Modul ke: 01Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis PENGANTAR AKUNTANSI Accounting in Action Rina Y. Asmara SE, MM, Ak, CA Program Studi S1Manajemen
1 Types of Businesses Service Business Delta Air Lines The Walt Disney Company Service Transportation services Entertainment services
1 Types of Businesses Merchandising Business Wal-Mart Amazon.com Product General merchandise Internet books, music, videos
1 Types of Businesses Manufacturing Business General Motors Corp. Dell Inc. Product Cars, trucks, vans Personal computers
1 The Role of Accounting in Business Accounting can be defined as an information system that provides reports to users about the economic activities and condition of a business.
1 The process by which accounting provides information to users is as follows: Identify users. Assess users informational needs. Design the accounting information system to meet users needs. Record economic data about business activities and events. Prepare accounting reports for users.
1 Exhibit 1 Users of Accounting Information
1 Managerial Accounting The area of accounting that provides internal users with information is called managerial accounting. The objective of managerial accounting is to provide relevant and timely information for managers and employees decision-making needs.
1 Financial Accounting The area of accounting that provides external users with information is called financial accounting. The objective of financial accounting is to provide relevant and timely information for the decision-making needs of users outside of the business.
1 Role of Ethics in Accounting and Business Ethics are moral principles that guide the conduct of individuals.
1 The answer to What went wrong for these companies? (Exhibit 2) involves one or both of these factors. Failure of individual character Firm culture of greed and ethical indifference
1 Opportunities for Accountants Accountants employed by a business firm or a not-for-profit organization are said to be employed in private accounting. Accountants and their staff who provide services on a fee basis are said to be employed in public accounting.
3 The Accounting Equation Assets = Liabilities + Owner s Equity The resources owned by a business
3 The Accounting Equation Assets = Liabilities + Owner s Equity The rights of the creditors are the debts of the business.
3 The Accounting Equation Assets = Liabilities + Owner s Equity The rights of the owners
4 Business Transaction A business transaction is an economic event or condition that directly changes an entity s financial condition or its results of operations.
4 Transaction A On November 1, 2009, Chris Clark deposits $25,000 in a bank account in the name of NetSolutions in return for shares of stock in the corporation.
4 Transaction A (continued) Assets = CASH a. = 25,000 Stockholders Equity Share Capital-Ordinary 25,000
4 Transaction B On November 5, 2009, NetSolutions paid $20,000 for the purchase of land as a future building site.
4 Transaction B (continued) Assets = Stockholders Equity CASH + LAND Bal. 25,000 b. 20,000 +20,000 = Share Capital-Ordinary 25,000 Bal. 5,000 20,000 25,000
4 Transaction C On November 10, 2009, NetSolutions purchased supplies for $1,350 and agreed to pay the supplier in the near future.
4 Transaction C (continued) Assets = Stockholders Liabilities + Equity ACCOUNTS CAPITAL CASH + SUPPLIES + LAND PAYABLE + STOCK = Bal. 5,000 20,000 25,000 c. +1,350 +1,350 Bal. 5,000 1,350 20,000 1,350 25,000
4 Beginning with Transaction D the asset section will be shown first, then the liabilities and stockholders equity will be shown in the following slide.
4 Transaction D On November 18, 2009, NetSolutions received cash of $7,500 for providing services to customers. A business earns money by selling goods or services to its customers. This amount is called Revenue.
4 Transaction D (continued) Assets CASH + SUPPLIES + LAND Bal. 5,000 1,350 20,000 d. +7,500 Bal. 12,500 1.350 20,000
4 Transaction D (continued) Liabilities + Stockholders Equity ACCOUNTS CAPITAL FEES PAYABLE + STOCK + EARNED Bal. 1,350 25,000 d. +7,500 Bal. 1,350 25,000 7,500
4 Expenses During the month, NetSolutions spent cash or used up other assets in earning revenue. Assets used in this process of earning revenue are called expenses.
4 Transaction E On November 30, 2009, NetSolutions paid the following expenses during the month: wages, $2,125; rent, $800; utilities, $450; and miscellaneous, $275.
