Vol. 3, No., January 203, pp. 323 33 ISSN: 2225-8329 203 HRMARS www.hrmars.com Debt-Performance Relation. Evidence from Jordan Imad Zeyad RAMADAN Finance Department, Applied Science Universy P.O. Box 66, Amman Jordan E-mail: Prof_imad67@asu.edu.jo Abstract We investigated the debt-performance relation for all 77 Jordanian industrial companies over the period between 2000 and 20. By utilizing 2 alternative measurements of profabily ratio, as proxies of the firm s performance, that are ROA and ROE, three types of debt as proxies of the debt structure that are LTD, STD, and TD, wh the existence of three control variables that are SIZE, SGR, and EFFI, six models were tested using unbalanced pooled cross-sectional time series regression method. The results of this paper show that debt structure expressed as: LTD, STD, and TD have a negative and significant relationship wh ROA. Also the measures of the debt structure, except for the LTD, have the same significant relation wh ROE. The finding of this study confirm the pecking order theory, and are consistent wh those obtained by Wang (200) Kayo, E.K. and Limura, H. (200), and Vasiliou et al., (2009). Key words Debt, performance, Jordan. Introduction The open-up work accomplished by Modigliani and Miller (958) on capal structure is a basis of inspiration and encouragement. They declared that in a perfect market, the Firm s market value and s capal cost do not rely on the firm s capal structure. Since the perfect market is a theoretical suation, and cannot be reached in practice, is still unreasonable to expand an authorative theory of capal structure and design experimental tests. Firms always like to elevate finance from internal sources, as an alternative of the external resources. Due to s high cost, the external equy is the last option for most companies, and the companies act to finance through borrowing is an attempt to lower s weighted average cost of capal allowing the company to have wider area for acceptance of the investment opportunies. The low cost of capal in productive investment projects, perms firms to maximize their profs. This assumption explains the point of the financial management i.e. maximization the shareholders wealth. O Brien and Peters (2002) suggested that is hard for companies that have low cash flows to obtain higher level of debt than companies that have high cash flows and profabily. Therefore, signifying that enlarge in the long-term debt is related wh a decline in the prof. Into working life, managers who can identify the ideal debt structure are rewarded by minimizing the firm s capal cost, and thus, maximizing profabily. If the profabily of the firm is influence by s debt structure, then firm s debt structure can affect the firm s possibily of defaulting. Even though the impact of the structure of the debt structure on profabily had been studied for many years, researchers yet cannot concur on the level and direction of the impact. In Jordan, stakeholder of the firms do not accurately senses the impact of the structure of the debt on the firms profabily as they may think that the debt structure will not affect their firms value. Accordingly, the issues of debtperformance relation have to be solving, and a deeper research on this field will be essential needs. The key objective of this study is to assess the nature of the debt-performance relationship for the Jordanian manufacturing firms, and to fill the shortage of the empirical studies regarding the impact of the formation of the debt on the firm s performance for developing countries.
