Chapter 5 Accrual Adjustments and Financial Statement Preparation Revenue recognition Matching expenses to revenues Expenses related to periods 1
The Measurement of Income major function of accounting to monitor business performance one important way of doing it measuring and reporting a company s net income Net income = revenues expenses Revenues: Value retrieved in exchange for goods sold or services rendered to customers Expenses: cost of goods and services used in the process of obtaining revenues 2
Impact of Basic Accounting Principles on Income Measurement Periodicity assumption Businesses need regular progress reports, so accountants prepare financial statements for specific periods and at regular intervals. yearly - twelve-month accounting period is called a fiscal year quarterly / monthly - reporting is called interim reporting Going-concern assumption allows cost allocation over several periods Revenue Recognition and Matching Principle Recognize revenues when earned and let cost follow the revenues 3
Realization Principle Revenues of a transaction are realized when each of the following conditions hold: 1. the company is expected to receive economic benefits from the transaction 2. the benefits and the costs from the transaction can reliably be measured In the case of sales of goods: economic ownership of the object has been transferred to the customer economic ownership means that the customer has acquired all the property rights that have to be transferred according to the contract and has taken over all the respective risks Revenue realization usually is documented by sending an invoice to the customer when the customer remains silent after a due time, (s)he has accepted that (s)he is in charge of the return; that s when the revenue is realized Long-term contracts: percentage of completion method: realisation is assumed pro rata based on conditions 1. and 2. 4
Recognition of expenses Production costs are attributed to revenue they are matched with the revenue they were sacrificed for Nonproduction costs are to be matched to an indefinite set of revenues they are recognized in the period in which they occurred Modifying principle: Prudence (Conservatism) expected losses are anticipated; they are recognized in the period in which they come to be known example: a construction company has to deliver a project at a fixed price, but it turns out that the costs will exceed the price because of unexpected difficulties with the underground; then the uncovered part of cost is expensed as soon as possible: it is considered as a loss actually obtained when the contract was signed 5
Accrual basis versus cash basis Instead of accrual basis accounting cash basis could be used i.e. Revenues and Expenses are recognized when the corresponding cash flows occur Cash basis Accounting is less informative as a basis for assessing regular performance and may be outright misleading cash flows occur far from the basic economic processes e.g. purchasing durable equipment provisions of pension liabilities provisions for closing down a nuclear power plant revenues from long-term contracts 6
Trial Balance as the Starting Point of the Adjustment Process Trial Balance Cash Accounts Receivable Equipment Supplies Prepaid Insurance Accounts Payable Unearned Revenue Owner s Investment Owner s Withdrawal Revenues Rent Expenses Utility Expense ZiscoSys Magdeburg Trial Balance September 30, 2011 6.500 2.000 4.000 500 1.200 800 500 200 300 2.400 8.000 5.000 15.700 15.700 7
The Adjustment Process adjusting entries to apply accrual accounting to transactions that span more than one accounting period adjusting entries required whenever financial statements are prepared Deferral: postponement of the recognition of an expense already paid for or of a revenue already received examples: prepaid expenses, unearned revenues Accrual: recognition of an expense or revenue that has arisen but has not yet caused an expenditure (or receipt, respectively) examples: accrued expenses, accrued revenues 8
Adjusting entries accomplish four things: Deferrals Apportion recorded costs among two or more accounting periods prepaid expenses e.g. cost of machinery, prepaid rent Apportion recorded revenues among two or more accounting periods Accruals unearned revenues e.g. sale of a one-year contract for wireless phone service Record unrecorded expenses accrued expenses e.g. interest payable on a loan Record unrecorded revenues accrued revenues e.g. fees earned but not yet billed to customers 9
