This page intentionally left blank

Copyright 2008, New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers Published by New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers All rights reserved. No part of this ebook may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of the publisher. All inquiries should be emailed to rights@newagepublishers.com ISBN (13) : 978-81-224-2653-3 PUBLISHING FOR ONE WORLD NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS 4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110002 Visit us at www.newagepublishers.com

Dedicated To My Noble Mother

PREFACE Investment Management is the process of managing money, including investments, budgeting, banking and taxes, also called as money management. An Investment operation is one which, upon through analysis promises safety of principal and an adequate return. Operations not meeting these requirements are speculative. It is sincerely hoped that the book will be useful to the Investors, CEO, Directors, Managing Directors, Strategy Planner, Students and Faculty Members of BBM, MBA, MCOM, PGDM, PGDBM, PGDHRM, ICFAI and competitive examinations in India and abroad. I invite suggestions from one and all for improvements in next edition of this book. Investment management has been introduced as a subject in BBM, MBA, MCOM, PGDM, PGDBM and ICFAI. I have made humble effort to fulfill the needs of the Investor, Planner, CEO, Directors of MNCs, Students and Teachers of the subject by covering necessary topics, explaining,analysis and assessing the various aspects and subjects. Many individuals have rendered their helping hand to me. I take this opportunity to thank all of them. I thank Dr. D.M. Basavaraja, my teacher, guide and supervisor and professor from Kuvempu University for his constant inspiration and support, Dr. C.M. Thagaraju, Dr. G.T. Govindappa, my teachers, and professors of Kuvempu University. I am immensely indebted them. I also thank T.N. Suresh, Director of Padmashree group of institutions, Bangalore, Dr. C.N. Aswath Narayan, Chairman of Padmashree group of institutions. Bangalore, Dr. A.Venkta Raju, Professor, ATNCC, Shimoga, Prof. Sheshchalla, KKECS, Bangalore, Chairman, Principal, HOD and staff of the T. John Institute of Management and Science. Shri Saumya Gupta, MD, and Shri. Sudarshan. S.P., Marketing Manager, Chief Editor, Manager and Staff, the New Age

(viii) International (P) Ltd. Publisher, these persons are the main initiators and monitors of this project. I express my sincere gratitude to all of them. It is my prime responsibility to thank my parents, brother, sisters and friends for inconveniences caused during writing of this book. DR. B. HIRIYAPPA

(ix) CONTENTS Preface (vii) 1. INVESTMENT 1 Introduction 1 Meaning and Concept of Investment 2 Characteristics of Investment 2 Need and Importance of Investments 5 Investment Activity 7 Classification of Investment 8 Modes of Investment 9 Investment for Consumption and Business 11 Factors Influencing Investment 12 Forms of Business Organisation 14 The Investment Process/Stages 15 Sources of Investment Risk 17 Recent Trends of Investments 19 Problems in Investment 19 Speculation 19 Gambling 21 Investor 22 Questions for Discussions 27 References 28 2. FINANCIAL ARITHMETICS 31 introduction 31 Interest 31 Simple Interest 32 Compound Interest 35 Annuities 37 Concept and Types of Yield or Return 39 Yield Calculations 42 Time Value of Money 42

(x) Reasons of Time Preference Money 43 Importance of Time Value of Money 43 Techniques of Compounding 44 Techniques of Discounting 44 References 46 3. INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES I 47 Introduction 47 Meaning of Investment Opportunities 48 Non-Marketable Financial Assets 48 Equity Shares 49 Preference Shares 53 Debentures 55 Fixed Deposits Companies 57 Government or Gilt Edged Securities 61 Dematerialisation of Gilted Securities 65 Post Office Savings Deposits 71 Questions for Discussions 74 4. INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES-II 75 Introduction 75 Provident Fund 75 Unit Trust of India 77 Money Market Instrument 79 Treasury Bills 80 Commercial Paper 81 Bank Deposits 83 Precious Objects 83 Life Insurance Corporation 85 Real Estate 88 Mutual Funds 91 Index Funds 96 Chit Funds 97 Questions for Discussions 97 References 98 5. STOCK EXCHANGE 101 Introduction 101 Service of Stock Exchange 104 Byelaws 107 Organisation Structure of Stock Exchange 108 Listing of Securities 108 Trading in Securities 109

