CHAPTER 10 CAPITAL ALLOWANCES BASIC COMPUTATIONS

CHAPTER 10 CAPITAL ALLOWANCES BASIC COMPUTATIONS In this chapter you will look at basic capital allowance computations including: computations in the general pool; additions and disposals; short and long accounting periods; when expenditure is treated as being incurred; pre trading expenditure; hire purchase agreements and leasing; claiming and disclaiming capital allowances. For the purposes of the illustrations and examples in this chapter we will ignore both First Year Allowances and the Annual Investment Allowance. These will be covered in the next chapter. 10.1 Calculating Capital Allowances the General Capital allowance (CA) computations are prepared for accounting periods; eg for the year ended 31 December 2015. CAs are a trading expense for a business and should be deducted in arriving at the trading profit figure for the accounting period. CAA 2001, s.6 Year ended 31 December 2015 Adjusted profits before CAs Less: CAs Trading profit X (X) X The trading profit (ie after CAs) would then be taxed in 2015/16 under CYB. Individual CA computations are not necessary for every asset purchased. If so, this would be a horrendous exercise for large businesses who would be required to prepare a separate CA calculation for every piece of plant and machinery acquired. Instead, plant and machinery is usually pooled into a general pool (also known as the main pool ) and one computation is then prepared based on the qualifying expenditure within the pool. Plant and machinery allowances are a fixed percentage of the value of the pool, calculated on a reducing balance basis. The rate of CAs in the general pool is currently 18%. Having claimed CAs within the pool at the fixed rate, the residual balance in the pool ( the tax written down value ) is then carried forward as an opening balance in the next accounting period where it will be written down again. Reed Elsevier UK Ltd 2015 103 FA 2015

Illustration 1 Barney is a self-employed courier. He started trading on 1 April 2013 when he bought a new van for 18,750. This is the only plant and machinery used in his trade. He draws accounts annually to 31 March. Compute the capital allowances available for the first three years of trade. General CA claim Year ended 31 March 2014: Plant & machinery additions 18,750 WDA @ 18% (3,375) 3,375 Tax written down value c/fwd at 31.3.14 15,375 Year ended 31 March 2015: Tax written down value b/fwd 15,375 WDA @ 18% (2,768) 2,768 Tax written down value c/fwd at 31.3.15 12,607 Year ended 31 March 2016: Tax written down value b/fwd 12,607 WDA @ 18% (2,269) 2,269 Tax written down value c/fwd at 31.3.16 10,338 Barney will claim the CAs via his self-assessment returns and the amounts claimed will be deducted from his adjusted trading profits. 10.2 General Additions and Disposals When a trader buys additional plant and machinery for use in his trade, this addition must be brought into the CA computation. Additions are brought in at cost. Where the cost of an asset includes VAT: 1. If the trader is VAT registered, the VAT will be recoverable from HMRC. The addition should then be the VAT-exclusive amount. 2. If the trader is not VAT registered, he will not be able to recover the VAT from HMRC. The addition should then be the VAT-inclusive amount as the VAT will be a cost of acquiring the asset. VAT registered businesses will produce accounts on a VAT-exclusive basis, so you will rarely have to adjust for the VAT. VAT cannot be recovered by any trader on the cost of a car which has any private usage. Car additions should therefore be shown as the VAT inclusive amount. If the trader originally bought the plant and machinery for private purposes, and then subsequently uses the plant and machinery in their business, the value on which capital allowances can be claimed is the market value of the plant and machinery when it starts to be used in the business rather than the original cost. CAA 2001, s.13 Reed Elsevier UK Ltd 2015 104 FA 2015