Vol. 3 (), pp. 323 33, 203 HRMARS 32 2. Lerature review Min-Tsung Cheng (2009) tested the impact of capal structure on the firm s profabily. Spaced out the high cash flow firm, result of the study shows that debt funding has significantly inversed impact on the firm s profabily, and that is safer for the company to finance s needs using both sources debt and equy, as the compensation of the one source offset the cons of the other. Margaris and Psillaki, (200), inspected the association between capal structure, ownership structure and firm profabily for French industrial companies. The productive efficiency was pointed as an index of the firm s profabily. The study's findings support the agency theory in that efficiency is directly associated wh more leverage, due to the presence of an external party works as the performance control. Another finding of the study is that companies wh higher concentration in the equy structure realize less agency costs, and no significant impact was found for the ownership concentration on the performance in the other industries. David and Olorunfemi, (200) investigated the effect of capal structure on firm s performance. The study concluded a posive relation between the two measures of the firm s performance: earnings per share and dividend per share and the debt ratio a proxy of the capal structure. Saeedi and Mahmoodi, (20) questions the association between capal structure and firm s profabily. The result shows that firm s profabily measured by Earnings per share and Tobin s Q, are posively affected by capal structure, whereas the Returns on Assets (ROA) associated negatively wh the capal structure, and no significant association between Returns on Equy and capal structure. San and Heng (20) inspected the capal structure performance relationship before and during crisis (2007) for Malaysian construction companies. The result shows that the firm s performance significantly associated wh the capal structure for the Malaysian construction companies. For big firms the results showed that the returns on capal (ROC) as a performance measure is significantly posively associated wh the debt to equy market value (DEMV) as the measure of the capal structure, also the earnings per share (EPS) as one of the performance measures is posively associated wh the capal structure measured by the long-term debt to capal (LDC), while EPS is significantly negatively associated wh the capal structure when s measured by the DEMV. For medium firms, only the Operating Margin (OM) as a performance measure has a posive association wh long-term debt to common equy (LDCE). For the small firms EPS and debt to capal ratio (DC) has a negative association. As results, the study concluded that the capal structure affects the performance of the Malaysian construction companies in chosen proxies. Nima et al (202) investigate the possible relationship between current debt, non-current debt, and total debt as proxies for capal structure, and the performance of Iranian companies listed at Tehran Stock Exchange. The study concluded that the proxies of the capal structure of the Iranian firms have a negative effect on the Iranians firm s performance. Zuraidah et al., (202) aims to explore the effect of the capal structure on firm s profabily by using the return on asset and return on equy as proxies for the performance, and short-term debt (STD), long-term debt (LTD) and total debt (TD) as proxies for the capal structure, wh the existence of four control variables that is, size, asset grow, sales grow and efficiency. The study suggested that STD and TD have a significant association wh ROA a proxy of the firm s performance, although all three levels of debt have a posive relation wh ROE. 3. Methodology of research This paper adopts a scientific analytical approach by utilizing unbalanced pooled cross-sectional time series panel data regression model in order to achieve the study's goal of testing the debt-performance relation. 3.. Sample This study attempt to investigate the impact of the debt structure on the firm s performance for all 77 Jordanian industrial firms listed on Amman Stock Exchange, whin the time horizon 2000 to 20. 3.2. Variables of the Study Table () represents the Variables, Definion, Measure, and Notation.
Vol. 3 (), pp. 323 33, 203 HRMARS 3.2.. Dependent Variables We used the two most common ratios, in previous studies, for measuring firm's performance as proxies for the firm's performance which are: the returns on asset (ROA) and the returns on equy (ROE). Abor, (2005) investigated the relation between firm s performance and debt policy for Ghanaian listed companies, the study concluded a significantly posive relationship between STD and firm s performance measured by the ROE, and a significantly negative relation between LTD and ROE as proxy of the firm s performance. Khan, (202) tested the impact of the debt structure on the firm s performance for the Pakistanian companies, the study concluded the STD and TD as proxies of debt structure have a significantly negative effect on the firm s ROA a proxy of the firm s performance. And that the relationship between the proxies of the debt structure and the firm s ROE a proxy of the firm s