Classification of of Nonbusiness Organizations Introduction to Accounting for nonbusiness organizations. Five Major Classifications 1. Governmental units. 2. Hospitals and other health care providers. Advanced Accounting Nonbusiness Organizations Provide socially desirable service without regard to financial gain. Business Enterprises Earn a return on investment. Competitive market. Liquidity concerns. 3. Colleges and universities. 4. Voluntary health and welfare organizations. 5. Other nonbusiness organizations (trade associations, professional associations, museums, religious organizations, etc.) 17-1 17-2 17-3 Distinctions between Nonbusiness Organizations and Profit-Oriented Enterprises Distinctions Absence of primary goal to earn a profit. No equity interests. Seldom finance through user charges. Rely on political action or fund-raising campaigns. Income determination model generally not applicable. Restrictions or limitations on use of resources. Standards for Nonbusiness Organizations GASB Governmental Units 1. Federal units Veterans hospitals 2. State units State hospitals State universities 3. Local governments Country government School districts Municipalities Port authorities FASB Nongovernmental Units 1. Private colleges, universities, and community colleges 2. Private hospitals and voluntary health and welfare organizations 3. Other nongovernmental units Private elementary schools Professional organizations Labor unions Civic organizations Trade associations Fund Entity Classification Expendable Basic fund accounting concepts. Proprietary Business type activity. Fiduciary - Agent or trustee. 17-4 LO 1 Nonbusiness organizations versus profit-oriented oriented enterprises. LO 1 Nonbusiness organizations versus profit-oriented oriented enterprises. 17-5 LO 2 The role of fund accounting. 17-6 Expendable Fund Entities Financial resources dedicated to a specified use. Examples - Capital Projects or Debt Service fund. Resources consist of cash and claims to cash. Resources - Claims against resources = Fund balance. Measurement focus is on flow of current financial resources. Accounting Model Restricted and Unrestricted Fund Entities Classification usually applicable to nonbusiness organizations other than governmental units. Restricted refers to resources that bear a legal restriction as to use imposed by parties outside the organization. Proprietary Fund Entities Activities that are similar to business enterprises. Examples: Electric or water utility by a municipality Rental of real estate by religious organization. Focus on determination of net income, financial position, and cash flows. 17-7 17-8 17-9
Fiduciary Fund Entities Trust and Agency funds: Pension trust fund. Agency fund (resources of taxes, bonds, and other receipts held for individuals, outside organizations, and/or other funds). 17-10 Budgetary Fund Entities (Governmental Funds) Approved resource flows are incorporated into annual budgets. Budgeted expenditures are referred to as appropriations. Approved budget may be recorded in the accounting records. Budgetary account integration is useful in the control and administration of fund resources. 17-11 Basis of Accounting Government-Wide Nonfiduciary activities. Short- and long-run information. Economic resources measurement concept. Accrual basis of accounting. Basic Financial Statements Governmental Fund (expendable) Current financial resources concept. Modified accrual basis of accounting. Revenues recognized when measurable and available. Expenditures recorded when liability is incurred. 17-12 When used in fund accounting, the term fund usually refers to a. A sum of money designated for a special purpose. b. A liability to other governmental units. c. The equity of a municipality in its own assets. d. A fiscal and accounting entity having a set of selfbalancing accounts. Classification of Revenues By Fund and Major Revenue Source Major Sources of Revenue Property taxes Income taxes Sales and excise taxes Gift and inheritance taxes Fines and penalties Gifts and donations Forfeits Licenses and permits Sales of property Charges for services Interest earned on loans and investments From federal, state, or local units: Grants Shared revenues Payments in lieu of taxes Other Financing Sources Debt issue proceeds are accounted for as other financing sources. Interfund operating transfers are accounted for as other financing sources, or uses. 17-13 LO 4 Classification of revenues. 17-14 17-15 Recognition of Revenue (Expendable Funds) Revenue is ordinarily not recognized until it 1) can be objectively measured and 2) is available for expenditures of current period. Recognition of Revenue (Expendable Funds) Revenue recognized when measurable and available. Property Taxes Income Tax and Sales Tax Fines and Forfeits Sales of Property Pledges Grants When Recognized? Classification of Expenditures and Other Resources Outflows Function Character Activity Object Class Organizational Unit Match Drug Control Public Safety Fire or Police Department Current Operating Supplies or Salaries 17-16 17-17 17-18
Transfers to Other Funds Classified separately from expenditures for financial reporting purposes. Recognition of Expenditures Appropriation Encumbrance Expenditure Authorized to Spend Purchase Order or Contract Encumbrances and expenditures are classified on the same basis (by fund, function, organizational unit, activity, character, or object class) as appropriations. Receipt of Goods Disbursement Payment Authority granted by a legislative body to make expenditures and to incur obligations during a fiscal year is the definition of an a. Appropriation. b. Authorization. c. Encumbrance. d. Expenditure. 17-19 17-20 17-21 Exercise 17-3: (partial) Listed are transactions of the Town of Jackson. 1. A contract was signed with an independent company to do the trash collecting for the year. The contract price was $96,000. 2. The first monthly bill of $8,000 was received from the trash collector. 3. The $8,000 bill was paid. Required: Prepare the journal entries needed in the records of the General Fund for these transactions. Exercise 17-3: 1. A contract was signed with an independent company to do the trash collecting for the year. The contract price was $96,000. 