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- 2 - : ') 2-..!"/ $ + ' ' ) 0 &1 ' &. 34 4 5$ ) 6 6 6%0!"/ $ + & ' 7-8 9:$ <.7 3$" 5*= >? 6 5+ $ :$1 5 : &1 @ E$ & + AB"C =!"1 6 1 & CD : A"C & AB."C & <7 @ +F ) 5* )! 6$ "$ * >? + 7.G 5.*. H0 I I ) 4J* 0 &* JD+ 8.!."J.+ $ + $ K 6 5 5-1 6 L7G 6 8 I0 D : 5+ <7 I 8 * 5 K 5*.(K 1 ) $ MMP MNO & 5+ )* 5!I# 8 (Q. 4) ()$ & " 3 4 4 6..= ) 6 3I 8 K 1 * 1 5 42 'G1 & 5G.!"# $ 5+ RD*# :5F 1 E$ 5+!"# SD 4 L7G 5+ T! : 4J* 8!"# $ ' : 6# E$! 42 )+!"# $ : 5: E$!"# $ & Q 4!4 : E: E$ U" &) V+!"# $ : E$

- 3-6# E$ 4J*!"# $ ' : : ') 5 &) &) 5+!"# $ 6B!JC 5 + WD! P!."# $ X ': 8 5 K 5* $ $ ' D $ ) 6 : 5 ') 3$ : 4J* ' D $ 5 &) &) 5+!"# $ 6B!JC : 6# 3I. 5 K 5* $ $ : 4J*!"# $ : 5: 3I 6# 3I &) &) 5+!"2 $ 6B!JC 5 K 5* $ $ ' D $ 5 K 5*!"# $ $ 54 ' 2 H1 ' &.!"# $ & 4 6 0 7C 7-8 ' & J0 G!"/ + $ ) 6 @ + Y $ 2 5+.G $ )I 5+ + 1 8 601 ' (I &* SC2 R (I &* = $ 2 5$ # (1) R W # 6 ' &4 $!"# $ AC 54 (2).!"1 $ Q # SC ( R. G SC2 R & AC S (I &* $ W 5# SC2 R &4 6* MP 5+.. W (6 ) # $ 2 &) & PY R= & O ') )+. Plant Patent SC2 :. (.I % *- ' 5 = 5* $ "). $ I0 + 7- R. -.*- ' 5 R W 5# &) W 2 ': &. asexually reproduction 5. sexually reproduction 5 : (I 5.*.$ 5D1 1970 Plant Variety Protection Act!"# $ &4 " MZ 5+ :1. 5 : (I - *- ' 5!"1 Fracis & Collins, Cases and Materials on Patent Law including Trade Secrets Copyrights Trademarks, fourth edition (1995). p.692. &* # $ 2 5+ 5$ : '* 'C *C ' 5 &1 7 & I.0 + 7-8 KC# 2 5-5 5 *C2 &[0 <7 5+ [0 Letter Patent SC2 R (I. ) 6 X H 7G $ (. '.$ 7.G # 6 0 ' ) 4. # R &[0 MZP \ 4 & (3) YP H4 7G ) R..4 5.- D 6 L7G ' 8 SC2 R "C I 0 # 6 &1 7 &

