Index affirmative action 6 analytical variables 31 annual data 35 6 anti-discrimination laws 6 Australia employment level 3 men s employment 5 women s employment 5 Austria employment change 3 men s employment 5, 198 198, 199 autocorrelation 44 Durbin s M test 44 average effect of treatment on the treated 297 average treatment effect 296 bad employment performance 69 baseline bias 297 8 Belgium men s employment 5, 198 198, 199 between-country variation 41 see also individual countries and parameters Boolean analysis 1 breadwinner state 229 35 part-time employment 235 41 British Household Panel Survey 227 Canada 210, 211 315
316 Index Canada Continued men s employment 5, 198 198, 199 case studies 14 causal complexity 95, 120 causal conditions 72 4 fuzzy-set scores vs raw values 73 causal configurations 67 causal effects 169 political regimes 290 313 causal necessity 150, 160 causal pathways 14, 82 causal relations 161 3, 169 causal sufficiency 9, 10, 150, 160 family policies 198 202 childcare provision 5, 92, 142, 151, 152, 204, and women s educational attainment 203 and women s employment 142 4, 200 see also individual countries children, and employment rate clearly conforming cases 82 clearly not conforming cases 82 Cobb-Douglas economy 291 coefficient of determination 13 comparative analysis 35 comparative employment performance 2 6 fuzzy-set analysis 67 90 compliers average causal effects (CACE) 20,, 156 estimation of 177 9 women s employment 164 6 conceptual map 267 conditional mean independence 296 7 consistency scores 13, 76, 79 consumption taxes 72, 86, 88 coordinated market economies 267, 283 4 counterfactual cases 77 country dummies 208, 209 covariates 299 coverage score 13, 79 80, 82 raw coverage 79 unique coverage 79 80 cross-sectional analysis 48 57 cultural factors in women s employment 114 19 cumulative indices 41 cumulative left cabinet incumbency 138, 148, 151, 152, 155, 158, 160, 163, 174 day care see childcare provision Denmark 198, 199, 271
Index 317 deterministic relationships 8 detrending 36 Durbin s M test 44 early-exit rate 272 4 men 273, 274 women 274, 275 early-exit regimes 22, 260 89 comparative analysis 262 8 partnership (mediation) 266 7, 268 production (push) 261, 262, 281 5 protection (pull) 261, 264, 280 1 earnings inequality 86 economic growth 32 economic outcomes 31 economic structure, and women s employment 94 educational attainment of women 201 2, 203 employment change 3, 71 by causal configuration 83, 84 cross-country variation 71 4 fuzzy-set scores vs raw values 71 low-end private sector services 70 poor performance 86 employment population ratio 230 employment protection regulations 42, 72, 88 private sector consumer services 50 1 and replacement rate 51, 56 employment rate 2 6, 32 decline in 268 72 effect of political regime 305 9 low-wage sector 38 41 men 5, 198, 269 and presence of children private sector consumer services 42 61 women see women s employment encompassing comparison 267 estimand 297 estimators 301 5 European Community Household Panel 227 European Employment Strategy 224, 246 European Union Directive 97/81/EC 233 Part-Time Directive 246 family policies 4 5, 102 7, 139 46, 214 causal sufficiency 198 202 and women s employment 20, 91 134, 196 220 see also individual countries female friendliness 135 Finland 210, 211 men s employment 5, 198 198, 199 first differencing 36 Fisher test for nonstationarity 39, 41 fixed unit effects 46, 209 France childcare provision 102 3, 151, 152,