The market value is also used instead of cost where the plant and machinery is gifted to the trader. CAA 2001, s.14 When a trader disposes of plant and machinery, the disposal must be taken out of the CA computation. The disposal value is deducted from the general pool and writing down allowances are calculated on the balance. The disposal value is usually sale proceeds received. However market value will be used as the disposal value instead of sales proceeds in each of the following situations: Where the plant and machinery is sold for less than market value to someone who cannot claim capital allowances; Where the plant and machinery is given away; and Where the trader simply stops using the plant and machinery in their business. If the sale proceeds (or market value where relevant) is more than the original cost of the plant and machinery, the disposal value is normally limited to the original cost. CAA 2001, s.62 Tax written down value (WDV) brought forward Additions (at cost) Disposals (usually sale proceeds restricted to cost) Allowances @ 18% Tax written down value (WDV) carried forward General X X (X) X (X) X Illustration 2 Daisy is a florist. She has traded for many years from a shop in Covent Garden. She draws accounts annually to 31 March. The tax written down value of the general pool at 1 April 2014 was 12,000. Her recent capital acquisitions / (disposals) are as follows: 1.10.14 New computer &printer 1,900 15.10.14 Sold old computer (original cost 800) (100) 1.12.14 New front door for shop 2,000 1.5.15 New till 1,000 1.9.15 Additional shelving and racking in shop 5,000 Compute the capital allowances available for the two years ended 31 March 2016. Reed Elsevier UK Ltd 2015 105 FA 2015

General CA claim Year ended 31 March 2015: Tax written down value b/fwd at 1.4.14 12,000 Plant and machinery additions: New computer and printer 1,900 13,900 Disposals: Old computer (100) 13,800 WDA @ 18% (2,484) 2,484 Tax written down value c/fwd at 31.3.15 11,316 Year ended 31 March 2016: Tax written down value b/fwd at 1.4.15 11,316 New till 1,000 Shelving and racking 5,000 17,316 WDA @ 18% (3,117) 3,117 Tax written down value c/fwd at 31.3.16 14,199 Note: The new front door on the shop is treated as part of the building under s.21 List A, so no plant and machinery allowances are given. 10.3 General pool Short and Long Accounting Periods Sometimes a trader may draw up accounts which are not for a 12-month period. This will happen either: a. when the individual starts trading; or b. when the trader decides to change his accounts date. The rate of writing down allowance of 18% applies for a 12-month accounting period. Therefore where a trader has an accounting period which is not 12 months long, this rate must be scaled up or down as appropriate. Illustration 3 Jenny started trading on 1 June 2015. Her first set of accounts covered the period to 31 December 2015. Her only plant and machinery addition in the period was computer equipment costing 3,600. Compute the capital allowances available in the period to 31 December 2015. Reed Elsevier UK Ltd 2015 106 FA 2015

General CA claim 7 months ended 31 December 2015: Computer equipment 3,600 WDA @ 18% 7/12 (378) 378 Tax written down value c/fwd at 31.12.15 3,222 Illustration 4 Sanjay has traded for many years drawing accounts to 30 June. He decided to change his accounts date to 31 December and did so by drawing up accounts covering the 18-month period from 1 July 2015 to 31 December 2016. The tax written down value of the general pool at 1 July 2015 was 150,000. On 2 August 2015, Sanjay bought new machinery costing 30,000. Prepare the capital allowances computation for the 18 month period. General CA claim 18 months ended 31 December 2016: Tax written down value b/fwd at 1.7.15 150,000 Machinery 30,000 180,000 WDA @ 18% 18/12 (48,600) 48,600 Tax written down value c/fwd at 31.12.16 131,400 10.4 When Expenditure is Incurred When a trader acquires plant and machinery for use in his trade, he will receive capital allowances in the accounting period in which the expenditure is incurred. CAA 2001, s.5 The normal rule is that expenditure is incurred for capital allowance purposes on the date on which the obligation to pay becomes unconditional. CAA 2001, s.5(1) The legal obligation to pay normally arises on or within a certain time of delivery of the plant and machinery. Therefore, in most cases expenditure is incurred when the plant and machinery is delivered. There is an exception to the general rule. If there is a gap of more than four months between: CAA 2001, s.5(5) a. the date on which the obligation to pay becomes unconditional; and b. the date on which payment is required to be made; the expenditure is not incurred until the date on which payment is required to be made. Reed Elsevier UK Ltd 2015 107 FA 2015

