AN EVALUATION OF INDIRA AWAS YOJANA IN CHALLAKERE TALUK OF CHITRADURGA DISTRICT, KARNATAKA Shivanna T 1 Dr. R.N.Kadam 2 1 Research Scholar Dept. of Studies and Research in Economics, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, Dist: Shivamogga, Karnataka (India) 2 Professor, Department of Economics, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, Shivamogga District, Karanataka,(India) ABSTRACT Housing is one of the basic requirements for the survival of human beings. Ownership of a house provides significant economic security and social status for a citizen in the society. The identity and social recognition associated with ownership of a house provides an individual with immense confidence to get involved into many social activities. Stable, affordable and accessible housing is directly and indirectly linked to human well-being. A person deprived of this basic need faces all odds of life and remains discriminated and marginalized in the society. The Indira Awaas Yojanaa ( renamed as Pradhan Manrti Grameen Awas Yojana on 20 th November 2016) centrally sponsored scheme of Ministry of Rural Employment, Government of India is one of the most important poverty alleviation programme in the country which play a vital role in the upliftment of the living standard of poor people in rural areas. The attempt in this paper is made to evaluate the functioning of Indira Awas Yojana with special reference to Challakere taluk of Chitradurga district. The paper contains introduction, Objectives of the study, Indira AwaasYojana in Challakere, Findings, Conclusion, etc. Keywords: housing, survival, ownership, stable, affordable I. INTRODUCTION Housing is one of the basic requirements for the survival of human beings. Ownership of a house provides significant economic security and social status for a citizen in the society. The identity and social recognition associated with ownership of a house provides an individual with immense confidence to get involved into many social activities. Stable, affordable and accessible housing is directly and indirectly linked to human wellbeing. One can easily understand the socio-economic status of a family just by watching physical attributes of their housing. Good housing and its surroundings indicate the standard of living of the family, it provides facilities for education, recreation and many other facets of life. A person deprived of this basic need faces all odds of life and remains discriminated and marginalized in the society. Housing contributes significantly towards the configuration of cultured human existence. Around one third of the human populations in urban as well as rural areas in the country are deprived of adequate housing facilities. Out of the estimated 200 million families in India, approximately 65 to 70 million families do not have adequate 177 P a g e
housing facilities. They are not able to procure a house for want of financial resources. The situation of the Scheduled Tribes, Scheduled Castes and the other socially and economically backward class families is worst affected by poor housing conditions. Hence, fulfilling the need for rural housing and tackling housing shortage particularly for the poorest is an important task to be undertaken as part of the poverty alleviation efforts of the government. The Indira Awaas Yojana (renamed as Pradhan Manrti Grameen Awas Yojana on 20 th November 2016) centrally sponsored scheme of Ministry of Rural Employment, Government of India is one of the most important poverty alleviation programme in the country which play a vital role in the upliftment of the living standard of poor people in rural areas. This scheme is being implemented in all the districts of the state through Rural Development Department, Karnataka on 75:25 cost sharing basis between Centre ands State respectively since from January 1996. The main objective of the scheme is to provide a finance aid to the members of scheduled castes/ scheduled tribes freed, bonded labourers and also to other non scheduled castes/ scheduled tribes rural poor below the poverty line for the construction of their dwelling units by providing a lump sum amount as financial assistance. Shelter is a basic need for all human being. A roof over the head endows a shelter less person, with an essential asset and improves his physical and mental well being. Hence, fulfilling the need for rural housing and tackling housing shortage particularly for the poorest is an important task to be undertaken as part of the poverty alleviation efforts of the government. The Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY) is a flag ship scheme of the Ministry of Rural Development to provide houses to below the poverty line (BPL) families in the rural areas. It has been in operation since in 1980-86. During the financial year 2010-11, Rs. 10053.70 crore were allocated against which Rs.10139.45 crore were released to the States/UT s for construction of 29.08 lakh houses under IAY. During 2013-14, the state will get 87,816 houses under the Indira Awaas Yojana.