318 Index France Continued Comité du Travail Féminin 108, 122 cultural factors 114 15 dénatalité 114 dépopulation 114 economic factors 107 8 family policy 102 4 labor market policies 108 10 loi Roudy 109 maternity leave 102, 150, 212 Ministere des Droits de la Femme 122 Mouvement Démocratique Féminin 108 parental care leave 103, 121 part-time employment 99 single salary allowance 102 women s employment 5, 97, 98, 99, 107 8, 154, 198, 199, 271 work and family values 101 free choice 115 full-time work for women 98, 99 fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis 9, 12, 18, 20, 67 90 advantages of 67 8 goodness-of-fit tests 160, 161, 176 7 membership scores 173 4 outcome 69 71 women s employment 156 63 gender employment gap 221 2, 223 gender equality 136, 141 gendered job creation 136, 138 gendered roles 117, 140 German Socio-Economic Panel 227 Germany 210, 211 employment population ratio 230 198, 199, 221 59, 271 women s labor market status 236 globalization 309 10 global variables 31 golden handshakes 282 goodness-of-fit tests 160, 161, 176 7, 179 87 Greece heteroskedasticity 43, 49 ideals of care 94 identifying assumptions 296 institutional complementarity 265
Index 319 institutionalist approach 264 institutional variables 33, 34 institutions 31 instrumental variables 303 4 intention-to-treat analysis 153, 155 6 Ireland employment change 3, 83 men s employment 5, 198, 269 198, 199, 271 Italy 198, 199, 271 Japan early-exit regimes 260 89 men s employment 5, 269 partial exit model 284 women s employment 5, 271 labor force growth 291 4 labor market institutions 4, 29 66 labor market policies 108 13 labor market rigidities 4 labor market status of women 236, 238 40 labor share 294 last in-first out rules 282 left governance 148, 163, 164 high levels 167 impact on policy 159 61 low levels 165 liberal market economies 266, 267, 282 lock-in effects 34 low earnings inequality 72 low-end wages 4 low-wage sector employment 38 41 autoregression 40 cross-sectional and time variance components 40 main variables 39 nonstationarity 41
320 Index macrocomparative analysis 6 macro-comparison 1 2 macro-level variables 30 8 manipulability 299 300 market outcomes 46 matching 301 3 maternity leave 139, 140, 144 5, 150, 204, 212 and women s educational attainment 203 and women s employment 200 see also individual countries membership scores for fuzzy-set analysis 173 4 men early-exit rate 273, 274 employment 5, 198, 269 method of agreement 16 method of difference 15 methodology 6 18 Mill, John Stuart method of agreement 16 method of difference 15 motherhood and employment 22 lone mothers 112 13 reinforcement of role 117 see also women s employment multicollinearity 54 multiple pathways 68 nearly always sufficient condition 10, 11 necessary condition 16 necessity 9, 10 Netherlands Adjustment of Hours Act 112 Breed Platform 116 childcare provision 104 6, 113, 151, 152, cultural factors 115 19 Emancipatiekommissie 116, 122 employment population ratio 230 Equal Treatment Act 111 family policies 104 7, 214 labor market policies 110 13 maternity leave 102, 106, 150, 212 parental sharing 107 part-time clause 232 part-time employment 99 single mothers 112 13 Stimulation Measure on Childcare 105 Wassenaar agreement 232 welfare restructuring 111 welfare system 104 women s employment 5, 97, 98, 99, 154, 198, 199, 221 59, 271 women s labor market status 236 Work and Care Act (2001) 121 work and family values 101 new institutionalism 290 New Zealand employment change 3 men s employment 5 women s employment 5 non-independence bias 300 1 nonstationarity 38 9, 41, 44, 46 Nordic countries see Denmark; Finland; Norway; Sweden Norway 210, 211