How do we make the adjustment(s)? (1) record the transaction in the journal journalizing (2) transfer the journal entry to the ledger account posting... we basically run through the accounting cycle again!... that s why we need a new trial balance, the adjusted trial balance! 10
Adjusting Entries for Deferrals deferral expiry-of-asset / liability adjustment required to record the portion of the prepayment (deferral) that represents the expense incurred or the revenue earned in the current accounting period decrease a balance sheet account increase an income statement account Prepaid expenses: adjusting entry increase an expense account, decrease an asset account Unearned revenues: adjusting entry increase a revenue account, decrease a liability account 11
Prepaid Expense... refers to expenses paid in cash and recorded as assets before they are used or consumed initial account entry: debit an asset account prepaid expenses expire in two ways: with passage of time (e.g. prepaid rent and insurance) through use or consumption (e.g. equipment, supplies) if used or expired record the expenses that apply to the current period & prepare adjusting entry 12
Note: asset expense relation 13
Adjustments for Supplies Used Up supplies used difference between balance in the supplies account and cost of supplies still in store ZiscoSys had bought supplies for 500 at the beginning of September. At the end of September, supplies still on hand are counted and valued at historical cost. Amount: 300. Hence, 200 must be recorded as an expense. Journal entry Sept. 30 Supplies expense 200 Supplies 200 14
now we can transfer the journal entry to the ledger adjustment without adjusting entries: (1) September expenses will be underand net income overstated by 200 (2) both assets and owner s equity will be overstated by 200. 15
Adjustment for Insurance Expired insurance expired equal to the insurance premium times the length of the accounting period over the entire term of coverage ZiscoSys bought a one-year insurance policy. At the end of September 100 have expired ( 1.200 * 1 month / 12 months). Journal entry Sept. 30 Insurance expense 100 Prepaid insurance 100 16
adjustment without adjusting entries: (1) September expenses will be under- and net income overstated by 100 (2) both assets and owner s equity will be overstated by 100 17
Adjustment for Depreciation depreciation allocation of the cost of an asset to expense over its useful life in a rational and systematic manner amount of depreciation is an estimate and not a factual measurement ZiscoSys invested 4.000 in office equipment which will provide service for four years, that means monthly depreciation will be appr. 84. ( 4.000 / 48 months = 84 per month) 18
contra accounts accumulated depreciation office equipment is a contra-asset account a valuation account that is paired with and deducted from a related account in the financial statements Why not credit the asset account directly? Because...... depreciation is an estimate, and... to preserve original cost of the asset separate Accumulated depreciation accounts for each long-lived asset difference between cost of asset and accumulated depreciation is called carrying value or book value 19
Balance sheet presentation of accumulated depreciation the entries show: original cost of 4.000, cost that have expired to date ( 84), and the balance left to be depreciated ( 3.916) 20
Unearned Revenue... is an obligation arising from receiving cash before providing a service initial account entry: credit a liability account if a fraction of the service is rendered or goods are delivered, the adjusting entry recognizes this revenue Note: liability revenue relation 21
ZiscoSys received 2.400 for maintenance work that should be performed over the course of a year. At month-end of September, 200 were earned. without adjusting entries: (1) September revenues and net income would be understated by 200 in the income statement (2) liabilities would be over- and owner s equity will be understated by 200 on the balance sheet. 22
Adjusting Entries for Accruals accrual passage of time adjustment required to record revenues earned and expenses incurred in the current period that have not been recognized or recorded adjusting entry for accruals will increase both a balance sheet and an income statement account. accrued revenues: adjusting entry increase an asset account, -increase a revenue account accrued expenses: adjusting entry increase an expense account, increase a liability account Note: The following examples do not pertain to the ZiscoSys example and, thus, will not affect the adjusted trial balance. 23
