Photo credit: UNICEF, 2017 The 2017 Sector Budget KEY MESSAGES Importance of quality for poverty reduction: Evidence suggests that quality bears significant benefits for the individual and the whole of the country. Individual benefits may be higher wages, societal benefits are a better-educated workforce, higher productivity and GDP growth. In Burundi, similar to other countries, completion of secondary of the household head means lower levels of poverty. Furthermore, particularly true for Burundi, is an important contributor to social cohesion and teaches universal values such as tolerance, respect for difference and dialogue. 26.7 per cent of total national resources allocated to the Ministry of. Resources allocated to the Ministry of increased by 13 per cent from 2016 to 2017 and amount to 274.8 billion BIF (164 million USD) according to the 2017 Financial Law. Additionally, 185 million BIF (111,ooo USD) and 2.79 billion BIF (1.67 million USD) are made available to the Minister of Civil Service and Labour to finance literacy and professional training, respectively. Additionally, a Fund in Support of was introduced and has a budget of 7.2 billion (4.3 million USD) at its disposal. They only donor support allocated to the Ministry of is channeled via the Common Fund for. Early childhood development interventions are currently underfinanced and need special attention: Basic interventions benefit from 49.8 per cent of available resources in 2017, followed by 3.8 per cent allocated to secondary. Pre-schooling and other components of the program receive each less than 1 per cent of the available resources. Early years of life are the most rapid period of development in the life of a human and is the basis for future well-being and learning. Furthermore, economic analyses have found that investing in the early years yield some of the highest rates of return. Literacy programs and professional and technical trainings, responsibility of the Minister of Civil Service and Labour, are equally underfinanced: Literate mothers and caretakers of children are an important contributor to advancing the realisation of child rights. Moreover, despite officially low unemployment rates, youth in Burundi is under-occupied and needs to be equipped with the necessary skills and opportunities to contribute to the country s economy.
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 (1) Access to in Burundi Access to and training is prerequisite for human and socio-economic development and key to fight poverty. Evidence for Burundi, similar to other countries, strongly suggests that with increasing level of of the head of household, poverty rates decrease (see Fig. 1). A recent analysis of different forms of vulnerabilities of children in Burundi identified that 28.3 per cent of 6-15 year old children do not attend school and more than half of 16-17 year olds (56.2 per cent) have not completed primary. Guaranteeing access to free, equitable and quality primary and secondary to the more than 4.26 million girls and boys aged between 3-19 years 1 in Burundi, has been reinforced as priority in the post-2015 development agenda (see Fig. 2). The Sustainable Development Goal 4 calls for the maximization of efforts to ensure equity and quality in, aiming to ensure relevant and effective learning outcomes. Burundi s high demographic growth rate is expected to further increase pressure on Burundi s system. Burundi s sector has been subject to important reforms over past years, most notably the abolishment of school fees for primary in 2005, reducing costs for households. However, families may still face informal costs for e.g. school materials, etc. Another important improvement of the sector is the recent merger of primary and the first three years of secondary into a system of nine years of basic. While pre-schooling is still rather rudimentary developed in Burundi, gross enrolment rates in primary are high, but fall drastically for the both cycles of secondary (see Fig. 3.). Moreover, it needs be taken into consideration that gross enrolment rates may be high (even higher than 100 per cent), since many children are enrolled in primary although according to their age they should not be: while some parents inscribe their young children to early in primary school due to lacking opportunities for pre-schooling, a majority of pupils start primary at age 7 instead of age 6 (58%, RESEN 2016). This delay in commencement of is likely due to high rates of stunting (56%, DHS 2016). Furthermore, completion rates need to be improved (see Fig. 4). 100 80 60 40 20 0 Fig. 1: Poverty Rate (%), by level of of head of household 68 67.7 No Analphabet 61.3 Primary 55.8 Pre-school 32.7 Secondary Source: Poverty Note, REFES, based on PMS 2012 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000-150.0% 100.0% 50.0% 0.0% 150.0% 100.0% 50.0% 0.0% Fig. 2: Burundi's Population in Schooling Age (Projections) 3-5 years 6-15 years 16-19 years Source: ISTEEBU / UNFPA, December 2013 Fig. 3: Gross Enrollment Rates 2015-16 10.31% Pre-school 131.99% Basic (Cycles 1-3) 58.0% Basic (Cycle 4) Fig 4.: Access Rate vs. Completion Rate, Primary, 2015-16 128.08% Gross access rate, primary 76.47% Source: Ministry of, 2015-2016 17.1 Higher 19.4% Post-basic Completion rate, primary 1 3-5 years for pre-schooling, 6-15 years for basic, and 16-19 years for secondary.