performance is negative but insignificant. Ebaid (2009) suggested a very weak relationship between the debt structure and the firm s performance for the Egyptian firms. The study concluded that the relation between the proxies of the debt structure and the ROE is insignificant. While the short term debt and total debt to total assets has a negative and statistically significant effect on the firm s ROA. Table. Variables, definion, measure, and notation Variable Definion Measure Notation Firm s Performance (Dependent variable) Return on Asset Return on Equy Net Income Net Income forcommon Common Equy equy ROA ROE Debt Structure (Independent variable) Control Variables Long-term Debt Short-term Debt Total Debt Fixed liabilies Current liabilies Total liabilies LTD STD Firm s Size ln () SIZE Sales Growth Rate Efficiency Sales t Sales Sales t- t Sales Revenue TD SGR EFFI 3.2.2. Independent Variables 3.2.2.. Short-term debt (STD) Short-term debt is a part of company's balance sheet whin the current liabilies, and is typically payable in one year. If the company has more short-term debt than cash or current assets to cover the debt's payments, the company could be required to take on more liabily and could be in bad financial suation. Rehmam et al., (202) concluded that when the firms have small volume of sales, the short-term debt is a very useful tool, where is significantly posively affect the profabily. Zuraidah et al (202) found that the ROA has a significant relation wh the short-term debt for the Malaysian firms. Abor (2005) found that the ROE as a proxy of the performance is associated posively wh the short-term debt for the listed firms in Ghana. Mesqua and Lara (2003) concluded a posive relation between the profabily of the Brazilian firms 325
Vol. 3 (), pp. 323 33, 203 HRMARS and the short-term debt. Short-term debt can be expressed as the ratio of the current liabilies to total assets. 326 3.2.2.2. Long-term debt (LTD) Long-term debts are loans and financial liabilies which are due after one year. Such obligations could include bank loans, debentures, bonds, and pension liabilies. Firms wh high amount of long term debt could finds self mired wh high interest payments, a risk of having low working capal, and in the long run, bankruptcy. Philips and Sipahioglu (200) suggested a posive association between the long-term debt and the profabily, this relationship can be understood through the role of the long-term debt in easing the agency costs, and s tax advantage which comes through the tax shield. Long-term debt can be expressed as the ratio of the fixed liabilies to total assets. 3.2.2.3. Total debt Total debt is the pooled amount of short-term debt and long-term debt. Various studies (Hadlock and James, 2002, Berger and Bonaccorsi, 2006, Kyereboah, 2007) concluded a posive association between the leverage and the profabily; other studies (Zeun and Tian, 2007, Ibrahim, 2009) concluded a negative relation between the total debt and the performance. Total debt can be expressed as the ratio of the total liabilies to total assets. 3.2.3. Control Variables Three control variables had been used to investigate the debt-performance relationships that are firm s size, sales growth, and efficiency. Following Ramadan (202) the firm s size is measured by the log of the firm s total assets. As for the sales growth, following Zuraidah et al (202) the sales growth is measured by the annual growth rate of the sales. Total asset turnover measured by the ratio of the total sales revenue to total assets is the proxy for the efficiency. 3.3. Econometric models To evaluate the debt-performance relation, the common model used in our study was as follow: Prof = f (debt, Firm s Characteristics ) () Where i, t are the company i at the period t; Prof is the firm s profabily wh two alternative measures: ROA and ROE. Debt vector of the company s debt structure, Firm s characteristics, are the control variables that are; SIZE, SGR, and EFFI. To achieve the objectives of this study and test s hypotheses, the study utilized unbalanced pooled cross-sectional time series panel data regression, wh 77 cross sections and 2 time periods resulting in 892 company year observations. So the three econometric models were estimated by converting equation as follows: prof = β + β LTD + γ SIZE + γ SGR + γ EFFI + ε (2) 0 0 2 2 3 prof = β + β STD + γ SIZE + γ SGR + γ EFFI + ε (3) 0 2 3 3 prof = β + β TD + γ SIZE + γ SGR + γ EFFI + ε () Where; prof is the two alternative profabily measures for i th cross-sectional company for the t th period, as i =,2,3,,77, t =,2,3,,2. β 0 is constant. β unknown parameters of the firm s debt structure, which take one of the three alternative measures: LTD, STD, and TD, to be estimated. γ s parameters of control variables included in the econometric models to be estimated. SIZE the firm s size measured by the log of the total assets. SGR the sales growth is measured by the annual growth rate of the sales. EFFI is the proxy of the efficiency, measured by the total assets turnover. εis the random error. The models are estimated using the Ordinary Least Square Method (OLS), wh the two alternatives of the performance, six models will be estimated as shown in Table and 5.