Accrued Revenues revenues for which services have been performed or goods delivered but are unrecorded so far may accumulate with passing of time (interest, rent etc.) or from services that are neither billed nor collected 24
Let s assume a company has provided a service worth 750 to a client that hasn t been billed to him/her. The following adjusting entry would be made at month-end without adjustment assets, owner s equity, revenues and net income would all be understated 25
Accrued Expenses expenses that have been incurred but not yet recorded in the accounts accrue from the same sources as accrued revenues 26
let s assume we have borrowed money for which 100 interest accrues every month without adjusting entries: (1) expenses and liabilities will be understated by 100 (2) net income and owner s equity will be overstated by 100 27
Summary of the adjusting entries Type of Reason for Accounts before Adjusting Adjustment Adjustment Adjustment Entry 1. Prepaid expenses Prepaid expenses originally recorded in Assets overstated Dr. Expenses asset accounts have been used Expenses understated Cr. Assets 2. Unearned revenues Unearned revenues initially recorded in Liabilities overstated Dr. Liabilities liability accounts have been earned Revenues understated Cr. Revenues 3. Accrued revenues Revenues have been earned but not yet Assets understated Dr. Assets received in cash or recorded Revenues understated Cr. Revenues 4. Accrued expenses Expenses have been incurred but not Expenses understated Dr. Expenses yet paid in cash or recorded Liabilities understated Cr. Liabilities 28
Summary of Adjusting Entries for ZiscoSys General Journal J2 Date Account Titles and Explanation Ref. Debit Credit 2011 Adjusting Entries a c Sep 30 Supplies Expense c 200 Supplies o 200 (to record supplies used) u n 30 Insurance Expense t 100 Prepaid Insurance 100 (to record insurance expired) n u 30 Depreciation Expense m 84 Accumulated Depreciation Office Equipment b 84 (to record monthly dpreciation) e r 30 Unearned Revenue s 200 Service Revenue 200 (to record revenue for service provided) 29
Adjusted The Trial Adjusted Balance Trial Balance ZiscoSys Magdeburg Adjusted Trial Balance September 30, 2011 Cash 6.500 Accounts Receivable 2.000 Equipment 4.000 Supplies 300 Prepaid Insurance 1.100 Accumulated Depreciation Office Equipment 84 Accounts Payable 300 Unearned Revenue 2.200 Owner s Investment 8.000 Owner s Withdrawal 800 Revenues 5.200 Supplies Expense 200 Rent Expense 500 Utility Expense 200 Insurance Expense 100 Depreciation Expense 84 15.784 15.784 Entries affected by adjustments are in bold numbers. The financial statements can be prepared directly from the adjusted trial balance. 30
ZiscoSys Magdeburg Income Statement For the Month Ended September 2011 Income Statement and Owner s Equity Statement Revenues Service Revenues 5.200 Expenses Rental Expense 500 Utility Expense 200 Supplies Expense 200 Insurance Expense 100 Depreciation Expense 84 Total Expense 1.084 Net Income 4.116 ZiscoSys Magdeburg Statement of Owner s Equity For the Month Ended September 2011 ZyscoSys Capital, Septmeber 1, 2003 0 Add: Owner s Investment 8.000 Net Income for the Month 4.116 12.116 Subtotal 12.116 Less Withdrawal 800 ZyscosSys Capital, September 30, 2003 11.316 Recall the unadjusted numbers: Net income: 4.300 ZiscoSys Capital: 11.500 31
The Balance Sheet ZiscoSys Magdeburg Balance Sheet September 30, 2011 Assets Liabilities Cash 6.500 Accounts Payable 300 Accounts Receivable 2.000 Unearned Revenue 2.200 Supplies 300 Prepaid Insurance 1.100 Owner s Equity Equipment 4.000 ZyscoSys, Capital 11.316 Less: Accumulated Depreciation 84 3.916 Total Liabilities and Total Assets 13.816 Owner s Equity 13.816 32
Alternative Treatment of Deferrals Prepaid expenses, usual treatment: debit an asset account (initially) alternative treatment: debit an expense account (initially) Why? Because we expect to use up, say, the supplies completely before the next financial statement date. Advantage: We do not need to make adjusting entries (provided that we in fact use up the supplies completely)! If, however, we do not completely use up the supplies, we make the following adjustments (numbers taken from our example): 33
Alternative treatment of Unearned Revenues Instead of crediting a liability account, we can alternatively credit a revenue account. Why? Because we expect to earn the revenue, e.g. perform the service, until the next financial statement date. Advantage: If we do earn the revenue until the next financial statement date, no adjusting entry is needed. If, however, we do not fully earn the revenue until the next financial statement day, we make the following adjustment (numbers taken from our example): 34