(IAY) the centrally sponsored scheme, the Karnataka state spent over Rs. 2000 crore. II. BACKGROUND OF INDIRA AWAAS YOJANA The genesis of the Indira Awaas Yojana can be traced back to the programmes of rural employment which began in the early 1980s; construction of houses was one of the major activities under the national rural employment programme (NREP) which began in 1983. There was however, no uniform policy for rural housing in the states. For instance, some states permitted only part of the construction cost to be borne from NREP/RLEGP funds and the balance was to be met by beneficiaries from their savings or loans obtained by them. On the other hand, others permitted the entire expenditure to be borne from NREP/RLEGP funds. Further, while some states allowed construction of only new dwellings, others permitted renovation of existing houses of beneficiaries, as per announcement made by the Government of India in June 1985. Apart of the RLEGP was earmarked from the construction of houses for SCs/STs and freed bonded labourers. As a result, Indira Awaas Yojana was launched during 1985-86 as a sub-scheme of RLEGP. Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY) therefore, continued as a sub-scheme of Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY). Since its launching in April 1989, 62 percent of the total JRY funds were allocated for implementation of IAY from the year 1993-94. The scope of IAY was extended to cover below the poverty line non scheduled castes/schemed tribes families in the rural areas simultaneously; the allocation of funds for implementing the scheme was raised from 6 percent to 10 percent of 178 P a g e
the total resources available under JRY at the national level, subject to the condition that, the benefits to non- Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribe poors should not exceed 4 percent of the total JRY allocations. IAY was delinked from JRY and made an independent scheme with effect from 1 st January 1996. III. FUNDING IAY Funding for IAY is shared between the central and state governments in a ratio of 75:25. However, in the case of North Eastern States and Sikkim it is in the ratio of 90:10.A minimum of 60% of total IAY allocation should be utilized for construction or up-gradation of dwellings of SC/ST households. 40% for Non-scheduled castes/scheduled tribes below poverty line rural households. 3% of funds are reserved for the disable persons living in below the poverty line in rural areas. The scheme has been allocated approximately Rs.35,450 crore as of allocations from the Seventh to the Eleventh Plan periods, a total of 27 years. Increasingly larger amounts have been committed to IAY over the years, especially since the Eighth Plan period (1992-97). From an allocation of Rs. 759 crore in the Seventh Plan (1985-09), the outlay jumped nearly 400 percent to Rs. 3,773 crore in the Eighth Plan. With the National Housing and Habitat Policy in 1998, which had the goal of providing shelter for all, the allocation for IAY increased nearly three-fold to Rs. 9,734 crore in the Ninth Plan period, and to Rs. 15,495 crore in the Tenth Plan period (2002-07). The planning commission has allocated raise Rs. 11075.00 crore for the rural housing in 12 th Five Year Plan period. Since 1999-2000, a number of initiatives have been taken to improve the Rural Housing (RH) Programmes by making provision for up gradation of unserviceable katcha houses and by providing them credit with subsidy for certain sections of the poor communities. Emphasis has also been laid on the use of cost effective, disaster resistant and friendly environment technologies in rural housing. Objectives of the Study The main objectives of the study are- 1. To study the various government housing schemes. 2. To study the need for housing in study area. 3. To assess the functioning of Indira Awaas Yojana. IV. PROFILE OF CHALLAKERE TALUKA THE STUDY AREA Challakere is one of the six taluks of Chitradurga and is called as Oil City as it has number of edible oil mills around it and is second largest producer and supplier of edible oil Mumbai is first) hence is called as Second Mumbai. This city is also being called as Science City as it has many science and research organizations like Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Baba Atomic Research Centre (BARC) and Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) have established their branches. Challakere is famous for Kambli the woollen oven blankets oven by local kuruba people. It is a largest taluk of the district and had total population of 3,65,784 according to 2011 census with 69 percent of literacy rate. Of the total households in the taluka (76361) 64,311 live in rural and 12,050 live in urban areas. Of the total population SC population constitutes 82,899 of which 73,610 live in rural and 9,289 live in urban areas. In the taluka the 179 P a g e