Index 321 men s employment 5, 198 198, 199 omitted variable bias 86 ordinal comparison 14, 263, 285 OSA Labor Supply Panel 227 panel data 29, 63 4 parental care leave 5, 103, 121, 144, 145 6 see also maternity leave parental sharing 107 partial exit model 284 partnership (mediation) regimes 266 7, 268 part-time employment 6 breadwinner determinants 235 41 as coping strategy 241 6 women 98, 99, 100, 223 4, 226 pay equality 42 payroll taxes 72, 86, 88 pension schemes 264 5 public-private mix 265 period-demeaning 36 policy variables 31, 32, 34 political economic variables 38 42 employment regulation 42 low-wage sector employment 38 41 pay equality 42 reservation wage 41 2 political regimes effect on employment 305 9 and per capital income 306 pooled regression 7 9, 18 limitations of 8 9 see also regression analysis Portugal men s employment 5 women s employment 5 post-treatment bias 299 300 potential exposability 299 potentially conforming cases 82 Prais-Winston transformation 46 pre-school childcare see childcare provision principal components analysis 204 principal factor analysis 204 private sector consumer services 42 61 annual variation 47, 62 cross-sectional analysis 48 57 employment protection regulations 50 1, 56 long-time changes 48, 55 low-end, employment rate 70 pooled analysis 42 8, 57 9 replacement rate 43, 45, 56, 59, 60, 61 process tracing 14, 95 production (push) regimes 261, 262, 265 6, 268, 281 5 productivity, and wage growth 293 protection (pull) regimes 261, 264, 265, 266, 268, 280 1 public childcare see childcare provision public sector employment 6, 72, 73, 88, 204 expansion of 137 46 women 94, 137 9, 162, 200, 213 and women s educational attainment 203 see also individual countries
322 Index qualitative comparative analysis 1, 7, 9 13, 196 crisp-set 9 fuzzy-set 9, 12, 18, 20, 67 90 limitations 12 ratchet effects 34 raw coverage 79 regression analysis 196 220 bivariate 205 8 multivariate 208 17 see also pooled regression relative risk ratio 229 remainders 77 replacement rate 43, 59, 60, 61 and employment regulations 51, 56 panel models 45 scores 59 reservation wage 41 2 school scheduling 92 selection bias 23 self-selection bias 298 single mothers 100 1, 112 13 single salary allowance 102 small-n analysis 1, 7, 13 18 social care 135 social democratic governance 139 41 social policy 93 solution sets 77 8 Spain employment change 3 men s employment 5 women s employment 5 stable unit treatment value 300 1 structural variables 31 subsidiarity 96 sufficient condition 16 Sweden childcare provision 140, 151, 152, 198, 199 Switzerland employment change 3 men s employment 5 women s employment 5 taxation policies 6 and women s employment 93 4 tendential relationships 8 The OECD Jobs Study 4 threshold effects 34 time series 36 time-series regression 1 transitional labor market 224 truth tables 74 6 UK
Index 323 employment population ratio 230 Job Release Scheme 280 198, 199, 221 59, 271 women s labor market status 236 Working Hours Adjustment Act 235 unemployment benefits 73, 84, 88 unemployment rate 32 unique coverage 79 80 unit homogeneity 295 6 unobservables, selection on 304 5 USA early-exit regimes 260 89 198, 199, 271 vector space 74 voluntarist bargaining systems 267 wage growth 72, 86 and productivity 293 wage levels 4 women 93 4 welfare systems 93, 104 see also family policies Why We Need a Welfare State 135 women childcare role 22, 221, 275 educational attainment 201 2, 203, 216 employment preferences 201, 246 52 labor market status 236, 238 40 marginalization of 224 5 public sector jobs 6 wage levels 93 4 working hours 247 women s employment 5, 20, 136, 141 6, 271 CACE analysis 164 6 causal relations 161 3, 200 childcare provision 142 4, 200 cross-country comparisons 154 cultural factors 114 19 and economic structure 94 and educational attainment 216 explanatory model of 120 factors shaping 92 5 family policies affecting 20, 91 134, 196 220 full-time 98, 99
324 Index women s employment Continued fuzzy-set analysis 156 63 maternity leave 200 mothers see mothers part-time 98, 99, 100, 223 4, 226 patterns of 94, 197 8, 221 59 with pre-school children 142 public sector 94, 137 9, 162, 200 single mothers 100 1, 112 13 taxation policies 93 4 see also individual countries work and family values 101 importance of 117 18 work family conflicts 135, 226