Vol. 3 (), pp. 323 33, 203 HRMARS This paper aims to investigate the debt-performance relation, and to attain this aim, the subsequent null hypothesis will be tested: H 0: There is no significant impact of the debt structure on the firm s performance. H : β = 0, sig 0.05 (5) 0 Whereas, β the effect of the debt structure regardless term on the firm s performance in the econometric models, if Sig. 5%, H 0 will be rejected.. Data analysis.. Descriptive analysis Table 2 shows the descriptive statistics for all variables in the study. Table 2. Descriptive statistics Variables Mean Min. Max. Std Dev. ROA.28-20.00 28.78 8.2375 ROE 2.65-30.9 2.77 3.257 LTD 29.967 3.9 5.00 7.63 STD 7.38.63 2.87 5.2 TD 37.05 8.85 56.39 0.33 SIZE 8.70 6.2 2.7.30 SGR -0.037-0.3 0.30 0.85 EFFI 0.525 0..0 0.26 Variables definion, measure, and notation are available at Table. Table 2 shows that the mean values of ROA and ROE are.58 and 2.65 respectively, The highest ROA and ROE values for the sample companies were 28.78 and 2.77 respectively, and the lowest values of ROA and ROE were -20.00 and -30.9 respectively. Also the table shows that the mean values of LTD, STD, and TD are 29.967, 7.38, and 37.05 respectively. The minimum values of LTD, STD, and TD are 3.9,.63, and 8.85 respectively, while the Maximum values were 5.00, 2.87, and 56.39. As for the SIZE the table shows a mean value of 8.70 wh a standard deviation of.30, a minimum value of 6.2, and a maximum value of 2.7. For the SGR and EFFI the table shows mean values of -0.037 and 0.525 respectively, wh a standard deviation of 0.85 and 0.26 respectively..2. Correlation analysis Table 3 shows the Pearson correlation matrix among all variables in the study. Table 3. Pearson Correlation Matrix ROA ROE LTD STD TD SIZE SGR EFFI ROA ROE.985 ** LTD -.32 * -.088.02.07 STD -.62 ** -.353 *.230.008.09.33 TD -.23 * -.238 *.872 **.677 **.03 SIZE.53 **.09.50 **..22.3.06.920.00.59 327
Vol. 3 (), pp. 323 33, 203 HRMARS ROA ROE LTD STD TD SIZE SGR EFFI SGR.378 *.383 * -.20 -.30 * -.30 *.8.0.00.70.07.00.20 EFFI.670 **.668 **.232 -.23.053.32 *.3 *.29..73.023.038 *, **. Correlation is significant at 0.05 and 0.0 level (2-tailed) respectively. Variables definion, measure, and notation are available at Table Table 2 shows that ROA is negatively significantly correlated to LTD and TD at a level of significant 0.05. Also ROA is negatively significantly correlated to STD at a level of significant 0.0. The results also reveal that ROE significantly and negatively associated only wh STD and TD at level of significant 0.05. The correlation analysis result shows a negative and significant impact of all three different measures of the debt on the two alternative proxies of the performance except for the impact of LTD on ROE as the negative impact was not statistically significant. This result indicates that debt affect performance negatively where an increase in the debt, regardless term, leads to a reduction in the company's profs..3. Regression analysis We investigated the debt-performance relation for all 77 Jordanian industrial companies over the period between 2000 and 20. By utilizing 2 alternative measurements of profabily ratio, as proxies of the firm s performance, that are ROA and ROE, three types of debt as proxies of the debt structure that are LTD, STD, and TD, wh the existence of three control variables that are SIZE, SGR, and EFFI, six models were tested using unbalanced pooled cross-sectional time series regression method. In models to 3 ROA used as the dependent variable wh each of the debt structure variables which are LTD, STD, and TD, results of the estimations are displayed in table. While for models to 6 ROE pointed as the dependent variables wh LTD, STD, and TD as the proxies of the debt structure, and the results of the