According to the Government report on the national system (RESEN 2016), main reasons for non-access are children being too young (likely related to the high levels of stunting), followed by 33.9% of respondents indicating that costs are too high (see Fig. 5). Already in 2000, World leaders came together in Dakar, Senegal to commit to guarantee access to for All. My committing to The Dakar Framework for Action, Governments recognized funding gaps that hamper the attainment of universal access to, acknowledged the strong political will necessary to ensure allocation of appropriate domestic resources and pledged to improve the situation: no countries seriously committed to for All will be thwarted in their achievement of this goal by a lack of resources (Article 10, Dakar Framework for Action). In 2015, the World s decision makers gathered in Incheon, South Korea to reinforce their commitment to ensure appropriate financing, vowing to allocate at least 4-6 per cent of their countries Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and at least 15-20 per cent of total public expenditures to. We recognize that the success of the 2030 agenda requires sound policies and planning as well as efficient implementation arrangements. It is also clear that the aspirations encompassed in the proposed SDG 4 cannot be realized without a significant and well-targeted increase in financing, particularly in those countries furthest from achieving quality for all at all levels. We therefore are determined to increase public spending on in accordance with country context, and urge adherence to the international and regional benchmarks of allocating efficiently at least 4-6% of Gross Domestic Product and/or at least 15-20% of total public expenditure to. 2 Fig. 5: Reasons for non-access to in Burundi (%) Too young High costs Other Distance Sickness / Handicap Employment / Apprenticeship 3.3 2.4 7.6 7.6 33.9 Source: RESEN 2016, based on ECVMB 2013-2014 45.3 0 10 20 30 40 50 Info Box: Key Figures 2017 Total population, projection (mio. habitants; ISTEEBU/UNFPA) Demographic growth rate (%, 2010-2015, UNSD) 2015 Schooling population (mio. students; ISTEEBU/UNFPA) Life expectancy at birth (total years; SOWC 2015) Average # of children / classroom (Ministry of 2014) Net enrollment rate, primary (%, MoE 2014) Gross enrollment rate, primary (%, MoE 2014) Completion rate, primary (%, MoE 2014) Completion rate, secondary, 2 nd cycle (%, MoE 2014) Adult illiteracy (%, ECVMB 2013-14) 10.4 3.3 4.3 54 74 95.6 135.2 71.2 13.3 38 (2) Available Resources for In 2017, the Government of Burundi has demonstrated its political will to advance its agenda by introducing a new financing mechanism in favor of interventions. The Support Fund (Fonds de soutien de l ) is placed under the auspices of the Minister of Finance and disposes of 7.2 billion BIF (approximately 4.3 million US Dollars 3 ) as indicated in the 2017 Financial Law. Since 2015, the two Ministries previously in charge of and professional services were merged into a single Ministry of Basic, Higher and Scientific Research. Professional and literacy training was added to the responsibilities of the Ministry of Civil Service and Labor. 2 The Incheon Declaration is online available: https://en.unesco.org/world-forum-2015/incheon-declaration (last accessed on 24/3/2017). 3 UN Operational Rates of Exchange, 1 February 2017: 1 USD = 1673.683 BIF
According to the Financial Law 2017, enacted by the President of the Republic on 31 December 2016, in 2017, total allocations to the Ministry of (MoE) are 274.8 billion BIF (164 million USD), representing a share of 20.1 per cent of total allocations (see Fig. 6). If only national resources are considered, 26.7 per cent of the total are allocated to the Ministry of. In addition to resources allocated to the Ministry of, resources benefiting the sector are allocated to the Ministry of Civil Service and Labour: in 2017, were 185 million BIF (111,ooo USD) and 2.79 billion BIF (1.67 million USD) were allocated to the Ministry of Civil Service and Labour for literacy training and for professional training, respectively. From 2016 to 2017, resources allocated to the Ministry of increased by 13 per cent from 2016 to 2017, demonstrating the political commitment to ensure access to for Burundi s children. However, the 2017 are still lower than available resources in 2015 and if inflation is considered, the increase from 2016 to 2017 is less significant (see Fig. 7). 20.3 per cent more resources are made available for professional trainings (Ministry of Civil Service and Labour) and allocations for literacy training increased by 2.3 per cent. Generally, allocations to the Ministries in charge of have been increasing since 2009 with the exception of 2016 4 (see Fig. 8a). However, after the considerable drop in 2016, which affected the total State Budget, allocations to the Ministry of increased again in 2017. Furthermore, allocations to the sector are in line with what African Governments committed to as part of the Incheon Declaration. There is no official data available for Burundi on Government expenditures, but the allocations to the sector as share of GDP have been constantly 5 per cent or higher, which is in conformity with the international benchmark (4-6 per cent of GDP; see Fig. 8b). Allocations per student have increased despite schooling population growth however, with a gross enrolment rate higher than 100 per cent, considerably more children are accessing services and the available resources are split over more heads. Also, allocations/expenditures are not distributed equally between students pre-school is less expensive thus less resources per pupil are available (see Fig. 9b). 