(xi) Stock Broker 111 Registration of Sub-brokers 113 Badla Transaction/Carry Over 116 Speculative Transactions 117 National Stock Exchange of India 119 Securities and Exchange Board of India 121 Over the Counter Exchange of India (OTCEI) 122 Questions for Discussion 126 References 127 6. FUNDAMENT AMENTAL AL ANALYSIS OF INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT 129 Introduction 129 Procedure and Criteria for Investment Decisions 130 Risk Under Investment Management 131 Fundamental Analysis in Investment Management 134 Economic Forecasting Techniques 137 Industry Analysis 138 Industry Life Cycle 141 Sources of Information for Analysis 144 Company Analysis 147 Financial Statement Analysis 148 Financial Ratios 154 Interest Coverage Ratio 157 Cost Benefit Analysis 160 Classification of Risks 161 Systematic Risks 161 Environmental Considerations 163 Chit Funds and Nidhis Management 163 Tax Planning in Investment Management 164 Questions for Discussions 164 References 165 7. INVESTMENT AND FINANCE DECISIONS IN CAPITAL AL MARKET 167 Introduction 167 Capital Market 169 Industrial Securities Market 169 Government Securities Market 170 Long-Term Loans Market 170 New Issue Market Functions 170 Distribution 173 Methods of Floating New Issues 173

(xii) Players in the New Issue Market 175 Special Features of the Indian Capital Market 180 Valuation of Securities 180 Questions for Discussion 189 References 190 8. PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT 191 Introduction 191 Relationship between Risk and Return 192 Markowitz Portfolio Selection Model/Theory 194 Capital Asset Pricing Model 197 Sharpe Ratio 199 Portfolio Investment Process 200 Questions for Discussion 206 References 207 9. INFLATION AND INVESTMENT 209 Introduction 209 Meaning of Inflation 210 Traditional Explanation of Inflation 210 Inflationary Tendencies 212 Causes of Inflation 213 Effects of Inflation 214 Questions for Discussions 221 References 222

CHAPTER 1 INVESTMENT Learning Objectives v v v v v What is investment, speculation and gambling. Explain the different modes of investment for investor. Discuss the financial investments, physical investments, maketable investments and non marketable investments. What are the factors influencing the investment? Who is investor? What are the qualities of investor? Discuss the different types of investor. INTRODUCTION An investment operation is one which, upon thorough analysis promises safety of principal and an adequate return. Operations not meeting these requirements are speculative. - By Graham and Qadd s Security Analysis Investment Management is the process of managing money, including investments, budgeting, banking and taxes, also called as money management. We shall discuss about the following factors: Firstly: Meaning, concept, characteristics, need and importance, avenues, classification and modes of investment. Secondly: Influencing factors, process, feature, source of risk, recent trends and problems of investment. Thirdly: Meaning, characteristics, difference in speculation, investment and gambling.

2 Investment Management MEANING AND CONCEPT OF INVESTMENT Investment is a term for several closely related meanings in finance and economics. Investment according to Theoretical Economics Investment means the production of capital goods - goods which are not consumed but instead used in future production. Examples include Building A rail road A Factory clearing land Putting oneself through college Investment according to Finance Term Investment means buying of Assets. For Examples Buying stocks and bonds Investing in real estate Mortgages These investments may then provide a future income and increase in value (i.e., investing in real estate). Investment according to Oxford Dictionary Investment means the investing of money. Investment from an Individual Point of View Investment refers to a money commitment of some sort. For example l. A commitment of money to buy a new car is certainly an investment. CHARACTERISTICS OF INVESTMENT Investment refers to invest money in Financial physical assets and Marketable assets. Major investments features such as risk, return, safety, liquidity, marketability concealability, capital growth, purchasing power, stability and the benefits.

Investment 3 Tax Benifits Stability of Income Return Marketability Liquidity Investment Safety Concealability Capital Growth Risk Purchasing Power Stability Fig. 1.1 Characteristics of Investment Figure 1.1 indicates that an important characteristics of investments is outlined as: Risk Return Safety Liquidity Marketability Concealability Capital growth Purchasing power stability Stability of income Tax benefits. Risk Risk refers to the loss of principal amount of an investment. It is one of the major characteristics of an investment. The risk depends on the following factors: The investment maturity period is longer, in this case, investor will take larger risk. Government or Semi Government bodies are issuing securities which have less risk. In the case of the debt instrument or fixed deposit, the risk of above investment is less due to their secured and fixed interest payable on them. For instance Debentures. In the case of ownership instrument like equity or preference shares, the risk is more due to their unsecured nature and variability of their return and ownership character. The risk of degree of variability of returns is more in the case of ownership capital compare to debt capital. The tax provisions would influence the return of risk.