- 4 -!"# 5 AC S & $ + 0 6 X & <7 8 (3) SC2 R 3$"# W 5 * $ & G 5+ 641 $ 5G W" 5*= >? 5* 9 :] 4!"# $ '* 5+ % &#.&*= 2 0 &1 Q 4 (I 64 6!4 5* R)^ O '. K1 (.I &.* 2 8SC2 R (I &* 2!"/ $ K1 +. AC 54!"/ $ + 54 ' D 5-1 6 * 4 Z 5+ 6 7G 5+ 4 61 '- &* 7 5 1 8 5 K 5* International Convention for the.!"# $ 42 5G MO.42 5+!I# 6 'D $ 42 [01 4. Protection of New Varieties Plants!. '..$2 7G! Union Pour la Protection des Obtention Végétales 5.G) ) ) G. % H & 5#!$# 5- (UPOV).! 5+ 5B 7. (! 4)!"# $ 42 5* C1 4 M 5+ C1 8MZN 1 P 8 MZ + 5+ )$2 J * MO -. MMN 6-5+ 7 =$ C# 6 7G 6C 4 8 MM Q.D.C ): % _ 5+ 4 MM 6- Y 5+ N 4 N & & 5G!I# D K 1 TB.4).. 6)$ & " 3 4 G1 & 8!I# *. (Q 5+ RD*# 5* Q 4 & (3) P/Z 1 4 M 8 AC S & 6+ $ ' 1 8 SC2 R (I &* -!"1 $. T= ' 1 MZP #. 42 5- D # 6 5+ (P 5.- $ & 5!" E$ 5+ H* *2 5$!" 'C 5+ & ($!"# $ ' ) ) '.!.. breeder s privilege 5 =! 7G 85$ 5!" 3$" & AC 5* 6"$ H*= '4 K7 5$!" 6"$ K) 7 6: : 'C 5+ S= ($ D!"2 $!."# $ 5) ' &^+ <7. Farmer s privilege S= =! 7G &!" *= *- 5+ &.. 6.41.+ 8 SC SC2 R &4 $ 5 * $ 5- $ K E$ & 6" 2. SC2 R ) $ K 4- R "? 42 L7G D 4 The European Patent Convention (EPC)

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basmati 5 =# &!" 8 Neem ', Turmeric G"!C $ B 2J!"1 S1 Q 1 601 X P. B J 5* 6) 5+ :] 4 : 'C 5+ 3 % IC ( 8 *." >7 ' 8 +% 0] 8 J 8 ) ()$!] ()$ : "$ 6 5* 5G ). 8 B IIC " 8 SC2 R : 5 7G 5+ 1 Daniel Gervais, The Trips Agreement, Drafting History and Analysis, Sweet & Maxwell(1998), no. 2.14 p.43 (Y :] G L7G 6$ 6" & = 1 ) 6. S.D1 60 $. (Q 4) ()$ & " 3 4 b Q1 ". MO A MMM 5# I 8 D 8 " SC2 R 'G2

- 6 - (6) MM 5 S $ '# 4 1 )+ IC L7G S. R.) 5.*.+$ 5+ 6: 42 X@1 &1 42 & 5# 7 4. 3 5+ " 0 $ B 6 ' 5. " 'C &* &. H* : 6J% 5+ 6 ($ 42 & :: 41.C I : 6J% 5+ 6 ($ 42 & /Y 1. ()$ '.$/ )+ 2 : 5* 6"$ % AC ($ I $. I 0 5+ 7+ 5.+. " &[0 5+ 4 + P 5+ 1 Y!0^ International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources For Food and Agriculture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he United Nations Environment program (UNEP)

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itrus Family W B* 7C[ cd? & = ).1!"1 &+!"1 * 5-!" S 6 1 K K 6) S1 &. W B* Q 1 & Q 5G. Washington & I0!" Thompson &I!" (N 1 ) R.Stephen Crespi, European Union, in : Intellectual Propenty Rights in Agricultural Biotechnology, (Edited by Erbisch and Maredia) 1998, p.201

- 8-7. =$ %" L7G C 4 (9) : ') MM %" )+ 42 '$1 X! MZN %" 5* J =- MMN 6-5+ : 5 3I 1 5+. 4!I/ =2 : 6# 3I 5!" 5 ($ W I0 : 5: 3I 5!" 5 ($ W 3I : E: 3I 5!" 5 ()$ : 3I (M. 6. L7.G B4 & &. + M 5$ YN d 4! 4 5+!I# 6 * &1 7 )!I1 D+ 6 ) 1.H D 6 C G, MZ 6 & )$ MO! 5+!I G & : &2 5.$ MZN V+!I1 =2 5 6 &. MM! 4 5+!I1 C2 D MZN! 4 5+., 6%, T, =, I,, +,