If some of the expenditure is required to be paid more than four months after the date on which the obligation to pay becomes unconditional and some is not, we must split the expenditure and allocate it to separate accounting periods. Illustration 5 Jacob is a trader with a 31 March year-end. He buys a new machine costing 100,000 for use in his trade. Under the terms of the contract he has to pay 75,000 one month after delivery of the machine and the balance of 25,000 five months after that. He takes delivery of the machine on 21 March 2015 and his obligation to pay becomes unconditional then. He is legally required to pay: 75,000 on 21 April 2015, and 25,000 on 21 September 2015. Explain the amounts that will qualify for additions for capital allowance purposes in years ended 31 March 2015 and 2016. The first payment is due four months or less after his obligation to pay becomes unconditional but the second one is not. He therefore incurs expenditure for CA purposes of: 1. 75,000 on 21 March 2015; and 2. 25,000 on 21 September 2015. Therefore: 1. 75,000 is a plant and machinery addition in the year ended 31 March 2015; and 2. 25,000 is a plant and machinery addition in the year ended 31 March 2016. For plant and machinery which is constructed, the asset becomes the property of the purchaser as it is being constructed. The obligation to pay for a part of an asset that has been completed becomes unconditional when the work is certified by an architect or engineer who has inspected the work done. Therefore for capital allowance purposes, expenditure is incurred on the date the work is certified. There is an exception to this rule: Where the asset has become the property of the purchaser before the end of their accounting period, and the work is certified within one month following the end of the accounting period then the expenditure on the asset is treated as incurred immediately before the end of the accounting period. CAA 2001, s.5(4) Reed Elsevier UK Ltd 2015 108 FA 2015

Illustration 6 A business has a year end of 31 December. On 31 August 2015 a contract was signed for the purchase of a major item of plant costing 600,000. The construction took place in stages over several months as follows: Date construction completed Date of certification Percentage of cost due Payment due date Stage 1 31 Oct 2015 1 Dec 2015 35% 12 Dec 2015 Stage 2 15 Dec 2015 20 Jan 2016 40% 4 Feb 2016 Stage 3 31 Jan 2016 1 Mar 2016 25% 15 Mar 2016 Explain when the expenditure is incurred for capital allowances purposes. 210,000 (35% 600,000 incurred on 1 December 2015) 240,000 (40% 600,000 incurred on 31 December 2015) Therefore 450,000 of the expenditure will be given capital allowances in the year ended 31 December 2015. The obligation to pay the 210,000 became unconditional on the date of certification, being 1 December 2015. Although the obligation to pay 240,000 did not actually become unconditional until the date of certification on 20 January 2016 (ie after the year end), as this element of the asset had become the property of the business before the year end and certification took place within one month after the year end, the expenditure is deemed to be incurred on the last day of the accounting period (ie 31 December 2015). The obligation to pay the remaining 150,000 (25% 600,000) becomes unconditional on 1 March 2016 and therefore will not be given capital allowances until the year ended 31 December 2016. 10.5 Pre Trading Expenditure If a trader acquires plant and machinery for use in his trade before trading starts, for capital allowance purposes he is treated as incurring the expenditure on the first day of trading. CAA 2001, s.12 For instance, if a sole trader spent 3,000 on a coffee machine for use in their cafe on 10 April 2015, but did not open the cafe and start to trade until 1 May 2015, then the 3,000 spent on the coffee machine would be treated as an addition for capital allowances purposes on 1 May 2015 (ie on the first day of trade). Remember that if the plant and machinery had originally been acquired and used for private purposes before being used in the trade, the allowable expenditure for capital allowance purposes is the market value when it is first used for the purposes of the trade. CAA 2001, s.13 This expenditure is still deemed to be incurred on the date the plant and machinery is first used for the purposes of the trade. Reed Elsevier UK Ltd 2015 109 FA 2015