4 Investment Management Return Return refers to expected rate of return from an investment Return is an important characteristics of investment. Return is the major factor which influences the pattern of investment that is made by the investor. Investor always prefers to high rate of return for his investment. Safety Safety refers to the protection of investor principal amount and expected rate of return. Safety is also one of the essential and crucial elements of investment. Investor prefers safety about his capital. Capital is the certainty of return without loss of money or it will take time to retain it. If investor prefers less risk securities, he chooses Government bonds. In the case, investor prefers high rate of return investor will choose private Securities and Safety of these securities is low. Liquidity Liquidity refers to an investment ready to convert into cash position. In other words, it is available immediately in cash form. Liquidity means that investment is easily realisable, saleable or marketable. When the liquidity is high, then the return may be low. For example, UTI units. An investor generally prefers liquidity for his investments, safety of funds through a minimum risk and maximisation of return from an investment. Marketability Marketability refers to buying and selling of Securities in market. Marketability means transferability or saleability of an asset. Securities are listed in a stock market which are more easily marketable than which are not listed. Public Limited Companies shares are more easily transferable than those of private limited companies. Concealability Concealability is another essential characteristic of the investment. Concealability means investment to be safe from social disorders, government confiscations or unacceptable levels of taxation, property must be concealable and leave no record of income received from its use or sale. Gold and precious stones have long been esteemed for these purposes, because they combine high value with small bulk and are readily transferable.

Investment 5 Capital Growth Capital Growth refers to appreciation of investment. Capital growth has today become an important character of investment. It is recognising in connection between corporation and industry growth and very large capital growth. Investors and their advisers are constantly seeking growth stock in the right industry and bought at the right time. Purchasing Power Stability It refers to the buying capacity of investment in market. Purchasing power stability has become one of the import traits of investment. Investment always involves the commitment of current funds with the objective of receiving greater amounts of future funds. Stability of Income It refers to constant return from an investment. Another major characteristic feature of the Investment is the stability of income. Stability of income must look for different path just as security of principal. Every investor always considers stability of monetary income and stability of purchasing power of income. Tax Benefits Tax benefits is the last characteristic feature of the investment. Tax benefits refer to plan an investment programme without regard to one s status may be costly to the investor. There are actually two problems: One concerned with the amount of income paid by the investment. Another is the burden of income tax upon that income. NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF INVESTMENTS An investment is an important and useful factor in the context of present day conditions. Some factors are important. They are as outlined below: Longer life expectancy or planning for retirement Increasing rates of taxation High interest rates High rate of inflation Larger incomes Availability of a complex number of investment outlets.

6 Investment Management Longer Life Expectancy Investment decisions have become more significant as most people in India retire between the ages of 56 to 60. So that, they are planned to save their money. Saving by themselves do not increase wealth, saving must be invested in such a way that the principal and income will be adequate for a greater number of retirement years. Longer life expectancy is one reason for effective saving and further investment activity that help for investment decisions. Increasing Rates of Taxation When tax rate is increased, it will focus for generating saving by tax payer. When the tax payer invest their income into provident fund, pension fund, Unit Trust of India, Life Insurance, Unit Linked Insurance Plan, National Saving Certificates, Development Bonds, Post Office Cumulative Deposit Schemes etc. It affects the taxable income. Interest Rates Interest rate is one of the most important aspects of a sound investment plan. The interest rate differs from one investment to another. There may be changes between degree of risk and safe investments. They may also differ due to different benefit schemes offered by the institutions. A high rate of interest may not be the only factor favouring the outlet for investment. Stability of interest is an important aspect of receiving a high rate of interest. Inflation Inflation has become a continuous problem. It affects in terms of rising prices. Several problems are associated and coupled with a falling standard of living. Therefore, investor careful scrutiny of the inflation will make further investment process delayed. Investor ensures to check up safety of the principal amount, security of the investment. Both are crucial from the point of view of the interest gained from the investments. Income Income is another important element of the investment. When government provides jobs to the unemployed persons in the country, the ultimate result is ensuring of income than saving the extra income. More incomes and more avenues of investment have led to the ability and willingness of working people to save and invest their funds.

Investment 7 Investment Channels The growth and development of the country leading to greater economic prosperity has led to the introduction of a vast areas of investment outlets. Investment channels means an investor is willing to invest in several instruments like corporate stock, provident fund, life insurance, fixed deposits in the corporate sector and unit trust schemes. INVESTMENT ACTIVITY Investment activity includes buying and selling of the financial assets, physical assets and marketable assets in primary and secondary markets. Investment activity involves the use of funds or savings for further creation of assets or acquisition of existing assets. Figure 1.2 indicates the investments activity. Accordingly investment activity refers to acquisition of assets like: Financial Assets Physical Assets Marketable Assets from the Primary and Secondary Market I Financial Assets Cash Bank Deposits PF, LIC Schemes Pension Scheme PO Certificates and Deposits Becomes Saver Investor By Acquiring the Assets III Marketable Assets Shares, Bonds, Govt. Securities etc. Stock and Capital Markets II Physical Assets House, Land, Buildings, Flats Gold, Silver and other Metals Consumer Durables New Issues Financial Assets are: Cash Bank Deposits Fig. 1.2 Investment Activity Stock Market