- 9-6# 3I 4!I/ =2 :!I# 6 = 1 6 (* 5* ) 5 # =2 MM 4 &."). ".$. 5 4)$ W &1 4!I 6 5* " [+ 4 5 5 ()$ 5G 8 42 & (Y) 5# $D1 8 5 ()$ &. P/P 8 &. MM 4 & A (+. 42 * A. MZN 4 :!"/ = $ 3 ()$ $ 4 6 = MZN & () &1 7 & P & = 2 R (I &* 1 $ AC ' (I &* - & J.+ 8 R (I &* & ()$ $ = 5I &) & 7^+. $ 5* $ 5* & &1 = 2 5 &1 5 7G. $ &e 5+ $ 5* = $ 2 5+ ': & 6: A & C MM 4 &1 @. $ 5!" 5.-.Ce $ ' K1 1 SC2 R (I &* 5!" $ 4 6 5*..42 )+ = 5 8 42 H* A K7!"# $ ' 3 ' (I &* R (I &* = $ 5!" 5$ &1 4 6 MM.$ 2 6: 6 X H 7G 8 $ &e 5+ 42 5+ H* A" $. # : $ 3 S# Q #. S.1 Q 1 $ $2 RD*1 6 5* MZN 4 X ' & S1 1 Q 1 C $ 5* = 42 & P/ "4 6 8. 7.G = '= &1 5* 8 5+ 7 =$ 42 6C * 51 $ N..* 5- $ 5 S1 1 Q 1 * 6" E$ 5.+ R.D*# 6. '=2 5"4# $ &1 5 7G. 7 =$ 42 6C &. & * d $2

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

- 11 - : (. '. 7-.!". 42 & /O $ 4 N 8!." 6"$ 1!" 5 : 1 6 5* 8 L% (+ ' 8 5 :!" 6J% X@# 8 Ce H K[ 6"$ 1 < 5+!" ' '. S? \ 64 5* = 7 + 3I S- ' 5 5+ 1.1 5.* = 7 + 3I S1 5!JC KC1 K1 '4-5+ 3 (11). 3*# 1 0# 5* $ 3I 3"1 7-1 : = &* cd L= &1 7-5!" 5+ = + 42 & Z )+ M!". 3I S- \ 5+ 5* 60 + L & Ce 5!" K1 5.+ L.) 1 K1 5+ H$ I 5 S1 7-8 AC H 8 5* 60 + CF W. 3.I 6.4 ' I 3I S- \ & * +!"/ 5 6. 6$# 3$ 5 6 5+ CF 5!" 4 1 8 $ : Q P A. 7 )+!" 8 Q ") 42 & N 7 4 P.+JC2 * 8 @ 8 + )+ # H"B"C 7- I.0 2 H.1 5. 7G.L: * ' 5!" # AB"C 5+ 4 AB."C 5+ 4 +JC2 &1 E$ 8!" AB"C absolute uniformity (I Q. Q 5 2 : * * 3$" 5 : :.:.# H"B"C % ' 7- :!" 42 & M )+ P. : "C L 6 5+ 1 8 L: (.% Ce H K[ H!" 1 H '!" * RD*# 6 = 1 /O &1 7 & ) (.I (.I &.*. 1 8 S1 1 Q 1 60 $ 5+ 7- <7 /O 5+ - 0 64. ) d" K$- (I &1 MM 6 )+ 4J C# %"

- 12 - : KC# I0 3 5!" 3I 5* 42 1 )+ ) I0 5- +D? P 5.+ 64 & & H 34 1 H* 7 & Ce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e 3I S1 ': " 6# 3I " 4 6 K$- 5+ 5 6 &1 5 8 # ($ &1 8 6# 3I S- \ 0 0* 5:1 6JC 5+ '. 5..I + 5* )# H &+ 6# 3I \ 5+ S1 H[ ($J 3I.6# 3I S- \ *- [ ($J 3I 5+ 5 < &1 # ($ & J I0 PY 3.I &1 ($J 3I S1 5? = )+ )+. 6# 3I

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

- 14-5 ($. H : WI" 60. 5 & AC & ). 2 6 * :? X@ % ) ' 5 B= 1 1 = 5-5. & AC & 5$!" >- $ ") A 7 9)+ 1 : >- &1 5 7G. X@/ >? *- 1 : "C 5* 6. 1 &. >? *- 1 : S= >- 6: 8 X@# % >? *-.$ (I & >C 8 HD1 *= *- 5+ C 6.: :. 'C D &*= MZN 4 = 1 )+ ': & 5.$!" *= *- 5+ 6"$ & 5$!" "C K) 7 farmer s S=. = H* (I 7G 8 5 K 6) K1 + & ) 5+ 6"$ & 5$!" K) 7 >- &*= 5* 42 $ 2. privilege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