1. Exercise 17-3: 2. The first monthly bill of $8,000 was received from trash collector. 3. The $8,000 bill was paid. 2. 3. 17-22 17-23 17-24 What type of account is used to earmark the fund balance to liquidate the contingent obligations of goods ordered but not yet received? a. Appropriations. b. Encumbrances. c. Obligations. d. Reserve for encumbrances. Capital Expenditures (Expendable Fund) Treated as a current period expenditure. Middletown purchased a police car for $10,000. Expenditures 10,000 Cash 10,000 Recording Budgeted and Actual Revenue and Expenditures Exercise 17-3: (partial) 1. A budget consisting of estimated revenues of $1,950,000 and appropriations for expenditures of $1,800,000 was passed by the town council. 2. Property taxes of $1,150,000 were assessed; $1,115,000 are expected to be collectible. 3. Property taxes in the amount of $1,080,000 were collected. 4. Equipment costing $200,000 was purchased, and the old equipment was sold at for $24,000. Required: Prepare required journal entries for General Fund. 17-25 17-26 LO 7 Capital expenditures. 17-27
Exercise 17-3: 1. A budget consisting of estimated revenues of $1,950,000 and appropriations for expenditures of $1,800,000 was passed by the town council. 1. Exercise 17-3: 2. Property taxes of $1,150,000 were assessed; $1,115,000 are expected to be collectible. 3. Property taxes of $1,080,000 were collected. 2. Exercise 17-3: 4. Equipment costing $200,000 was purchased, and the old equipment was sold at for $24,000. 4. 3. 17-28 17-29 17-30 Comprehensive Illustration 17-31 Exercise 17-5: The preclosing trial balance for the General Fund of the City of Springfield is presented below. Trial Balance for December 31, 2008: Cash $ 90,000 Certificates of Deposit 120,000 Property Taxes Receivable 175,000 Estimated Revenue 1,690,000 Expenditures 1,310,000 Expenditures 2007 32,000 Encumbrances 165,000 Estimated Uncollectible Taxes $ 51,000 Vouchers Payable 65,000 Unreserved Fund Balance 41,000 Reserve for Encumbrances 165,000 Reserve for Encumbrances 2007 35,000 Appropriations 1,550,000 Revenue 1,675,000 $3,582,000 $3,582,000 17-32 Exercise 17-5: Prepare closing entries. Revenue 1,675,000 Unreserved Fund Balance 15,000 Estimated Revenue 1,690,000 Appropriations 1,550,000 Expenditures 1,310,000 Encumbrances 165,000 Unreserved Fund Balance 75,000 Reserve for Encumbrances 2007 35,000 Expenditures 2007 32,000 Unreserved Fund Balance 3,000 17-33 The general ledger trial balance of the General Fund of the City of Bedford on January 1, 2008, shows the following: Debit Credit Cash $100,000 Taxes Receivable 75,000 Allowance for Uncollectible Taxes $ 35,000 Unreserved Fund Balance 110,000 Reserve for Encumbrances 2007 30,000 Total $175,000 $175,000 Prepare journal entries to record the following activities and transactions for the General Fund during 2008. 1. The City Council adopted a budget with estimated revenues of $1,560,000 and appropriated expenditures of $1,400,000. 1. The budget authorized the transfer of $50,000 from the Water Fund to the General Fund. Interest due for the year on the $1,000,000, 8% bond issue for the Civic Center is approved for transfer from the General Fund to the Debt Service Fund. 2. The annual property tax levy of 10% on assessed valuation ($11,000,000) is billed to property owners. Two percent is estimated to be uncollectible. 17-34 17-35 17-36
3. Goods and services amounting to $1,150,000 were ordered during the year. 5. Funds for bond interest on Civic Center bonds were transferred to the Debt Service Fund. 6. Invoices for goods received during the year totaled $1,155,000. These were encumbered [see (3) above]. 4. Invoices for all goods ordered in 2007 amounting to $29,000 were approved for payment. 17-37 17-38 17-39 7. Transfer of funds from the Water Company was received in lieu of taxes. 9. Past-due tax bills of $17,000 were charged off as uncollectible. 11. Revenues received from miscellaneous sources, other than property taxes, of $455,000 were recorded. 8. Taxes were collected from property owners in the amount of $1,050,000. 10. Checks in payment of invoices for goods ordered in 2007 and 2008 were issued [see items (4) and (6) above]. 12. Purchase order for two trash collection vehicle systems was issued. Bid price per system was $120,000. 17-40 * ($29,000 + $1,155,000) 17-41 17-42 Financial Statements Two Basic Statements (expendable fund entities) 1. Balance sheet 2. Statement of revenue, expenditures, and changes in fund balance Revenue classified by major sources. Expenditures classified by major functions. Comparative information presented for prior years. Statement comparing budgeted and actual should be prepared for budgetary fund entities. Reporting Inventory and Prepayments Inventory Two Methods 1. Consumption method 2. Purchases method Under GASB Statement No. 34, consumption method is consistent with the Government-wide approach. Purchases method is not acceptable. Both acceptable for fund purposes Reporting Inventory Assume $20,000 of beginning inventory, $50,000 is purchased, and ending inventory of $24,000. Consumption Method When Purchased: Expenditures 50,000 Cash 50,000 End of Year: Inventory 4,000 Expenditures 4,000 Purchases Method When Purchased: Expenditures 50,000 Cash 50,000 End of Year: NO ENTRY 17-43 17-44 17-45
Reporting Inventory and Prepayments Reserve for Inventory Purchases Method Material amounts of inventory should be disclosed by Footnote or Reporting asset with contra account (Reserve for Inventory). Consumption Method Reserve for inventory created debiting or crediting the unreserved fund balance. Reporting Prepayments Prepayments for items such as insurance or rent that cover more than one accounting period may also be reported using the consumption or purchases methods. Copyright Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in Section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the express written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein. 17-46 17-47 17-48