00 20,000.00 15,000.00 10,000.00 5,000.00 $10,877.51 $8,429.64 $2,200.18 0.00 Pledged Deposited Approved Disbursed Source: www.climatefundsupdate.org 8
Source: www.climatefundsupdate.org (2/21/2011); money approved by 22 listed dedicated climate funding initiatives
Source: www.climatefundsupdate.org (2/21/2011); money disbursed by 22 listed dedicated climate funding initiatives
Source: CFU
Relevant Recent Cancun Decision 1. Confirmed Climate Finance Goals Short term: shortfall for adaptation/additionality Long term: balanced allocation/ sourcing 1. Green Climate Fund process set in motion Significant share of new multilateral adaptation financing / danger: placebo fund Transitional Cte. (no gender-balance) advocacy need (integrate gender equity into social guidelines/ not just vulnerable groups / funding windows Second gender experts (UN agencies, UN WOMEN, UNDP etc.) 3. Cancun Adaptation Framework enhanced action on adaptation Demands country-driven, gender-sensitive, participatory and fully transparent approach (including in the area of agriculture and food security Establishes new Adaptation Committee to give advice to the entities of the UNFCCC financial mechanism (GEF and GCF)
Gender Considerations Adaptation Finance Adaptation= reduction of vulnerabilities to climate change for livelihoods of poor people and the eco-systems they depend on vulnerability and poverty strictly connected to gender inequality GOAL: mainstreaming of climate policy into development policy (which acknowledges the value of gender mainstreaming) DOUBLE MAINSTREAMING PROBLEM: existing adaptation funding mechanisms are extremely underfunded (total of US$ 1.56 bn pledged, with only US$ 668.86 Mio approved and only US$ 395.51 Mio disbursed) While many funds include some social aspects in project preparation and financing (usually community-based), an explicit gender focus is generally missing SOME REASONS: lack of gender-differentiated data; exclusion of women in project design and implementation as relevant stakeholder; technical expertise, not social expertise of project staff
Gender and Adaptation Finance Instruments Main instruments are underfunded and stuck on project-by-project, not programmatic approach. Some actual numbers (as of end January 2011) of deposited funds: Least Developed Country Fund, LDCF (at GEF): $169.19 Mio Special Climate Change Fund, SCCF (at GEF): $110.48 Mio Pilot Program on Climate Resilience, PPCR (World Bank): $305.85 Mio Kyoto Protocol Adaptation Fund, AF: $202.11 With the exception of the Adaptation Fund (funded by a 2 % levy on CDM projects, potential income: more than $100 by 2012), they depend on unpredictable voluntary contribution of donor countries (and PPCR has some loans) EXAMPLE of LDCF: supposed to help with preparation and implementation of National Adaptation Plans of Action (NAPAs). UNFCCC estimate the cost to be $800 Mio to $1.5 Bn Currently: of 44 NAPAs registered with UNFCCC, less than a third mention gender-equality as important underlying principle BUT: gender needs to be incorporated under NAPA finance/budget plans, NAPA reviews and updates on an ongoing basis Heinrich Böll Foundation North America 1638 R Street, NW, Suite 120 Washington, DC 20009, USA www.hbfus.org
Some recommendations Require the UNFCCC to develop a Gender Plan of Action (like CBD) Cancun Adaptation Framework and work of Adaptation Cte. Demand the development of gender guidelines at the GEF and the new Green Climate Fund as financing mechanisms of the UNFCCC Work with Transitional Cte. on gender-equitable language Develop a set of gender-sensitive criteria for new funds Require gender audits of new climate funding mechanisms Demand that climate change finance, especially for adaptation, is allocated as grants, not loans Develop publicly disclosed gender budgets and gender accounting for projects/programs financed under these new instruments (international and national level) as well as for climate-friendly development finance Incorporate gender considerations into national plans on adaptation and mitigation (NAPA and NAMA), especially budget allocations under those plans Improve women s participation in stakeholder and consultation processes for climate finance issues & insure their inclusion in DM bodies of new instruments
www.climatefundsupdate.org
Further Information: Heinrich Böll Foundation North America: www.boell.org Information on Climate Finance Study: A Matter of Principle(s) Post-Cancun Update Analysis to Green Climate Fund, Additionality, Direct Access Climate Finance Fundamentals Briefing Series http://www.boell.org/web/140.html Information on Gender and Climate Change Study: Gender and Climate Finance: Double- Mainstreaming for Sustainable Development Update The Missing Link: Gender and Adaptation Finance http://www.boell.org/web/141.html