- 15-3." 2 5$ 5!" 5 H K7 K:B2 ($ &1 5 7G ) "+ 5 W ' 7-2- HB= 1 1 6 : 3$ 6: "$ 5* K.0 7^+. 5$!" *= 5+ C 5 : 5* K:B2 H)$ 0 C. J% H AC 5* 6"$ 1 5 & 5$!" : S=.*= & "$ 5-5 K:B2 ($ J+ 8 5$!" *= 5+ W. ' 7-1. *= 5+ C 5 : 5* H)$ 0 5 &# 5$!" K:B.2 ($ 0 H & : 5* K:B2 H)$ 0 ) "+ 5 "$ 5* @ 5+ 5 )+ & 5$ 5!" *= ' 7- : cd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ntellectual Property Handbook : Policy, Law and Use, ( 2001), WIPO Publication No. 489 (E), no. 5.638 p. 340 WIPO Handbook, no. 5.639 p.340 ( ) 1 (P ) ( : 5.G. '.) 5. 5$ 5!" 5 & AC 5* 6"$ 5- % >$ 5 6*# <7 ") ) O 8." Y 8 ( 6*1 & <7 @ 1 8 X P 8 : X*# B 8 >? *- >?. ) X@# & X@ K# &=C Z 8 2

- 16-5.+ ).0 " D1 G & ' 7-5$!" & (15) 1 )0!"#. Q#!"# <7 "). 5$!" &* G= & 2 5!"#. 5$!" &* = AB"C E$ & $D +JC!C 2 5 9 92 5$!" 6-5D) 5!"# P : $ & : 2$ 3 : =? R:2 /3 % '4 60 2 5 6*# & * MM 4 & Y 7 N K:B.2 (.$ (.I & >C 6*# L7G. 5$!" 5 ()$ 5* R* K1 >.$ 2 8.$ 4 6 5* 3 =- R: 60 5$!" 5 : 5G 5$!" 5 & AC 5* 6"$ 5- ') 5 % f @ "C0 X@# ') ' 5 6*# f 6 5* ') ' 5 6*#.!"1 E$ X% ') ' 5 6*# P.%.+ 5$!" 'C &1 5 + G1 H C# R:2 7G 5.* R* K1 60 2 KC1!"1 1!" E$ X% 5 & AC & &D K7 '$ 7G!C &1 4 6 = 2. 5$!" 3$" 5 ()$ 5.+ 6: G I E$ 0 G R:2 7G &!. H$ 3 9=- gr: breeder s research 5. R:. H* (I. MZN 4 & (P) Y L) HD 5.:$ R:2 $ H* (I. breeder s privilege 5 = 1 8 exemption (16) exemption % c $ *!) 2 MZN & (P)Y H* A K7 R:2 &1 @ &1 R:.2 7G 3 % = 6 8!" E$ X% 5$!" 'C (Y.) '.$1 (I X@# " : H1 5* "4 5$!" & 1 (0!" ") (3) (Y) 7 4 ) : *. (5"#!") Ce!" & 1 )0 "!" 8 () (1) * AB."C G..4 7 5+ $ 5"#!" & 91 (0!" & 1 5"#!" & 91 )0 & 8 5$!" : 3 * &* 1 5: 3 &* # 8 5"#!" &* cd L= & 2.: 3..* &* 1 5: 3 &* # AB"C G E$ & 5"#!" )I & P ". ()02 6*1 &* +JC2 ( * + 5"#!" (..+ LG. 5.+ 5."#!." 6: & 7-2- 5$!" & 91 )0 2!" &1 5 7G. $ +JC & '@ 5*!" 6 5 3 &* # AB"C (O A 8 ( H:$ 8 : 1 ) Crespi