estimations are displayed in table 5. Table. Regression analysis results Dependent variable: ROA Model Model 2 Model 3 LTD -.200 ** - -.00 STD - -.80 * -.037 TD - -.59 **.002 SIZE 2.20 **.002 2.26 **.002 2.30 **.00 SGR.03.380 5.773.25 2.82.5 EFFI 2.332 ** 8.290 ** 20.0 ** Adjusted R-Square df Regression Residual Total F. Sig. 0.572 89 5.372.552 89.22.576 89 5.586 Dependent variable: ROA a proxy of the performance, First line regression coefficient, Second line sig. (2-tail). **, *; significant at 0.0, 0.05 level respectively. Variables definions are listed at Table. For models, Table shows that LTD found to be negatively associated wh ROA at a level of significant less than 0.0, while model 2 shows that STD is negatively related to ROA at significant level less 328
Vol. 3 (), pp. 323 33, 203 HRMARS than 0.05. TD found to have significant negative relationship wh ROA in model 3 at significant level less than 0.0. Another finding in Table is that the performance of the firm measured by ROA is significantly posively associated wh the size of the firm and the management efficiency in all three models. Also the study concluded no statistically evidence of the impact of the sales growth rate on the ROA for the Jordanian industrial companies. Also table shows that the F-test, which is used to test the hypothesis that the variation in the LTD, STD, and TD in models, 2, and 3 respectively explained significantly the variation in the firm s performance measured by the ROA ratio, for all three models is significant in explaining the firm s performance, and the explanatory power of all three models displayed by the adjusted R-square were relatively high wh a value ranging from 55.2% to 57.6%. For models, 5, and 6, Table 5 shows that only STD and TD have a significant and negative association wh the firm s performance when measured by ROE, while LTD found to be insignificantly related to ROE. As in Table, Table 5 shows that the ROE associated posively and significantly wh the SIZE and EFFI, wh no statistically evidence of the impact of the SGR on the ROE for the Jordanian industrial companies. Table 5. Regression analysis results Dependent variable: ROE Model Model 5 Model 6 LTD -.0 - -.36 STD - -.57 * -.032 TD - - -.370 *.0 SIZE 3.76 **.006 3.280 **.005 3.39 **.003 SGR 6.633. 8.62.33.52.572 EFFI 36.00 ** 28.96 ** 33.809 ** Adjusted R-Square df Regression Residual Total F. Sig..567 89 5.057.556 89.76.590 89 6.62 Dependent variable: ROE a proxy of the performance, First line regression coefficient, Second line sig. (2-tail). **, *; significant at 0.0, 0.05 level respectively. Variables definions are listed at Table. 5. Conclusions and recommendations The results of this paper show that debt structure expressed as: long-term debt, short-term debt, and total debt have a significantly negative relationship wh Return on Assets. Also the measures of the debt structure, except for the long-term debt, have the same significant relation wh Return on Equy. The results of this study support the pecking order theory. According to the pecking order theory, and in the existence of asymmetric information, firms will prefer internal funding; the final choice would be the equy, while the second best choice of funding is the debt. More prof firms are expected to have more retained prof, and thus, do not need to depend heavily on external funding, which explains the inverse relationship between profabily and debt. 329