ST population is more than that of SC which is 107640 of which 93795 live in rural and 13845 live in urban areas. V.INDIRA AWAASYOJANA IN CHALLAKERE A good number of houseless people have got houses through Indira Awaas Yojana in Challakere taluka of Chitradurga district. The following table gives details about the category wise allotment of houses in different years. During the period 2006-07 to 2015-16 3,012 SC beneficiaries, 4,445 ST beneficiaries, 2,159 GM beneficiaries and 693 minority beneficiaries have been allotted with houses through Indira AwaasYojana. Total allotment during the same period in the taluka was 10,309. The total cost of houses allotted to all the beneficiaries under different categories stood at Rs. 74,37,10,000. VI. DETAILS OF INDIRA AWAAS YOJANA IN CHALLAKERE TALUK OF CHITRADURGA DISTRICT Challakere Sl. No. Year SC ST GM Minority Total % Unit cost Total cost in Rs. 1 2006-07 110 226 143 0 479 4.64 25000 11975000 2 2007-08 182 269 189 22 662 6.42 25000 16550000 3 2008-09 330 441 388 141 1,300 12.61 35000 45500000 4 2009-10 430 509 460 243 1,642 15.92 40000 65680000 5 2010-11 - - - - - - - - 6 2011-12 510 526 473 147 1,656 16.06 50000 82800000 7 2012-13 361 433 322 83 1,199 11.63 75000 89925000 8 2013-14 456 786 37 22 1,301 12.62 120000 156120000 9 2014-15 361 717 82 18 1,178 11.42 120000 141360000 10 2015-16 272 538 65 17 892 8.65 150000 133800000 Total 3012 4445 2159 693 10309 99.97 743710000 Source: Chitradurga District at Glance The above table explains that, the number of ST beneficiaries is more than SC and other category beneficiaries. The unit cost of house varied between Rs. 25000 and Rs.150,000. The unit cost was Rs. 25000 for the year 2006-07 and 2007-08, increased to Rs. 50,000 in 2011-12 again to Rs.75,000 in 2012-13 and reached Rs. 1,20,000 and Rs. 1,50,000 in 2013-14 and 2015-16 respectively. Rs. 743710000 have been spent for providing housing facility to the houseless in Challakere taluk during the study period. An average of 301.2 SCs, 444.5 STs got allotment of houses through the IAY every year whereas only 69.3 allotted to people from minority category. 180 P a g e
VII. Findings 1. Indira Awaas Yojana (Pradhan Mantri Grameen Awaas Yojana is successfully implemented in the Challakere taluk. 2. Total 10309 houses allotted to the beneficiaries. 3. The ST population is more in the taluk; hence ST category people have got more benefits of the scheme. 4. 4445 ST beneficiaries got benefit from the IAY. 5. 3012 SC beneficiaries got benefit from the IAY. 6. The unit cost varied between Rs. 25000 and Rs.150,000. 7. Rs. 743710000 has been spent for providing housing facility to the houseless in Challakere taluk during the study period. VIII. CONCLUSION The Indira Awaas Yojana has been renamed as Pradhan Manrti Grameen Awas Yojana on 20 th November 2016. The main objective of the scheme is to provide a finance aid to the members of scheduled castes/ scheduled tribes freed, bonded labourers and also to other non Scheduled Castes/ Scheduled Tribes rural poor below the poverty line for the construction of their dwelling units by providing a lump sum amount as financial assistance. In Challakere taluk SCs and STs are benefited and got assistance for having their own house. The unit cost was Rs. 1,50,000 in the year 2015-16 but the cost of construction is high in this view the unit cost amount is to be hiked. REFERENCES 1. Allotment of Indira Awaas Yojana (2011). Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 2. Ananda Bose, C.V. (1996). Rural Housing A Nirmithi Perspective, Kurukshetra, May-June 1996, pp. 5-9. 3. Bernhard Glaeser (2001). Housing Sustainable Development and the Rural Poor, Sage Publications, New Delhi, pp. 9-17. 4. Chauhan, S.P. (1997). Rural Housing improvement in Quality of Life, Yojana, June 1997, pp. 15-18. 5. Debabrata Lahiri (1996). The Rural Housing Polices and Problems in Rural India, Kurukshetra, June 1996, pp. 83-96. 6. Economic Survey of Karnataka (2013). 7. Gopinath Rao, P. (2006). Rural Development Sustainable Livelihood and Security, Author Press, New Delhi, pp. 41-48. 8. Government of India, Ministry of Rural Development, Department of Rural Development (2013), Krishi Bhavan New Delhi. 9. Hanumantha Rao, C.H. and Hans Linnemann (1999). Economic Reforms and Poverty Alleviation in India, Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, pp. 7-15. 181 P a g e
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