320 220 500-9.0 4.0 130 30 Fig. 6: 20.1 per cent of 2017 Budget allocations to the Ministry of (in billion BIF) 1,091.2 297.7 297.7 274.8 243.2 Ministry of Other Ministries Fig. 7: Allocated Budget of the Ministry of 2015-2017 (in billion BIF) 274.8 230.4 236.2 2015 2016 2017 Inflation-adjusted 164 187 202 244 271 315 347 Nominal Fig. 8a: Trend 2009-2017: Allocations to Ministry of, (in billion BIF) 243 275 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Fig 8b: Trend 2009-2017: Allocations to the sector (% of GDP) 7.5 7.5 7.2 7.2 6.8 7.0 7.7 5.0 5.1 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Fig. 9a: Trend 2010-2017: Allocations per student (in thousand BIF) 53 56 65 71 80 85 58 64 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Fig. 9b: 2017 Allocations/student (in BIF) 93,609 100,000 45,282 50,000 196 - Pre-school Basic Secondary Source: Financial Laws 2009-2017, Ministry of Finance, GoB; GDP data based on IMF WEO October 2016 and population data based on ISTEEBU 4 Prior to 2016, the Ministries for Higher and for Basic were to separate Ministries; for comparison purposes, the resources of these two Ministries have been combined for the years 2009 to 2015.
In 2017, the great majority of resources to the Ministry of are internal resources. As illustrated Fig. 10, only, 1.67 per cent of allocations to the Ministry come from the exterior: the financial support of the sole contributor, the Common Fund for, amounts to 4.6 billion BIF (2.75 million USD). The Common Fund for is financed by the Global Partnership for, France, Belgium and Norway. UNICEF has acted as managing entity for the Fund, but will hand over its mandate to the French Development Agency (Agence Française de Développment) endmid-2017. After 2015, the share of donor support to the sector, channelled via the Government of Burundi, dropped significantly. In 2015, the highest level of aid to the sector was recorded since 2008; however, in 2016, foreign support dropped due to the activation of article 96 of the Cotonou Agreement 5, which resulted in the withdrawal of aid. While donor support was still at 5.28 per cent of the MoE budget, it dropped to 1.67 per cent in 2017 (Fig. 11). 40 30 20 10 0 Fig. 10: National vs. external allocated resources to MoE in 2017 (in billion BIF; %) External Resources, 4.6, 2% National Resources, 270.2, 98% Fig. 11: Aid Dependency, MoE (%) 35.78 5.28 2015 2016 2017 1.67 Source: Financial Laws 2009-2017, Ministry of Finance (3) What are resources spent on? Similar to previous years, the vast majority of available resources in the sector (both within the Ministry of and the Ministry of Civil Service and Labour) are dedicated to the promotion of basic the 9 years first years of schooling. Pre-schooling remains very underfinanced at 0.02 per cent of available allocations in 2017 (see Fig. 12), despite the reinforcement of the importance of Early Childhood Development in the SDG agenda. SDG 4 the goal also calls for access to quality early childhood development, care and preprimary (SDG 4.2). 30.76 per cent of available resources are allocated to interventions supporting secondary. This is particularly important when taking into account, as mentioned earlier, the impact completed secondary has on poverty reduction. Furthermore, literacy programs only receive a little share of resources in spite of a considerable illiteracy rate. It seems important to also prioritize programs enabling literacy of mothers and caretakers to ensure that they can provide their children with the necessary support. Technical and professional training are also underfinanced; two U-Report polls conducted in 2016 disclose that youth in Burundi is requesting more employment opportunities and the necessary training to perform well in the working environment. It is also important to note that most resources to the Ministry of are supposed to be used to ensure the functioning of the sector. 72.5% of available allocations are salaries of providers. Only 2.2 per cent of resources are real investments (which includes all foreign support) necessary to boost quality of services. (Fig. 13). 5 Art. 96 of the Cotonou Agreement between the European Union and African, Caribbean and Pacific countries makes respect for human rights, the rule of law and democracy a precondition for development support.
Fig. 12: Share of 2017 allocations, by level of (%) Technical Training, 0.11 Administration, 2.40 Literacy, 0.07 Higher, 15.87 Secondary Edcuation, 30.76 Basic, 49.77 Pre-schooling, 0.02 Professional Training, 1.00 Fig. 13: Recurrent costs vs. Investments, Ministry of, 2017 (%) Other expenses, 9.5 Social welfare payments, 0.0 Grants, 13.6 Investments, 2.2 Purchase of goods and services, 2.2 Salaries, 72.5 Source: Financial Law 2017, Ministry of Finance, GoB