Vol. 3 (), pp. 323 33, 203 HRMARS The empirical evidences of this study are consistent wh those obtained by Wang (200) Kayo, E.K. and Limura, H. (200), and Vasiliou et al., (2009). 330 References. Abor, J. (2005). The effect of capal structure on profabily: an empirical analysis of listed firms in Ghana. Journal of Risk Finance, 6(5), pp. 38-5. http://dx.doi.org/0.08/52659050633505. 2. Berger, A., Bonaccorsi di Patti, E. (2006). "Capal structure and firm performance: a new approach to testing agency theory and an application to the banking industry", Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 30 pp.065-02. 3. David, D. F., & Olorunfemi, S. (200). Capal structure and corporate performance in Nigeria petroleum Industry: panel data analysis. Journal of Mathematics and Statistics, 6(2), pp. 68-73. http://dx.doi.org/0.38/jmssp.200.68.73.. Ebaid, I. E. (2009). The impact of capal-structure choice on firm performance: empirical evidence from Egypt, The Journal of Risk Finance, Vol. 0 No. 5, pp. 77-87. 5. Hadlock, C., James, C. (2002). "Do banks provide financial slack?", Journal of Finance, Vol. 57 pp. 383-20. 6. Ibrahim El-Sayed Ebaid (2009). The impact of capal-structure choice on firm performance: empirical evidence from Egypt, The Journal of Risk and Finance, Vol. 0, Issue 5, pp. 77-87. 7. Kayo, E.K. and Limura, H. (200). Hierarchical determinants of capal structure, Journal of Banking & Finance, 35, pp. 358-37. 8. Khan, Abdul Ghafoor (202). The relationship of capal structure decisions wh firm performance: A study of the engineering sector of Pakistan, International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting, Vol. 2, No., pp. 25-262. 9. Kyereboah-Coleman, A. (2007). "The impact of capal structure on the performance of microfinance instutions", Journal of Risk Finance, Vol. 8, pp. 56-7. 0. Margaris, D., & Psillaki, M. (200). Capal structure, equy ownership and firm performance. Journal of Banking & Finance, 3(3), 62-632. http://dx.doi.org/0.06/j.jbankfin.2009.08.023.. Mesqua and Lara (2003). Capal structure and profabily: The Brazilian case, Working paper, Academy of Business and Administration Sciences Conference, Vancouver, July -3. 2. Min-Tsung Cheng (2009). Relative effects of debt and equy on corporate operating performance: A quantile regression study, International Journal of Management, vol. 26, no.. 3. Nima Sepehr Sadeghian, Mohammad Mehdi Latifi, Saeed Soroush & Zeinab Talebipour Aghabagher, (202). Debt Policy and Corporate Performance: Empirical Evidence from Tehran Stock Exchange Companies International Journal of Economics and Finance; Vol., No., pp. 27-22.. O Brien, Klein, L.S, and Peters, S.R. (2002). Debt vs. equy and asymmetry information: A review. The Financial Review 37: 37 350. 5. Phillips and Sipahioglu (200). Performance implications of capal structure: evidence from quoted UK organizations wh hotel interests, The Service Industries Journal, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 3-5. 6. Ramadan Imad Z. (202). The Impact of Instutional Investors on Firms Accounting Flexibily: Evidence from Jordan, International Journal of Economics and Finance Vol., No. 6. Available at: www.ccsenet.org/ijef. 7. Rehman Wali, Goher Fatima, and Mehboob Ahmad (203). Impact of debt structure on profabily in Textile industry of Pakistan, International Journal of Academic Research. V3i2, 6-70. Available at www.ijeronline.com. 8. Saeedi, A and Mahmoodi, I (20). Capal Structure and Firm Performance: Evidence from Iranian Companies, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, issue 70. 9. San, O.T. and Heng, T.B. (20). Capal Structure and Corporate Performance of Malaysian Construction Sector, International Journal of Humanies and Social Science, vol., no.2, pp. 28-36. 20. Vasiliou D., Eriotis N. and Daskalakis N. (2009). Testing the pecking order theory: the importance of methodology, Qualative Research in Financial, (2), 85-96. 2. Wang 200, An Empirical Analysis of Debt Financing on Firm Investment Behavior: Evidence From China, Journal of Information Science and Management Engineering, vol. 2, pp. 356-359.
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