10.6 Hire Purchase Agreements and Leasing Expenditure on an asset acquired under a hire purchase (HP) contract is incurred at the time when the asset is brought into use. This is despite the fact that payment for the asset may be spread over several months or even several years. The 4-month rule does not apply to hire purchase agreements. CAA 2001, s.67 Note that when an asset is acquired under a HP agreement, legal ownership of the asset normally transfers to the purchaser on payment of the final HP instalment. Under CAA 2001 s.67, the purchaser is treated as owning the asset at the time the contract begins and so capital allowances are claimed from the time the asset is brought into use. If an initial payment for the asset is made in an accounting period before the asset is brought into use, for example a deposit, capital allowances can be claimed on this amount in that earlier accounting period. Capital allowances on the balance will be claimed when the asset is brought into use. Capital allowances are claimed on the capital cost of the asset, in other words the cash price. The interest element is deductible from trade profits. Contrast the rule for HP with a short leasing agreement (either an operating lease or a finance lease) whereby a trader is hiring / borrowing an asset from someone else. Here capital allowances are not available, as the trader does not legally own the asset. Instead relief is given for the leasing / hiring costs via the P&L account. However, if the lease agreement is a long funding lease agreement as described earlier when we looked at common adjustments to profit, capital allowances are available to the lessee. We will look at these allowances in detail in a later chapter. 10.7 Claiming Capital Allowances Capital allowances are not given automatically they must be claimed within the trader's individual self-assessment return (or corporation tax return for a company). A claim can be made at any time until the time limit for the amendment of the return ie, by 31 January 2018 for a 2015/16 return. 10.8 Disclaiming Capital Allowances There is no requirement for a trader to claim all of the capital allowances due to him. In some instances it may be beneficial for a trader to disclaim some (or all) of his capital allowances. This may be advantageous where a trader has low profits which may be covered by his personal allowance for the year. If a trader disclaims capital allowances, this will lead to a higher tax written down value being carried forward which will, in turn, lead to higher capital allowance claims in future years. Illustration 7 Paul is a self-employed window-cleaner. He draws accounts to 31 March. The tax written down value of the general pool at 1 April 2015 was 5,000. On 21 June 2015, he bought new ladders costing 1,000. Reed Elsevier UK Ltd 2015 110 FA 2015

His tax-adjusted profits for the year ended 31 March 2016 are 5,200. He has no other income. Calculate Paul's trading income for 2015/16: i. on the basis capital allowances are claimed; and ii. on the basis capital allowances are disclaimed. General CA claim Year ended 31 March 2016: Tax written down value b/fwd at 1.4.15 5,000 Ladders 1,000 6,000 WDA @ 18% (1,080) 1,080 Tax written down value c/fwd at 31.3.16 4,920 His 2015/16 trading income is therefore: Adjusted profits before capital allowances 5,200 Less: Capital allowances (1,080) Trading Income 4,120 This is covered by the personal allowance for 2015/16 so no tax is payable. Instead Paul could disclaim his capital allowances. The CA computation would now be: General CA claim Year ended 31 March 2016: Tax written down value b/fwd at 1.4.15 5,000 Ladders 1,000 6,000 WDA claimed (Nil) Nil Tax written down value c/fwd at 31.3.16 6,000 His 2015/16 trading income is now: Adjusted profits before capital allowances 5,200 Less: Capital allowances (Nil) Trading Income 5,200 Again this is covered by the personal allowance for 2015/16 so no tax is payable. However, Paul now has a higher tax written down value to carry forward to 2016/17. Reed Elsevier UK Ltd 2015 111 FA 2015

EXAMPLES Example 1 Andy is a self-employed painter and decorator. He has a year-end of 31 October. The tax written down value of the general pool at 1 November 2014 was 8,000. On 25 July 2015, Andy bought new ladders for use in his trade costing 2,000. He sold his old ladders for 200. Calculate Andy's capital allowances for the year ended 31 October 2015. Example 2 Lynette started trading on 1 May 2015 making stained glass windows. She bought some machinery on 30 May 2015 for 10,000. On 1 November 2015 she signed a contract to buy a specialist cutting machine costing 14,000. She paid a 50% deposit on delivery on 20 November 2015 and the balance on 1 February 2016. She drew her first accounts to 31 December 2015. Calculate Lynette's capital allowances for the period ended 31 December 2015. Reed Elsevier UK Ltd 2015 113 FA 2015

ANSWERS Answer 1 The capital allowances computation will be: General CA claim Year ended 31 October 2015: Tax written down value b/fwd at 1.11.14 8,000 New ladders 2,000 10,000 Disposals: Old ladders (200) 9,800 WDA @ 18% (1,764) 1,764 Tax written down value c/fwd 8,036 Answer 2 8 months ended 31 December 2015: General CA claim Machinery (May 2015) 10,000 Cutting machine (November 2015) 14,000 24,000 WDA @ 18% 8/12 (2,880) 2,880 Tax written down value c/fwd 21,120 Tutorial Notes: 1. Balance of payment on cutting machine within 4 months of delivery, so all expenditure deemed to be incurred on 20 November 2015. 2. 8 month AP, therefore restrict WDAs. Reed Elsevier UK Ltd 2015 115 FA 2015