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

- 19 - & &- 4] $ < + 4 6 5* '= 2. $ W \ 5$. <7 6 &1 4] $ +!I# 6 5* P 1 )+ MM 4 1.$ (.$ W \ L0 1 $ 3I S- \ & 6JC 5!" 5 5* 8 L7G 6JC 5 ($ 4] $ &D =J 7C &[ <7 8!" &. 6.* K[. '.) & 6* X 5* 5 6"$ 64# 5* L7G &D &1 =. 1.4. $ H$ 5 & AC 2- ') $ 5 6*# &. &7. AC.0# 5+ 2-4] $ '$1 (I 21!I# 6 P. 3I S^ 9* 'I$1 4 5 E: E$!"# $ & Q 4!4 : ') R (I &* $ $ & Q 4!4 5 + X Y '.: 8!"# $ 5+ RD*# 6 '= T ': 8 SC2 : 5!"# $ 6 6D+# 5+ 1 X R. (.I &.*. $ $ & Q 4!4 : 6# 3I.SC2.!"# $ 5+ RD*# 6 '= : 5: 3I.!"# $ 6 6D+# : E: 3I 6# 3I $ $ & Q 4!4 SC2 R (I &* &1 5+ RD*# 5* )+ Z 5+ Q 4 1 YY 1 T. 5.* SC2 3" R *C2 + SC R 5* 6"$ - W. & + 5+ *" *

- 20 - R (I &* $ & + 5+ *C2 4 1 & gr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microorganisms 5+ RD*# 6 '= ': &.C $ B 3$I I.B L7 ) J SC R 5* 6"$ 4 W &[.)I 5.* 1.7 )4 B 5* SC2 3" R $ W I0 + 7- (19). (M. 1. ) 0 5+ *C2 $ 5) ' 6 5+ C 5 b & &1 7 & )..$."1 * MN 0 5+ 1 7G 1 4. R (I &* $ & $ B 601 + 6.. '.: & S H*D &* R W $" 4 K7 Diamond V. Chakrabarty D4 5+ $ # C 7-5* ) $"[+ % (I &* :."

- 21-5+ 'C 5 non-biological processes @ (I 5- ') R:2 2 YM >- 5+ I 6B 5* 2 5 (I <7 "). $ >-. $ &.* $ & &1 = 5+ RD*# 6 &1 5 7G. & 3"C? W) (I 6: $ >- 5+ I 6B R (I. >.- 5+ micro-biological processes )4 (I 5- R:2 2 <7 8.$. >- 5+ )4 B 5* 5 (I <7 ") 8 $ (I L7 ) 2 $ 5+ RD*# 6 5* 3 5. R (I &* 6. 5.* X. 2 Q 4 & 3 (P) Z &1 & &* 5% & O.$ &. : &1 = 8 R (I &* $ RD*#. <7 5* G - & SC2 R 5: 3I 1 $ C!"# $ RD*# 6 '=-.4 &. 5:. &1 6. = 1 Q 4 & 3 (P) Z &1 '@ O plants varieties.!"1 $ =1-2- 8 $ R 5* 6"$. >= ' 1 8 AC S & ' 1 8 SC2 R (I &* $ ' C $ 5+ RD*# 6 '$ 7G c1 4 O!."1 $ * 42 X ' 7-8 ) :J: $ 1 & &!"1. R (I &* &. 5.1.$ + RD*# 6 '= 2 Q 4 &1 & &* 5% & OP 8 * 5 " 5+ + :!"# $ 1 : 1 Francis & Collins, Cases and Materials on Patent Law, (1995), p.516.7.)4 B $ 4 7-8 SC2 R ' * = 5 b 5+ 7 J '$ 7G E$1 4.$ L 2 5+ 1 '$ 7 ) ) # :[ 4.I )I Q R (I &* $ B 5G.1.IC 5# ' 4. GD$ 1 C )I Q SC2 R (I &* 7 )4 B $ 3 [+ SC2 SD & +G MNN 5+ &$ SC R 61 5# R 3 W * '# 5-7 &.* 5.# R. 3. & 1 SC R "- ' 83 E$# 5+ HC2 : H" % ' 1. 6I 54 6 SC2 R.Stephen Crespi, European Union, in : Erbisch and Maredia (editors ) Intellectual Property Rights in Agricultural Biotechnology, p.200

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