4 Transaction E (continued) Assets CASH + SUPPLIES + LAND Bal. 12,500 1,350 20,000 e. 3,650 Bal. 8,850 1.350 20,000
4 Transaction E (continued) Liabilities + Stockholders Equity ACCOUNTS CAPITAL FEES WAGES RENT UTIL. MISC. PAYABLE + STOCK + EARNED EXP. EXP. EXP. EXP. Bal. 1,350 25,000 7,500 e. 2,125 800 450 275 Bal. 1,350 25,000 7,500 2,125 800 450 275
4 Transaction F On November 30, 2009, NetSolutions paid creditors on account, $950.
4 Transaction F (continued) Assets CASH + SUPPLIES + LAND Bal. 8,850 1,350 20,000 f. 950 Bal. 7,900 1.350 20,000
4 Transaction F (continued) Liabilities + Stockholders Equity ACCOUNTS CAPITAL FEES WAGES RENT UTIL. MISC. PAYABLE + STOCK + EARNED EXP. EXP. EXP. EXP. Bal. 1,350 25,000 7,500 f. 950 Bal. 400 25,000 7,500 2,125 800 450 275
4 Transaction G On November 30, 2009, Chris Clark determined that the cost of supplies on hand at the end of the period was $550.
4 Transaction G (continued) Assets CASH + SUPPLIES + LAND Bal. 7,900 1,350 20,000 g. 800 Bal. 7,900 550 20,000
4 Transaction G (continued) Liabilities + Stockholders Equity ACCOUNTS CAPITAL FEES WAGES RENT SUP. UTIL. MISC. PAYABLE + STOCK + EARNED EXP. EXP. EXP. EXP. EXP. Bal. 400 25,000 7,500 2,125 800 450 275 g. 800 Bal. 400 25,000 7,500 2,125 800 800 450 275
4 Transaction H On November 30, 2009, NetSolutions pays $2,000 to stockholders (Chris Clark) as dividends.
4 Transaction H (continued) Assets CASH + SUPPLIES + LAND Bal. 7,900 550 20,000 h. 2,000 Bal. 5,900 550 20,000
4 Transaction H (continued) Liabilities + Stockholders Equity ACCTS. CAPITAL, DIVI- FEES WAGES RENT SUP. UTIL. MISC. PAY. + STOCK DENDS + EARNED EXP. EXP. EXP. EXP. EXP. Bal. 400 25,000 7,500 2,125 800 800 450 275 h. 2,000 Bal.400 25,000 2,000 7,500 2,125 800 800 450 275
4 Summary
4 Exhibit 5 Effects of Transactions on Stockholders Equity
5 Financial Statements After transactions have been recorded and summarized, reports are prepared for users. The accounting reports providing this information are called financial statements.
5 statement of comprehensive income The statement of comprehensive income reports the revenues and expenses for a period of time, based on the matching concept.
5 Matching Concept The matching concept is applied by matching the expenses with the revenue generated during a period by those expenses.
5 The excess of revenue over the expenses is called net income or net profit. If the expenses exceed the revenue, the excess is a net loss.
5 Statement of Retained Earnings The statement of retained earnings reports the changes in the retained earnings for a specific period of time, such as a month or a year.
5 Statement of Financial Position A statement of financial position is a list of the assets, liabilities, and stockholders equity as of a specific date.
5 Account Form The account form of a statement of financial position lists the assets on the left and the liabilities and stockholders equity on the right similar to the design of an account.
5 Statement of Cash Flows A statement of cash flows is a summary of the cash receipts and payments for a specific period of time. It consists of three sections: (1) operating activities, (2) investing activities, and (3) financing activities.
5 Operating Activities The cash flows from operating activities section reports a summary of cash receipts and cash payments from operations.
5 Investing Activities The cash flows from investing activities section reports the cash transactions for the acquisition and sale of relatively permanent assets.
5 Financing Activities The cash flows from financing activities section reports the cash transactions related to cash investments by stockholders, borrowings, and cash dividends.
5 Interrelationships Among Financial Statements The statement of comprehensive income and the statement of retained earnings are interrelated. Net income or net loss appears on the statement of comprehensive income and is also reported on the statement of retained earnings as either an addition to or a deduction from the beginning retained earnings balance.
5 Interrelationships Among Financial Statements The statement of retained earnings and the statement of financial position are interrelated. Retained earnings at the end of the period reported on the statement of retained earnings is also reported on the statement of financial position as retained earnings.
5 Interrelationships Among Financial Statements The statement of financial position and the statement of cash flows are interrelated. The cash reported on the statement of financial position is also reported as the end-of-period cash on the statement of cash flows.
5 Financial Analysis and Interpretation Ratio of Liabilities to Stockholders Equity = Total Liabilities Total Stockholders Equity For NetSolutions: Ratio of Liabilities to Stockholders Equity = $400 $26,050 = 0.015
Terima Kasih Rina Y. Asmara SE, MM, Ak., CA